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South Asians constitute Britain's largest ethnic minorities, yet very little is known about their migration history in the prewar era. Recent literature has begun to challenge the widely held view that South Asian migration to Britain was a post-war phenomenon in response to Britain's need for labour as it emerged from two costly wars. The literature has demonstrated that the South Asian presence in Britain can be traced back to the seventeenth century. This paper adds to that literature by analysing the occupation distribution and mobility of South Asian-born migrants during the early twentieth century. Regression results from the 1901 and 1911 Censuses of England and Wales suggest that relative to other foreign-born and British-born, South Asian-born immigrants were primarily employed in white-collar jobs, a position they largely retained until at least 1911. These results suggest that the South Asian diaspora was economically well assimilated into the British economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the short-run job mobility of educationally mismatched workers, examining the validity of the Sicherman-Galor hypothesis, which predicts that overeducation is a temporary condition from a worker's perspective associated with higher upward occupational and wage mobility. The study uses data from the Polish Labour Force Survey, investigating yearly changes in employment status, occupation, and wages. The results show that overeducated workers are more likely to remain employed compared to their properly matched colleagues. Both overeducated and undereducated workers tend to move towards jobs for which they are better matched. However, the rate of this adjustment is very low, contradicting the Sicherman-Galor hypothesis. On the other hand, overeducated workers, but mostly prime-aged ones, are found to experience faster wage growth compared to properly matched individuals, aligning with the Sicherman-Galor hypothesis. The higher wage growth of overeducated workers can be partially attributed to workers improving their match status over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Occupationally mobile families exist in multiple forms globally. While these families contribute significantly to the socioeconomic life of the locations that they traverse, sometimes their mobilities generate hostility in those locations. This hostility in the form of an anti-nomadic/sedentarist ideology creates corresponding difficulties for the schooling options and outcomes of the children of these mobile families. This paper explores the educational applications and implications of the anti-nomadic/sedentarist ideology as experienced by occupationally mobile families globally, and investigates also several successful schooling approaches for their children. The analysis identifies effective forms of schooling provision implemented in specific ways in these distinctive learning contexts. The author posits that 'innovative' in relation to the education of occupationally mobile communities is enacted in the historically constructed and materially grounded mobilities of each community, and 'works' and 'makes sense' only when conceptualised with references to those mobilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the extent to which inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in advanced business services (ABS) – a result of so-called offshoring of white collar jobs – contributes to the structural change of employment in regions of host economies. We use a fixed-effect regression model based on cross-regional panel data for Hungary and Poland for the period between 2005 and 2014. Our findings show that ABS FDI carries structural impacts: employment in foreign-owned firms increases the share of the tertiary sector in a region both directly and indirectly through inducing other tertiary activities as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on conventional taxis and e-hailing, this paper discusses the technology, job and mobility choices of a conventional occupational group – taxi drivers – faced with an algorithm-enabled mode of mobility. Based on six-month ethnographic fieldwork in Xi'an, China, it shows that taxi drivers generally prefer taxis to e-hailing. Because the e-hailing algorithm treats each driver independently, drivers' spatio-temporal skills become marginalised and taxi drivers are no longer able to maintain a regular spatio-temporal arrangement that facilitates their community nodes as they do in taxi-driving. Their preference for taxis is a response to the potential threat to their community and social values imposed by algorithm-enabled mobilities. The paper emphasises how workers' response to algorithmic digital automation are centred around and operationalised by spatio-temporal mobility. It also shows that the impacts of new mobilities are distributed unevenly across groups with different socio-economic backgrounds and life experiences, in this case vis-à-vis the privatisation and urbanisation of Chinese society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the links between women's un/safety and their night-time mobilities in Brussels, Belgium and Recife, Brazil. While the significance of women's intersectional identities to the construction of fear and safety in urban space has been well documented in feminist urban geography, we argue that the lens of South-North comparison highlights specific ways in which local urban spaces are implicated in women's experiences of un/safety. A comparative perspective draws out the spatial and temporal embeddedness of un/safety, while at the same time challenges the framing of particular cities and areas as either safe or unsafe (which is particularly damaging when it reproduces simple global North – global South binaries). The paper draws on mixed-method research combining a questionnaire-based survey and a series of interviews with women in Recife and Brussels. The four dimensions examined include transport modes; situated experiences of un/safety; the accumulation of unsafety feelings over the long term; and the work women perform in maintaining mobility. We find that while unsafety broadly limits women's access to cities at night, feeling unsafe plays out differently in specific and situated interactions, many of which are recognisable from both Brussels and Recife. Across the two research locations, women's mobility strategies at night are similar, in that they involve extensive planning, preparation, and drawing on financial and non-financial resources. We conclude with some reflections on the role of comparative research in the feminist geographies of gendered urban mobilities, particularly in relation to previously little-studied cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine transborder commuters' experiences (i.e. individuals who commute between U.S. and Mexican border cities frequently) during the Covid-19 pandemic, with keen attention to the links between racial capitalism and temporality. We address two interrelated issues: first, we unpack how the United States framed the pandemic through the metaphor of war and the production of the categories of 'essential work(er)' and 'essential travel' to ensure racial capitalism's surplus labor and continuation. These categories function like a double-edged sword, tying racialized populations to racial capitalism's temporality to exploit them while excluding privileged others. We argue that Covid-19's temporality conflicts with racial capitalism's temporality. While the former relies on the deceleration of everyday life, the latter depends on constant acceleration driven by profit-seeking. Using queer and feminist theoretical lenses, we then demonstrate how U.S. Covid-19 border restrictions at land ports of entry exacerbated transborder commuters' cross-border travels and privileged some based on legal status. As a result, they used public Facebook groups to navigate and comprehend new commuting conditions, disidentifying with the United States' official pandemic framing and producing their own. This shared experience catalyzed 'digital transborder kinships' or temporally-bound socialities rooted in relational care, advocacy, and knowledge production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how skills for garment work are acquired in the rural hinterland of Tiruppur, one of India's largest garment manufacturing clusters. Drawing on a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews with garment workers in Tiruppur's hinterland, we document the informal pathways of skill acquisition for garment work and advocate a demand-driven approach to vocational training. Such an approach, first, unsettles linear policy assumptions about direct linkages between training, skills acquisition and access to decent and rewarding employment. We show how rather than being formally trained for employment, villagers gained skills from employment and upskilled themselves on the job. Such upskilling took the form of self-directed learning rather than formal training, and involved spatial and job mobility between companies and sectors. Second, a demand-driven perspective reveals how access to more advanced skills and more desirable jobs is shaped by the structural inequalities of gender, age and caste, which curtail the opportunities of women and the elderly in particular. Finally, policy and research would benefit from a demand-driven approach to training and recruitment that prioritises the skill development needs of local populations and that supports those whose participation in training and labour markets remains constrained by gender, age or caste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the British government's White Paper on immigration Secure Borders, Safe Haven , 2002. This claims to be a "modern approach" to immigration, but it is argued it contains more continuities with the past than new departures. The article focuses on inclusion , arguing that inclusion is reserved for those deemed "deserving" - by virtue of their skills or ability to meet strict criteria for refugee status - while more rigid exclusion is proposed for the "underserving". Exclusion is addressed at three levels: firstly the impact of punitive policies towards asylum-seekers on arrival in Britain on the possibility of finding a "safe haven"; secondly , the impact of "secure borders" and accompanying discourses of threat on the safety of asylum-seekers and others perceived as "other"; thirdly, the broader exclusions inherent in a system of entry controls, which allow some to reach a "safe haven" while excluding others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines masculinity, migration and the changing occupational status of nursing through the lens of therapeutic mobilities; health related mobilities of people (nurses) and products (credentials). Indian men have become increasingly interested in nursing as a career, and this interest is strongly associated with the profession's international motility-its mobility potential. The research reported in this paper traces the migration trajectory across time (2008-2016) and over space (India to Canada) and reveals an overrepresentation of male nurses in international migration contexts (Canada), compared to the Indian context. Male nurses also disproportionally benefit from these mobilities in terms of their occupational success post-migration. Mobilities can be therapeutic for the status of nursing in India, which rises in line with the degree of international motility the profession offers, but gendered distinctions in the outcomes of the migration process illustrate the importance of highlighting uneven mobilities. International mobilities are also deeply implicated in ongoing transformations occurring in the 'moorings' of nursing educational, employment and regulatory structures in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine 15 academics who crossed national borders in response to the strong pull of recruiting efforts from a Korean university. These foreign professors at the case university are on tenure-stream and teach regular academic courses in various academic departments and colleges. By discussing their motivations for global mobility, their professional experiences and plans for crossing national borders in the future, we found that these professors seek to remain within a boundary, preparing for the possibility of future mobility. Therefore, the seemingly fluid global mobility of highly educated academics has many layers of boundaries which are tightly connected by the cultural and language proximity academics have. With this, the concept of segmented mobility (e.g. physical or profession versus personal or psychological) is developed in the context of global mobility of academics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the changes in intergenerational mobility seen in Spain during the last century. It examines educational and occupational mobility, paying particular attention to the existence of a differentiated gender effect. The magnitude of the historical changes that have taken place in Spain during the twentieth century and the scarcity of studies in this field increase the value of this paper. More specifically, the paper seeks to describe how the situation has changed with the social–economic and education policy developments in democratic Spain, especially with regards to women. The main results show that while educational mobility has improved, there has been no such significant change in occupational mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the