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Introduction: Respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) has been an effective sampling strategy for HIV research in many settings, but has had limited success among some youth in the United States. We evaluated a modified RDS approach for sampling Black and Latinx sexual and gender minority youth (BLSGMY) and explored how lived experiences and social contexts of BLSGMY youth may impact traditional RDS assumptions. Methods: RDS was implemented in three US cities, Baltimore, Philadelphia and Washington DC, to engage BLSGMY aged 15 to 24 years in HIV prevention or care intervention trials. RDS was modified to include targeted seed recruitment from venues, Internet and health clinics, and provided options for electronic or paper coupons. Qualitative interviews were conducted among a sub‐sample of RDS participants to explore their experiences with RDS. Interviews were coded using RDS assumptions as an analytic framework. Results: Between August 2017 and October 2019, 405 participants were enrolled, 1670 coupons were distributed, with 133 returned, yielding a 0.079 return rate. The maximum recruitment depth was four waves among seeds that propagated. Self‐reported median network size was 5 (IQR 2 to 10) and reduced to 3 (IQR 1 to 5) when asked how many peers were seen in the past 30 days. Qualitative interviews (n = 27) revealed that small social networks, peer trust and targeted referral of peers with certain characteristics challenged network, random recruitment, and reciprocity assumptions of RDS. HIV stigma and research hesitancy were barriers to participation and peer referral. Other situational factors, such as phone ownership and access to reliable transportation, reportedly created challenges for referred peers to participate in research. Conclusions: Small social networks and varying relationships with peers among BLSGMY challenge assumptions that underlie traditional RDS. Modified RDS approaches, including those that incorporate social media, may support recruitment for community‐based research but may challenge assumptions of reciprocal relationships. Research hesitancy and situational barriers are relevant and must be addressed across any sampling method and study design that includes BLSGMY in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the list of forthcoming papers of the periodical concerning debt maturity; peer-confirming equilibrium; and the myopic stable set for social environments.

The article substantiates an important contribution of Alexander Bogdanov's monograph, 'Tektologia,' in the formation and development of fields of knowledge related to the control and organization of social systems. The purpose of this paper is to prove that Bogdanov's ideas anticipated the trends in the development of the problems of control and organization of social systems—the trends that were developing under the influence of the philosophical foundations of scientific rationality (classical, non‐classical and post‐non‐classical), as well as the cybernetics of the first, second and third orders. Within the framework of our study, the individual aspects related to the trends in the development of control issues are considered separately. Our results suggest that Bogdanov's ideas lay in foundation of contemporary concepts associated with leaving behind the opposition of 'subject–object' in control science and the transition to the consideration of equal relations between various active elements of systems and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Research Note seeks to add to the body of knowledge concerning social sustainability in work organizations, especially within the context of new challenges and threats in contemporary, post-industrial working life. Moreover, the intention is to explore the added value of the complexity lens in promoting social sustainability at work. Work organizations are conceptualized as Chaordic systems to make accessible some aspects of organizations' structure and dynamics important for social sustainability. Our earlier paper (Kira and van Eijnatten, ) on the theme was critically assessed by Merrelyn Emery (). Therefore, we offer clarifications of some aspects in our earlier paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to return to goals of systemic renewal and sustainable development by clarifying agency or causal factors in complex organizations. To begin this journey, we identify conflicts and flaws underlying common management theory and practice and then correct them using a wider knowledge base underpinned by general systems theory and relevant disciplines. Updated theory is that agency of organization behaviour is not in the leader, nor the employee, but in both. Each system member learns and performs according to their own willingness and ability, resulting in infinite variety. Thus, a provide/pickup paradigm is proposed. In other words, the leader's role is to provide input, resources and tasks; the learner/employee role is pickup of input, each at their own rate. The investigative journey complete, the Systems Thinking RoundTable is proposed to circumvent many of the challenges in modern social systems today—the ever‐increasing demands, the silo effect and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machizukuri emerged as a way for residents to solve local community problems autonomously and, throughout the past half century, it has experienced a unique development process. This paper describes its history, the various methods accumulated through continuous practice, and its achievements and prospects, as follows. Section  presents the context in which Japanese machizukuri was born. Even though similar trends appeared all over the world in response to the turbulent social context in the latter half of the 1960s, unique conditions in Japan gave way to a specific approach, which is today called machizukuri. Section  presents its evolutive process, from the birth of machizukuri until the present. Studying the development of particular systems, methods, designs, and planning techniques over time, three generations can be identified. Section  addresses the research and practical development of machizukuri as developed by the author of this paper. Finally, Section  describes and summarizes the future prospects and challenges of machizukuri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen an explosion in social media in our everyday lives, and a corresponding increase in social media research in IS. As social media researchers, we are intrigued by the problem of virtuality and context in social media research, and how we might apply reflexive research principles to such settings. In social media, the absence of a setting's real physical boundaries (to a large extent) limits participants' ability to create a common experience at the present time and develop a history of shared experiences. As a result, we would contend that many social media researchers' interpretations of data in social media settings are often black‐boxed. In this paper, we argue that many of the challenges concerned with social media settings, by nature, are emergent and linked to their virtual and contextual features. We use the Klein and Myers (1999) framework for traditional interpretive field studies as a vehicle for unpacking these challenges. We contend that these challenges may remain unnoticed if researchers do not actively reflect upon their impact on the research process. In this paper, we present a framework for social media research, considering social media research as a reflexive space, building on the notion of three levels of reflexivity: theory, design and practice. Finally, we discuss some implications of reflexivity for qualitative social media research in IS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding rates in many Global North countries are low. Qualitative research highlights that breastfeeding in public is a particular challenge, despite mothers often having the legal right to do so. To identify barriers and facilitators, we systematically searched