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This article introduces Eugene F. Fama, the Robert McCormick Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, and makes the announcement that Fama has been chosen to receive the Morgan Stanley-American Finance Association Award for Excellence in Finance.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Preserving Rural Land" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The author points out that the papers are commendable and emphasize the breadth and complexity of economic issues related to the preservation of rural lands. The papers focus on the evaluation of land rent gradients and the effects of rural land preservation policies on property values.

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on several meetings including the 2011 Australasia Meeting of the Econometric Society to be held in Adelaide, South Australia on July 5-8, 2011, the 2011 Asian Meeting of the Econometric Society to be held in Seoul, Korea on August 11-13, 2011, and the 2012 North American Winter Meeting of the Econometric Society to be held in Chicago, Illinois on January 6-8, 2012.

The Chinese Economic Association in North America (CEANA), consisting of Chinese American and Chinese economists and other economists interested in the economy of China, held a joint session with the American Economic Association and allied scholarly groups on December 29, 1987 in Chicago. In preparation for the session and other sessions of the CEANA in New York, the new group has issued a call for papers.

The article presents a paper presented during the "Wealth Dynamics, Risk Preferences and Threshold Effects" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors presents a status model in which there is both an income effect via the joint utility function over the status level and income, and a gain the probability of attaining a higher status level.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The author comments on the paper "Designing Water Markets for Unstable Climatic Conditions: Learning from Experimental Economics," by Albert Garrido in this issue. It is observed that the farmers in the Guadalquivir River Basin, Spain, are most likely experienced water traders.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The author comments on the paper "Optimal Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater with Recharge and Return Flows: Dynamic and Spatial Patterns," by S. Ponkijvorasin and J. Roumasset.

The accurate modeling of urban microclimate is a challenging task given the high surface heterogeneity of urban land cover and the vertical structure of street morphology. Recent years have witnessed significant efforts in numerical modeling and data collection of the urban environment. Nonetheless, it is difficult for the physical‐based models to fully utilize the high‐resolution data under the constraints of computing resources. The advancement in machine learning (ML) techniques offers the computational strength to handle the massive volume of data. In this study, we proposed a modeling framework that uses ML approach to estimate point‐scale street‐level air temperature from the urban‐resolving meso‐scale climate model and a suite of hyper‐resolution urban geospatial data sets, including three‐dimensional urban morphology, parcel‐level land use inventory, and weather observations from a sensor network. We implemented this approach in the City of Chicago as a case study to demonstrate the capability of the framework. The proposed approach vastly improves the resolution of temperature predictions in cities, which will help the city with walkability, drivability, and heat‐related behavioral studies. Moreover, we tested the model's reliability on out‐of‐sample locations to investigate the modeling uncertainties and the application potentials to the other areas. This study aims to gain insights into next‐gen urban climate modeling and guide the observation efforts in cities to build the strength for the holistic understanding of urban microclimate dynamics. Plain Language Summary: Estimating air temperature at street‐level is a difficult task because of the complex environment in cities and the limitations of the current urban numerical models. In recent years, with the rapid development of data collection and analysis techniques, it is possible to fully utilize the hyper‐local data harvested from urban areas by advanced machine learning algorithms. In this study, we present a modeling pipeline to estimate point‐scale street‐level air temperature from conventional urban weather model and a suite of hyper‐resolution urban data sets. These data sets were collected using state‐of‐art techniques, such as sub‐meter level Light Detection and Ranging technology and wireless weather observation network. We demonstrated the use of this modeling method over the City of Chicago and estimated the street‐level temperature. The modeling results have multiple real‐world applications, such as to provide navigation suggestions to reduce thermal discomfort of the pedestrians as an example. Moreover, it is possible to expand the use of our model to other areas given the current data availability. The results of this study can also help the development of the next‐generation urban climate and weather models and guide observation efforts in cities. These together can build the strength for the holistic understanding of urban microclimate dynamics. Key Points: The study presents a modeling framework to estimate street‐level air temperature using a suite of detailed urban climate informaticsModel results showed hyper‐local urban features have significant impacts on street‐level temperature but with a limited influence radiusThe investigations on model sensitivity implies the existence of the optimum scale in urban modeling and critical locations in observation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research has argued for the existence of a marriage benefit to men, women, and children. Although the commonly suggested current response to a husband's violence has been for the couple to separate, traditionally women were often told to “stay for the children.” This paper uses the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods longitudinal data to examine the relationships among marital stability, husband violence, and children's behavior problems. Among married mothers who reported husband violence at time 1 (N= 414), the negative relationship between child behavior problems and remaining in the marriage dissipated when selection bias and husband violence recidivism were controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper presented during the "Whither Jobs and People?: Rural-Suburban-Urban Differences and Modern Growth Patterns" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is observed that research on the fiscal costs of community services demonstrate that residential land use causes a net drain on local fiscal resources and commercial land use subsidizes residential development.

