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The first wave of environmental justice literature tended to define environmental racism as the disparate siting of toxic waste facilities in low‐income areas and communities of colour. More recently, environmental justice scholars have turned to a critical environmental justice framework to explore questions of spatial equity in relation to movements like Black Lives Matter. It is increasingly clear that the state, the built environment, economic development, and race converge in communities who face increased surveillance, divestment, and gentrification. Using Hyde Park on the South Side of Chicago as a case study, I draw on qualitative and historical methods to interrogate dominant narratives surrounding policing in urban environments. This paper highlights how Black geographies, as an analytic, highlight the intersection of police brutality and the built environment in Hyde Park. Legacies of urban renewal, now framed as neighbourhood revitalisation, and narratives around criminality and race all influence community police relations in the area. As the University of Chicago expands, so does its police force, and so do conflicts over who can use public spaces and how these spaces are used. I argue that institutions like the University of Chicago rely on the police to racially manage and expand their built environment. I also look to Black Lives Matter as a way to understand police brutality as enmeshed with toxic ecologies. This pairing of activism, ecology and policing allows a more nuanced analysis of the racialised underpinnings of the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces Eugene F. Fama, the Robert McCormick Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, and makes the announcement that Fama has been chosen to receive the Morgan Stanley-American Finance Association Award for Excellence in Finance.

The article presents abstracts of "Duel in Dermatopathology," papers presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Dermatopathology. It was held in Fair Mouth Hotel in Chicago, Illinois, from October 9-12, 2003. Titles of some of those abstracts are "Acquired Progressive Lymphangioma," by S. Murphy and W. Lee, "Cutaneous Reaction to Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor," by P. Bhanot and A. Armin "Carcinoma Ex Cylindroma-Spiradenoma" and "Oral Solitary Fibrous Tumor," by J. Lee.

The article presents an overview of how the Swarthmore College Peace Collection: A Memorial to Jane Addams was developed. Significant material acquired from her nephew James Weber Linn's collection of papers, from Hull-House, and from the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom is mentioned. The Swarthmore College Peace Collection's website has correspondence from famous people such as Edward Bok, Carrie Chapman Catt, Herbert Hoover, Theodore Roosevelt, Beatrice Potter Webb, and Woodrow Wilson.

The article presents abstracts of papers that will be presented at the Thirty First Annual Meeting of Society for Psychophysiological Research. The meeting will be held at The Palmar House in Chicago, Illinois from October 9-13, 1991. The majority of the research reports will be given and discussed informally at three Poster Sessions. In addition, specific topics will be addressed in seven symposia. These abstracts are being published and distributed to all members of the society and to all journal subscribers prior to the annual meeting.

