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This article describes, from the viewpoint of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (henceforth, SFL), the specific ways in which the structure of the Spanish clause is organized for the realization of basic experiential functions, including Participant, Process and Circumstance. Thus far, SFL-descriptive work on Spanish has given little attention to the ways in which units and classes of units are organized along the rank scale of this language and how this organization contributes to the structural configuration of types of process. Based on the principles derived from the SFL theoretical dimensions of axis and rank, this article accounts for Spanishspecific resources at stake, first, in the realization of nuclear clause functions such as Process and Participant, and then in the realization of peripheral circumstantial elements. The paper finally addresses the key implications of the approach adopted to the account of the Spanish clause as well as to the general criteria involved in the identification of basic functions in its experiential structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the multiple realizations of lower limit and of speakers from different Spanish speaking territories found in the extensive oral corpus FEC (Fonología del Español Contemporáneo). We present several acoustic criteria to assign the continuum between occlusive and approximant to different phonetic variants to enable quantitative analysis of the corpus. The results of the acoustic analysis confirm the different phases described in previous literature of the phenomenon in the different Spanish speaking territories. Additionally, they show that a) palatal fricative realizations [?] - the IPA symbol commonly used for the phoneme - is very rare in the corpus and b) that in territories that distinguish between/?/and/j/, hybrid variants consisting of lateral + central that show a beginning delateralization are quite recurrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the idea that the study of peripheral phenomena or marginalia in language can shed new light on the interpretation of other, less marginal linguistic data. Specifically, it focuses on the joining or separation of linguistic elements, which is often considered a typically marginal phenomenon, but which constitutes one of the syntactic criteria for classifying verbal periphrases. For this purpose, interpolation, i.e. the separation of the two components of a periphrasis by another element, is examined in three specific cases: , and . The analysis offers clues for reconsidering interpolation as a criterion for the classification of periphrases. At the same time, the study makes it clear that, on the one hand, verbal periphrases are characterised by a type of syntactic ambiguity and, on the other hand, their semantic value is decisive in determining their periphrastic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the uses of the Spanish indefinite pronoun uno, in a diaphasic oral corpus, which is organized by communicative situations ranging from formal monologues to colloquial conversations with family and friends. The description incorporates a basic distinction between the communicative and the thematic role of the sentences where the indefinite pronoun appears, as well as the pragmatic parameters of referential accessibility, interlocutivity and genericity, which allow observing the alternations with other pronouns in the communicative space of the discursive universe in the context of the conversation. The main results show a depersonalizationpersonalization operation linked to the interlocutory relationship that, in addition to the generic character traditionally assigned to the pronoun uno, allows describing an expressive and an appellative use, in a continuum of specificity-genericity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, several studies have shown the polyfunctionality of the particle como in Spanish. Beyond its approximating semantic value, it has been established that como also fulfils pragmaticdiscursive functions, such as retardation, mitigation and introduction of direct speech (Holmvik, 2011; Jørgensen, 2012; Panussis, 2016; Mondaca, 2017; Panussis and San Martín, 2017, Mondaca, 2019). This paper aims to analyze, on the one hand, the relationship between the approximating use of como and its function as a direct speech introducer in Chilean Spanish, in order to establish what types of information are introduced in direct style, through this particle, by the speakers. On the other hand, and from an exploratory perspective, the study pursues to identify the syntactic combinations that como, as a direct speech introducer, presents. To achieve these aims, a corpus of 24 sociolinguistic interviews collected in the Fondecyt Project 11110211 has been used. The distribution of this corpus includes six speakers from each of the four geographical macro-areas of Chile (Wagner, 1998, 2004). The main results show the following: a) The function of introduction of direct speech associated to como is linked to the approximating value of the particle; b) the direct speech introduced by como not only reproduces speech quotes, but also thoughts, hypothetical speech, stereotyped speech, and attitudes; and, c) although como can operate as an only introductory element of direct speech, most frequently it acts in combination with other elements, such as the verb ser and the adverb así. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper studies issues related to the history of Spanish attested in a translation of David’s psalms by a Jamaican rabbi, completed in the late 17th century and with a London publication in collaboration with a group of influential and highly cultured Sephardim. The versification of the corpus makes it possible to establish with complete certainty the cultural value of the fee form, and of graphically similar elements (vee, see), in relation to the fashion of writing and the weight of the forensic tradition. The rhyme in proparoxytone verses also gives diachronic firmness to several hypercorrect proparoxytones found in Daniel Israel’s work, of problems concerning both European and American Spanish, and the analysis also points to the need for revision of the etymologies of the entries vaguido, with its inclusion of váguido, and vahído in the Academy’s dictionary, in conjunction with documentation and phonetic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the diatopic variation of the periphrasis andar + ger, comparing its use in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. To this end, the relative frequency of the construction is analyzed in several corpora, as well as its most distinctive semantic and syntactic features. Our quantitative analysis shows, on the one hand, the high frequency of andar + ger in Mexican Spanish as compared to Peninsular Spanish. On the other hand, it reveals that the periphrasis occurs, above all, in informal language modalities. Semantically, the present study corroborates that, in periphrases with a gerund, the verb andar ('to walk'), has progressively lost its lexical meaning of physical movement and has come to transmit pragmatic values, particularly of determination and insistence. In addition, unlike Peninsular Spanish, in Mexican Spanish the periphrasis is less subject to selectional restrictions with respect to the gerund, a relatively recent change that points to a strong grammaticalization. Syntactically, the grammaticalization process is reflected in the adjacency of the auxiliary and the gerund, the fixed internal order of the two components of the periphrasis, clitic climbing and a drop in the frequency of coordinated gerunds. The case of andar + ger demonstrates that grammaticalization of the same construction can take place in different ways depending on the specific dialectal environment. Likewise, and at a more general level, it stresses the importance of a diatopic approach in studies on verbal periphrases and grammaticalization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a diachronic study of the inchoative periphrases comenzar a and empezar a + infinitive drawing upon grammaticalization theory, in an attempt to contribute to the history of Spanish and, particularly, to the studies focused on verbal periphrases. Based on the results of an analysis of a large number of documented occurrences between the 11th and 21st centuries, we propose that the lexical meaning of words to be relevant in the construction of grammatical pieces; therefore synonymy seems to play an important role in shaping the grammar of a language. As we will see, alternation of the studied forms shows that both coexist nowadays, and that their use is conditioned both by contextual and chronological factors, because both express the same semantic values. Since the use of empezar a + infinitive increases around the 19th century, we reflect on other change processes linked to verbal periphrases during this period, and on their importance in the syntactic periodization of Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a broad overview, seen from the perspective of Diachronic Construction Grammar, of the readings and values developed in Latin by the construction so/eo+iNF. The evidence provided and the analysis of the various factors involved in the interpretation of this periphrasis show that its original and basic value is not the expression of habitual aspect, as traditional models maintain, but a typifying meaning that should be considered in the framework of the continuous aspect. On the other hand, the structural possibilities and the behavior of so/eo+iNF in Latin allow to set an interesting reference framework to explain some particular uses of so/er+ INF in the earliest stages of the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of the allophonic variation of the consonantal group /tr/ in a variety of Chilean Spanish -that of speakers that have not completed secondary education- obtained from eight cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas), using two elicitation tasks -semi-spontaneous interview and reading-aloud- completed by male and female speakers. The results showed that the sequence of plosive followed by a tap, that is /tr/, was more frequent. In addition, the independent variables geographic origin, elicitation task and gender were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the phonetic realizations of /tr/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the description of the verb soleo, the Latin cognate of the Spanish auxiliary soler, with the aim of contributing to the explanation of the Spanish lexical periphrasis soler + INF, when considering it from a diachronic perspective. Soleo is an especial verb whose singularity is manifested in its etymology and its grammatical particularities. Concerning its etymology, two hypotheses have been considered which start from two different Aktionsart stems: one makes it derive from a Proto-Indo-European iterative stem, the other from a stative one. From this second etymological hypothesis, soleo could be included among Latin denominative stative *e-presents with the basic meaning of 'to be of oneself, to have as one's own, to be normal, to be custom'. Regarding its morphosyntactic features, the semi-deponent soleo has a morphologically passive perfect stem, solitus sum, whose use with aoristic value comes into contradiction with the morphological restriction of the Spanish auxiliary soler and with the aspectual categorization of habitual auxiliary attributed to it. Together with the function as an auxiliary verb constituting a periphrasis with an infinitive, it also presents a use as a full lexical verb in which the prototypical semantic value of its etymology emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of the allophonic variation of the consonantal group /...ɾ/ in a variety of Chilean Spanish -that of speakers that have not completed secondary education- obtained from eight cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas), using two elicitation tasks -semi-spontaneous interview and reading-aloud- completed by male and female speakers. The results showed that the sequence of plosive followed by a tap, that is /...ɾ/, was more frequent. In addition, the independent variables geographic origin, elicitation task and gender were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the phonetic realizations of /...