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We simulated intraspecific usurpation in two species of paper wasps at a field site in Michigan to compare the species' treatment of foreign brood. Queens of Polistes fuscatus, a species that commonly uses intraspecific usurpation as an alternative reproductive tactic, destroyed significantly fewer large larvae and significantly more small larvae than queens of P. dominulus, a sympatric species that rarely usurps. The pattern of brood destruction exhibited by P. fuscatus was consistent with the previously published findings that P. fuscatus usurpers destroy reproductive-destined brood (eggs and small larvae), but not worker-destined brood (large larvae and pupae) that are subsequently used by a usurper to raise her own reproductives. The pattern of brood destruction displayed by P. dominulus differed from that of Polistes species that frequently engage in intraspecific usurpation. The brood destruction pattern in P. dominulus may have been shaped by nest adoption, a common alternative reproductive tactic in this species. If so, it is not clear why P. dominulus would destroy large, worker-destined larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten meanings or usages of the terms molecular and molar analyses are based on (1) numbers of responses, (2) durations of activities, (3) levels, (4) scales, (5) contiguity versus correlation, (6) behavioral standards, (7) function with or without structure, (8) local versus global phenomena, and (9) control by shaping of sequential moment-to-moment behavior. These usages reveal divisive viewpoints along with ambiguities in the Law of Effect, the definition of an operant, response strength, response probability, random behavior, time allocation, shaping, controlled versus uncontrolled operants, and roles for ordinary language. Usage 10 is less divisive and combines, and in that sense unifies, molecular behavior, defined as shaped moment-to-moment sequential behaving, and molar, defined as averages of aggregates of those shaped responses. It combines shaping, that establishes and changes operant behaviors, and strengthening that changes the amounts of those shaped behaviors. I conclude that general behavioral theory will combine strengthening with such methods as parametric, hybrid, or nonparametric shaping, and will use computational methods to simulate moment-to-moment behavior streams from which any aggregates of theoretical interest may be computed. Such a synthesis may not require different levels, scales, or new scientific paradigms., (© 2020 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.)

Older adults are at increased risk of pressure injuries (PIs) due to age‐related changes. Traditionally, PI knowledge and education have been delivered in hospitals and residential aged care facilities, however, there remains a critical gap in understanding how PI knowledge on prevention and management is shared with older adults and their carers living in the community. We aimed to describe the nature and characteristics of structured and unstructured PI education programs available to community‐dwelling older adults and their carers. As coping review was undertaken. We searched five databases: CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library and ProQuest from 2009 to August 2023. The review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's six‐step framework and adhered to the PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. It included primary peer‐reviewed papers published in English, which focus on PI education for older adults and/or their carers living in community settings. Data extraction was organised in a table, and findings presented as a narrative summary. One‐hundred and thirty‐six papers were screened and four included in the review. Results indicate that consideration was placed on literacy levels and cognitive status of older adults and their carers when designing PI education materials. Educational materials such as leaflets/brochures, in‐person training sessions or a combination of both were used. However, duration of these interventions varied, lasting for 1–4 weeks while others were completed over 12 months. Some improvements in PI knowledge such as how to treat PI, dietary requirements and importance of mobility were noted. However, information retention and its translation into effective long‐term behaviour change remained unclear. In conclusion, adopting a multifaceted educational approach increases the effectiveness of PI knowledge translation. Continuous education, support and reinforcement on PIs over time are necessary when interacting with older adults and caregivers to ensure long‐term management and prevention success. Conversations on PIs should start at the primary care levels when older adults and carers are visiting their GP clinics and accessing support services for other healthcare needs. Understanding older adults' and carers' literacy levels, cognitive status and cultural background can assist clinicians in designing and delivering fit‐for‐purpose PI educational interventions that are accessible, relatable and effective in promoting knowledge transfer and behaviour change. Carers are vital conduits in the care continuum. These factors will lead to a more informed, collaborative and person‐centred approaches to PI management and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the XXVI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY as of June 1996. Topics discussed include stereotyping the outgroup: effects of perceived ability on estimated task performance with similar and different others; examination of complex behaviors using genetic strategies; and analysis of circadian behavioral rhythms using genetically altered mice.

Maternal ratings of overt and covert forms of aggression were collected for two samples of children ranging in age from 2 through 12 years. It was hypothesized that longitudinal analyses would show the slope scores for these two forms of aggression to be quite different from each other. The data were consistent with this hypothesis. An effort was made to find alternative explanations for the negative slope for overt antisocial behavior. Alternatively, it was hypothesized that the more extreme cases would not show this negative slope. It was also hypothesized that careful examination of intraindividual curves would identify a significant number of individuals growing from normal to clinical levels of overt antisocial behavior. The findings led to the rejection of both alternative hypotheses. It was hypothesized that overt and covert scores would correlate significantly for first grade boys. It was also assumed that both covert and overt scores would show moderate stability over the 5-year interval. The findings were consistent with both of these hypotheses. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–12, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) is the most widely used psychological theory of health- related behaviours but its applicability to non-Western, especially Asian, populations has not been systematically studied. The main objective of the current study was to examine the effects of components of the HBM and dispositional optimism on preventive intention in two separate samples of 220 Hong Kong Chinese adults and 340 Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Two HBM variables, benefits and barriers, were experimentally manipulated for an imaginary flu outbreak and a hypothetical vaccine. Optimism in the two samples was assessed using the Chinese revised Life Orientation Test (Lai et al., 1998). Participants indicated their intention to take the hypothetical vaccine after reading information for each of the treatment combinations defined by the two HBM variables. The order of the presentation of each of the six treatment conditions was counterbalanced. Results of ANOVA showed that the effects of the two HBM variables were similar in the two groups. Higher benefits and lower barriers were associated with stronger behavioural intention to take the vaccine. The two HBM variables interacted significantly in the adolescent but not the adult sample. Among the adolescents, the difference in intention scores between low and high barriers became larger when the benefits of taking the vaccine increased. In addition, optimism had significant effect on preventive intention only among the adolescents. These findings suggest that age may be an important factor moderating the effects of HBM components as well as optimism on preventive intention in Hong Kong Chinese. Implications of these findings to future research among Chinese were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exact quantification of research conducted by dietitians and tracking the effectiveness of interventions or training programs to increase either evidence‐based practice (EBP) or research behaviours have been hampered by the variety of tools used to measure these constructs. Methods: In this narrative review, we identified and classified the various tools previously used to measure constructs related to research and/or EBP in the dietetics profession, and to summarise estimates of the constructs measured. Results: We identified and classified 15 scored tools that had been used at least once in the dietetics profession and extracted tool parameter estimates from 22 resulting papers. We also identified six unscored tools and three qualitative studies. The most frequent constructs measured were attitudes and behaviours. Very few tools measured objective knowledge (skills). No objective measures of research outputs were identified. Several tools were closely related to one another. Conclusions: Even when tools were used across multiple papers, reporting method varied making comparisons difficult. This review should encourage future researchers to utilise existing tools when possible, and encourage the development or adaptation and testing of tools that fill identified gaps. The constructs measured by the tools identified may also provide a starting point for the development of educational interventions aiming to increase research or EBP skills among dietitians. Only by using consistent tools will the dietetics profession be able to track the progress in increasing research conduct and EBP implementation over time. Key points: In this narrative review, we identified 15 scored tools and nine unscored or qualitative tools for assessing research and/or evidence‐based practice knowledge and or conduct by dietitians. No tool was identified as a gold standard. Many tools measured overlapping constructs and/or had evolved over time. Few tools had objective measures of knowledge or behaviour. Researchers should strive to use consistent tools, and develop additional objective measures of these constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grooming is a commonly observed behavior in many animals. One function of grooming is to clean the body of debris and parasites. An additional function may be to homogenize chemical cues present on the body. This latter purpose is especially likely in species in which contact-based chemical communication occurs, such as in eusocial insects. In this study we address the context, sequence, frequency and duration of 683 acts of self-grooming performed by the paper wasp,Polistes dominulus. In general, individuals groomed heads after cell inspections, and abdomens after sitting, suggesting that grooming serves to remove debris from the body. Although no differences were observed in the total amount of time spent grooming, foundresses groomed significantly more often than did workers. Wasps were equally likely to groom thoraces or abdomens following heads, but were more likely to groom abdomens after thoraces and heads after abdomens. Interestingly, the appendages used to groom individual body parts were highly specific (e.g. the prothoracic legs were used for the head), thus indicating that grooming is not used to homogenize chemical cues across the body surface of the wasp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the impact of occupational therapy (OT) on the self‐management of function, pain, fatigue, and lived experience for people living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Five databases and gray literature were searched up to June 30, 2022. Three reviewers screened titles and abstracts, with two independently extracting and assessing full texts using the Cochrane risk of bias (quantitative) and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (qualitative) tools to assess study quality. Studies were categorized into four intervention types. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) (quantitative) and GRADE‐ Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (qualitative) were used to assess the quality of evidence for each intervention type. Results: Of 39 eligible papers, 29 were quantitative (n = 2,029), 4 qualitative (n = 50), and 6 mixed methods (n = 896). Good evidence supports patient education and behavior change programs for improving pain and function, particularly group sessions of joint protection education, but these do not translate to long‐term improvements for RA (>24 months). Comprehensive OT had mixed evidence (limited to home OT and an arthritis gloves program), whereas limited evidence was available for qualitative insights, splints and assistive devices, and self‐management for fatigue. Conclusion: Although patient education is promising for self‐managing RA, no strong evidence was found to support OT programs for self‐managing fatigue or patient experience and long‐term effectiveness. More research is required on lived experience, and the long‐term efficacy of self‐management approaches incorporating OT, particularly timing programs to meet the individual's conditional needs (i.e., early or established RA) to build on the few studies to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much to the liking of many geographers, I Forbes Magazine i 's contributor and professor in meteorology at the University of Georgia, J. Marshall Shepherd, wrote in early March 2020 an op-ed titled 'Why Geography is a key part of fighting the COVID-19 Coronavirus outbreak'. The aim of this special issue of I Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie i ( I TESG i ) is to present the initial investigations of geographers and socio-spatial scientists into the emerging spaces of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future papers on COVID-19 will also be added to a I Virtual Special Issue i , which will consist of all papers published in this issue together with new papers on the geography of the pandemic. [Extracted from the article]

With increasing attention to climate change and biodiversity loss, conservation social science research on land management practices is burgeoning. Researchers have broadened their focus from protected areas to diverse types of land management to support conservation and climate mitigation. But, developing effective strategies for these issues requires an in‐depth understanding of both the socio‐psychological factors that guide landholders' decision‐making and global trends in land management practices and literature. To assess the trends and status of land management behavior research, we systematically reviewed research published between 2010 and 2020 in five seminal conservation journals. Of 11,607 articles reviewed, we identified 100 articles about land management behavior. We assessed theoretical groundings, measurement methodology, land‐use terminology and practices, ecosystem type, and geographic distribution. We identified strengths and significant gaps and weaknesses across land management research. For example, 52% of articles made no meaningful connection to theory, only 14% of papers used observed behavioral data, 86% of studies uses non‐experimental methods and researchers disproportionately measured land management behavior in developed nations (66%). We also find that language used to describe land management behavior is very heterogeneous, making it difficult to summarize land management research using traditional systematic review methods. Conducting a limited systematic review can help summarize research and also identify trends across disciplines that might otherwise missed. Results from our limited systematic review can guide future research and support the development of evidence‐based policies to mitigate climate change and biodiversity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue comprises papers presented at the 7th International Entomophagous Insects Conference (IEIC7), in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2023. Entomophagous insects, which prey on or parasitize other insects, play a pivotal role in ecosystems and are widely utilized as biocontrol agents. This special issue includes two review articles and nine research papers covering diverse subjects such as ecology, physiology, behavior, genetics, chemical ecology, and biological control, which reflects the diversity of topics presented and discussed during the conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conservation Biology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inadequate knowledge regarding specific local and interactive behavior of slender high‐strength steel (HSS) hollow sections presents an obstacle in implementing these sections in the construction practice. The current approach in the standard is simplified and offers overly conservative results. Dealing with non‐standard cross‐sections only expands on these difficulties. This paper contributes to the on‐going RFCS project "HOLLOSSTAB", which has been dealing with the aforementioned issues. The project design proposal is based on the "Overall interaction concept" (OIC), and a new set of design rules for hollow sections is currently being developed. In this concept, linear buckling analysis (LBA) is used to obtain the slenderness