Research shows that gender norms play a notable role in pregnancy prevention, often placing responsibility on females and allowing some males to pursue sexual encounters without considering the consequences of unprotected sex. This paper examines gender differences in attitudes and behaviors related to condom use and birth control among adolescents using survey, focus group, and interview data gathered from the evaluation of Chicago Healthy Adolescents and Teens (CHAT), a comprehensive sexual health education program implemented with adolescents in Chicago Public High Schools. Results indicate that safe sex attitudes and behaviors differ between male and female adolescents, specifically those related to condoms and birth control. Our findings suggest that (i) females have higher knowledge and presumed responsibility for pregnancy prevention, (ii) infrequent condom use among adolescents prioritizes male pleasure over female health needs, and (iii) social norms discourage females, but not males, from accessing and using birth control. We use the Theory of Gender and Power to show how our findings reflect gender dynamics within the United States and explain the potential health implications for adolescent sexual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing appreciation of the importance of early learning experiences for children's healthy development, attention to the cultivation and maintenance of a qualified workforce has steadily increased. Such a workforce must have not just the knowledge and skills related to child development and early learning, but also be linguistically and culturally prepared to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse child and family population. To ensure a highly qualified workforce, programs and policymakers must attend to both the "pipeline" through which new early childhood educators (ECEs) enter the workforce and the "pathways" by which ECEs work toward and obtain the necessary education and credentials for different roles within the field. In line with the aims of this special issue, this paper leverages the first‐person account style to describe barriers to and creative solutions for the development of practitioners in low‐resourced communities in Chicago, with the goal of informing practice and policy. We describe three prior and ongoing partnership programs between community‐based organizations and institutions of higher education, each tailored to support a unique population in the ECE pipeline on the pathway for increased educational attainment and credentialing. Each program is grounded in a specific community of Chicago, a diverse city with a sizable population of children raised in non‐English speaking homes. Each program addresses specific needs of the communities they serve, especially around the recruitment, retention, and promotion of bilingual ECEs. Program administrators and community members describe each programs' goals, development, and key components unique to their target population as well as key takeaways. We conclude with an overview of critical components that we identified across these programs in order to create pathways for change within the workforce and the communities they serve. Highlights: There is a national shortage of high‐quality early childhood educators.The workforce pipeline must be expanded to increase cultural and linguistic preparedness.This paper highlights three Chicago‐based partnerships to increase workforce skill and diversity.Each "grow‐your‐own" program is designed to meet the specific needs of the communities they serve.These community‐responsive examples can inform national conversation about workforce development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the high‐rise elevator comprises a particularly important and yet heretofore undertheorised space for understanding narratives about failure and breakdown in public housing in the US and beyond. Using Chicago as a case study, I draw upon historical newspaper articles and interviews with former public housing tenants, as well as interviews with former police officers who worked in public housing developments, to show how broken and vandalised elevators became a metonym in public discourse for the widely perceived "brokenness" of high‐rise public housing writ large. Insofar as malfunctioning elevators symbolised social immobility, were seen as a locus of crime, and drained the housing authority's finances, they also became a site of intensive policing. When that intensive policing failed to solve structural problems in Chicago's public housing high rises, policymakers demolished them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Preserving Rural Land" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The author points out that the papers are commendable and emphasize the breadth and complexity of economic issues related to the preservation of rural lands. The papers focus on the evaluation of land rent gradients and the effects of rural land preservation policies on property values.

High concentrations of ozone along the coastline of Lake Michigan are a persistent air quality management challenge. Complementing observations during the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS 2017), WRF‐Chem modeling was used to quantify sensitivity of modeled ozone (O3) to anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, including to changes in volatile chemical product (VCP). The daily maximum 8 hr average (MDA8) over the high ozone region of Lake Michigan decreased by 2.7 ppb with exclusion of VCP from the inventory, and was sensitive to both NOx and VOC changes, with greater sensitivity to NOx. Close to urban centers, MDA8 ozone was VOC‐sensitive. Clusters of coastal receptor sites were identified based on similarity in response to emission perturbations, with most clusters being NOx‐sensitive and NOx‐sensitivity increasing with distance from major emission sources. The 2 June 2017 ozone event, which has received considerable focus, is shown to be atypical due to unusually strong and spatially extended VOC‐sensitive behavior. WRF‐Chem integrated reaction rate analysis was used to compute radical termination rates due to NOx (LNOx) and to radical‐radical reactions (LROx). LROx/LNOx and formaldehyde to NO2 ratio (FNR) were shown to be predictive of modeled MDA8 ozone sensitivity, but with variation in predictive power as a function of time of day, which has implications for air quality management use of FNR from geostationary satellites. Plain Language Summary: Surface ozone is an air pollutant of concern due to human health impacts. In locations with elevated ozone concentrations, including coastal regions around Lake Michigan, ozone pollution is managed by controlling emissions of the two classes of chemicals that drive ozone chemistry: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, due to large reductions in emissions of NOx and VOC over the past 20 years, the leverage that future reductions will have is uncertain. Reductions of 4–5 ppb (∼7%) are needed in several locations, relative to 2017–2019 concentrations, to meet the 2015 ozone standard of 70 ppb. In this paper, we use simulations of atmospheric chemistry and airflow over the Midwestern US to address this issue. By comparing simulations based on different VOC and NOx emissions, we find that reductions in NOx emissions have more influence on ozone than reductions in VOC emissions, except for a small zone downwind of Chicago. On high ozone days over Lake Michigan, a 10% decrease in VOC (NOx) emissions can lower ozone in the key high ozone zone over southern Lake Michigan by 0.4% (0.8%). Volatile chemical products, an uncertain component of emission inventories, are responsible for 2.7 ppb (∼4%) of ozone. Key Points: Outside of a small (85 km) zone downwind of Chicago, ozone concentrations and production near Lake Michigan is generally NOx‐sensitiveOn event days 10% decrease in volatile organic compound emission can lower MDA8 by 0.4% and 10% decrease in nitrogen oxides emission can lower MDA8 by 0.8% over Lake MichiganVolatile chemical product emissions were modeled to produce an average 2.7 ppb ozone increase over the lake [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the pathways and barriers to critical consciousness development for Chinese American youth. Thirty‐five interviews conducted in 2020 with high‐school‐aged students in Chicago were analyzed to better understand young people's experiences developing an understanding of anti‐Asian racism and anti‐Blackness. Results indicated that participants overwhelmingly engaged in sustained conversations about Black Lives Matter and/or made efforts to address anti‐Blackness within their families, but engaged in limited conversations about anti‐Asian racism. Furthermore, conversations at home and school often failed to contextualize anti‐Asian racism, specifically in relation to the experiences of other oppressed groups. Findings highlight a need for research on and practice with Chinese American adolescents to recognize the unique racial positioning of Asian Americans under White supremacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article offers information on several meetings including the 2011 Australasia Meeting of the Econometric Society to be held in Adelaide, South Australia on July 5-8, 2011, the 2011 Asian Meeting of the Econometric Society to be held in Seoul, Korea on August 11-13, 2011, and the 2012 North American Winter Meeting of the Econometric Society to be held in Chicago, Illinois on January 6-8, 2012.