the qualitative research from Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries relating to breastfeeding in public spaces from 2007 to 2021. Data were analysed using the Thematic Synthesis technique. The review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42017081504). Database searching identified 3570 unique records. In total, 74 papers, theses, or book chapters, relating to 71 studies, were included, accounting for over 17,000 mothers. Overall, data quality was high. Our analysis identified that five core factors influenced mothers' thought processes and their breastfeeding in public behaviour: legal system; structural (in)equality; knowledge; beliefs and the social environment. Macro‐level factors relating to legislation and inequality urgently require redress if breastfeeding rates are to be increased. Widespread culture change is also required to enhance knowledge, change hostile beliefs and thus the social environment in which mother/infant dyads exist. In particular, the sexualisation of breasts, disgust narratives and lack of exposure among observers to baby‐led infant feeding patterns resulted in beliefs which created a stigmatising environment. In this context, many mothers felt unable to breastfeed in public; those who breastfed outside the home were usually highly self‐aware, attempting to reduce their exposure to conflict. Evidence‐based theoretically informed interventions to remove barriers to breastfeeding in public are urgently required. Key messages: In OECD countries, there was limited evidence that women routinely breastfed outside of the home; for those who did, this experience was often uncomfortable.Legal protections for breastfeeding in public, where present, were not widely known and appeared to be under‐enforced.Mothers were aware of stigma relating to breastfeeding in public and feared conflict with strangers. This fear was not felt evenly, with mothers who were young, poor, and from marginalised ethnicities reporting increased surveillance and stigma.There is limited and dichotomous evidence relating to partners, family, and friends' roles in supporting mothers to breastfeed in public.Observers of breastfeeding in public had poor understanding of normal infant feeding behaviour and the associated need to breastfeed in public spaces. They also experienced disgusted reactions to viewing breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research suggests that it would be useful to view health literacy as a set of 'distributed competencies', which can be found dispersed through the individual's social network, rather than an exclusively individual attribute. However, to date there is no focused exploration of how distributed health literacy has been defined, conceptualized or assessed in the peer‐reviewed literature. Aims: This systematic review aimed to explore: (1) definitions and conceptual models of distributed health literacy that are available from the peer‐reviewed literature; and (2) how distributed health literacy has been measured in empirical research. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Scopus, ERIC and Web of Science using truncated versions of the keywords 'literacy' and 'distributed' (within five words' distance). We collated the definitions and conceptual models of distributed health literacy, and report on how health literacy has been measured in empirical research studies. Findings related to distributed health literacy from included manuscripts were synthesized using thematic synthesis. Results: Of the 642 studies screened, 10 were included in this systematic review. The majority were empirical manuscripts reporting on qualitative research in one of five countries, with two reviews, one conceptual analysis and one quantitative study. Edwards' definition of distributed health literacy, which emphasizes the health literacy abilities, skills and practices of others that contribute to an individual's level of health literacy was widely applied in a variety of clinical and geographical settings. However, we did not identify any quantitative instruments which directly measured distributed health literacy. There was significant variability in questions used to explore the concept qualitatively, and discrepancies across studies in regard to (a) what constitutes distributed health literacy and what does not (e.g., general social support), and (b) the relationship between distributed health literacy and other constructs (e.g., public health literacy). Conclusion: Although there is a widely applied definition of distributed health literacy, our review revealed that the research space would benefit from the development of the concept, both theoretically for example via conceptual distinctions between distributed health literacy and other types of social support, and empirically for example through the development of a quantitative measurement instrument. Patient or Public Contribution: This paper is a systematic review and did not involve patients or the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a basis for progress in the development of the conceptual framework ( CF) as a foundation for developing accounting standards. This topic has gained increased prominence following the IASB's (2013) release of its Review of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting ( RCFFR) proposing changes to the CF. In this paper the broad socio-economic environment is seen as determining the primary purpose of General Purpose Financial Reporting ( GPFR), which, in turn, establishes the high-level properties of a CF suitable to meet that primary purpose. This is to support market stability and efficiency through the provision of an account of the financial position and performance of an entity that accords with economic reality. The case is made that the primary purpose of a CF is to provide the principles for the development of accounting standards that will result in GPFR that is useful. This requires theoretical coherence. The CF should drive the standards and if standards depart from the CF principles, such departures should be justified. This proposal is consistent with the position adopted in the RCFFR. However, in contrast to the RCFFR, this paper accents the purposive approach and links the formation of standards directly to the CF. This approach implies that standards are subordinate to CF principles; therefore compliance with standards should not provide a basis for compromising the faithful representation of economic reality. From the purpose identified for GPFR, the paper argues for a default presumption in favour of Fair Value Accounting, a retreat from the asset/liability approach, and a re-casting of the income statement to focus on operational flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further enhance our understanding of strategic philanthropy within business and society, our paper proceeds as follows. First, we discuss the process driving evolutionary change in philanthropy. Next, we discuss the actual development of strategic philanthropy. This includes a brief US history of salient events in corporate giving, with attention paid to the regulatory, business, and social contexts related to corporate giving. Finally, in the discussion section, we present a modified continuum of corporate giving, based on previous research and our analysis, extending from a focus on bettering society, on the one hand ‐ to that of advancing the firm's interests, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex adaptive systems are usually difficult to design and control. The design of complex adaptive systems often, if not always, occurs in a context that is uncertain. In addition to the complexity of the system, the systems both affect and are influenced by a social environment containing a large variety of actors. Methods and processes that study the design of such types of systems can help scholars and practitioners to better understand, design and manage complex adaptive systems. The aim in this paper is to provide a methodology useful for designing and controlling systems developed to solve complex