relation between mobilities and mobile work through a focus on occupational auto-mobility and habitation. Drawing on qualitative research conducted on truck drivers/driving in South-east England, it shows habitation emerges when driving stops; that it is cab-based dwelling-in-transit and nomadic dwelling rooted in and bounded by the material culture of the cab; and that it is displaced to the margins and interstices of the road and logistical network. The paper highlights the discomfort of cab-based habitation and its limits, in sanitation, and examines how recent developments at distribution centres intensify discomfort by denying cab-based habitation. These developments recast the relation of occupational auto-mobility and habitation through transient dwelling and are key to understanding the current crisis in labour supply in truck driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides descriptive information regarding the composition of the Latinx population of the United States. I note differences in educational attainment and occupational mobility confirming findings by other authors–Latinix individuals continue to experience a stalled mode of incorporation in America. The paper also discusses policy implications, giving special attention to the changing character of the American economy. For Latinix people to advance socially and financially, they will need greater access to specialized technical skills. Without deliberate action on the part of government, the prospects seem dismal. Limited progress in educational institutions and the labour market threatens the future of children and grandchildren of Latinx immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent and interlocking social, economic and ecological crises faced by societies around the world require dialogue, empathy and above all, hope that transcends social divides. At a time of uncertainty and crisis, many societies are divided, with distrust and divides exacerbated by media representations pitting different groups against one another. Acknowledging intersectional interrelationships, this collaborative paper considers one type of social distinction – generation – and focuses on how trust can be rebuilt across generations. To do this, we collate key insights from eight projects that shared space within a conference session foregrounding creative, intergenerational responses to the climate and related crises. Prompted by a set of reflective questions, presenters commented on the methodological resources that were co-developed in intergenerational research and action spaces. Most of the work outlined was carried out in the UK, situated in challenges that are at once particular to local contexts, and systematic of a wider malaise that requires intergenerational collaboration. Reflecting across the projects, we suggest fostering ongoing, empathetic dialogues across generations is key to addressing these challenges of the future, securing communities that are grounded as collaborative and culturally responsive, and resilient societies able to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of different types of job-to-job transitions (from salaried employment to self-employment, from self-employment to salaried employment, and within salaried employment) on job satisfaction. Considering the three types of job transition, allows us to separate the pure mobility effect from the type of employment effect. We design an identification strategy based on the diff-in-diff approach. This is possible because our panel data allow us to compare the same individuals before and after job-to-job transitions occur. Our findings indicate that individuals who move from salaried employment to self-employment increase their overall job satisfaction more than workers who carry out other types of job transitions, while the impact of job changes on satisfaction in other job domains is mixed. We also find heterogeneous interactive effects of previous unemployment spells and self-perceived skill mismatch with job transitions depending on the type of transition. While skill mismatch is more important in the transition from salaried employment to self-employment, previous unemployment is more important for job changes within salaried employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the original data on thecurricula vitaeof a group of Italian inventors patenting in the pharmaceutical field, this paper distinguishes between inventors' employers and applicants, and provides new information on their professional careers and their patent ownership regimes, that is whether or not intellectual property rights on inventions are retained by their employers. In addition, the paper confirms that inventors' mobility is an important determinant of knowledge impact and, interestingly, shows that ownership, too, is associated with a greater potential for knowledge diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Scholars have explored the ways that conventional economic theory does not fully explain the distribution and characteristics of caring labor – the work, unpaid and paid, of caring for those who are young, elderly, or disabled. This paper explores a critical dimension of paid care – high turnover rates in the lowest-wage segment of the sector (including childcare, nursing homes, home health). Using longitudinal data from the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) in the US, it examines the "flip side" of that turnover by comparing occupational mobility among low-wage care workers to that of other low-wage service workers. The findings indicate that patterns of occupational transition among care workers are distinct in important ways. Understanding occupational attachment among paid care workers is critical to developing theoretical models about care and to creating care-specific policies to address employee turnover and its negative impact on care quality. HIGHLIGHTS High turnover in low-wage jobs in care-related fields has a negative impact on the quality of care. Low-wage care workers have longer job tenures and are more likely to stay in their field than other low-wage workers. Low-wage care workers experience more upward mobility than food service and cleaning workers, but less than office and sales workers. Low-wage care workers have high rates of transition to a period of not working. There is evidence of higher levels of occupational attachment among low-wage care workers than among other low-wage service workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have espoused the pedagogical benefits of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) across multiple disciplines. With the increasing use of PBL within higher education there exists a need to consider its position not just as a pedagogical approach but as a functional