Presents the abstracts of papers to be presented at the forty-third Annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research to be held in Chicago, Illinois from October 29 to November 2, 2003.

This paper examines the Chicago sociologist William F. Ogburn's (1886–1959) views about technological unemployment, which were intimately connected to his analysis of the social impacts of technological developments and resulting social problems due to cultural lag. We trace the development of his views as seen through his well‐known 1922 book, Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature, his important contributions to the President's Research Committee on Social Trends (1933), and his lesser‐known pamphlets designed for a broader audience—Living with Machines (1933), You and Machines (1934), and Machines and Tomorrow's World (1938). He used these pamphlets to educate the public about the dangers of new machines and technological unemployment. In doing so, he drew upon sociological analysis in his professional scholarly writings and his long‐standing personal interests in social betterment and social reform. Our analysis also calls into question the adequacy of existing scholarship on Ogburn that has emphasized his commitment to a statistical, dispassionate, and "objectivist" approach to social science research. We call for a revised, richer, and more complex view of Ogburn's work and legacy as one of the nation's leading social scientists during the first half of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generating realistic vehicle speed trajectories is a crucial component in evaluating vehicle fuel economy and in predictive control of self‐driving cars. Traditional generative models rely on Markov chain methods and can produce accurate synthetic trajectories but are subject to the curse of dimensionality. They do not allow to include conditional input variables into the generation process. In this paper, we show how extensions to deep generative models allow accurate and scalable generation. Proposed architectures involve recurrent and feed‐forward layers and are trained using adversarial techniques. Our models are shown to perform well on generating vehicle trajectories using a model trained on GPS data from Chicago metropolitan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Until recently, combined heart‐liver‐kidney transplantation was considered too complex or too high‐risk an option for patients with end‐stage heart failure who present with advanced liver and kidney failure as well. Aims: The objective of this paper is to present our institution's best practices for successfully executing this highly challenging operation. At our institution, referral patterns are most often initiated through the cardiac team. Results: Determinants of successful outcomes include diligent multidisciplinary patient selection, detailed perioperative planning, and choreographed care transition and coordination among all transplant teams. The surgery proceeds in three distinct phases with three different teams, linked seamlessly in planned handoffs. The selection and perioperative care are executed with determined collaboration of all of the invested care teams. Conclusions: Combined heart‐liver‐kidney transplantation can be successfully done by careful selection, coordination, and execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Economic Association in North America (CEANA), consisting of Chinese American and Chinese economists and other economists interested in the economy of China, held a joint session with the American Economic Association and allied scholarly groups on December 29, 1987 in Chicago. In preparation for the session and other sessions of the CEANA in New York, the new group has issued a call for papers.