ɾ/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a broad overview, seen from the perspective of Diachronic Construction Grammar, of the readings and values developed in Latin by the construction soleo+INF. The evidence provided and the analysis of the various factors involved in the interpretation of this periphrasis show that its original and basic value is not the expression of habitual aspect, as traditional models maintain, but a typifying meaning that should be considered in the framework of the continuous aspect. On the other hand, the structural possibilities and the behavior of soleo+INF in Latin allow to set an interesting reference framework to explain some particular uses of soler+INF in the earliest stages of the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the description of the verb soleo, the Latin cognate of the Spanish auxiliary soler, with the aim of contributing to the explanation of the Spanish lexical periphrasis soler + INF, when considering it from a diachronic perspective. Soleo is an especial verb whose singularity is manifested in its etymology and its grammatical particularities. Concerning its etymology, two hypotheses have been considered which start from two different Aktionsart stems: one makes it derive from a Proto-Indo-European iterative stem, the other from a stative one. From this second etymological hypothesis, soleo could be included among Latin denominative stative *ē-presents with the basic meaning of 'to be of oneself, to have as one's own, to be normal, to be custom'. Regarding its morphosyntactic features, the semi-deponent soleo has a morphologically passive perfect stem, solitus sum, whose use with aoristic value comes into contradiction with the morphological restriction of the Spanish auxiliary soler and with the aspectual categorization of habitual auxiliary attributed to it. Together with the function as an auxiliary verb constituting a periphrasis with an infinitive, it also presents a use as a full lexical verb in which the prototypical semantic value of its etymology emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the diatopic variation of the periphrasis andar + GER, comparing its use in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. To this end, the relative frequency of the construction is analyzed in several corpora, as well as its most distinctive semantic and syntactic features. Our quantitative analysis shows, on the one hand, the high frequency of andar + GER in Mexican Spanish as compared to Peninsular Spanish. On the other hand, it reveals that the periphrasis occurs, above all, in informal language modalities. Semantically, the present study corroborates that, in periphrases with a gerund, the verb andar ('to walk'), has progressively lost its lexical meaning of physical movement and has come to transmit pragmatic values, particularly of determination and insistence. In addition, unlike Peninsular Spanish, in Mexican Spanish the periphrasis is less subject to selectional restrictions with respect to the gerund, a relatively recent change that points to a strong grammaticalization. Syntactically, the grammaticalization process is reflected in the adjacency of the auxiliary and the gerund, the fixed internal order of the two components of the periphrasis, clitic climbing and a drop in the frequency of coordinated gerunds. The case of andar + GER demonstrates that grammaticalization of the same construction can take place in different ways depending on the specific dialectal environment. Likewise, and at a more general level, it stresses the importance of a diatopic approach in studies on verbal periphrases and grammaticalization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a diachronic study of the inchoative periphrases comenzar a and empezar a + INFINITIVE drawing upon grammaticalization theory, in an attempt to contribute to the history of Spanish and, particularly, to the studies focused on verbal periphrases. Based on the results of an analysis of a large number of documented occurrences between the 11th and 21st centuries, we propose that the lexical meaning of words to be relevant in the construction of grammatical pieces; therefore synonymy seems to play an important role in shaping the grammar of a language. As we will see, alternation of the studied forms shows that both coexist nowadays, and that their use is conditioned both by contextual and chronological factors, because both express the same semantic values. Since the use of empezar a + INFINITIVE increases around the 19th century, we reflect on other change processes linked to verbal periphrases during this period, and on their importance in the syntactic periodization of Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to examine the way the dictionary, as a discursive instrument, historical and ideological (Lauria, 2010,2011) has intervened in the construction of the sense of the discursive object inmigrante. Thus, this work consists in reveal and analyse diachronically the different lexicographic meanings that the entry inmigrante, the semantically close lexemes (eniigrante, migrante, etc.) and the linked verbs (emigrar, inmigrar, migrar) had in the Spanish language dictionaries edited in Spain and Argentina between 1726 and 1910. We will consider, firstly, the way in which the production conditions, either immediately or broadly speaking (Orlandi, 2015), have largely determined the historical changes that the semantic field of immigration experienced in the Spanish lexicography during the XIX century. Secondly, we will reflect on the way that the local production has re-signified the immigrant at the beginning of the XX century, key historic moment when the "mass immigration" phenomenon and the commemoration of the Centenary of the Revolution of May come together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the initial results concerning the beliefs and attitudes of Sevillian university students towards the normative varieties of Spanish, mainly towards their own variety. The design methodology that we followed is based on the PRECAVES XXI Project. All subjects completed graduate or postgraduate studies related to the field of linguistics or Spanish language. Specifically, two