The article presents a paper presented during the "Rural Poverty Revisited: A New Look at Place and Policy" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors report on a study which showed that even though more education enhances the possibility of moving from a rural area to the city and decreases the probability of being poor, it is additional education and not moving that decreases poverty risk.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Urban Sprawl: Consequences and Policy Approaches" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. This paper developed a simple economic model which showed that the fiscal differences between the city and suburb do not only cause suburbanization, but the product as well.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Urban Sprawl: Consequences and Policy Approaches" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. This paper reports on a study which indicated that individuals with higher body mass index (BMI) tend to choose locations with a high degree of sprawl. There is much weaker evidence that living in a sprawling area results in higher BMI.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Urban Sprawl: Consequences and Policy Approaches" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. This paper reports on a study which found that the spatial differences between the marginal values of housing density and lot size are essential in understanding urban sprawl.

The article comments on the papers presented during the "Wealth Dynamics, Risk Preferences and Threshold Effects" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is observed that this session is an important resource program in farm-household dynamics and promises to offer a meaningful target for poverty alleviation strategies.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) quantification is critical for assessing city‐level carbon emissions and sustainable urban development. While urban vegetation has the potential to provide environmental benefits, such as heat and carbon mitigation, the CO2 exchange from biogenic sectors and its impact from the environmental perturbations are often overlooked. It is also challenging to simulate the plant functions in the complex urban terrain. This study presents a processed‐based modeling approach to assess the biogenic carbon fluxes from the vegetated areas over the Chicago Metropolitan Area (CMA) using the Weather Research and Forecast—Urban Biogenic Carbon exchange model. We investigate the change of CO2 sink power in CMA under heatwaves and irrigation. The results indicate that the vegetation plays a significant role in the city's carbon portfolio and the landscaping management has the potential to reduce carbon emissions significantly. Furthermore, based on the competing mechanisms in the biogenic carbon balance identified in this study, we develop a novel Environmental Benefit Score metrics framework to identify the vulnerability and mitigation measures associated with nature‐based solutions (NbS) within CMA. By using the generalized portable framework and our science‐policy confluence analysis presented in this study, global cities can maximize the effectiveness of NbS and accelerate carbon neutrality. Plain Language Summary: Urban plants modify the built environment and can absorb carbon dioxide. But their behaviors have not been fully studied in the urban setting, nor have the impacts of the urban environment on the growth of plants. In this study, we use a numerical model to co‐simulate the urban environment and the behaviors of urban green land to investigate their interactions in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. The results show that heatwave will decrease the overall carbon absorption; while proper irrigation can help capture more carbon dioxide from the air. Compared to the traffic emissions in the Chicago region, the variations of carbon absorption are over 35%, which is considered significant. Moreover, we investigate the underlying mechanisms that lead to the outcomes and point out the corresponding measures to reduce the negative impact. This study will potentially guide the cities to achieve better environmental benefits from urban green spaces and contribute to carbon reduction. Key Points: Biogenic carbon exchange over urban vegetation is simulated with urban hydrometeorological and biomass dynamics in Chicago regionBiogenic carbon exchange exhibits significant variability under environmental perturbations leading to additional carbon release or captureThe responses of biogenic carbon fluxes are governed by sets of competing mechanisms and are demonstrated by environmental benefit scores [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Oncotype Dx Genomic Prostate Score (GPS) is a 17‐gene relative expression assay that predicts adverse pathology at prostatectomy. We conducted a novel randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of GPS on urologist's treatment preference for favorable risk prostate cancer (PCa): active surveillance versus active treatment (i.e., prostatectomy/radiation). This is a secondary endpoint from the ENACT trial which recruited from three Chicago hospitals from 2016 to 2019. Methods: Ten urologists along with men with very low to favorable‐intermediate risk PCa were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to standardized counseling with or without GPS assay. The main outcome was urologists' preference for active treatment at Visit 2 by study arm (GPS versus Control). Multivariable best‐fit binary logistic regressions were constructed