The article presents information on different awards that are called for at the NCME Annual Meeting to be held in Chicago, Illinois on April 2007. The awards include the "Brenda H. Loyd Outstanding Dissertation Award, "Alicia Cascallar Award for an Outstanding Paper by an Early Career Scholar," "Jason Millman Promising Measurement Scholar Award," and " Bradley Hanson Award for Contributions to Educational Measurement," among some of the list.

As a central component of the smart city, sensor infrastructures locate and measure a wide range of variables in order to characterise the urban environment. Perhaps the most visible expression of the smart city, sensor deployment is a key equity concern. As new sensor technologies and Big Data interact with social processes, they have the potential to reproduce well‐documented spatial injustices. Contrary to promises of providing new knowledge and data for cities, they can also create new gaps in understanding about specific urban populations that fall into the interstices of data collection – sensor deserts. Building on emerging data justice debates, specifically considering distributional, recognition, and procedural forms of injustice, we conceptualise and analyse sensor deserts through two case studies, Newcastle's Urban Observatory (UK) and Chicago's Array of Things (USA). Open sensor locations are integrated with small‐area, socio‐economic data to evidence the demographic configuration and spatialities of sensor deserts across each city. We illustrate how the structural processes via which inequality is reinforced by smart agendas manifest as uneven social and spatial outcomes. In doing so, the paper opens up a new conceptual space in which to consider what it means (not) to count in the smart city, bringing a demographic perspective to critical debates about smart urbanisms. Contrary to promises of providing new knowledge for cities, smart city sensor technologies can create new gaps in understanding about urban populations that fall into the interstices of data collection – sensor deserts. Building on data justice debates, we conceptualise and analyse sensor deserts in two case studies, Newcastle's Urban Observatory (UK) and Chicago's Array of Things (USA), using small‐area socio‐economic data. We illustrate how the structural processes via which inequality is reinforced by smart agendas manifest as uneven social and spatial outcomes, bringing a demographic perspective to critical debates about smart urbanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the apparent time evolution of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift among 42 White speakers in one Chicago community. We analyse quantitative patterns of community‐wide vocalic change alongside individual speakers' lived experiences and attitudes. We find that some features of the Shift are dramatically reversing at the community level, and that changing demographics and social concerns across the community's history condition which speakers are likely to advance or reverse the Shift. Although some have argued that regionalized sound change reversals reflect speakers' increasing extra‐local orientations, in this community, we suggest that reversal reflects shifting definitions of racialized localness, including younger speakers' orientation away from particular emblematic local personae that have become linked with the Shift. We argue that sound changes must be understood in their evolving local contexts, as they can be driven by shifts in the social meanings attached to place‐linked features and in definitions of localness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates skyscraper competition between New York City and Chicago. The urban economics literature is generally silent on strategic interaction between cities, yet skyscraper rivalry between these cities is a part of U.S. historiography. This paper tests whether there is, in fact, strategic interaction across cities. First, I find that each city has positive reaction functions with respect to the other city, suggesting strategic complementarity. In regard to zoning, I find that height regulations negatively impacted each city, but produced positive responses by the other city, providing evidence for strategic substitutability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper presented during the "Wealth Dynamics, Risk Preferences and Threshold Effects" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors presents a status model in which there is both an income effect via the joint utility function over the status level and income, and a gain the probability of attaining a higher status level.

This paper addresses the changing agendas of US-based hometown associations (HTAs) in rural Mexico and the impact that these changes have on local government decisions to finance community development. The evidence that is offered in this paper confirms that local governments at the subnational state, municipal, and village levels are interested in maintaining the economic attachments of emigrant populations. These governments have created innovative state-society partnerships to reduce conflict with HTAs, maintain loyalties, and preserve the flow of remittances. Thus, one of the objectives of local governments is to sustain migrant collective remittance efforts in those sending regions that already have a critical mass of US-based HTAs that demand government funds for development. The inclusion of organised migrant voices in community development debates has the potential to increase transnational democratic participation. However, when the allocation of public funds is based on an approach that privileges diaspora-driven demands, this generates inequalities between international migrants and stay-at-home communities because it forces local sending communities to find HTAs across borders to solve infrastructure needs. As new hierarchies of place-based citizen participation become more prevalent, the voices of stay-at-home communities risk being ignored by local government officials. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the outcome of the 12th International Congress of the International Association of Analytical Psychology, held in Chicago, Illinois in 2003. Background on the annual conference; Participants; Guest speakers.