groups were contrasted: students without specialized knowledge about the geolectal and social varieties of Spanish and those who have acquired it in their academic career. The data obtained help us to know which variety is considered most prestigious and how the participants judge their own accent and other dialects of the Hispanic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first results on the PRECAVES XXI project on linguistic attitudes in Medellín, Colombia. In this phase of the project the interview was carried out with two groups of undergraduate students from the first and last semesters of University of Antioquia's Hispanic Philology and Teaching of Spanish Programs. The results are focused on three main topics: the most prestigious variety, the perception of their own variety, and the identification and valuation of other Spanish varieties. This analysis concluded that, for this population from Antioquia, the Colombian way of speaking is the most prestigious, and specifically, the diatopic variety; they value and recognize their own speech from cognitive aspects, considering it as urban and clear, which shows a positive attitude, linguistic pride and sense of belonging towards their variety, as a result of local identity. Finally, the survival of a normative linguistic tradition and a limited general knowledge of Hispanic diversity were evinced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In PRECAVES XXI context, this paper we report the results of a research on the perceptions of young Chilean university students, both to different Spanish and to their own variety. The aim of this study is to analyze the linguistic attitudes of 100 of these subjects, in terms of which varieties they consider to be better and more prestigious and what perceptions they have of their own variety of Spanish, attending to direct evaluations (cognitive and affective) and indirect. A survey was conducted combining direct and indirect methods of data collection using the matches guise technique. The main findings of this study indicate that, for most of the subjects in the sample, there is not one variety of Spanish better than another, and among those who prefer one, the Andean and Chilean varieties have more prestige. Likewise, there are direct and indirect attitudes very positive towards the Chilean variety. Finally, in general, informants value positively and negatively phonetic aspects of other varieties of Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely accepted that in oral exchanges with, for example, family members, friends, and co-workers, speakers of Chilean Spanish alternate between verbal tuteo and verbal voseo. In this paper, drawing on a corpus of conversational interactions between relatives and friends from Santiago, I examine the relative frequency with which these speakers use verbal voseo in relation to verbal tuteo, and I explore the social and linguistic factors that determine the variation, paying particular attention to the parameters that affect the use of verbal voseo. In addition, I compare the distributions observed here with those observed in previous studies that base their analyses on corpora that contain less natural communicative contexts. The results indicate that, in spontaneous conversational interactions, the speakers use verbal voseo with a frequency much greater than the frequency with which they use verbal tuteo as well as the frequencies observed in previous studies. This, and the fact that verbal voseo is conditioned by an interaction between the gender and the age of the speakers, as well as by the specificity of their interlocutors, shows that speakers of Chilean Spanish born in Santiago assign covert prestige to verbal voseo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the studies and widespread international appraisal of Andrés Bello's writings, his crucial importance in the history of Spanish Grammar is not only highlighted, but also does this paper manifest his remarkable role as precursor of the major currents of linguistic studies of the 20th century: the European and the American structuralisms, the generative grammar and the pragmatics. By referring to Bello's traditional studies his significance in Modern Philology is clearly shown, and some unique and surprising findings on Bello's idea on the translation of libretti (i.e. the actual vocal parts of opera) are presented by the author of this paper. Bello's characterization and assessment of the difficulties that arise from the symbiosis of text and music in these texts are pronounced about 80 years ahead of Gustav Becher's famous holistic theory on the translation of this type of texts. A theory which, according to distinguished European musicologists, has lead the way in the discussion of the functionality of these distinct interlingual transfers throughout the 20th century, as well as a revaluation of this specific activity during the preceding centuries (15th - 19th century). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, results of a study on the geographic variation of the phoneme /r/ in the speech of Chilean professionals of eight different cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique y PuntaArenas) perfonning a reading-aloud task are presented. The results show that most of the realizations for the phoneme /r/ correspond to the approximant, apicoalveolar consonant [ɹ], regardless of the participant's geographical origin and the gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish tripartite word-formation like Marx, marxismo, marxista, is analyzed by addition of two suffixes subsequently to a base. In this regard, it is considered that the suffixes-wmo and -ista are the most productive derivative suffixes in solidary relationship in Spanish. In this paper, we discuss the most important problems that morpheme-based analysis faces. We propose to explore this kind of formation with the word-based morphology perspective in order to make an relational and schematic analysis. It will be shown that our type of analysis, based on word-schemes, captures better and in an intuitive way all the linguistic dimensions interrelated in the tripartite formation of the kind Marx, marxismo, marxista. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, results of a study on the geographic variation of the phoneme /r/ in the speech of Chilean professionals of eight different cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaiso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique y Punta Arenas) performing a reading-aloud task are presented. The results show that most of the realizations for the phoneme /r/ correspond to the approximant, apicoalveolar consonant [ɹ], regardless of the participant's geographical origin and the gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative sociolinguistic analysis of intervocalic obstruent consonant /d/ variation in urban Granada and Malaga (Spain). To do so, two perfectly comparable spoken corpuses gathered in the frame of the PrESEEa-Project were used. Given that /d/ deletion is quite frequent in southern varieties of Castilian Spanish, our analysis zoomed in on consonant deletion vs. maintenance regardless of the differences of intensity or tension perceptible in maintained consonantal variants. Prior to the comparative analysis itself, an exhaustive bivariate analysis was performed considering both linguistic and speaker (stylistic and social) variables, as well as their respective interaction. Therefore, we carried out two multivariate comparative analyses, the first one involving separate parallel analyses of data from both corpuses and the second one being an integrated analysis of the whole data. Results were amazingly similar for both towns and tend to confirm those obtained for other areas both in Spain and America, basically regarding the fundamental weight of internal factors on /d/ variation (i.e. consonant maintenance in word-roots vs. deletion in morphemes). However, they contradict most of previous results with regard to the effect of the speaker variables (i.e. younger speakers' leadership on /d/ deletion). Finally, conflict sites reveal sharper social stratification and age differences in Malaga than in Granada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the singular or plural agreement between Spanish verb haber with existential meaning and its plural argument, in 108 interviews collected in Mexico City as a part of a sociolinguistic corpus structured by age, gender and educational level. All relevant data (633) are considered. For the analysis, the proposed methodology in the "Project for the sociolinguistic study of Spanish from Spain and from America (PrESEEa)" is followed, using a wide range of linguistic and social variables. The results are subjected to rigorous statistical analysis and compared with those obtained in other studies. The singular/plural alternative has received considerable attention in the field of study of linguistic variation in Spanish. Mexico City Spanish is grouped with other conservative areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to bring to light, unravel and interpret some of the ideas of Rudolf Lenz (1920) concerning verbal categorization in historiographical perspective. As a starting point, we examine Lenz's position with regard to the sentence as a fundamental linguistic unit and as a framework in which the relationships between its components take place. The work subsequently focuses on verbal categories (parts of speech or word classes) and analyzes in an interpretative and critical perspective the three alternative and complementary systems of verbal categories proposed by Lenz applying alternative defining criteria: formal, logico-semantical and functional, the latter being prioritary for Lenz. Finally, it presents a summary of the three systems of Lenz confronted with each other and with the system of ten parts of speech in traditional grammar, and it assesses Lenz's significant contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to sketch a critical reading of several texts by the German linguist who settled in Chile in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Rodolfo Lenz, focusing on the way in which he worked on the settlement in Chile of the means and ends of philological research as modern linguistics had come to conceive them at the time. Thus, it shall be attempted to account for how the work of Lenz in order to give form to a proper space and audience for this discipline, the construction of an object based on the Spanish spoken in Chile, the Mapuche language in contact with it, foreign European languages and traditional narratives point to the political task of contributing to the affirmation of Chilean Spanish as a modern national language provided with all the elements that the device of modern language sciences envisaged for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to throw some light on a chapter not too studied in the history of Spanish Phonetics, the miscellaneous works from the 18th century, through the personality of Juan Antonio González de Valdés and his Ortopeia Universal (1785). We pursue three objectives: (i) place this text in the Spanish orthoepist tradition, (ii) discuss the beginning of a new kind of works in Spain that combines orthoepic data of particular languages with notions of general Phonetics, and (iii) analyze the connections between the Ortopeia and samples of other European traditions, specifically De Brosses' Traité de la formation méchanique des langues (1765). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the Compendio de nombres en lengua cakchiquel of Pantaleón de Guzmán, work that shows the linguistic task realized by the missionaries in the New World. The evangelism of the conquered lands caused the need to learn the indigenous languages and, therefore, the composition of dictionaries and grammars that could help the conversion of Indians. One of these works was Pantaleón de Guzmán's Compendio, subjects catalogued by scopes, facing the problems that cause the differences between Spanish and Cakchiquel and that shows in its pages a great lexical richness. In short, an interesting contribution to the missionary history of Linguistics and Lexicography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Castilian grammars intended for use in secondary school are published in the decade of1850. These grammars must be understood in relation with those used in primary school. They participate in the consolidation of national subjectivities (thanks to the spread of the common language), in social disciplining (determining the standard to be met by the practice) and in the reproduction of social structures (educating the members of the elite). The present paper refers to the subject of syntax in four texts published respectively in Buenos Aires, Santiago, Guanajuato and Madrid. We consider the units established in the grammars, the treatment of figures and the analysis they propose in exercises or in recapitulating illustrations. The study allows us to appreciate the guidance offered by grammars but also the different perspectives on grammatical knowledge, on its function in secondary school and on the subject who attends school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes a controversy about the inclusion of the Guaraní language in the bilingual education system of Paraguay. The controversy is the result of the country's complex sociolinguistic reality: Guaraní is an official language and an important emblem of national identity, but also a language of inferior status to Spanish, which is known as a situation of "diglossia". Moreover the speakers have negative attitudes towards their own speech practices, characterized by phenomena of convergence and mixing. This, some scholars identified as a "second order diglossia" between everyday discourse and the speech community's ideological construction of "real" Guaraní. In a controversial measure, government language planners have accredited a "hybrid" Guaraní version that would allow language borrowings from Spanish to remedy this situation and to facilitate the teaching of Guaraní, bringing the official version closer to everyday speech. This measure caused a heated debate about the version of Guaraní that should be used in education. The debate will be used here to explore the dominant language ideologies in the country that are responsible for the difficulties in bilingual education and for the ambiguities in the use of and attitudes towards Guaraní. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico is a country with very rich culture and languages, however, indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing due to certain factors that cause that cause their replacement by the Spanish language. In recent times (2003) it was published the General Law of Linguistics Rights of Indigenous Peoples (LGDLPI by its Spanish acronym) which aims to preserve and develop the indigenous languages. This paper analyzes the situation of indigenous languages in their social context: on the one hand, there is a law in their favor and the other, a reality where their speakers are discriminated. The study confronts that which is established by the law and the specific situation of the speakers, which has caused the loss and replacement of their language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines, from a historical, anthropological and linguistic perspective, various attempts to regulate the relationship between the Mapuche language and Spanish in Chile, from the activity of the first missionaries to the current efforts of the State and Mapuche intellectuals to revitalize Mapudungun in urban and rural environments. We review the contact between Mapudungun and Spanish through history as a key to understanding the processes of language planning (formal and informal, explicit and implicit) that have been developed since the first contacts between Spanish and Mapuche until today. We also analyze two initiatives that have attempted to modify the situation of the Mapuche language: the creation of a unified alphabet of Mapudungun and the constitution of the Mapuche Language Academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the attitudes that 400 subjects from Santiago de Chile show towards the dialects of Spanish spoken by the three main groups of immigrants in this city: Peruvians, Argentinians, and Colombians. We observe their attitudes on the basis of concepts such as correctness, liking, and similarity, and also on the basis of associations with a number of non-linguistic concepts. We conclude that valuation of these varieties depend both on linguistic and nonlinguistic factors (correspondence of these varieties with the linguistic profile of an ideal model of correct Spanish and social valuation of their speakers, respectively). Moreover, we point out that the attitudes observed, which belong to the host society, may affect the social integration of these groups of immigrants, and in different ways in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the historical linguistic contact between indigenous languages and Spanish in the current territory of Uruguay as well as the reasons for its outcome, namely the displacement and loss of autochthonous languages in the Río de la Plata. The study proposes two stages to describe the history of language contact between the Spaniards and the indigenous peoples: while the first one (16th century) is characterized by the initial encounters between both, the second one (17th and 18th century) is characterized by European settlement and colonization, which led to the linguistic acculturation of the Indigenous peoples in the 19th century. The loss of indigenous languages is explained by four types of circumstances: sociodemographic, ethnolinguistic, cultural-historical, and technological circumstances. In particular, the characterization of the latter provides an original insight into the appropriation of writing as one of the factors which favored the shift from indigenous languages to Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to extend our approach, in San Martín (2004-2005), to a specific type of discourse marker in spoken Spanish in Santiago de Chile from variationist point of view: the reformulation of detachment markers. For this purpose, the particles that met the above function in a sample of 54 interviews that make up the Sociolinguistic Corpus of PRESEEA in Santiago, Chile were identified. On the one hand, we analyze the behavior of such markers in the range indicated above and, on the other hand, we provide the distribution of employment in a socially stratified sample of Santiago's