to identify factors independently associated with urologists' treatment preference. Results: Two hundred men (70% Black) were randomly assigned to either the Control (96) or GPS arm (104). At Visit 2, urologists' preference for prostatectomy/radiation almost doubled in the GPS arm to 29.3% (29) compared to 14.1% (13) in the Control arm (p = 0.01). Randomization to the GPS arm, intermediate NCCN risk level, and lower patient health literacy were predictors for urologists' preference for active treatment. Discussion: Limitations included sample size and number of urologists. In this study, we found that GPS testing reduced urologists' likelihood to prefer active surveillance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate how obtaining prognostic biomarkers that predict negative outcomes before treatment decision‐making might influence urologists' preference for recommending aggressive therapy in men eligible for active surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the role that index funds have played in recent convergence problems of Chicago Board of Trade corn, soybean, and wheat futures contracts. These new market participants are widely considered to have inflated futures prices and/or expanded spreads between futures prices. Large spreads in futures markets contribute to a lack of convergence by uncoupling cash and futures markets. Statistical tests provide no evidence that rolling of positions by index funds or the initiation of large index positions in a “crowded market space” have contributed to an expansion of the spreads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper presented during the "Whither Jobs and People?: Rural-Suburban-Urban Differences and Modern Growth Patterns" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is observed that there are significant differences in the likelihood of households to live in urban areas compared to urban-rural fringe areas. Households new to the area have a higher possibility of moving to the fringe areas.

The article presents a paper presented during the "Whither Jobs and People?: Rural-Suburban-Urban Differences and Modern Growth Patterns" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is observed that the growth influence amenities and the pattern of urban sprawl vary across the United States. It is pointed out that the effectiveness of policies that support nonmetropolitan country growth could be enhanced.

The article presents a paper presented during the "Wealth Dynamics, Risk Preferences and Threshold Effects" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is hypothesized that with regards to static risk preferences as commonly depicted by the concavity of contemporaneous utility function, the rational adjustment requires more risk avoidance just above the dynamic asset threshold and more risk taking just below it.

The article presents a paper presented during the "Wealth Dynamics, Risk Preferences and Threshold Effects" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is argued that the behaviors related to wealth thresholds are multi-dimensional and increased wealth alone will not change essential behaviors or promote sustained improvements in household well-being.

The article presents a paper presented during the "Rural Poverty Revisited: A New Look at Place and Policy" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors examined the role of remoteness and scale in a rural persistent poverty (PP) status. It was observed that job in the nearest metropolitan area (MA) decreased poverty, and this antipoverty effect declined with greater distance.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Preserving Rural Land" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors show that the suburban rent gradient is much steeper beyond the city boundary than previously reported. It is pointed out sewage effluent must travel from a suburban property to the sewer and water infrastructure at the boundary to develop suburban densities.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Preserving Rural Land" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors demonstrate that the underrepresentation of exurban development in National Land Cover Dataset statistics is caused by significant differences in the observed pattern and location of exurban land use.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Preserving Rural Land" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors reexamine the effect of agricultural easements on sales prices in Maryland using hedonic models of parcel price. It is shown that unrestricted land adjacent to preserved parcels tends to have the same low price as the preserved land.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The author looks at how water markets function during unstable climatic conditions using data from an experimental economics laboratory. Results indicate that agents can decrease vulnerability to extreme climatic cycles in a water economy.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors derive the efficiency price patterns for a model of conjunctive water management. For optimal water resource use, the shadow prices of irrigation water are needed, taking into account canal return flows, conveyance losses and groundwater recharge.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors examine the implications of the stabilizing role of groundwater for conjunctive ground and surface water policies, particularly in the Coimbatore Water District in Tamil Nadu, India. They point to the significant role of conjunctive water management policies.