of the member, and Geometrically and Materially Non‐linear Imperfection Analysis (GMNIA) is used to determine an "overall" buckling reduction factor. Extensive experimental tests are used to validate the method, by correlating the experimental results with numerical test results (GMNIA‐real) and statistically analyzing them. The focus of the tests in this paper is the use of high‐strength steel, ranging from S500 to S890, used for rectangular hollow‐sections and hexagonal‐hollow sections. The state‐of‐the‐art measuring tools available, offer the possibility of precise reverse‐engineering process, creating numerical models based on experimental test, which allows an accurate prediction of the ultimate load capacity of the specimens. Digital image correlation (DIC) allows a review of the buckling shape, comparing numerical model with real shape of tested specimen. The paper aims to validate the numerical models, as well as validity of assumptions on imperfection amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is Paper 1 in a 27‐paper series on the history of the development of the Woodward‐Hoffmann rules, also known as the Principle of Conservation of Orbital Symmetry. In addition to presenting an outline of this series, this manuscript provides a short overview of the chemical problem eventually solved by the Woodward‐Hoffmann rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Someone acts in a morally worthy way when they deserve credit for doing the morally right thing. But when and why do agents deserve credit for the success involved in doing the right thing? It is tempting to seek an answer to that question by drawing an analogy with creditworthy success in other domains of human agency, especially in sports, arts, and crafts. Accordingly, some authors have recently argued that, just like creditworthy success in, say, chess, playing the piano, or archery, creditworthy moral success is a matter of getting things right by way of manifesting a relevant skill. My main aim in this paper is to bring out an important structural difference between moral creditworthiness and creditworthiness in sports, arts, and craft, undermining attempts to use examples of the latter as a model for understanding the former. As an alternative, I propose an account of morally creditworthy action, according to which such action is a matter of manifesting virtue, not skill—a claim that's based on an important, but underappreciated, difference between the sorts of excellences constituting virtues and skills. The paper thus contributes to a more nuanced picture of normative achievements across different domains of human agency, highlighting largely overlooked structural dissimilarities among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of many interventions used by speech and language therapists (SLTs) is to change behaviours related to communication and interaction. Parent‐led language interventions for children in the early years (0–5 years) rely on SLTs supporting parents to change their behaviour in child‐focused interactions to effect a change in the child's communication. Therapeutic techniques used by SLTs in parent‐led language interventions are largely underspecified, impacting on intervention reporting, replication, trialling and development. The Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy Version 1 (BCTTv1) offers a method of describing intervention techniques developed for use in public health interventions, but with several examples of its application to speech and language interventions. Aims: To identify behaviour change techniques (BCTs) from the BCTTv1 occurring in parent‐led language interventions for children in the early years. Methods & Procedures: A literature search identified relevant descriptions of parent‐led language interventions. These were coded using the BCTTv1. A reliability check was carried out on 10% of the descriptions. To confirm the use of identified BCTs in clinical practice, results of the literature search were triangulated with an online survey of SLTs, and observations of SLTs delivering parent‐led language intervention. Outcomes & Results: A total of 84 papers containing descriptions of 45 interventions were coded; 62 SLTs responded to the survey and three SLTs were observed delivering parent‐led language intervention. A total of 24 BCTs were identified in the literature search, replicated in the observations and verified by SLTs in the survey. BCTs were identified at two levels: Level 1 SLT implemented to change parent interactive behaviour; and Level 2 parent implemented to change child communicative behaviour. Conclusions & Implications: The BCTTv1 is a useful starting place for describing parent‐led language interventions. With some additions and adjustments, BCTs identified in this study were immediately recognized by practitioners and can easily be adopted into practice. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: Techniques used in SLT interventions are often not clearly described. The BCTTv1 has been used to clarify technique descriptions with success in a small number of SLT disciplines, but not yet in parent‐led language interventions for preschoola children. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: This paper constitutes the first research into quantifying the techniques used in parent‐led language interventions using the BCTTv1. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: This paper provides a clear list of techniques used by SLTs implementing interventions for preschool children, which can be immediately adopted and used in practice. It also highlights potential adjustments and gaps in the BCTTv1 in relation to SLT which can contribute to future iterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important cause of stunting is limited consumption of complementary foods, in terms of both quantities and nutrients. Although existing studies show a positive association between fathers' engagement and children's diet, programmes designed to improve complementary feeding practices often only target mothers. In response to this, maternal behaviour change communication (BCC), paternal BCC and food voucher programmes were designed and implemented in Ethiopia using a clustered randomized controlled trial design. The paternal BCC programme included gender‐equal messages to increase fathers' participation in childcare, household labour and decision making. The research reported in this paper is an examination of the BCC programmes, characterizing the behavioural, normative and control beliefs of both mothers and fathers in BCC households compared to those in control households. In this study, a total of 40 participants were included, with 13 mother–father pairs in the BCC + food voucher group, and seven pairs in the control group. Each participant was interviewed separately. We found that BCC mothers showed more gender‐equal tendencies than the control mothers despite being more rural in location. By contrast, the beliefs of BCC and control fathers were similar overall, suggesting men are more resistant to gender‐equal BCC. More work is needed to develop and test effective methods for changing fathers' beliefs and practices. Key messages: Mothers in behaviour change communication (BCC) group mothers held more gender‐equal beliefs than control mothers, while BCC and control fathers shared similar views, suggesting a male resistance to gender equality.Mothers found fathers' involvement in childcare socially acceptable but often perceived them as inexperienced, which limited their participation.Control mothers' traditional view on household chores maintained the conventional labour division, influencing fathers' involvement.Fathers typically resisted maternal control of resources; however, they agreed that the more knowledgeable should lead decision‐making. BCC mothers showed greater confidence in making household decisions as effectively as fathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychologist Clifford Scott compares psychoanalysis and analytical psychology in relation to the detailed behaviour of analysts. This is essential because behaviour determines, to a large extent, both the data produced and the field of study in which analysts are engaged. Among the changes in behaviour is one not sufficiently appreciated in his paper. A good many analytical psychologists have found out that there are advantages to be gained by using the couch, and, while not making it conditional for analysis to take place, they use it more often than the chair. Again, though it still is current practice to `ask patients to concentrate on an image and see what happens', or, for that matter, to concentrate on dreams by writing them down and reporting them in the session, a growing number of analytical psychologists follow a practice nearer to the one Scott indicates as characteristic of psychoanalysis: they do this because the dialectic between them and their patients is furthered and made more alive.