instrument in the development and promotion of social capital and status. Drawing on social identity theory (SIT), this study explored Business Masters graduates' justification for undertaking a PBL-based programme. The findings suggest that students discursively elevated the status of the PBL programme they had completed over other alternatives, in an attempt to gain professional mobility. Two primary strategies of individual mobility and social competition were employed by participants to elevate their position. This paper concludes by problematising the utilisation of pedagogical approaches as a mechanism for differentiating programmes and graduates within an increasing competitive higher educational landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the phenomenon of ever-growing global migration of people with a following set of questions: (1) What are the main causes of this global phenomenon?; (2) What are the possible ethical and political issues of the rising global migration of people?; (3) What should be the theological response to these issues, and how should the church engage them? In answering these questions, this paper is specifically focused on the case of undocumented migrants: their social predicament, political impasse, and religious (theological) ethical engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines narratives of learning and occupational advancement amongst migrants employed in 'low-skilled' jobs, based on in-depth interviews with secondary-educated East and South Europeans living in the London region. Our findings indicate that many achieved varying degrees of professional gratification, progress, and skills development within occupational sectors typically associated with unattractive conditions, limited benefits or opportunities to get ahead. Participants' narratives of achievement expand the relatively limited literature that challenges common perceptions of occupational mobility and professional development as the terrain of the 'highly skilled'. Furthermore, we examine how migrants made sense of their career opportunities and success. We discuss two discourses, centred on 'hard work' and 'creativity' respectively, through which participants challenged and reconfigured traditional 'high'-'low-skilled' divides. Our findings contribute to critiques of traditional understandings of migrant human capital and simplistic 'high'-'low-skilled' distinctions in two ways: by documenting the less visible experiences of learning and career progress amongst secondary-educated European youth who enter 'low-skilled' employment abroad, and by calling attention to subjective understandings of occupational mobility and the new 'symbolic boundaries' around skills, broadly construed, that migrants redrew in their reflections on career progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to the workplace is one of the most important rights of citizenship. In some areas, the unavailability of job opportunities pushes people to commute. Nevertheless, there are areas where even commuting does not allow the improvement of individuals' economic and social conditions. This locks residents into a local job market that can be, in many cases, limited, low-income, or just unsatisfying. In this paper, we focus on the latest conditions in the Lombardia region (Italy). In order to identify marginal areas where low transport accessibility and high commuting cost may represent a barrier to territorial disparities in job access, we compare different classifications of marginality: socioeconomic indicators, an institutional one (SNAI), and, finally, one based on an indicator of marginal commuting gain (MCG). Evidence from this work will show an almost perfect match between very-fragile territories in socioeconomic terms and areas characterized by a low MCG indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the mobility of young people abroad for education and labour has been rapidly increasing in Nepal, which has impacted both rural communities and household life. Based on ethnographic field data from Eastern Nepal, this paper explores how multilocality affects the socio-spatial dimensions of householding, i.e. how siblings negotiate their roles as movers and stayers in relation to household obligations, individual aspirations and shifting socio-economic opportunities. This paper draws on and contributes to scholarly debates on how migration impacts social transformation in places, with a particular focus on the dynamics of multilocal householding. We argue that a common agreement between generations and siblings that ‘the house cannot stay empty’ reinforces the importance of the household as a meaningful place exercised through the maintenance of traditional intra- and intergenerational contracts and the practice of rotating presence and absence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article continues research into social mobility in England in the nineteenth century by examining the links with different occupational structures, socio-economic and industry/occupation, for a specific location. This allows an examination of the impact of the characteristics of these structures on occupational and thence on social mobility. Occupational mobility has long been recognised as a major determinant of social mobility and has been the subject of a number of papers, usually to determine how much a specific variable affects the level and type of mobility observed. Rarely do these analyses consider the location’s occupational structure, and its changes, as a determinant of the level of mobility. This paper finds that much of the variability of occupational mobility of a locality is determined by the characteristics of the different industries and occupations in that location. Industries and occupations provide a context within which other factors, such as literacy, operate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