adaptive problems. In this paper, the complex systems life cycle understanding and design framework are introduced as an approach for satisficing of systems at conceptual design. To illustrate the methodology, a financial systemic risks infrastructure systems architecture development case study is presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a general framework to study how misinterpreting information impacts learning. Our main result is a simple criterion to characterize long‐run beliefs based on the underlying form of misspecification. We present this characterization in the context of social learning, then highlight how it applies to other learning environments, including individual learning. A key contribution is that our characterization applies to settings with model heterogeneity and provides conditions for entrenched disagreement. Our characterization can be used to determine whether a representative agent approach is valid in the face of heterogeneity, study how differing levels of bias or unawareness of others' biases impact learning, and explore whether the impact of a bias is sensitive to parametric specification or the source of information. This unified framework synthesizes insights gleaned from previously studied forms of misspecification and provides novel insights in specific applications, as we demonstrate in settings with partisan bias, overreaction, naive learning, and level‐k reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper investigates how consumers interested in sustainability are affected by conflicts in caring and scale. Contrasting previous emphasis relating scale to production, the paper illustrates how scale influences consumption and social reproduction, including consumers’ more concrete preoccupations with caring about and for themselves, significant others and, not least, the planet. The paper makes three contributions to the nascent management literature in this field. First, it illustrates how scalar logics at urban through to global levels influence seemingly micro‐social routine consumption decisions. Second, it develops an approach that emphasizes the scale‐sensitivity of consumer decision‐making around sustainability and the conflicts inherent in caring. Third, it addresses critiques of current studies preoccupied with processes of production rather than social reproduction and illustrates the critical role that consumption plays in the social construction of scales. Based on these findings, we argue that policy promoting sustainability may be misplaced in that it does not sufficiently acknowledge how people's consumption and caring decisions are nested in relational and spatial contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper refutes the paper 'Socially sustainable work organizations: a chaordic systems approach' by Mari Kira & Frans van Eijnatten. These authors make some serious criticisms of sociotechnical systems theory but in so doing misrepresent the work of Fred and Merrelyn Emery, two of the main developers of sociotechnical systems and open systems theory more generally. Each of their criticisms is contrasted with the original work of the Emerys and their colleagues. Kira & van Eijnatten also claim that sociotechnical systems theory and practice cannot achieve many of the great benefits to be expected from their own chaordic approach. Again the abundant evidence shows that their claims and criticisms lack credibility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do speakers learn the social meaning of different linguistic variants, and what factors influence how likely a particular social–linguistic association is to be learned? It has been argued that the social meaning of more salient variants should be learned faster, and that learners' pre‐existing experience of a variant will influence its salience. In this paper, we report two artificial‐language‐learning experiments investigating this. Each experiment involved two language‐learning stages followed by a test. The first stage introduced the artificial language and trained participants in it, while the second stage added a simple social context using images of cartoon aliens. The first learning stage was intended to establish participants' experience with the artificial language in general and with the distribution of linguistic variants in particular. The second stage, in which linguistic stimuli were accompanied by images of particular aliens, was intended to simulate the acquisition of linguistic variants in a social context. In our first experiment, we manipulated whether a particular linguistic variant, associated with one species of alien in the second learning phase, had been encountered in the first learning phase. In the second experiment, we manipulated whether the variant had been encountered in the same grammatical context. In both cases we predicted that the unexpectedness of a new variant or a new grammatical context for an old variant would increase the variant's salience and facilitate the learning of its social meaning. This is what we found, although in the second experiment, the effect was driven by better learners. Our results suggest that unexpectedness increases the salience of variants and makes their social distribution easier to learn, deepening our understanding of the role of individual language experience in the acquisition of sociolinguistic meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Indigenous people in the poorest developing countries of the world confront the most severe hardships, nevertheless even in the most developed countries such as Australia, Indigenous standards of living in terms of economic, educational and basic human standards are far inferior to other groups within society. It has been argued that Indigenous affairs in Australia is divided into 'two ideological tribes' both vigorously opposed with respect to the preferred manner in which the substantial disadvantage of Indigenous Australians can be overcome. Although more complex categorisations of ideological positions are possible, both maintain considerable influence within the field of Indigenous policy formulation in Australia and in the Northern Territory in particular, where nearly 30 per cent of the total population is Indigenous. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the central arguments advanced by these two sides of the debate and the implications for public policy decision making and Indigenous people, within the context of the Northern Territory of Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a health-related area-level multiple environmental classification of the UK and examines ecological associations with health. This classification, akin to a geodemographic profile of the environment, classifies small areas across the UK into seven environment types ranging from 'Industrial' to 'Sunny, clean and green'. The data for the classification were gathered from a range of agencies, rendered to Census Area Statistic Wards (n = 10 654) and processed through a two-stage clustering technique to create a Multiple Environmental Deprivation Classification, or MEDClass. In order to explore the utility of MEDClass, this paper presents an empirical investigation into the extent to which the type of physical environment one lives in can influence self-reported health and mortality rates. The findings suggest that while physical environment 'type' makes a modest contribution towards our understanding of health inequalities, socio-economic deprivation remains the most important challenge for those seeking to address these inequalities. In conclusion we suggest that human geographers should embrace a broader conceptualisation of the environment and in particular, re-engage with traditional aspects of the physical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper represents an effort to explore the use of Stafford Beer's Viable System Model (VSM) to design human communities that foster adaptation to criteria of sustainability in our natural and social environments. With the projected rise in sea level and other changes that accompany