The article comments on the papers presented during the "Whither Jobs and People?: Rural-Suburban-Urban Differences and Modern Growth Patterns" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is observed that the authors do a good job of offering empirical evidence on population and job growth patterns.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors comment on the paper "The Stabilization of Groundwater and Conjunctive Water Management Under Certainty," by M. Gemma and Y. Tsur in this issue. It is observed that it is a promising research program in conjunctive use modeling and optimization.

Copyright of Conservation Biology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the spatial patterns of unemployment in Chicago between 1980 and 1990. We study unemployment clustering with respect to different social and economic distance metrics that reflect the structure of agents' social networks. Specifically, we use physical distance, travel time, and differences in ethnic and occupational distribution between locations. Our goal is to determine whether our estimates of spatial dependence are consistent with models in which agents' employment status is affected by information exchanged locally within their social networks. We present non-parametric estimates of correlation across Census tracts as a function of each distance metric as well as pairs of metrics, both for unemployment rate itself and after conditioning on a set of tract characteristics. Our results indicate that there is a strong positive and statistically significant degree of spatial dependence in the distribution of raw unemployment rates, for all our metrics. However, once we condition on a set of covariates, most of the spatial autocorrelation is eliminated, with the exception of physical and occupational distance. Racial and ethnic composition variables are the single most important factor in explaining the observed correlation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To derive and validate a new ecological measure of the social determinants of health (SDoH), calculable at the zip code or county level. Data Sources and Study Setting: The most recent releases of secondary, publicly available data were collected from national U.S. health agencies as well as state and city public health departments. Study Design: The Social Vulnerability Metric (SVM) was constructed from U.S. zip‐code level measures (2018) from survey data using multidimensional Item Response Theory and validated using outcomes including all‐cause mortality (2016), COVID‐19 vaccination (2021), and emergency department visits for asthma (2018). The SVM was also compared with the existing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to determine convergent validity and differential predictive validity. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: The data were collected directly from published files available to the public online from national U.S. health agencies as well as state and city public health departments. Principal Findings: The correlation between SVM scores and national age‐adjusted county all‐cause mortality was r = 0.68. This correlation demonstrated the SVM's robust validity and outperformed the SVI with an almost four‐fold increase in explained variance (46% vs. 12%). The SVM was also highly correlated (r ≥ 0.60) to zip‐code level health outcomes for the state of California and city of Chicago. Conclusions: The SVM offers a measurement tool improving upon the performance of existing SDoH composite measures and has broad applicability to public health that may help in directing future policies and interventions. The SVM provides a single measure of SDoH that better quantifies associations with health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several meetings related to the Econometric Society such as the society's annual Latin American meeting with the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association on November 10-12, 2011 in Santiago, Chile and the Econometric Society 2012 North American winter meeting in Chicago, Illinois on January 6-8, 2012.

Information about the symposium "Concepts of Systematic Biology From Linnaeus to the Present" which was held on July 11, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois is presented. The symposium was designed to chronicle many of the changes and attendant perspectives, with papers discussed by Gordon Reid who assessed the contributions of Carl Linnaeus. In addition, Peter Stevens gave comments on the developments of the natural system of plant taxonomy.

