This article discusses prisoner abuse in United States prisons. The footage is not easy to watch: In one clip, a prisoner screams as an attack dog mauls his leg. Although protection from cruel and unusual punishment is enshrined in the Bill of Rights, for most of the nation's history, the advocates of fair treatment for prison inmates have fought a lonely and halting battle. In fact, as Harvard University historian Rebecca M. McLennan explains in a forthcoming book, The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, in 1865, it was the Thirteenth Amendment itself--which explicitly exempted prisoners from its prohibition on slavery--that effectively stripped convicted criminals of nearly all rights. Over the next two decades, Justice(Judge William Wayne Justice) would become the de facto chief administrator of Texas prisons, forcing the state to spend billions constructing new prisons and to end the practice of deputizing inmates to guard other inmates--a practice under which these" guards" routinely raped, beat, and tortured their fellow prisoners. The New York Times' Fox Butterfield reported this weekend that guards at one Arizona prison routinely make male prisoners wear pink women's underwear to humiliate them, while prisoners at a Virginia facility report they are regularly beaten and made to crawl.