warming temperatures, it seems probable that many communities, even some large cities, will have to be abandoned and their populations relocated. This difficult circumstance could create tens of millions of climate change refugees. It could be met with the failure and incompetence that characterized and still characterizes the response to Hurricane Katrina or it could provide an opportunity to rebuild in a manner that combines a low impact on the environment without sacrificing quality of life. Using the framework of the VSM, three levels of recursion will be explored: the household, the neighbourhood and the city. It will be possible to draw upon lessons learned about building and maintaining cities in different climates and under different conditions over the centuries and from the construction of ‘new towns’ in the past 50 years. It has been characteristic of communities that regularly endured environmental challenges to have fostered means of collaboration and co-operation to address them and to constrain competition within bounds that did not threaten their common survival. There is no shortage of ideas and designs that could be applied but there is not yet either the political or social infrastructure to integrate and implement them. Steps taken in this direction might help to coalesce the necessary political will. The following are proposed as guidelines for design using the VSM. The community and the city's external relationships with the surrounding natural, social and economic environments should be such that they can support themselves while avoiding endangering their own survival and well being or that of their surrounding environments. Their internal operations should be such that an adequate quality of life is available to everyone from the most dependent members of its society to the most productive. They should pursue these ends with a view to maintaining a balance between collaboration/symbiosis and competition and with the fewest restrictions on the autonomy of members consistent with the other guidelines. The VSM can be both a template for design and a framework for discussion of what sustainable communities in a time of climate change might look like. Such discussions would be facilitated by Beer's Team Syntegrity process that he invented as a companion to the VSM. The process provides a whole system, high variety structure that gives equivalent status to each participant and viewpoint. This high level of communication will help to provide the cohesiveness that is needed when choices must be made and hardship shared in order to achieve a new equilibrium with the environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of contemporary suicide bombing has its origins and continuance in the social environment of various regions of the world. It has its origins in the complex milieu of religions, social systems, oppression, war, political systems, global and local political systems, economics and psychological and social dysfunction. It is truly a messy problem with no single solution. This paper offers an analysis of the systemic roots of the phenomenon in the contemporary world. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the philosophical question: ‘why rehabilitate urban river systems?’ within an Australian context. Rehabilitation of river systems has become an important objective of many local, state and national governments around the world, who allocate substantial investment into various river projects. An understanding of the various factors influencing stream condition and potential rehabilitation options is essential in order to determine how the process is undertaken, and how success is measured. This paper examines the triple bottom line (economic, social and environmental) factors that influence decisionmaking with respect to urban stream rehabilitation and management and considers their relative value and importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese English‐language journals in science, technology, and medicine have received scholarly attention, but little is known about their counterparts in the humanities and social sciences. A full understanding of the internationalization of Chinese English‐language humanities and social sciences journals (CELHSSJs) is not possible without an exploration of the phenomenon's social, political, and economic roots. Based on interviews with 26 stakeholders, including journal editors, heads of academic institutes, personnel from related regulatory state administrations, and international publishers, this article explores the implications of the development of CELHSSJs. Rather than treating the realms of academia and politics as distinct, opposing factors, we examine the complicated situation in China. English‐language journals carry out the political mission of the government's 'going out' propaganda policy. For academics and universities, they are largely a means for competing for resources domestically and a venue for power negotiations with overseas publishing groups. Based on our investigation of the dynamics and contradictions involved in the development of CELHSSJs, we argue that the power dynamics and social contexts in which Chinese English‐language journals operate shape China's knowledge production and dissemination as much as the content of these journals does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific community is becoming more demographically diverse, and team science is becoming more common. Here, we compare metrics of success in academic research, acceptance rates, and citations, among/across differing team compositions regarding demographic diversity. We collected the final decisions and citations as of 2019 of 91,427 manuscripts submitted from 2012–2018 to journals published by the American Geophysical Union. We matched the authors by email on each manuscript to self‐provided demographic information within the American Geophysical Union's membership database. This resulted in 20,940 manuscripts matched to nation, gender, and career stage, and 6,015 manuscripts matched to race/ethnicity for manuscripts in which the entire authorship team was affiliated with the United States. Among similar sized authorship teams (teams of two to four), acceptance rates were 2.7, 4.5, and 0.9% higher (pnation < 0.01, pgender < 0.05, pcareer stage = 0.51) with more than one nation, gender, and career stage, respectively, than nondiverse authorship teams. Diverse papers had 1.2 more citations for international teams than single‐nation teams (pnation < 0.01). There were 0.4 and 1.0 fewer citations for authorship teams with more than one gender or career stage than manuscripts with one gender or career stage (pgender = 0.21, pcareer stage = 0.36). Racially/ethnically diverse teams were associated with 5.5% lower acceptance rates (p < 0.01) and 0.8 fewer citations (p = 0.15) than racially/ethnically homogenous teams. Although not every difference is statistically significant, the overall results are consistent with the notion that diversity can benefit science, but equitable practices and inclusive cultures must also be fostered. Plain Language Summary: This manuscript uses publication data from a large disciplinary scientific publisher, combined with self‐reported demographic information, to understand team diversity as related to scientific outcomes. Acceptance rates and citations are used here to measure the quality of science and impact of a study on the scientific community. We find that in the case of nation, gender, and age diversity, demographically mixed teams have better outcomes. When U.S. author teams have multiracial/multiethnic teams, these scientific outcomes are lower than single‐race/ethnicity teams. This is important to reinforce that diversity has the capacity to better science, but also, critically, diversity must be understood within other social contexts regarding opportunity, networks, and resource distribution. Key Points: Nationally and gender‐diverse teams are associated with higher acceptance rates. International teams are associated with more citationsDiversity in author teams regarding race/ethnicity in U.S.