This paper presents a description and the analysis of a fire test on a cellular beam made from grade 1.4301 stainless steel. Cellular beams are increasingly popular in the construction as they provide a structurally and materially efficient design solution as well as allowing the passage of services. In addition, stainless steel is also increasing in popularity for structural applications owing to its inherent durability and ductility, as well as other attractive properties such as structural efficiency and low maintenance requirements. However, the behaviour of stainless steel cellular beams in fire has received little attention from the research community until recently. In the current paper, a description is presented of an experimental investigation into the fire behaviour of grade 1.4301 stainless steel cellular beams. The experimental arrangements are described together with the details of the specimen. The test occurred at the fire testing laboratory at Tampere University, Finland. For the member test, the beam spanned 4,3 m, with an overall depth of 290 mm and 200 mm diameter openings along the span. It was found that the unprotected beam lasted for 29 minutes during the test, after being exposed to a standard fire, and the experiment was eventually stopped due to excessive rate of deflection. The test specimen has been analysed using available design methods and the results are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that there is a requirement to connect project management (PM) with innovation and sustainability to address new societal needs. Societal demands have facilitated further complexity and uncertainty within the PM discipline and have led to both theoretical and practical evolutions. Key evolutions are identified, which suggests that PM is becoming more holistic and interdisciplinary in nature so it can successfully deal with this complexity and uncertainty. Furthermore, holistic thinking naturally connects with systemic thinking, which justifies the selection of system dynamics (SD) to support PM decision‐making. An extensive critical review of SD modelling with respect to identified evolutions within the PM discipline is undertaken. The contribution of this paper connects innovation and sustainability to the PM discipline by the initial development of a causal loop diagram (CLD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat risks, such as those associated with heatwaves, are increasing in frequency, severity, and duration due to climate change. The ways in which people around the globe perceive and respond to heat risks are now of great importance to reduce a range of negative health outcomes. A growing body of literature aims to assess the factors that influence people's behaviors in relation to heat risks. This research can inform better interventions, such as improved communications approaches, that attempt to facilitate adaptive behavioral responses to such risks. This review focuses on how insights from behavioral and attitudinal studies about heat risk responses can inform communication approaches. These insights are organized into three key themes: (1) Behaviors—What types of actions can be taken by people, and what evidence is there for adaptive behavior? (2) Antecedents—Which individual and contextual factors can influence people's behaviors? (3) Communications—How can existing insights be better integrated into interventions? Aspects of communication, including the role of message characteristics, messenger, and imagery, are discussed, with examples of messages and narratives that target influential antecedents of adaptive responses to heat risks. The paper makes three important contributions. First, it organizes literature on the antecedents and behavioral responses to heat risk; second, it provides a typology of the range of heat risk behaviors; and, third, it discusses how antecedents can be integrated into communication interventions. The review concludes with a proposed agenda for research, highlighting the need for substantial testing and evaluation of heat risk communication, applying insights from the literature. This article is categorized under:Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > CommunicationPerceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Behavior Change and Responses [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melamine‐formaldehyde resins are widely used for decorative paper impregnation. Resin properties relevant for impregnation are mainly determined already at the stage of resin synthesis by the applied reaction conditions. Thus, understanding the relationship between reaction conditions and technological properties is important. Response surface methodology based on orthogonal parameter level variations is the most suitable tool to identify and quantify factor effects and deduce causal correlation patterns. Here, two major process factors of MF resin synthesis were systematically varied using such a statistical experimental design. To arrive at resins having a broad range of technological properties, initial pH and M:F ratio were varied in a wide range (pH: 7.9–12.1; M:F ratio: 1:1.5–1:4.5). The impregnation behavior of the resins was modeled using viscosity, penetration rate and residual curing capacity as technological responses. Based on the response surface models, nonlinear and synergistic action of process factors was quantified and a suitable process window for preparing resins with favorable impregnation performance was defined. It was found that low M:F ratios (~1:2–1:2.5) and comparatively high starting pHs (~pH 11) yield impregnation resins with rapid impregnation behavior and good residual curing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two main goals. The first is to defend a particular account of answerability according to which a person is (morally or criminally) answerable for their conduct if it is (morally or criminally) wrongful under the same description under which it is imputable to their agency. Negating defences in law aim to defeat criminal answerability by negating some element of the charged offence while their moral analogues aim to defeat moral answerability by defeating the aptness of the description under which an action is imputed. In contrast, affirmative defences and their moral analogues aim to defeat the move from answerability to liability to sanction by offering an exculpatory explanation for the wrongful conduct. The second goal of this paper is to argue that there are important differences between the way that ignorance functions in negating defences and their moral analogues and affirmative defences and their moral analogues. Specifically, when ignorance functions to defeat answerability, it need only be sincere, but it is typically limited to matters of fact, whereas both moral and non‐moral ignorance can excuse one from liability but only if non‐culpable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: Positive behaviour support is used by staff to help people with different disabilities, but we do not know what helps staff to keep using positive behaviour support.We looked at all the reports that people have written about using positive behaviour support to find out what helps staff to keep using it.We used a special way of putting everything together and found groups of important things to do with positive behaviour support, the people who use it, and things happening around them. These things can help staff use positive behaviour support better and for longer. Background: It is necessary to understand which variables successfully contribute to the adoption of positive behaviour support (PBS) in disability services if people with disability are to experience meaningful outcomes. Methods: A systematic review of the disability support literature was undertaken, and meta‐aggregation was used to synthesise the findings. The study applies ENTREQ statement criteria, and diffusion of innovations theory was used to analyse and interpret the results. Results: Twenty‐seven papers were included in the analysis, from which over 300 findings were extracted. Forty‐one aggregated findings generated a final set of 26 principles which informed the development of a conceptual framework for the adoption of PBS in disability services. Conclusion: The conceptual framework and supporting principles will assist those interested in introducing PBS into disability services for successful adoption and are applicable to researchers, managers, and practitioners alike. Recommendations are made to expand research on the application of PBS in specific disability contexts and to broaden the application of PBS beyond challenging behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Definitions of recovery from an eating disorder (ED) have generally been formulated around clinical conceptualisations, rather than based on the views of patients. This paper therefore asked those with lived experience of ED for their own definitions of recovery. Method: Data were collected as part of an online study looking at EDs, autism and relationships. About 173 participants identified as recovered from ED and gave free‐response definitions of recovery. Responses were subject to thematic analysis. Results: Seven major themes were identified: Weight restoration, lack of ED behaviours, thoughts and behaviours, cognitions, emotional responses, getting on with life, and ongoing challenges. Conclusions: Many definitions of recovery given by those who have lived experience of ED echoed those used by clinicians and researchers. There were also points of divergence around the ongoing challenges of recovery. Our findings highlight the need for continuing support post‐weight restoration to facilitate the successful long‐term recovery for those with ED. Key points: Definitions of recovery from ED have traditionally relied on clinical, rather than patient, priorities.Both autistic and non‐autistic people with a history of ED reported similar definitions of recovery, including weight restoration, lack of ED behaviours and cognitions, improved emotional responses around food and weight, the ability to get on with life, and the fact that they had ongoing challenges.The paper highlights that patients often think about recovery in ways which map on to clinical definitions, with some additional factors which could be utilised to support patients in this phase of illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The context of this paper is family situations where young people are experiencing significant behavioural and emotional problems. Based on a qualitative study, it offers an empirical and theoretical contribution to the understanding of family‐related factors that promote or hinder behaviour change. Data were collected through face‐to‐face, semi‐structured group interviews with nine families (28 participants), all of them mandatory recipients of child welfare services in Croatia. Thematic analysis comprised primary coding designed to elicit information about individual family members' capacity for change and secondary coding of family‐level phenomena. The results indicated 10 phenomena that were judged to represent factors that helped or hindered change. The discussion section suggests three broad categories of capacity to change at family level (Goals and Priorities; Problem solving dynamics; and Development of role relationship). This analysis is offered as the basis for an examination of the concept of family capacity for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysphagia affects over half of adults after stroke. Dysphagia rehabilitation aims to improve swallowing and reduce negative outcomes for these adults. However, significant variability exists in dysphagia rehabilitation. Research is needed to explore the underlying clinician‐specific and workplace factors that contribute to variability in dysphagia rehabilitation after stroke. Aim: To explore factors influencing speech pathology practice in dysphagia rehabilitation after stroke. Methods & Procedures: We used a phenomenological approach with an interpretivist perspective. Twenty speech pathologists working in dysphagia rehabilitation participated from different workplace settings around Australia. Five semi‐structured focus groups were conducted online. Data were inductively analysed using thematic analysis with a coding reliability method. Outcomes & Results: Four themes were discussed within focus groups: (1) relationship between experienced and less experienced clinicians: 'Following what other people have done', (2) need for collaborative learning: 'A safe space to share and train', (3) variation between settings impacts on continuity of care: 'There's a difference between community and acute', and (4) working effectively with multidisciplinary teams (MDT): 'An MDT which can listen to the voice of speech pathology'. Conclusions & Implications: Relationships between senior and junior speech pathologists, within speech pathology and MDT, and across inpatient and community settings influenced speech pathology practice. Flattened hierarchies in speech pathology, collaborative learning in workplaces, mutual respect within teams and connection across inpatient and community settings could improve the quality and consistency of dysphagia rehabilitation after stroke. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: Dysphagia rehabilitation can improve swallowing after a stroke. However, dysphagia rehabilitation is characterised by variability in clinical practice. Clinician‐specific and workplace factors influence clinical practice and may contribute to variability in dysphagia rehabilitation. What this study adds: Professional relationships influence speech pathologists' clinical practice, including relationships between senior and junior clinicians, between inpatient and community settings and with peers and multidisciplinary teams. Workplace norms and hierarchies, poor continuity of care between settings and competing priorities from other disciplines can hinder dysphagia rehabilitation. However, collaborative learning, positive workplace cultures and respectful transdisciplinary care can improve the quality and consistency of clinical practice. What are the clinical implications of this work?: Flattening hierarchies in the workplace can foster a safe learning space. Further, questioning workplace norms and seeking out peer learning within and across settings can build clinical skills and confidence. Developing positive workplace cultures that support continuous development may be key for empowering speech pathologists to provide high‐quality and consistent dysphagia rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile Health (m‐health) technologies, such as wearables, apps, and smartwatches, are increasingly viewed as tools for improving health and well‐being. In particular, such technologies are conceptualized as means for laypersons to master their own health, by becoming "engaged" and "empowered" "managers" of their bodies and minds. One notion that is especially prevalent in the discussions around m‐health technology is that of empowerment. In this paper, I analyze the notion of empowerment at play in the m‐health arena, identifying five elements that are required for empowerment. These are (1) knowledge, (2) control, (3) responsibility, (4) the availability of good choices, and (5) healthy desires. I argue that at least sometimes, these features are not present in the use of these technologies. I then argue that instead of empowerment, it is plausible that m‐health technology merely facilitates a feeling of empowerment. I suggest this may be problematic, as it risks placing the burden of health and behavior change solely on the shoulders of individuals who may not be in a position to affect such change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the many advantages of flipped learning, it is challenging for educators to ensure that students complete the pre‐class learning assignments before the in‐class session. Objectives: Using a learning analytics approach, this study analysed students' pre‐class video‐watching behaviour in flipped learning with a focus on learners' resource management strategies, procrastination, and repeated video‐watching. Methods: For the empirical study, three types of data (i.e., log data, survey and exam) were obtained from 70 undergraduate students who were enrolled in pre‐service teacher program designed in a flipped classroom including pre‐class videos and in‐class session. Results and conclusions: The findings showed significant differences between the non‐procrastination group and procrastination group in their video watching time and resource management strategies. Those who watched the pre‐class videos at home/dorm greatly outnumbered those who did not, and they performed better than students who watched the pre‐class videos in other locations. What are the major takeaways from the study?: This finding highlights the importance of resource management strategies in terms of the time and study environment to promote success in flipped learning courses. However, the number of times students accessed the pre‐class videos or watched the videos before class was not correlated with learning achievement. The reason for re‐watching pre‐class videos is a suggested future direction so instructors can design effective flipped learning courses. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Flipped learning is a type of blended learning that combines two teaching and learning modes: face‐to‐face learning and online learning. The effectiveness of flipped learning has also been demonstrated in many empirical studies and meta‐analyses.Despite the many advantages of flipped learning, it is challenging to ensure that students complete the pre‐class materials before class.Data‐driven decisions based on the learning analytics approach can help instructors revise the in‐class activities more adoptively and individual learners can be more engaged in flipped learning. What this paper adds?: Using a learning analytics approach, this study analysed students' pre‐class video‐watching behaviour in flipped learning with a focus on learners' resource management strategies, procrastination, and repeated video‐watching.We also examined the correlations among pre‐class video‐watching behaviour variables and learning achievement.This study highlights the following: (1) The no‐procrastination group had better resource management strategies than the procrastination group; (2) students who watched pre‐class videos at home outperformed those who watched them in other locations: (3) the number of times students accessed pre‐class videos was not correlated with learning achievement; and (4) whether or not students watched pre‐class videos prior to the in‐class sessions was not correlated with learning achievement. Implications for practise and/or policy: Although flipped learning gives students considerable autonomy in terms of when and where to watch pre‐class videos at their convenience, it is necessary to help students develop resource management strategies by providing role models, best practises, and statistics in previous flipped learning classes.Research findings suggest that instructors should provide guidelines and learning strategies on how to review or repeat the pre‐class videos to improve the quality of learning.To encourage students to repeat the videos, the pre‐class videos should be short and concise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of the Journal of Consumer Behaviour aims to contribute to the knowledge of the drivers of environmentally sustainable behaviour and the characteristics of green consumers. It consists of eight papers that represent a range of topics related to consumer behaviour and environmental sustainability. The special issue has several implications. First, environmentally sustainable behaviour is influenced by multiple motives and determinants, which include internal, social, situational and demographic factors. Second, the impact of such factors tends to vary across national and consumer context. Third, integrative and comprehensive models including mediators and/or moderators could be used to better understand the mechanism through which the various factors affect pro‐environmental behaviour. Fourth, green marketing initiatives (e.g., sustainable products, green advertising) could be used to promote consumer's pro‐environmental beliefs and behaviours. Finally, interventions aimed at influencing habit and promoting environmentally sustainable behaviour should be tailored to different target groups such as those with different personality dispositions, environmental concerns and levels of engagement in environmental practices at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically uses a street‐level bureaucrat (SLB) lens to compare the impact of personal and organisational support on the innovative behaviour of frontline healthcare workers in Australia and the United States. Survey data came from the 260 U.S. and 220 Australian respondents. The structural equation model shows that organisational (i.e. manager–subordinate relationships) and personal supports (i.e. psychological capital [PsyCap]) significantly influence the innovative behaviour of frontline SLBs in health care. Further, the mediation results show that reciprocal social exchanges provide the foundations for facilitating the growth of healthcare workers' PsyCap, which then gives them the resilience to be innovative in the workplace. The U.S. respondents perceived stronger organisational support and consequently had a better platform for building PsyCap – providing better work conditions for facilitating innovative behaviour to bourgeon. The paper adds to SLB theory concerning the influence of two variables on SLBs' innovative behaviour, in addition to a meaningful comparison of the U.S. and Australian healthcare workers. If governments and organisations want innovative workers, then the policies must be based on empirical evidence that shows the impact on all stakeholders, including SLBs, because otherwise, irrespective of policy directives, the outcome is low levels of employee wellbeing (which likely results in limited innovative activity). This paper shows that healthcare SLBs in the USA are more innovative than those in Australia. The factors facilitating innovative behaviour include (a) high quality relationship with supervisors, which in turn facilitates (2) the development of high Psychological Capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists have long been interested in why farmers decide to adopt new technologies. Modeling decision making requires modeling behavior; the key behavioral assumption is profit maximization. In addition, most empirical studies assume a binary decision—adopt or not. This paper argues that adoption should be understood as a process with multiple stages in which the final decision to use the new technology only occurs if the previous stages are completed. While profit considerations are clearly important, particularly in the later stages of the process, they need to be supplemented with other social and cognitive considerations, particularly in the early stages. Understood this way, profit maximization assumptions can provide predictions for the upper or lower bounds of adoption. The adoption rate suggested by profit maximization will be an upper bound if noneconomic factors are expected to either slow down or deter adoption, while that rate will be a lower bound if noneconomic factors are expected to encourage adoption. To capture these elements, econometric models need to pay attention to the timing of decisions and use techniques that condition later‐stage decisions on previous stage outcomes. In addition, the paper suggests the use of expert systems that have economic, learning and social aspects explicitly built into them would be valuable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behavior of steel stud connectors in steel composite joints with precast hollowcore slabs in resisting the static bending moment. An experimental program including 5 flexural tests was carried out, and the failure modes of the studs, as well as the shear capacity of stud connectors are investigated. Their contribution to the overall joint moment capacity were studied in depth. The pertinent design recommendation in shear stud design for enhance the moment capacity of the composite joints are also proposed. The testing results and design recommendations presented in this paper can provide basic for future design of composite joints using shear stud connectors with precast slabs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of electric current through the conductor has a far‐reaching effect on its corrosion behavior. In this paper, the effect of current on the corrosion behavior of Cu is investigated. The accelerated corrosion test of Cu with various external currents from 1 A to 5 A are carried out in 5% NaCl neutral salt spray environment. The results show that the samples with external current exhibit a faster corrosion rate than those without current. The corrosion kinetics and underlying mechanism are also discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested empirically the citation behavior model of Moravcsik and Murugesan and examined the hypothesized relationships between three variables: re- ported citation type, reported utility level, and citation location. A group of elite scientists constituting an "invisible college" were asked to classify the references they had made in two of their recent papers following the model in question, and to judge the utility content of each reference cited. The response rate constituted 66% of a total of 42 questionnaires. A total of 344 references were examined. Some departures from the Moravcsik and Murugesan citation behavior model were found, as well as indications of complexities of both citation motivation and citation evaluation. Many citations were paired in categories presumed dichotomous by the model: 29 instances of cited documents were reported