The view that empirical strategies in economics should be transparent and credible now goes almost without saying. By revealing for whom particular instrumental variables (IV) estimates are valid, the local average treatment effects (LATE) framework helped make this so. This lecture uses empirical examples, mostly involving effects of charter and exam school attendance, to illustrate the value of the LATE framework for causal inference. LATE distinguishes independence conditions satisfied by random assignment from more controversial exclusion restrictions. A surprising exclusion restriction is shown to explain why enrollment at Chicago exam schools reduces student achievement. I also make two broader points: IV exclusion restrictions formalize commitment to clear and consistent explanations of reduced‐form causal effects; the credibility revolution in applied econometrics owes at least as much to compelling empirical analyses as to methodological insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Chicago classification version 4.0 (CCv4.0) introduced stringent diagnostic criteria for oesophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO), in order to increase the clinical relevance of the diagnosis, although this has not yet been demonstrated. Aims: To determine the prevalence of EGJOO using CCv4.0 criteria in patients with CCv3.0‐based EGJOO, and to assess if provocative manoeuvres can predict a conclusive CCv4.0 diagnosis of EGJOO. Methods: Clinical presentation, high resolution manometry (HRM) with rapid drink challenge (RDC), and timed barium oesophagogram (TBE) data were extracted for patients diagnosed with EGJOO as per CCv3.0 between 2018 and 2020. Patients were then re‐classified according to CCv4.0 criteria, using clinically relevant symptoms (dysphagia and/or chest pain), and abnormal barium emptying at 5 min on TBE. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses identified HRM predictors of EGJOO. Results: Of 2010 HRM studies, 144 (7.2%) fulfilled CCv3.0 criteria for EGJOO (median age 61 years, 56.9% female). Upon applying CCv4.0 criteria, EGJOO prevalence decreased to 1.2%. On ROC analysis, integrated relaxation pressure during RDC (RDC‐IRP) was a significant predictor of a conclusive EGJOO diagnosis by CCv4.0 criteria (area under the curve: 96.1%). The optimal RDC‐IRP threshold of 16.7 mm Hg had 87% sensitivity, 97.1% specificity, 95.7% negative predictive value and 91.3% positive predictive value for a conclusive EGJOO diagnosis; lower thresholds (10 mmHg, 12 mmHg) had better sensitivity but lower specificity. Conclusion: CCv4.0 criteria reduced the prevalence of EGJOO by 80%, thereby refining the diagnosis and identifying clinically relevant outflow obstruction. Elevated RDC‐IRP can predict conclusive EGJOO per CCv4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accelerated urbanization increases both the frequency and intensity of heatwaves (HW) and urban heat islands (UHIs). An extreme HW event occurred in 2012 summer that caused temperatures of more than 40°C in Chicago, Illinois, USA, which is a highly urbanized city impacted by UHIs. In this study, multiple numerical models, including the High Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS) and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, were used to simulate the HW and UHI, and their performance was evaluated. In addition, sensitivity testing of three different WRF configurations was done to determine the impact of increasing model complexity in simulating urban meteorology. Model performances were evaluated based on the statistical performance metrics, the application of a multi‐layer urban canopy model (MLUCM) helps WRF to provide the best performance in this study. HW caused rural temperatures to increase by ∼4°C, whereas urban Chicago had lower magnitude increases from the HW (∼2–3°C increases). Nighttime UHI intensity (UHII) ranged from 1.44 to 2.83°C during the study period. Spatiotemporal