‐based authorship teams is associated with lower acceptance rates and citationsEquity, inclusion, and bias should be considered when assessing the link between diversity and manuscript outcomes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of ownership on product and international diversification. While ownership concentration has received considerable attention from agency theorists we argue that a more nuanced analysis is necessary. We consider how the identity of owners moderates the impact of ownership concentration on diversification strategies. We develop a framework that explains how the combination of different motivations, resources and capabilities associated with different types of owners results in significantly variable relationships between ownership concentration and both product and international diversification. From a theoretical perspective this suggests a social contextualization and extension of the agency theoretic approach that characterizes the field. Based on a study of 222 European firms between 1994 and 2007 we show that family ownership concentration has a positive impact on product and a negative impact on international diversification while the impact of institutional and state ownership concentration is negative on product diversification and positive on international diversification compared with family ownership. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive framework explaining how ownership concentration and identity interact and affect both international and product diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines gendered housework in the larger context of comparative social change, asking specifically whether crossnational differences in domestic labor patterns converge over time. Our analysis of data from 13 countries (N = 11,065) from the 1994 and 2002 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) confirmed that social context matters in shaping couples’ division of labor at home, but also showed that context affects patterns of change. Our results suggested that, compared to the most egalitarian countries, the shift in housework patterns was greatest among the most traditional countries. This provides support for the thesis of cultural convergence, but the evidence did not suggest that such convergence will lead to complete equality in the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Managing international teams with geographically distributed participants is a complex task. The risk of communication breakdowns increases due to cultural and organizational differences grounded in the geographical distribution of the participants. Such breakdowns indicate general misunderstandings and a lack of shared meaning between participants. In this paper, we address the complexity of building shared meaning. We examine the communication breakdowns that occurred in two globally distributed virtual teams by providing an analytical distinction of the organizational context as the foundation for building shared meaning at three levels. Also we investigate communication breakdowns that can be attributed to differences in lifeworld structures, organizational structures, and work process structures within a virtual team. We find that all communication breakdowns are manifested and experienced by the participants at the work process level; however, resolving breakdowns may require critical reflection at other levels. Where previous research argues that face-to-face interaction is an important variable for virtual team performance, our empirical observations reveal that communication breakdowns related to a lack of shared meaning at the lifeworld level often becomes more salient when the participants are co-located than when geographically distributed. Last, we argue that creating translucence in communication structures is essential for building shared meanings at all three levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates Muslim politics in its wider social context in postcolonial Kenya, with a historical focus mainly on the Moi era (1978-2002). Hereby, I look at the introduction, integration, and internal constestation of Islamic reformist ideologies in Swahili discourse and in social practice. Central to my argument about the interconnections between Muslim politics, national politics, and coastal sociality is the notion of a ‘knowledge economy’, within the postcolonial setting of a ‘double-periphery’ in which Kenyan coastal Muslims are situated, vis-à-vis the state and the Muslim umma (community of believers). I discuss the dynamics between aspects of knowledge and rhetorics, reasoning and power, and ideology and social practice at work in this particular Muslim context. All of this is situated within national Kenyan politics, and discussed against the background of a postcolonial state governed by upcountry Christians with whom coastal Muslims have historically had a tense and antagonistic relationship. Résumé L’auteur étudie l’islam politique dans le contexte social général du Kenya postcolonial, principalement durant l’ère Moi (1978-2002). Il s’intéresse ainsi à l’introduction, à l’intégration et à la contestation interne des idéologies réformistes islamiques dans le discours et la pratique sociale des Swahilis. Son argumentation est que le lien entre islam politique, politique nationale et socialité dans les régions côtières est constitué par la notion « d’économie du savoir », dans le cadre postcolonial d’une « double périphérie » dans laquelle se situent les musulmans des côtes du Kenya : périphérie vis-à-vis de l’État, mais aussi de l’ umma, la communauté des croyants musulmans. L’auteur commente la dynamique entre aspects du savoir et rhétorique, raisonnement et pouvoir, idéologie et pratique sociale à l’œuvre dans ce contexte musulman particulier. L’ensemble s’inscrit dans la politique nationale du Kenya et est discuté avec pour toile de fond un État postcolonial, gouverné par les chrétiens de l’arrière-pays avec lesquels les musulmans de la côte ont toujours eu des relations chargées de tensions et d’antagonismes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of social capital on firms' leverage adjustment speed. Using a comprehensive dataset of 83,374 firm‐year observations for 744 US counties for 1990–2016, we find that both underleveraged and overleveraged firms located in US counties with higher levels of social capital incur slower leverage adjustment towards their optimal target capital structure. This finding is robust to alternative measures of leverage and social capital, different model specifications, controlling for county‐ and firm‐level characteristics, and endogeneity. We further identify two mechanisms through which social capital affects leverage adjustments: monitoring (channel for underleveraged firms) and disciplinary (channel for overleveraged firms) mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we consider the role of social environment in boards' decisions whether to replace women directors or not following corporate financial misconduct. To explain the board's decision, two competing hypotheses are presented. The immunity perspective suggests that women directors benefit from growing social pressures to increase women's representation on boards, resulting in a lower turnover, while the susceptibility perspective proposes that societal gender stereotypes that give rise to biased boards' decisions result in a higher turnover. Using a sample of Chinese firms involved in financial misconduct during 2011–2019, we find strong support for the susceptibility perspective and show a higher turnover of women directors following financial wrongdoing. Further, we find that board gender diversity and a firm's belonging to male‐dominated industries increase women directors' turnover. Our findings make important contributions to directors' turnover literature and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much attention has been devoted to the "first offer" in negotiation research. Rightly so, as strong empirical evidence shows that