On the basis of inter-cohort comparisons, this paper describes patterns of intra-generational occupational mobility in Germany and their long-term trends since World War II. It also presents conceptual links between individual mobility and developments of inequality along the life course, with a special focus on the question of the extent to which employment careers are characterised by specific forms of cumulative advantage and disadvantage. Finally, it is asked how intra-generational developments are related to inter-generational social mobility. The paper also discusses how mobility patterns can be linked to specific institutions which - together with labour market conditions - are crucial determinants of the development of inequality within a cohort. In its empirical part, the paper presents evidence from cohort-specific analyses based on life-course data from a broad range of West German birth cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequeira T. N. and Lopes A. F. Does a federal country need federal transfers when it has labour mobility?, Regional Studies. This work empirically tests optimum currency area theory for members of a given monetary union (the United States). The United States is recognized as a country where labour mobility between states is high. This paper jointly assesses the consequences of having federal transfers and labour mobility in terms of the states' cyclical output. It is concluded that federal transfers undoubtedly contribute to increase cyclical output. However, out-migration may increase or decrease cyclical output, depending on certain conditions. As federal transfers proved to be much more important than migration, the answer to the question in the paper's title is 'yes'. [image omitted] Sequeira T. N. et Lopes A. F. Un pays federal, a-t-il besoin des transferts federaux quand il est deja dote de la mobilite du travail?, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche a tester empiriquement la theorie des zones monetaires optimales pour ce qui est des pays-membres d'une union monetaire donnee (a savoir, les Etats-Unis). On considere les Etats-Unis comme un pays ou la mobilite interregionale du travail est importante. Cet article cherche donc a evaluer les consequences des transferts federaux et de la mobilite du travail du point de vue de la production cyclique des etats. Cela amene a la conclusion suivante: les transferts federaux contribuent indubitablement a une hausse de la production cyclique. Toujours est-il que le solde migratoire negatif pourrait accroitre ou decroitre la production cyclique, suivant la conjoncture. Donne que les transferts federaux s'averent plus importants que ne l'est la migration, la reponse a la question posee est 'oui'. Migration interne Transferts federaux Convergence cyclique Enquete a echantillon permanent Generalized method of moments (GMM) Sequeira T. N. und Lopes A. F. Benotigt ein foderaler Staat einen Finanzausgleich zwischen den Bundesstaaten, wenn seine Arbeitskrafte mobil sind?, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag uberprufen wir auf empirische Weise die Theorie der optimalen Wahrungsraume fur die Mitglieder einer bestehenden Wahrungsunion (der Vereinigten Staaten). Die USA gelten als Land mit hoher Mobilitat von Arbeitskraften innerhalb der Bundesstaaten. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir gemeinsam die Folgen eines Finanzausgleichs zwischen den Bundesstaaten und einer Mobilitat von Arbeitskraften fur die zyklische Produktionsleistung der Staaten. Wir ziehen den Schluss, dass der Finanzausgleich zwischen den Bundesstaaten zweifellos zu einer Erhohung der zyklischen Produktionsleistung beitragt. Allerdings kann die zyklische Produktionsleistung in Abhangigkeit von bestimmten Bedingungen aufgrund von Abwanderung zu- oder abnehmen. Da sich der Finanzausgleich zwischen Bundesstaaten als deutlich wichtiger erweist als die Migration, lasst sich die Frage in der Uberschrift bejahen. Interne Migration Finanzausgleich zwischen Bundesstaaten Zyklische Konvergenz Paneldaten Generalized method of moments (GMM) Sequeira T. N. y Lopes A. F. ¿Necesita un pais federal transferencias entre las diferentes regiones si la fuerza de trabajo es movil?, Regional Studies. En este trabajo comprobamos desde un punto de vista empirico la teoria de las areas monetarias optimas para los miembros de una determinada union monetaria (los Estados Unidos). Estados Unidos es reconocido como un pais cuya movilidad laboral entre los estados es alta. En este articulo valoramos conjuntamente las consecuencias de disponer de transferencias entre las diferentes regiones y la movilidad laboral en terminos del rendimiento ciclico de los estados. Concluimos que las transferencias entre las regiones contribuyen sin duda a aumentar el rendimiento ciclico. Sin embargo, la emigracion puede causar un aumento o una disminucion del rendimiento ciclico en funcion de ciertas condiciones. Puesto que se ha demostrado que las transferencias entre regiones son mucho mas importantes que las migraciones, la respuesta a la pregunta del titulo es afirmativa. Migracion interna Transferencias entre regiones Convergencia ciclica Datos del panel Metodo generalizado de momentos (Generalized method of moments (GMM)) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the control of labor mobility through the livret d'ouvriers (1803–1890): a sort of internal passport aiming to subordinate workers' circulation to the abidance of contract terms. The effective enforcement of livrets had a limited scope for various reasons. Nevertheless, those same difficulties offer a privileged perspective from which to analyze the shifting meanings of freedom and coercion in relation to labor poverty. The politics of identification show that it has been necessary to politically act on the spatial organization of productive processes in order to control labor through time, reacting to workers' mobility as a specific form of collective bargaining. Through the lens of labor defection we see the emergence of a form of integration deriving from the cash nexus, the vehicle of market concurrence. Such integration calls for a form of control which cannot be subsumed within common law and that is rather axed on the modulation of market pressure – which we analyze through the 1850 debate over advance pay. From this perspective, the issues of breach of contract, police identification and debt insolvency allow to rethink the notion of coercion beyond its penal criminalization and, consequently, to frame the continuities between the police des manufactures, and the modern welfare State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the background and history of the 1980 Women and Employment Survey (WES) and, 25 years on, assesses the role the survey played both in the social science community and for policy and practice as a result of its important key findings and methodological innovations. By the end of the 1970s there had been not only an increase in women's employment but more especially an increased interest in women's equality and employment issues. WES is thus set against the background of labour market and legislative change as well as the rapidly developing role of social science in government. We describe the drivers for the survey and show how WES broke new ground in a number of areas. In particular WES collected complete retrospective life and work histories providing a lifetime perspective of women's employment and allowing employment patterns for different cohorts of women to be compared. This paper illustrates some of the key findings of the main methodological developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is very limited knowledge