temperature fields were used to estimate the potential heat‐related exposure and to quantify the Excessive Heat Factor (EHF). The EHF during the HW episode provides a risk map indicating that while urban Chicago had higher heat‐related stress during this event, the rural area also had high risk, especially during nighttime in central Illinois. This study provides a reliable method to estimate spatiotemporal exposures for future studies of heat‐related health impacts. Plain Language Summary: This study investigated the heatwave (HW) and urban heat island (UHI) impacts on urban/rural temperature using different numerical models and test the accuracy of applying different model configurations. Model performances are evaluated based on ground‐based observations. Impacts of HW and UHI were quantified with verified model simulation. The potential health risk was estimated combined with historical data. This study is helpful for the urban manager to investigate the heat impacts on the urban population and also provide epidemiologists evidence to investigate the urban/rural population exposure to heat‐related health issues. Key Points: Extreme heatwave induced ∼4°C increase in temperature in rural Chicago while increased urban temperature by 2–3°CUrban heat island intensity is estimated to be around 1.44–2.38°CExcessive Heat Factor is higher than 50°C2 in urban Chicago due to heatwave [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparities in Mathematics performance have been shown across race and gender for decades, although little research has reported the race by gender nexus in terms of disparity. In turn, research done to ameliorate these disparities have assumed that these differences are primarily among student populations who need remedial learning improvement. In this research, we test these assumptions by using multinomial regression analyses and adjusted mean comparisons with bias‐corrected effect sizes from a data set of ~20,000 2nd grade students in Chicago. Further, we contribute to previous elementary Mathematics research by illuminating the powerful impacts that spatial reasoning integrations into Mathematics curriculum and pedagogy can have for all students' learning. Our findings provide empirical support that even after accounting for the effects of school composition, racial disparities exist in the beginning and persist throughout the year, among 2nd grade students. However, upon disaggregating students by race, gender, and median split, such disparities are greatest among students that are above the median. Our results encourage quantitative research analyses that explore ways to reduce Mathematics disparities to sharpen their approaches to be more sensitive to the achievement levels of students among such equity inquiries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I develop a structural model of urban travel to estimate long‐run gasoline price elasticities. I model the demand for transportation services using a dynamic discrete‐choice model with switching costs and estimate it using a panel dataset with public market‐level data on automobile and public transit use in Chicago. Long‐run own‐ (automobile) and cross‐ (transit) price elasticities are substantially more elastic than short‐run elasticities. Elasticity estimates from static and myopic models are downward biased. I use the estimated model to evaluate the response to several counterfactual policies. A gasoline tax is less regressive after accounting for the long‐run substitution behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the 18th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology on August 24-28, 2008 in Chicago, Illinois. It notes the awards and presentations given during the event including the Ian Donald Gold Medal Award, given to Larry Platt, as well as top five abstracts and posters. Platt's acceptance speech titled "Igniting the Future and Reflections from the Past" at the event is also presented.