the first offer has a significant impact on the negotiated outcome and, therefore, is a highly relevant topic for negotiation scholars and practitioners. Scholars typically recommend making the first offer. However, in the field, we have observed an alternative opening tactic—asking for the best price that the counterpart is willing to accept. This question represents a real alternative to making the first offer by initiating the discussion of specific settlement proposals, provided the counterpart answers the query. Does it, however, lead the other side to make a better offer? How does the question impact the economic and relational outcomes of the negotiation? Is it advisable to use this tactic in negotiations? We investigated these questions based on a controlled laboratory experiment, in which 227 dyads of cellphone buyers and sellers negotiated synchronously via a text chat. We found that the best‐price question has an impact on not only the first offer but also the negotiation outcome. When the buyers in our experiment asked the question, the results were not significantly different than those from negotiations in which they made the first offer. This effect was driven by the first offer in response to the question. Additionally, we found that the best‐price question did not negatively impact the relational outcome. Moreover, the effect was reduced when list price information was available. These findings suggest rethinking the traditional view of the offer‐counteroffer sequence and provide an alternative opening tactic to making the first offer in the context of high information asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater habitats are experiencing two to three times the rate of biodiversity loss of terrestrial and marine habitats. As status quo actions within the conservation community are not reversing the downward trajectory for freshwater biodiversity, we propose four actions to shift the narrative such that freshwater biodiversity is no longer invisible and overlooked, but rather explicitly recognized, valued, and protected: (1) Reshape our relationship with freshwater habitats and biodiversity, (2) Appreciate indigenous knowledge systems relating to freshwater habitats, (3) Connect science more directly to action, and (4) Elevate freshwater habitats as a unique "domain" that requires explicit recognition in conservation planning (RACE). We highlight roles that both freshwater scientists and the wider conservation community can play in implementing the four actions such that the "RACE" can be won. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare information technologies (HIT) have shown great potential for improving the effectiveness and quality of healthcare services. However, the inequal ability of older adults to use HIT may limit their exploitation of these benefits. To narrow the age‐based "digital divide", this research further develops the concept of digital capability and emphasises the link between older adults and their social context. Based on a qualitative inductive study of 33 participants, who included Chinese patients and their family members, we generate a novel theoretical model for understanding the process by which social activities may shape older adults' digital capabilities. Based on the model, we suggest two strategies that might encourage older adults to engage with HIT. This research contributes to the information systems (IS) literature by strengthening digital capability as a conceptual lens to investigate individuals' engagement with information communication technologies (ICTs). It also extends research on the social context for ICT use by revealing how social processes at multiple levels influence digital capability development. Finally, this study offers practical implications for governments and private sectors to encourage and promote ICT use by older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary success requires both production (acquisition of food, protection and warmth) and reproduction. We suggest that both may increase disproportionately as group size grows, reflecting 'increasing returns' or 'group augmentation benefits', raising fitness in groups that cooperate in production and limit reproduction to one or a few high fertility females supported by non‐reproductives, with high reproductive skew. In our optimisation theory both Allee effects (when individual fitness increases with group size or density) and reproductive skew arise when increasing returns determine optimal group size and proportion of reproductive females. Depending on which of food or maternal time is more important for reproduction, evolutionary trajectories of lineages may (1) reach a boundary constraint where only one female reproduces in a period (as with African wild dogs) or (2) reach a boundary where all females reproduce during their lifetimes but only during an early life stage (human menopause) or a late life stage (birds with non‐dispersing helpers), where stage length optimises the proportion of females that is reproductive at any time or (3) reach the intersection of these boundary constraints where a single reproductive female is fully specialised in reproduction (as with eusocial insects). We end with some testable hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propagation of malicious content and its promotion is a recurrent problem prominent in social networks. Detection and interactive labeling of malicious context promotion on‐the‐fly is a very challenging and difficult task due to the lack of complete knowledge about the underlying context. Modern research in this field use neural networks and text encoders to analyze the information dynamically which is inefficient, in terms of time‐space consumed in the overall process. This article proposes an online active learning system to label the data streams on‐the‐fly by sampling them in the form of tweet‐retweet‐follow (trf) sequences in social networks. A heuristically pretrained recursive malicious context learner is fixed for knowledge acquisition, data accommodation and pseudonymization in the form of a transformer in the tree structured recursive neural network. The data stream is trained using recursive bidirectional training to capture long‐term dependencies. The COVID‐19 data streams are selectively sampled on‐the‐fly using psycho linguistic words in the proposed experiment and are labeled deceptive/nondeceptive based on knowledge learned during pretraining. The proposed recursive malicious context learner successfully resolves the problem of on‐the‐fly‐interactive labeling of a dynamically changing data stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing safety has become increasingly important in global operations. Surprisingly, the literature provides limited clues on what influences future accident hazards after the happening of a recent minor operational incident (MOI) in an organization. We examine the impacts of internal context (direct MOI experience) and external context (indirect MOI experience) on a focal organization's future serious accident hazard. Using an archival incident dataset from the liner shipping industry and drawing upon normalized deviation and social contagion theory, we find that after a recent MOI in a focal organization, the direct (internal context) and indirect (contagion source) MOI experience "increase" the likelihood of accident hazard. Furthermore, within the indirect MOI experience, there is "no" differential impact between related (same type and same region) and unrelated experience, whereas within related experience, spatial (region) and social (type) proximity do not differ in influencing the chance of future serious accident hazard happening. Our findings provide important implications for theory, practice, and policy‐making in safety management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Music School community is a Non‐Government Organisation (NGO) that teaches music and organises events internationally around dance and music activities. This case study investigates community connectivity and resilience development