about women's management careers in China. This paper examines the opportunities for and barriers to women's careers in China, using governmental organizations as an example in which the State is not only the advocate of equal opportunity policies but also, in practice, the gatekeeper. One of the greatest disparities between male and female occupational patterns in China is in the sphere of government employment where only one in five employees is female. The aim of this paper is to understand the Chinese characteristics of gender inequality in management careers. In looking at the factors that influence women's upward mobility, the intention is to identify the barriers to the appointment of women to top jobs. Some barriers will be unique to governmental organizations and so will require special attention if they are to be eradicated. However, women also face more general barriers to success which transcend differences of occupational sector or society. It is hoped that this paper will lead to a greater understanding of how career barriers for women in China may resemble and differ from those faced by their counterparts in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines evidence on occupational movement in England using data from the New Earnings Panel Dataset. Although most occupations are characterized by a high degree of immobility, there is some evidence of an increase in occupational mobility between 1990 and 1994. Using a compound Poisson modelling approach for count data combined with a gravity model, the paper investigates the incentives and constraints upon aggregate movement between occupations over two time periods, 1985-90 and 1990-94. Results suggest that the responsiveness of movement into a wide range of occupations as a result of a rise in wages is relatively elastic for males and relatively inelastic for females. The paper also demonstrates that significant barriers to movement exist, which either prevent a response to market signals or inhibit the extent of that response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various topics within the issue including articles on language teachers and tensions ofeveryday life in Vietnam, teacher mobility, and leadership quality in teachers in Australian rural setting.

From the theoretical standpoint, this paper attempts to integrate the objective, cognitive and normative dimensions of social mobility. This integration is based on a comparison of the matrices of actual, perceived and equitable frequencies of transitions between origins and destinations. The ratios of compared frequencies operationally define the degree of false consciousness, feeling of injustice and illegitimacy in the domain of social mobility. From the methodological standpoint we propose a practical method for ascertaining cognitive and normative mobility frequencies. In this paper we used average frequencies for the entire sample, although an analysis of individual images and preferences of mobility frequencies can be performed. This extension would seem particularly useful for heterogeneous samples with respect to the social positions of the respondents. From the empirical standpoint we have demonstrated that, net of marginal effects, the matrices of actual, perceived and equitable mobility do not differ very much from each other, at least in terms of the goodness of fit. Within a small range of differences the measure of false consciousness has a smaller value than the measure of illegitimacy, which is still smaller than the measure of the feeling of injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of job matching is complementary to human capital investment in determining earnings growth over the individual job history. Change in earnings associated with moving between jobs is portrayed as a result of matching. In this paper the idea of job matching is refined to distinguish between job matching within firms and job matching across firms. The derived hypotheses are supported by empirical results of a causal model which controls for human capital and personal endowment variables.
This paper focuses on the earnings growth that is associated with labour turnover and not on turnover itself. Recently there has been a renewed interest in the change in earnings when individuals move across firms. Bartel (1980) has shown empirically that while earnings growth on the job can be attributed to investment in human capital, a significant portion of the total earnings growth is due to the gain in earnings as the individual moves from one job to another. Also more mobile individuals, though experiencing smaller earnings growth on the job presumably due to less on-the-job investment, reap a much larger gain in earnings by moving between jobs than less mobile ones. Hall and Kasten (1976) also observed that a large change in occupational success is more likely to occur when an individual moves between jobs. Barrel and Borjas (1981) showed that labour turnover affects not only the growth of wages across jobs but also the rate at which wages grow on the job. While early mobility may pay, individuals who are still changing jobs later in life experience lower overall wage growth. The same conclusion was obtained by Mincer and Jovanovic (1981) who analysed the job tenure in relation to nontransferable specific human capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the use of organization culture, through socialization, as a control mechanism. Through the examination of two disparate Australian organizations operating in the global environment, the paper explores suggested linkages between strategy, organizational culture and staffing. It concludes that, while these two case companies have different cultures, they both rely heavily on transferring staff in order to facilitate co-ordination and control and to implement strategies that will achieve their global objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does over-education assist or hinder occupational advancement? Career mobility theory hypothesizes that over-education leads to a higher level of occupational advancement and wage growth over time, with mixed international empirical evidence. This paper re-tests career mobility theory directly using a rich Australian longitudinal data set. A dynamic random effects probit model is employed to examine upward occupational mobility, considering two-digit occupational rank advancement and wage growth over three-year intervals. The 'Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia' data across nine years are employed, and a Mundlak correction model is adopted to adjust for unobserved heterogeneity effects and potential endogeneity, both of which are important to over-education analysis. Contrary to career theory, the results point to job mismatch as an economic concern rather