When a no-notice emergency prompts an evacuation, family members in different locations throughout a city may unite so that they can evacuate as a group. This paper draws on data from more than 300 interviews conducted in the metropolitan area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The study uses discrete choice models to analyse the expectations of respondents regarding whether their likely plans for evacuation involve gathering spouses, parents, adult-age children, and/or non-family members. In addition, it addresses the matter of whether respondents plan to reunite with family members at home. Individuals' access to a personal car is the dominating factor in predicting whether respondents plan to gather a spouse. Being the parent of a child under the age of 18 years increases the tendency to report planning to reunite with family members at home. Both commute mode and car availability are not significantly associated with plans to reunite at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The author comments on the paper "Designing Water Markets for Unstable Climatic Conditions: Learning from Experimental Economics," by Albert Garrido in this issue. It is observed that the farmers in the Guadalquivir River Basin, Spain, are most likely experienced water traders.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The author comments on the paper "Optimal Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater with Recharge and Return Flows: Dynamic and Spatial Patterns," by S. Ponkijvorasin and J. Roumasset.

Highlights the 39th Annual Research in Medical education conference in Chicago, Illinois. Discussion on the innovative methodology and analytic techniques in medical education; Evaluation of professionalism; Measurement of faculty and physicians performance.

The accurate modeling of urban microclimate is a challenging task given the high surface heterogeneity of urban land cover and the vertical structure of street morphology. Recent years have witnessed significant efforts in numerical modeling and data collection of the urban environment. Nonetheless, it is difficult for the physical‐based models to fully utilize the high‐resolution data under the constraints of computing resources. The advancement in machine learning (ML) techniques offers the computational strength to handle the massive volume of data. In this study, we proposed a modeling framework that uses ML approach to estimate point‐scale street‐level air temperature from the urban‐resolving meso‐scale climate model and a suite of hyper‐resolution urban geospatial data sets, including three‐dimensional urban morphology, parcel‐level land use inventory, and weather observations from a sensor network. We implemented this approach in the City of Chicago as a case study to demonstrate the capability of the framework. The proposed approach vastly improves the resolution of temperature predictions in cities, which will help the city with walkability, drivability, and heat‐related behavioral studies. Moreover, we tested the model's reliability on out‐of‐sample locations to investigate the modeling uncertainties and the application potentials to the other areas. This study aims to gain insights into next‐gen urban climate modeling and guide the observation efforts in cities to build the strength for the holistic understanding of urban microclimate dynamics. Plain Language Summary: Estimating air temperature at street‐level is a difficult task because of the complex environment in cities and the limitations of the current urban numerical models. In recent years, with the rapid development of data collection and analysis techniques, it is possible to fully utilize the hyper‐local data harvested from urban areas by advanced machine learning algorithms. In this study, we present a modeling pipeline to estimate point‐scale street‐level air temperature from conventional urban weather model and a suite of hyper‐resolution urban data sets. These data sets were collected using state‐of‐art techniques, such as sub‐meter level Light Detection and Ranging technology and wireless weather observation network. We demonstrated the use of this modeling method over the City of Chicago and estimated the street‐level temperature. The modeling results have multiple real‐world applications, such as to provide navigation suggestions to reduce thermal discomfort of the pedestrians as an example. Moreover, it is possible to expand the use of our model to other areas given the current data availability. The results of this study can also help the development of the next‐generation urban climate and weather models and guide observation efforts in cities. These together can build the strength for the holistic understanding of urban microclimate dynamics. Key Points: The study presents a modeling framework to estimate street‐level air temperature using a suite of detailed urban climate informaticsModel results showed hyper‐local urban features have significant impacts on street‐level temperature but with a limited influence radiusThe investigations on model sensitivity implies the existence of the optimum scale in urban modeling and critical locations in observation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds upon labor geography's contributions to our understanding of the role of workers in the production of scale. In addition to examining exactly how a particular group of workers controlled the scale of their labor market, this paper theorizes the connections between that process and struggles over monopoly power. The 1890-1891 Chicago carpenters' strike, a work stoppage of significance to both the direction of labor politics within Chicago and to the broader 8 h movement in North America at the end of the nineteenth century, serves as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research has argued for the existence of a marriage benefit to men, women, and children. Although the commonly suggested current response to a husband's violence has been for the couple to separate, traditionally women were often told to “stay for the children.” This paper uses the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods longitudinal data to examine the relationships among marital stability, husband violence, and children's behavior problems. Among married mothers who reported husband violence at time 1 (N= 414), the negative relationship between child behavior problems and remaining in the marriage dissipated when selection bias and husband violence recidivism were controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes 31 months of data on 137 single-stock futures (SSFs) traded on OneChicago. The results indicate that on the days they trade, SSFs contribute approximately 24% of the price discovery for underlying stocks. Information revelation in the SSFs market decreases with the ratio of spreads in the futures and the stock markets and the volatility in the stock market. Moreover, the quality of the market for the underlying stocks improves substantially after the introduction of the SSFs market, with the largest improvement occurring on days with SSFs trading. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:335– 353, 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper presented during the "Whither Jobs and People?: Rural-Suburban-Urban Differences and Modern Growth Patterns" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is observed that research on the fiscal costs of community services demonstrate that residential land use causes a net drain on local fiscal resources and commercial land use subsidizes residential development.