speakers. For the study of these particles, the Martin zorraquino & Portolés (1999) and Portolés (2001) concept and classification of discourse markers, and the suggestions of Cortes (1988) and Carbonero & Santana (2010) for his social quantitative analysis, is applied. The analysis considered the "reformulation of detachment" as a sociolinguistic variable with the following values or variants (markers): igual, de todas maneras, en todo caso y de todas formas. Consequently, socio-demographic factors were correlated with subjects' use of such markers. Thus, based on the functional-pragmatic commutability of discourse markers registered it preceded its quantitative analysis according to the variables: age, sex-gender and educational level of the interviewees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper aims to analyze how first year university students of the Spanish Language and Literature Degree use punctuation marks. For this purpose, a sample of 128 interventions was collected. The discursive frame where participations took place was the academic virtual forum; particularly, two thematic forums were provided. Results show that comma and full stop are the most usual punctuation marks; it is also significant the high frequency with which English inverted commas appear in the written texts, as well as the incorrect and widespread use of dashes with explanatory function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new method for the description of rhetorical structures and their corresponding linguistic features in research articles in Spanish. The method is based on a critical review of different approaches focusing on this phenomenon. To this effect, we labelled a 162-research-article corpus using rhetorical moves. The corpus is representative of Chilean scientific production between 2000 and 2008. We applied statistical techniques to over the 11,000 records to account for the prototypical rhetorical moves and describe the lexico-grammatical patterns associated to them in this type of specialist texts. The results of the study demonstrate the operation of particular 'prototypical' rhetorical moves in such texts as well as the lexico-grammatical patterns which formalize the former. The research done provides valuable empirical evidence both for those aiming at the analysis of scientific discourse and those focusing on the teaching and learning of scientific writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the perception which Spanish-speaking subjects from Santiago de Chile have of the geographical variation of Chilean Spanish in terms of three dimensions: the similarity observed in the speech of various regions in relation to their own speech, the quality attached to regional varieties, and the pleasantness perceived in them. These perceptions reveal the attitudes that the subjects have towards the regional varieties of Chilean Spanish identified by themselves. We conclude that people from Santiago de Chile have a high degree of linguistic self-esteem as they show a more favourable attitude towards the variety of Spanish spoken in the capital city and in the central region of Chile, in general, than towards the varieties spoken in the northern and southern regions. Nevertheless, in the affective dimension (pleasantness) and specially amongst people from the middle and lower classes, the southern variety increases its positive valuation, although never surpassing the positive valuation of the central region of this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents some thoughts on the usage of the so called "Spanglish" language in the United States. Its aim is that of looking at the potential facilitative effect the usage of Spanglish has in helping hispanic and non-hispanic speakers, who do not share either English or Spanish, to achieve communicative goals in particular communicative contexts. The literature has acknowledged that Spanglish relies on code-switching and code-mixing, switches and mixtures which can also be described as characteristics of the hybrid identity of many Latinos in the United States. In this paper we propose to look at the phenomenon of Spanglish in its hybrid aspect, which, from our perspective, is what makes it complex and fascinating from the perspective of mixed identities in intercultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of morphosyntactic variables is generally grounded on the sameness of their variants at the descriptive semantic level; however, differences usually exist as to their discursive and cognitive values. Thus reflexive forms in the Spanish clitic paradigm can be seen as devices used to reinforce subject-verb agreement and generate certain meanings in discourse. Third-person se stands out among them due to its contextual versatility and the variety of uses attributed to it by descriptive grammar. However, from a functional-cognitive viewpoint it should be assumed that all such uses share a single semantic core, namely the notion that the subject becomes the endpoint of the action or process described by the verb. In this paper we will analyze syntactic and semantic variability of the position of se when adjoined to periphrases and other verbal compounds (e.g. Se puede hacer / Puede hacerse 'It can be done'). Quantitative and qualitative analysis will show that formal variation is closely related to the interpretation speakers make of the scene described in a clause, and particularly to aspects such as the salience and agentivity of the main entity in that scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite of the interest of Bolivian Spanish for Latin American dialectology, this variety is still one of the most unknown in the continent, specially from a diachronic point of view. This paper aims to be a contribution to the history of the Spanish language in the Andean part of the country. Thus, it describes the most important phonological features of this variety of Spanish at the beginning of 19th. century; the letters that María Guadalupe Cuenca de Moreno (high-level woman, born in Chuquisaca in 1790) writes to her husband from Buenos Aires in 1811 are the corpus used for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first formulation on restrictions