in the World Music School (WMS) Helsinki community of practice and the Shanghai WMS community of interest. Using a social ecological system approach, the community structures and relationships were explored and supported by the literature. In particular, the research focused on the feedback loops at different levels within each community structure. The WMS core activities are viewed as inclusive and human connectivity enhancers. Focusing on human connectivity, the research investigated the 'what' and 'why' of the NGO's involvement in building its community structure as it revealed what is essential for community resilience. This research discusses how connections between shocks and disturbances within the community systems were identified and the various outcomes when identifying and approaching acute weakness within the community structures. This case study examines how the WMS communities enhance community resilience across a complex social system starting at the individual level and then extending to physically close environmental relationships. These complex community structures provided a lens to focus on identifying the initial stages for resilient community connectivity. Observing these connections provided a basis for developing a synthesised model based on discussions in previous literature reviews. The processes involved with the model development included the critical roles, impacts and evolution of the World Music School community. This article argues that systemic change can happen when small but fundamental changes are longitudinally obtained through bottom‐up approaches. The WMS communities have displayed the potential to make a difference towards connectivity and subsequent community resilience, beginning with the individual and extending to the overall social ecological system level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating rewards for the self and others is essential for social interactions. Previous research has probed the neural substrates signaling rewards in social decision‐making tasks as well as the differentiation between self‐ and other‐reward representations. However, studies with different designs have yielded mixed results. After analyzing and comparing previous designs, we differentiated three components in this study: task (reward representation vs. social judgment of reward allocation), agency (self vs. other), and social context (without vs. within). Participants were asked to imagine various share sizes as a proposer in a dictator game during fMRI, and then rated their willingness and preference for these offers in a post‐scan behavioral task. To differentiate the regions involved in processing rewards without and within context, we presented the reward to each agent in two sequential frames. Parametric analyses showed that, in the second frame (i.e., within social context), the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) signaled self‐reward and preferences for the offer, whereas the right insula tracked the likelihood of proposing the offer. Belief in a just world is positively associated with aMCC responses to self‐reward. These results shed light on the role of the aMCC in coding self‐reward within the social context to guide social behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great advances in computer vision and natural language processing make significant progress in visual question answering. In the visual question answering task, the visual representation is essential for understanding the image content. However, traditional methods rarely exploit the context information of the visual feature related to the question and the relation‐aware information to capture valuable visual representation. Therefore, a gated relation‐aware model is proposed to capture the enhanced visual representation for desiring answer prediction. The gated relation‐aware module can learn relation‐aware information between the visual feature and the context, and a certain object of an image, respectively. In addition, the proposed module can filter out the unnecessary relation‐aware information through the gate guided by the question semantic representation. The results of the conducted experiments show that the gated relation‐aware module makes a significant improvement on all answer categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The social and economic consequences of COVID‐19 have the potential to affect individuals and populations through different pathways (e.g., bereavement, loss of social interaction). Objective: This study adopted a solicited diary method to understand how mental health was affected during England's first lockdown. We also considered the experiences of diary keeping during a pandemic from the perspective of public participants. Methods: Fifteen adults older than 18 years of age were recruited from northwest England. Diarists completed semistructured online diaries for 8 weeks, which was combined with weekly calls. A focus group captured participants' experiences of diary keeping. Findings: Four key factors influenced mental health, which fluctuated over time and in relation to diarists' situations. These concerned navigating virus risk, loss of social connections and control and constrictions of the domestic space. Diarists also enacted a range of strategies to cope with the pandemic. This included support from social networks, engagement with natural environments, establishing normality, finding meaning and taking affirmative action. Conclusion: Use of diary methods provided insights into the lived experiences of the early months of a global pandemic. As well as contributing evidence on its mental health effects, diarists' accounts illuminated considerable resourcefulness and strategies of coping with positive effects for well‐being. While diary keeping can also have therapeutic benefits during adversity, ethical and practical issues need to be considered, which include the emotional nature of diary keeping. Public Contribution: Members of the public were involved in interpretation of data as well as critiquing the overall diary method used in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wondrously elaborate weapons and displays that appear to be counter to ecological optima are widespread features of male contests for mates across the animal kingdom. To understand how such diverse traits evolve, here we develop a quantitative genetic model of sexual selection for a male signaling trait that mediates aggression in male‐male contests and show that an honest indicator of aggression can generate selection on itself by altering the social environment. This can cause selection to accelerate as the trait is elaborated, leading to runaway evolution. Thus, an evolving source of selection provided by the social environment is the fundamental unifying feature of runaway sexual selection driven by either male‐male competition or female mate choice. However, a key difference is that runaway driven by male‐male competition requires signal honesty. Our model identifies simple conditions that provide clear, testable predictions for empirical studies using standard quantitative genetic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our increasingly complex global business environment inevitably brings counterparts to the negotiation table. However, the lack of user‐friendly coding systems, and other associated complexities over the last 6 decades, may have discouraged scholars to further their research in negotiation, communication, and its related fields. A viable coding scheme in place can help scholars and practitioners unfold the negotiation process by explaining the 'cause and effect' relationship within this social context. We propose a 24‐category typology that stems from Bales' IPA model, with Field Theory as our theoretical framework. Our empirical data comprises of two‐party negotiation simulations. Some distinct features of our proposed scheme when compared to the IPA model are reduced coding time experienced, a straightforward framework that is less complicated to follow, a valid and reliable