Highlights the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, held on November 17-21, 1999, in Chicago, Illinois. Number of panel discussions held; Attendance figures; Panels on the theme of race.

Since this society is oriented toward a specific theory, I thought I ought to say something about theories in general and our little theory in particular. Let me get that off of my chest. I am not overly fond of terms like "theory" and "theorist," both of which seem to suggest the importance of the person who claims the identity more than anything else. They are pompous terms. To the extent that we are thoughtful about what we are doing and how we are going about it, all sociologists are theorists and methodologists. But if that is all we are, then we are literally people of no substance. We have no substantial knowledge of or concern for the empirical world. The little theory we share is extraordinarily empirical. It is, as one of its most prominent practitioners called it, a "grounded theory" (Glaser and Strauss 1967). I confess that several years after receiving my degree I had no real sense of what symbolic interaction was and how it might differ from other theoretical orientations. Arnold Rose enlightened me on this when he asked me to submit a paper for a new collection he was editing (Rose 1962). I was pleased and flattered. Rose was a mentor of mine, and I had never before been asked to contribute to an edited volume. But I was unsure of what would be appropriate for a book about symbolic interaction. I screwed up my courage and asked Arnold: "Exactly what is symbolic interaction?" He shrugged off my ignorance, turned on his heels, and muttered over his shoulder, "It is what they do at Chicago." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate preliminary results of a 3D‐printed modular prosthesis for spinal reconstruction after multilevel thoracolumbar total en bloc spondylectomy (TES). Methods: Patients with thoracolumbar spinal tumors treated surgically between January 2016 and April 2019 were included in this retrospective study. A total of 17 male and 10 female patients with a mean age of 42 (range, 15–72) years comprised the sample. The pathological diagnoses included six chondrosarcomas (one of them was mesenchymal chondrosarcoma), six giant cell tumors, three malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, two osteosarcomas, two undifferentiated high‐grade pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS), two solitary fibrous tumors, one Ewing's sarcoma, one liposarcoma, and four metastatic tumors. Tumors involved 2 levels in 14 patients, 3 levels in seven patients, 4 levels in four patients, 5 levels in one patient, and 6 levels in one patient. A 3D‐printed modular prosthesis was used for anterior column reconstruction after TES. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic data and clinical outcomes. Data forms included mean, standard deviation and range. Results: Under general anesthesia, all patients received TES with an average operative time of 639 (range, 210–1650) min, and the mean blood loss during operation was 4.1 (range, 0.8–13.3) L. Twenty‐two patients have been transferred to ICU for a mean time of 3.2 (range, 0–6) d. All patients had follow‐up procedures except for one, who died of perioperative complications. Mean time of follow‐up was 22 (range, 12–41) months. Local recurrence (19.2%) occurred in two patients with intralesional margin and three patients with marginal margin, respectively. At the end of follow‐up, three patients died of disease, eight patients were alive with disease, and 15 patients had no evidence of disease. Average lengths of resected vertebrae and modular prostheses were 71.4 ± 26.5 mm (range, 40–142 mm) and 68.4 ± 23.9 mm (range, 40–132 mm), respectively. In 26 patients with minimum follow‐up of more than 1 year, no evidence of internal fixation failure or dislocation of vertebral prosthesis was found. Asymptomatic prosthetic subsidence into adjacent vertebral bodies occurred in 10 patients with a mean length of 1.8 ± 1.0 mm (range, 1–4 mm). The subsidence was seen at proximal end in two patients, distal end in four patients, and both ends in four patients. Eighteen major complications and 14 minor complications were found in 15 patients. All patients fully recovered at 3 or 6 months after operation. At the latest follow‐up, in 23 alive patients, 19 can walk independently and two can achieve outdoor activities by walking aid. Conclusion: For spinal reconstruction after multilevel thoracolumbar TES, 3D‐printed modular vertebral prosthesis is suitable for different length of anterior column reconstruction with less mechanical complications, and can provide a stable environment to maintain or rehabilitate patients' neurological function in short‐term follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The May 25th, 1979 Chicago DC-10 crash provides the opportunity to test an important proposition in the theory of consumer product safety: Can market forces provide safety when products are too complex to permit buyer prepurchase inspection? This paper combines economic theory with modern finance theory to measure the cost of the crash to shareholders of the plane's manufacturer, McDonnell Douglas. The results indicate that the DC-10 crash resulted in a $200 million loss to McDonnell Douglas stockholders and that this amount exceeds any reasonable estimate of regulatory or liability costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the program of the Econometric Society's North American meeting held in Chicago, Illinois, from August 29 to 31, 1978. Some of the research papers presented at the meeting on August 29 are: "A Simultaneous Equation Linear Probability Model With Temporally Correlated Disturbances," by James Heckman; "General Equilibrium With Market Frictions," by Truman Bewley; "Equilibrium and Investment Under Uncertainty," by Michael Magill; "Comparative Statics Under Uncertainty," by Clifford Hildreth; "The Demand for Money and the Term Structure of Interest Rates: A Portfolio Approach," by Jeffrey I. Bernstein and Douglas Fisher; "Risk and the Demand for Money," by Myron B. Slovin; "Advertising As a Factor of Production: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis," by Isaac Ehrlich and Lawrence Fisher; "Theoretical Issues in the Specification of Models of Industrial Organization," by Stephen Martin; "The Effectiveness of Electricity Regulation," by William H. Greene and Robert Smiley; "An Econometric Model of the Supply of Railroad Service Quality," by Henry McFarland.

Pays tribute to professors Gary Becker and James Coleman of University of Chicago in Illinois for their interdisciplinary workshop on Rational Choice Models in the Social Sciences. Coverage of the field; Quality of speakers; Success in focusing on specific language; Changes in the seminar.