The article presents a paper presented during the "Rural Poverty Revisited: A New Look at Place and Policy" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The authors report on a study which showed that even though more education enhances the possibility of moving from a rural area to the city and decreases the probability of being poor, it is additional education and not moving that decreases poverty risk.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Urban Sprawl: Consequences and Policy Approaches" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. This paper developed a simple economic model which showed that the fiscal differences between the city and suburb do not only cause suburbanization, but the product as well.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Urban Sprawl: Consequences and Policy Approaches" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. This paper reports on a study which indicated that individuals with higher body mass index (BMI) tend to choose locations with a high degree of sprawl. There is much weaker evidence that living in a sprawling area results in higher BMI.

The article presents a paper which was presented during the "Urban Sprawl: Consequences and Policy Approaches" session of the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. This paper reports on a study which found that the spatial differences between the marginal values of housing density and lot size are essential in understanding urban sprawl.

A major public health crisis facing America’s society is the increase in child and youth obesity, which has seen a fourfold increase in the last four decades. Major concerns include what children eat for school lunch and what other foods are available in schools. This paper illustrates efforts towards systems change in the luncheon program and food vending machines in the Chicago Public Schools. We discuss the different factors that lead to such changes using the framework of the social ecological model and the soft systems methodology, and we analyze how the resulting innovation was implemented and evaluated. First, we present a theoretical perspective to explain factors that influence children’s eating patterns from a systems approach. Second, we discuss the antecedent factors that lead to systems change. Finally, we examine challenges to systems change, such as resistance to change, different stakeholder priorities, lack of resources, institutional bureaucracy, and unrealistic funder expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the 2004 PDMA Research Forum held in October 2004. The Forum took place in Chicago, Illinois, as part of the Product Development Management Association (PDMA) International Conference. Several of the papers presented empirical findings that extended understanding of currently hot new product development (NPD) research topics, such as Gary Lynn's new research on speed to market, Gina O' Connor's exploratory work on organizing for radical innovation, and Rajesh Sethi and Zafar Iqbal's comments on the use of stage-gate NPD processes. The Best Paper award winners, Rajesh Sethi and Anju Sethi, analyzed new product innovativeness in combination with risk taking and quality orientation. Other papers took a more theoretical perspective, such as Elisa Fredericks's presentation on the role of senior management and Ken Kahn's interesting framework for best practices in NPD. These and all other presentations were followed by extended question-and-answer sessions that really engaged the audience in discussion.