scheme and lastly, a scheme with a robust theoretical‐methodological underpinning in its development. The reliability of our scheme is determined through Krippendorff's Alpha (α). Through our methodological contribution, we aim to investigate the dynamics in small group interactions; and encourage future scholars to study the multidimensional nature of international negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous approaches to earthquake risk modeling and quantification have already been proposed in the literature and/or are well established in practice. However, most of these procedures are designed to focus on risk in the context of current static exposure and vulnerability, and are therefore limited in their ability to support decisions related to the future, as yet partially unbuilt, urban landscape. We propose an end‐to‐end risk modeling framework that explicitly addresses this specific challenge. The framework is designed to consider the earthquake (ground‐shaking) risks of tomorrow's urban environment, using a simulation‐based approach to rigorously capture the uncertainties inherent in future projections of exposure as well as physical and social vulnerability. The framework also advances the state‐of‐practice in future disaster risk modeling by additionally: (a) providing a harmonized methodology for integrating physical and social impacts of disasters that facilitates flexible characterization of risk metrics beyond physical damage/asset losses; and (b) incorporating a participatory, people‐centered approach to risk‐informed decision making. The framework is showcased using the physical and social environment of an expanding synthetic city. This example application demonstrates how the framework may be used to make policy decisions related to future urban areas, based on multiple, uncertain risk drivers. Key Points: Presents a simulation‐based framework for modeling future earthquake risks, capturing uncertainty in exposure and vulnerability projectionsThe framework integrates physical and social impacts of disasters, facilitating a flexible approach to risk quantification beyond asset lossesThe framework is an invitation to co‐production, incorporating a participatory, people‐centered approach to risk‐informed decision making [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the extent to which undergraduate prescribing education prepares graduates for the complexities of prescribing in the workplace context. In order to prescribe safely, it is important for medical students to acquire prescribing expertise. We have developed a theoretical model, based on theories of expertise development, which acknowledges the inherent complexity of the task itself, the social context and the relationship between the two. We have examined the empirical evidence on educational interventions for prescribing by reviewing the extent to which the interventions acknowledge the different components of our theoretical model. Fifteen empirical studies met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail. All the studies were conducted between 2002 and 2010, six were controlled trials, six were before and after studies and three were prospective observational studies. We found that most studies focused on improving and evaluating students' knowledge and skills, although they used different approaches to doing so. These aspects of prescribing only constitute a small part of our theoretical model of prescribing expertise. Other important components, such as social context, metacognition and training transfer, were neglected. We suggest that educational interventions need to account for the integrated nature of learning to prescribe and take a more contextualized approach which considers the task as a whole, rather than isolated constituent parts. In doing so, prescribing education could equip graduates with the necessary expertise to judge and respond to situations, enabling them to prescribe safely, or seek the help to do so, in the unpredictable and complex context of workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The session on tax system governance at the October 2011 Tax Forum represented an opportunity to build on the strong foundations, laid down by the Henry Review, for a citizen-centric approach to the management of the interactions between individuals and firms and the agencies charged with responsibility for the administration of the tax and transfer system. This article suggests that despite the goodwill brought to the discussions by all concerned, little consensus emerged at the Forum on the key issues of how best to manage the complexity of modern tax and transfer systems or on what form of external scrutiny might be most appropriate for the tax administration in the Australian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transitional period of adolescence has long been associated with physical, social and behavioural change. During this time, adolescents start to develop their own self‐identity, make important life decisions and acquire the necessary skills to successfully transition to adulthood. More recently, advances in brain imaging technology have enabled increased understanding of structural and functional changes in the human brain during this developmental period, and how they relate to social, emotional, motivational and cognitive development. The ability to integrate these developing cognitive processes in increasingly complex social contexts is a key aspect of mature decision‐making, which has implications for adolescent health, educational, economic and social outcomes. Insights from the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience could increase our understanding of this influential stage of life and thus inform potential interventions to promote adolescent health, a critical goal for global health research. Many social changes occur during adolescence and the social environment shapes both brain and cognitive development and the decisions adolescents make. Thus, it is important to study adolescent neurocognitive development in socio‐cultural context. Yet, despite evidence from Western studies that socio‐cultural and economic factors impact on adolescent neurocognitive development, existing studies of adolescent neurocognitive development in sub‐Saharan Africa are relatively scarce. We summarise research findings from Western and sub‐Saharan African contexts and highlight areas where research is lacking. Longitudinal studies from more diverse global samples will be needed to build a comprehensive model of adolescent development, that characterises both commonalities in developmental trajectories, as well as the way these can meaningfully differ between both individuals and contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses a response to shifting baseline syndrome (SBS), a syndrome implying that land managers' acceptance of environmental change declines gradually due to lack of historical knowledge. Some actions to counteract SBS are haunted by methodological problems associated with measuring natural states and ignoring societal effects on ideas of naturalness. To balance methodological discussions of SBS, this study analyzes the social contexts of baseline demarcations historically. It compares baselines in two Swedish forest conservation debates—about the Fiby forest in the 1930s and the Ojnare forest in the 2010s—focusing on scalable and unscalable values. To operationalize shifting societal criteria for baseline demarcations, we introduce the "shifting society syndrome" concept. The study identifies several societal shifts and shows that Fiby's baseline was shaped by the scalable value of age and the nonscalable values of uniqueness and Swedishness, and Ojnare's by the scalable value of biodiversity and the nonscalable values of uniqueness and wildness. We argue that values, scalability, and historical change are crucial variables in the practice of demarcating baselines and that intellectual history is a useful tool for methodological self‐reflection in SBS research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]