than a passing phase, regardless of whether or not workers are skill-matched. Results further show the importance of adjusting for endogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to recent literature, this paper highlights the relevance of spatial mobility as an explanatory factor of the individual risk of job-education mismatch. To investigate this causal link, we use individual information about daily home-to-work commuting time and choices to relocate in a different local area to get a job. Our model takes into account relevant local labour market features. We control for selective access to employment and test for endogeneity of spatial mobility. Results show a negative impact of commuting time on educational mismatch for upper-secondary graduates, as well as a negative impact of migration/migration distance for university graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any study of labour allocation must take into account the fact that the industria structure of the economy is bound to change over time and that this will put pressure on each kind of labour to redistribute itself continuously. Differing rates of labour-saving technical progress will have the same effect. Since labour is hardly perfectly mobile, this implies that its allocation should be regarded as essentially a disequilibrium process and that, dynamic criteria should replace the usual comparative static criteria of efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to outline such a treatment.
The analysis has deliberately been conducted at a relatively high level of abstraction because even a simple theoretical framework seemed to be lacking. The most important empirical feature that needs to be supplied is of course the labour mobility function. It may well be found that neither of the two cases distinguished in the paper corresponds satisfactorily to what is actually observed. Two well-known studies by Reddaway (1959) and de Wolff (1965) go so far as to suggest that firms may in practice increase or reduce their labour forces without altering their wage rates from the prevailing market levels. Whether such behaviour is optimal or not cannot be determined without bringing detailed institutional evidence to bear, but it does at any rate point to the possibility that the mobility function may be shifted upwards or downwards according to whether the firm is active or passive in, its recruitment of labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on a qualitative case study of 51 organizational self-initiated expatriates (OSIEs) in a professional services firm, this article investigates the role of networks during expatriation and, specifically, in the development of learning that is beneficial to both the individual expatriate and the global operations of the firm. First, we investigate the extent to which individual motivations to engage in OSIE impact on the development of networks. Second, we investigate individual's experiences of network development. Third, we investigate individual perceptions of the benefits of networks for both organizations and individual actors. The paper will report that professionals initiating their own expatriation develop continually expanding and composite networks such that mobility and networks evolve in a seemingly symbiotic relationship. In doing so, it contributes to our understanding of the role of agency in network development and extends our understanding of organizational self-initiated expatriation as a relatively under-researched phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper studies the upward occupational mobility trajectories of immigrant women performing unskilled work as a first job in Spain. The goals of the research are to go beyond the debate that focuses on the structural elements that condition their labour trajectories in Spain and to include both personal factors and the way in which these women use their agency in order to shape their labour trajectories. We have opted for a mixed-method approach, using data from the National Immigrant Survey ENI-2007, combined with 42 socio-biographical interviews with immigrant women from Latin America living in the metropolitan areas of Barcelona and Madrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mobility is one of the buzzwords in political discourse regarding solutions for youth unemployment in times of crisis. Young Spaniards are seen to be leaving en masse. However, there is no statistical basis to confirm this hypothesis, especially regarding the Schengen Area, and little is known about the predisposition of highly skilled young people to move abroad. This paper answers the research questions: (1) How many university students consider emigrating?; (2) What are their profiles?; (3) What are their motivations and expectations?; and (4) Where do they want to go? Our results were obtained through an online survey on Catalan university students and contrasted with data from different Catalan youth services. Our results show a high predisposition to emigrate for temporary stays. The EU, in particular the UK, is the favourite destination; however, this situation could change drastically with Brexit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For square contingency tables with ordered categories, there may be some cases that one wants to analyze them by considering collapsed tables with some adjacent categories combined in the original table. This paper proposes three kinds of new models which have the structure of point-symmetry (PS), quasi point-symmetry and marginal point-symmetry for collapsed square tables. This paper also gives a decomposition of the PS model for collapsed square tables. The father's and his daughter's occupational mobility data are analyzed using new models. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper examines influences of doctoral study and structured early career interventions on academic work. It uses evidence from a survey in six Australian universities (n=1158) to explore academics' engagement with research and teaching development. It regards universities as social situations that are ambiguous, presenting conflicting opportunities for growth and development and the pursuit of personal objectives. Academics' emphases on different aspects of academic work involve complex responses that are subject to many influences. It shows that doctoral work may avoid developing key skills that academics need and that the extent to which doctoral study prepares academics for different aspects of their role is different in different disciplines and institutions. It also shows that the conduct of academics in their major roles is little influenced by the training and development they engage in. The paper discusses the survey findings in terms of what constrains and what enables