Existing research highlights that families face geographic, social, and psychological constraints that may limit the extent to which competition can take hold in school choice programs. In this paper, we address the implications of such findings by creating a network of student flows from 11 cohorts of eighth-grade students in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS). We applied a custom algorithm to group together schools with similar sending and receiving patterns, and calculated the difference in mean achievement between a student's attended and assigned high schools. For all identified school groupings, we found that the students were on average moving to higher achieving schools. We also found that the movement toward higher achieving schools of the top achievement quartile of students was over twice as large as that of the bottom quartile, but that the flows of both the highest and lowest achieving student quartiles were toward higher achieving destinations. Our results suggest that student movements in CPS between the years of 2001 to 2005 were consistent with creating market pressure for improvement as well as increasing segregation by achievement. However, further research into how schools responded to those movements is required to make inferences about the level or consequences of competition generated by choice-related reforms during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the papers presented during the "Wealth Dynamics, Risk Preferences and Threshold Effects" session at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Sciences Association on January 5-7, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. It is observed that this session is an important resource program in farm-household dynamics and promises to offer a meaningful target for poverty alleviation strategies.

The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago adopted the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) to reduce combined sewer overflow (CSO) events in the Chicago region. The Thornton Composite Reservoir (TCR) became operational in 2015 providing an additional 30 million m3 of CSO‐impacted stormwater capacity. In the United States, no other mega reservoirs are in operation to provide as a reference to study the long‐term impacts of biosolids operations in water resource recovery facilities. The mean daily volume pumped from the Calumet TARP system to the Calumet Plant increased 144–238 m3 from 2012–2014 to 273–360 m3 from 2016–2018. Overall annual digester feed solids for the 2016–2018 post‐TCR period were 28,182 Mg, which was 11 percent less than the mean for the 2012–2014 period of 31,745 Mg. Annual digester draw solids for the 2016–2018 post‐TCR period were 19,422 Mg, which were 4 percent less than the 2012–2014 pre‐TCR period mean of 20,190 Mg. This paper demonstrated a decrease in digester feed loading to the Calumet Plant and, ultimately, a decrease in digester draw solids with an overall increase in plant and TARP flow in the years following operation of the TCR for the capture and treatment of CSO‐impacted stormwater. Practitioner points: Reservoirs capturing combined sewer overflow‐impacted stormwater improve water quality of local waterways.Mega reservoirs may impact solids loading to water resource recovery facilities.Hydraulic loading to water resource recovery facilities may be substantial with mega reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) quantification is critical for assessing city‐level carbon emissions and sustainable urban development. While urban vegetation has the potential to provide environmental benefits, such as heat and carbon mitigation, the CO2 exchange from biogenic sectors and its impact from the environmental perturbations are often overlooked. It is also challenging to simulate the plant functions in the complex urban terrain. This study presents a processed‐based modeling approach to assess the biogenic carbon fluxes from the vegetated areas over the Chicago Metropolitan Area (CMA) using the Weather Research and Forecast—Urban Biogenic Carbon exchange model. We investigate the change of CO2 sink power in CMA under heatwaves and irrigation. The results indicate that the vegetation plays a significant role in the city's carbon portfolio and the landscaping management has the potential to reduce carbon emissions significantly. Furthermore, based on the competing mechanisms in the biogenic carbon balance identified in this study, we develop a novel Environmental Benefit Score metrics framework to identify the vulnerability and mitigation measures associated with nature‐based solutions (NbS) within CMA. By using the generalized portable framework and our science‐policy confluence analysis presented in this study, global cities can maximize the effectiveness of NbS and accelerate carbon neutrality. Plain Language Summary: Urban plants modify the built environment and can absorb carbon dioxide. But their behaviors have not been fully studied in the urban setting, nor have the impacts of the urban environment on the growth of plants. In this study, we use a numerical model to co‐simulate the urban environment and the behaviors of urban green land to investigate their interactions in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. The results show that heatwave will decrease the overall carbon absorption; while proper irrigation can help capture more carbon dioxide from the air. Compared to the traffic emissions in the Chicago region, the variations of carbon absorption are over 35%, which is considered significant. Moreover, we investigate the underlying mechanisms that lead to the outcomes and point out the corresponding measures to reduce the negative impact. This study will potentially guide the cities to achieve better environmental benefits from urban green spaces and contribute to carbon reduction. Key Points: Biogenic carbon exchange over urban vegetation is simulated with urban hydrometeorological and biomass dynamics in Chicago regionBiogenic carbon exchange exhibits significant variability under environmental perturbations leading to additional carbon release or captureThe responses of biogenic carbon