on lexical insertion is to be found in generative grammar's Standard Theory (1965). However, as then understood, restrictions had a basically extralinguistic value (concerning notions such as 'animate', 'human, 'thing', 'instrument', etc.). This paper shows how the traditional concept of selection has been enhanced by the incorporation of new features, whether semantic of categorical, from the Hispanic research tradition on the field of lexical syntax. Particularly worthy of mentioning to this respect are two onomasiological dictionaries of contemporary Spanish, which differ from one another by the directionality of lexical selection. Additionally, an analysis of selectional restriction observed in the 'entourage' of lexical definitions from current semsiological Spanish dictionaries. Such analysis shows that the collocations do not differ in their syntactic-semantic behavior from the rest of language, inasmuch as the process of selection between the allocated seems to respond to the predicate > argument orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on Italian existential structures and on the incidence of the clitic ci, allegedly locative, in the interpretation of the whole clause predicate, aiming to find out a link between the clitic's presence and the notorious changes in the lexical and syntactic configuration of the base verb. The comparisons made with Catalan, French and Spanish are intended to support such a hypothesis, given that these languages take haber as base verb for existential structures, whose possessive meaning has been confirmed in the first two languages, a value that seems to be subdued in the presence of the element required (hi o y, respectively) in favour of the existential interpretation of constructions such as haver-hi o il y ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concessive clauses (Aunque llueva, saldré a correr - I'll go for a run even if it rains) establish a more flexible connection between clause and main sentence than the other types of adverbial subordinate clauses. This is why the connection between both structures can be stated by coordination (Llueve, pero igualmente saldré a correr - It's raining but I'll still go for a run). From a formal point of view, there are two kinds of adverbial clauses of concession: those beginning with a subordinating conjunction (aunque -even though-, aun -even-, aun cuando -even when-, etc.), and those that do not take such a conjunction. Syntactically, concessive clauses act as modifiers of the nucleus of the sentence or as modifiers of modality. In the present paper we will analyse the use of clauses of concession as modifiers of the nucleus of the sentence introduced by the subordinate conjuctions aunque, aun, aun cuando in connection with the types of phrases that these connectives accept or reject. We will start from the premise that these subordinating conjunctions reject noun phrases. But, even when they can take adjective phrases, the connective aun does not always accept these, and requires a gerund construction or a prepositional phrase acting as an adjective. Aun cuando, on the other hand, can only be used with a conjugated verb. This difference poses the problem of whether the conjuction aunque can be reconsidered as an adverb, which, in turn, in the area of language teaching, affects the choice and limitations of types of words in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse the incidence of English as an L2 in the acquisition of Italian as an L3. To this effect we have chosen a linguistic element that presents an interesting challenge in the research of language acquisition: the subject. Taking into account Luigi Rizzi's hypothesis that parameters are binary in general (A parametric approach to comparative syntax: properties of the pronominal system (1997)), we consider that languages are divided into pro-drop and non pro-drop. We have compared the production of subjects in students whose native language (Spanish) is pro-drop, their second language (English) is non pro-drop and are at present learning Italian (pro-drop) as their L3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the grammatical trait peculiar to Spanish and other Romance languages consisting in the ateposition of the preposition a to the direct object when this object refers to a person. The study begins with some considerations on transitivity and types of direct object, states that prepositional direct object must have its origin in Latin, since it exists in an ample zone of the Romania, examines possible semantic-functional motivations for its use (disambiguation when subject and object are animated and can therefore act as agents, individualition, or emphasis). Afterwards it presents an extense number of texts with direct object, with and without a; it concludes that in using or omitting the preposition a with direct object the speaker has much freedom to choose one or the other alternative provided there is no abiguity and that the only rule never violated in this respect is that personal pronouns functioning as direct object must be preceded by a ("La veo a ella") [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the empirical research about the word stress acoustic parameters in different languages concluded that this phonological feature is basically expressed by means of variations on the intensity, pitch and duration of vocalic segments-besides of other secondary correlates (Leah 1977, Al-Ani 1992, De Jong y Zawaydeh 1999: 5). However, in the Hispanic Linguistics field, most of the studies traditionally used diverse methodologies to their results, mostly claiming there is just one acoustic marker for lexical stress, depending on the author: pitch, intensity or duration (Quilis 1993, Bolinger y Hodapp 1961, Contreras 1963, Garrido et al. 1995)--. This paper presents the materials, methods and conclusions of a laboratory research work, based only on digital equipment (such as Multispeech 3.1), to essentially conclude that the word stress in Spanishis better described on the jointly basis of those three parameters: intensity, pitch and duration --seemingly, a reduced set of quite universal parameters--. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]