academics to take up particular development opportunities. It argues that to understand academic practice, analysis of how organisational influences are interpreted is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As firms have come under increasing competitive pressure to acquire and make effective use of knowledge that has been generated beyond their own boundaries, they are making increasing use of external recruitment of experienced scientists and engineers (SEs) who bring with them skills and knowledge gained in the process of working for other firms. This paper explores the impact of these developments on the returns to inter-firm mobility for individual SEs in the UK and France and finds that average returns to prior experience now match the returns to tenure over a large portion of scientists' and engineers' careers in both countries. The paper discusses some possible reasons for the similarity of labour market outcomes in the two countries, which is rather surprising given the much greater mobility of SEs in the UK compared with France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a meritocratic society it is assumed that the chance of achieving occupational mobility (OM) is not strongly influenced by one's starting position in terms of class or ethnicity. This paper seeks to explain the drivers of the high levels of OM achieved by one ethnically defined group: the Scots. Educational attainment is shown to be particularly important. A second level of interest is the changing role of internal migrants to a global city in the face of increased international skilled immigration. We investigate whether there is any evidence that the OM of internal migrants is being hindered as a result. The evidence points instead to immobile local labour being more disadvantaged occupationally than mobile labour from peripheral regions of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a case study of retailing, this paper examines the continued under-representation of women in senior management positions. Via a questionnaire survey, it reveals that those factors retail managers (men and women) themselves attribute to the disproportionate number of women in senior positions. The findings revealed that the main factors were associated with women's 'other' role: the family. Thus, lack of child care facilities and high family commitments were regarded as especially problematic and the organisation of retailing with its long anti-social hours and lack of flexi-time at managerial levels contributed to these problems. Other factors were also regarded as important including company cultures that uphold patriarchal social systems. The paper demonstrates how women's primary position in the home and domestic domain and men's primary position in the economic domain have shaped the way retail organisations are organised and the roles that men and women are traditionally expected to adopt within them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international mobility of professionals and graduates is one of the most dynamic transnational types of movement and represents an increasingly large component of global migration streams. The global competition for talent, the expansion of the knowledge economy and the increasing globalisation of markets and companies contribute to the increased importance of these mobility flows. Yet academic debates persist around who and what is meant by 'highly skilled'. This paper highlights the importance of social context and immigrant agency in the assessment of skills and human capital. It draws attention to the substantial difference between 'highly skilled' and 'highly qualified' immigrants. The analysis presents original empirical data collected in 2005 through an online survey (N=133) and 54 semi-structured interviews with East European professionals and graduates living and working in London. It argues that the social aspects of skills are essential components of skill construction, especially in the changing social contexts of migration. It concludes that being skilled is an outcome of negotiations around the value and the value-attached significance of employable human capital. The negotiators are, on the one hand, the highly qualified migrants themselves and their ways of self-representation of the value of their credentials, knowledge, skills and abilities; on the other hand, they are the employers and their ways of perception, assessment and judgement of employable human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the patterns and determinants of women's mobility into and out of male-dominated occupations in Puerto Rico during a period of rapid development between the 1950s and the early 1980s. The paper uses data from the Puerto Rico Fertility and Family Planning Assessment of 1982, which includes detailed retrospective calendar histories of women's employment and other life-course changes. An event history approach allows an examination of the effects of human capital, family status, socialization, and opportunity structure in the labor market on women's entry into male-dominated occupations and their subsequent shifts to other occupations. The findings indicate that women's entry into male-dominated occupations increased for first jobs during this period of economic development, and there was modest cross gender-type mobility among women who experienced job changes. Finally, the variables more directly tapping labor-supply factors show stronger effects on women's labor-force behavior than those more directly tapping labor-demand factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has two main objectives. First, to investigate whether workers show significant differences in labour opportunities. Second, to test the hypothesis that tertiarisation has important effects explaining it. The hypotheses are: (1) tertiarisation has relevant effects on the structure of labour demand by skills; (2) the labour opportunities of workers can be influenced by the skills developed in their previous jobs and their concordance between sectoral changes. From a methodological point of view, the approach implies a study of labour transition data of workers, sectoral change and its qualification implications. In order to research the previous argument, the authors analyse labour mobility within European countries. Therefore, data used in the paper come from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). All descriptive analyses have been carried out and the results from dynamic logit panel data model suggest that the relation of workers to tertiarisation and its implications - approximated by their previous labour situation (sector and skill) - are significant, explaining differences observed in labour transitions and its characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]