fluxes are governed by sets of competing mechanisms and are demonstrated by environmental benefit scores [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Oncotype Dx Genomic Prostate Score (GPS) is a 17‐gene relative expression assay that predicts adverse pathology at prostatectomy. We conducted a novel randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of GPS on urologist's treatment preference for favorable risk prostate cancer (PCa): active surveillance versus active treatment (i.e., prostatectomy/radiation). This is a secondary endpoint from the ENACT trial which recruited from three Chicago hospitals from 2016 to 2019. Methods: Ten urologists along with men with very low to favorable‐intermediate risk PCa were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to standardized counseling with or without GPS assay. The main outcome was urologists' preference for active treatment at Visit 2 by study arm (GPS versus Control). Multivariable best‐fit binary logistic regressions were constructed to identify factors independently associated with urologists' treatment preference. Results: Two hundred men (70% Black) were randomly assigned to either the Control (96) or GPS arm (104). At Visit 2, urologists' preference for prostatectomy/radiation almost doubled in the GPS arm to 29.3% (29) compared to 14.1% (13) in the Control arm (p = 0.01). Randomization to the GPS arm, intermediate NCCN risk level, and lower patient health literacy were predictors for urologists' preference for active treatment. Discussion: Limitations included sample size and number of urologists. In this study, we found that GPS testing reduced urologists' likelihood to prefer active surveillance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate how obtaining prognostic biomarkers that predict negative outcomes before treatment decision‐making might influence urologists' preference for recommending aggressive therapy in men eligible for active surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mieno, Taro and John B. Braden, 2011. Residential Demand for Water in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):713-723. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00536.x Abstract: This paper provides the first contemporary analysis of residential water demand in humid Northeastern Illinois, in the vicinity of Chicago, and explores seasonal and income-based differentials in the responsiveness of water use to water prices. Using a panel of system-level data for eight water systems and controlling for seasons, weather, incomes, and community characteristics, the analysis yields low estimates of price elasticity of demand for water in line with other studies. Furthermore, price response is greater in summer and less in higher income communities. We suggest that use of seasonal pricing can help mitigate equity issues arising from differential income elasticities while taking advantage of the greater price responsiveness of summertime water use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an expansion of a contribution to a Round Table on 'The Closed Mind', given at the last International Psychoanalytic Congress in Chicago, Illinois. Approaching the subject as an analyst rather than as an advocate, the author broadened the scope of the discussion to span from a mind too closed to one that may be too open, in fact the positives as well as the negatives of each position. Each can be adaptive as well as overdone. An analyst should have the capacity to embrace and contain valid new concepts, as well as the discriminatory ability to consider and reject others not valid or enduring or eligible to advance the field. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the role that index funds have played in recent convergence problems of Chicago Board of Trade corn, soybean, and wheat futures contracts. These new market participants are widely considered to have inflated futures prices and/or expanded spreads between futures prices. Large spreads in futures markets contribute to a lack of convergence by uncoupling cash and futures markets. Statistical tests provide no evidence that rolling of positions by index funds or the initiation of large index positions in a “crowded market space” have contributed to an expansion of the spreads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the polarization of the early 21st century political atmosphere in the U.S., intergroup dialogue has emerged as a unique alternative setting, with intentions of facilitating a more productive and thoughtful citizen engagement. Although cross-partisan dialogue efforts are underway in community contexts, they have been slower to reach academic settings. This paper is an exploratory study of our own liberal-conservative dialogue course at the University of Illinois–the first of its kind, to our knowledge. After describing basic features of the course, we identify themes from student journals and final evaluations suggesting both dialogue benefits and challenges. Finally, we discuss the growing literature around dialogue, questions of its long-term impact, and larger potential barriers to participation in liberal-conservative dialogue, specifically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformations in urban economies are leading to the growth of jobs where labor and employment laws are routinely violated. Workers in these jobs are subject to harsh conditions such as low wages, hazardous work sites, and retaliation for speaking up. Many of these workers are undocumented migrants who are in a weak position to make demands on their employers or to request government assistance. These workers often turn to migrant civil society organizations for help with the multiple conflicts they face at work. Drawing on case studies of nonprofit organizations in Chicago, this paper focuses on the role of such organizations in the social reproduction of the migrant workforce. I posit that such organizations are integral to the functioning of the informal economy because the wide range of programs and services that they provide are essential to the social reproduction of migrant workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]