to have both a conceptual and an operational nature. Indeed, a document may contain many items of information that may be cited for a number of reasons. It is concluded that studies focusing on elements of information cited (coupled to their location parameters) as opposed to full citations, are needed to develop empirically based models reflecting the patterns of information use and the citation behavior of a scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent authors hold that the role of historical scholarship within contemporary philosophical practice is to question current assumptions, to expose vestiges or to calibrate intuitions. On these views, historical scholarship is dispensable, since these roles can be achieved by nonhistorical methods. And the value of historical scholarship is contingent, since the need for the role depends on the presence of questionable assumptions, vestiges or comparable intuitions. In this paper I draw an analogy between scientific and philosophical practice, in order to float one role for historical scholarship that is nonreplicable and noncontingent. It has long been acknowledged that cognitive values – features of theories that facilitate understanding, such as ontological parsimony, ideological simplicity, computational ease and fecundity – play a key role within science. The role of some of these values within philosophy also has received attention but left understudied are the values of novelty and conservativeness. These values influence theory choice, the selection of methodology, the setting of research agenda, and the presentation of results; and are best assessed with a historically informed evaluation. This role for historical scholarship is not replicable by nonhistorical methods, and is not contingent on the presence of questionable assumptions, vestiges or comparable intuitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are rules? In this paper I develop a view of regulative rules which takes them to be a distinctive normative kind occupying a middle ground between orders and normative truths. The paradigmatic cases of regulative rules that I'm interested in are social rules like rules of etiquette and legal rules like traffic rules. On the view I'll propose, a rule is a general normative content that is in force due to human activity: enactment by an authority or acceptance by a community. Rules are unlike orders in being not necessarily communicative, not an expression's of the giver's will, not evaluable for sincerity, and in that they have propositional content. And they're unlike normative truths in that they're themselves not even truth‐evaluable (though their contents are). This is because rules qua things that are in force are not like constatives which have a mind to world direction of fit, but more like performatives. Furthermore, they differ from normative truths in that their normativity is isolated from their background justification and is therefore not dependent on contributory notions like reasons coming together in a weighing explanation. As such, they occupy a middle ground between orders and normative truths, much like in H. L. A. Hart's opinion law occupies a middle ground between "coercion" and "morality" (Hart 1961/1994). I also illustrate the virtues of this understanding of rules by showing how proper appreciation of how they differ from normative truths helps us defuse a common objection to Hart's practice theory of rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination is vital in combating infectious diseases, including COVID‐19. Nevertheless, vaccine hesitancy poses a substantial obstacle to achieving high vaccination rates. This study investigated the determinants of vaccine hesitancy using behavioral change theories and proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework to address this challenge.The paper conducted a review of several behavior change theories relevant to understanding vaccine hesitancy. The health belief model (HBM) highlighted the importance of individuals' perceptions of the effectiveness of health behaviors and their perceived susceptibility to illness. The social cognitive model (SCT) underscored the role of personal experiences, environmental factors, and social support in shaping health behaviors. The theory of reasoned action and planned behavior (TRA) suggested that attitudes and subjective norms are crucial in determining behavioral intentions. The transtheoretical model (TTM) outlined stages of behavior change, while the socio–ecological model (SEM) considered factors at individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Comprehending vaccine hesitancy is essential for developing effective strategies to promote vaccine acceptance. This study, which examined vaccine hesitancy through various behavior change theories, sought to shed light on the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy among Filipinos. The resulting conceptual framework offers guidance for future interventions aimed at addressing vaccine hesitancy and ultimately improving vaccination rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the impacts of cumulative lead exposure on the short‐run discipline and academic achievement of elementary school students. An exogenous, heterogeneous shock of lead‐in‐water levels within classrooms at Flint Community Schools provides the treatment variation used to focus on the understudied, short‐run effects of lead on older children. At the mean level of classroom lead exposure disciplinary actions increased by 8 actions per grade within each school, and the share of students proficient in both math and reading declined. These results may help explain observed disparities in both behavior and academic achievement for underprivileged groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The growth of teaching practices conducted to promote cognitive activation and active participation in the classroom in recent years has become the epicentre of an active debate regarding their effectiveness. Objectives: This study is aimed to shed some light on this topic by empirically analysing the causes and consequences of more modern strategies in Spanish secondary schools. Methods: The database used in the study was PISA 2018. In order to analyse the causes behind the teaching style followed by teachers, a logit model was used. Likewise, to analyze the consequences that a modern teaching style has on students at the age of 15, we used propensity score analysis techniques. Results and Conclusions: Regarding the results obtained through a logit model, it is shown that the likelihood of a modern teaching style decreases if teachers work for a state school or if they usually apply traditional strategies. Similarly, this series of practices are shown to be more common in schools where teachers and students make greater use of digital devices. The second section of results, focused on analysing the effect this type of teaching strategies has on cognitive, non‐cognitive and wellbeing among students, show that, on the one hand, modern teaching style negatively affects students' performance in mathematics, science or language. On the other hand, modern teaching style has been shown to contribute to improving the students' well‐being, motivation and cooperation, only being significant the latter. Moreover, this teaching style contributes to reducing bullying among students. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Modern teaching style is gaining increased popularity.Teaching style is determined by students characteristics, performance and characteristics of the teacher and the class in general.There is not an agreed‐upon hypothesis on the impact of a modern teaching style on the academic results obtained by students. What this paper adds: This study analyses empirically the factors that explain modern teaching practices at secondary schools.Modern teaching practices are negative associated with more traditional practices, being more common this style between teachers that work at private school or use more digital services, among others.Reports the first analysis, taking into account teacher and students responses about teacher style, on the effects of modern teaching practice on cognitive, non‐cognitive and wellbeing among students. Implications for practice and/or policy: Knowing the factors behind the teaching style followed by teachers can be useful in trying to adapt teaching strategies to the needs of students.Modern teaching style can be good ally to promote collaborative practices among students.Modern teaching style should be complemented with traditional practices, like summaries previous class or advice students to achieve goals, which the literature has demonstrated to be effective to improve mathematics or reading competences.Teaching style adopted by the teachers can be decisive in improving the educational system as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a transcript of the dialogue between Carlo Rovelli and Mike Jackson after Rovelli's delivery of the 2021 Annual Mike Jackson Lecture, hosted by the Centre for Systems Studies at the University of Hull. The dialogue covers a range of topics, including how Rovelli developed a sense of curiosity in his youth; the connection between his interests in science and politics; the pathology of disciplinary divisions in academia; the value of Bogdanov's transdisciplinarity; Rovelli's theory of quantum gravity; the notions of granularity, indeterminism and relationality underpinning quantum mechanics; the role of the observer; mistaken uses of quantum mechanics; relational and network views of the world; how the discipline of Physics is becoming more systemic; the concept of levels of analysis in relation to nature and human inquiry; and the future for humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: van Lonkhuijzen L, Dijkman A, van Roosmalen J, Zeeman G, Scherpbier A. A systematic review of the effectiveness of training in emergency obstetric care in low-resource environments. BJOG 2010;117:777–787. Background Training of healthcare workers can play an important role in improving quality of care, and reducing maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of training programmes aimed at improving emergency obstetric care in low-resource environments. Search strategy We searched Pubmed, Embase, Popline and selected websites, and manually searched bibliographies of selected articles. Language was not an exclusion criterion. Selection criteria All papers describing postgraduate training programmes aimed at improving emergency obstetric care in low-resource environments were included. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently extracted the data and classified these according to the level of the measured effects (reaction of participants, improved knowledge and skills, changes in behaviour and outcomes in practice). Any disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third author until agreement was reached. Main results A total of 38 papers were selected. Training programmes vary considerably in length, content and design. The evaluation of effects is often hampered by inadequate study design and the use of non-validated measuring instruments. Most papers describe positive reactions, increased knowledge and skills, and improved behaviour after training. Outcome is assessed less frequently, and positive effects are not always demonstrated. Measures that can contribute to a positive effect of training programmes include hands-on practise, team approaches and follow-up on training efforts. Author’s conclusions Training programmes may improve quality of care, but strong evidence is lacking. Policymakers need to include evaluation and reporting of effects in project budgets for new training programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of physical and chemical factors on transport and use of substrate for Atta sexdens rubropilosa workers. Three types of rectangular fragments were used to study the physical influence factors: filter paper with paraffin, filter paper without paraffin and polyester film. To study the chemical factors, some fragments were impregnated with organic extract of orange albedo, others were soaked with soybean oil and for the remaining ones nothing was applied. The following parameters were evaluated: (i) attractiveness of substrate for transport and number of loading workers per treatment; (ii) foraged material incorporation; (iii) rejection by numbers of fragments deposited in the garbage or beside the fungus garden. All the polyester film fragments carried out to the fungus garden were subsequently rejected. We verified that chemical factors of the substrate were more quickly detected by the workers, whereas physical factors were used as a criterion in the decision-making to reject or accept the substrate collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I have spent over 40 years studying the behavior of our closest living relatives, the apes. In this paper, I review my research on the spacing, mating, and vocal behavior of gibbons and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and the vocal and social behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). I devote special attention to results derived from a 25‐year‐long study of a remarkable and extraordinarily large group of chimpanzees that has recently fissioned at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. I conclude with some advice for the next generation of field primatologists. Research Highlights: I review the results of my field research on gibbons, orangutans, and chimpanzees.My findings provide insights into the spacing, mating, and vocal behavior of gibbons and orangutans and the vocal and social behavior of chimpanzees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1948, Skinner described the behavior of pigeons under response‐independent schedules as "superstitious," and proposed that the responses were reinforced by contiguous, adventitious food deliveries. Subsequently, response‐independent schedules have been of interest to both basic and applied researchers, first to understand the mechanisms involved, and later, as "noncontingent reinforcement" (NCR) to reduce undesirable behavior. However, the potential superstitious effects produced by these schedules have been challenged, with some researchers arguing that antecedent variables play a significant role. This paper examines the evidence for adventitious reinforcement from both laboratory and applied research, the results of which suggest that antecedent, nonoperant functions may be important in fully understanding the effects of NCR. We propose an applied‐basic research synthesis, in which attention to potential nonoperant functions could provide a more complete understanding of response‐independent schedules. We conclude with a summary of the applied implications of the nonoperant functions of NCR schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals often need to be proactive in order to successfully navigate their career development journeys. To what extent one is vocationally proactive has critical implications for his or her attitudes, behaviors, and other outcomes in career and work‐related settings. However, research in career proactivity has been accumulating from divergent perspectives, resulting in a substantially fragmented literature that has not been comprehensively, objectively synthesized to guide the field to move forward. To advance the domain of career proactivity, this paper synthesizes theoretical and empirical literatures using two major bibliometric analyses. We first analyze the intellectual basis of the career proactivity literature by performing document citation analysis. We then review the developmental trends of main conceptual themes in career proactivity literature using a temporal co‐word analysis. Informed by these bibliometric findings, we propose a roadmap for future research highlighting the need to clear up concepts, account for context, develop new meso‐level theories, and bridge the domains of organizational behavior and vocational development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perhaps the most popular definition of psychology is the science of mind and behavior. However, the interrelation between mind and behavior is one of continuing controversy. The present paper examines this enduring issue from the perspectives of George J. Romanes, an early comparative psychologist, Edwin G. Boring, an influential experimental psychologist, and Howard Rachlin, an estimable recent behaviorist. Their respective positions shed considerable light on both the theory and practice of behavioral psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Morbidity and mortality due to nonprescription use of opioids has been well documented following the significant increase in the availability of prescription opioids in the early 2000s. The aim of this paper is to explore community beliefs about correlates of opioid risk, protective factors, and behavioral functions of opioid misuse among American Indian youth and young adults living on or near a reservation. Methods: Qualitative in‐depth interviews were conducted with N = 18 youth and young adults who were enrolled in a parent research trial focused on American Indian youth suicide prevention. Participants were eligible if they endorsed the use of opioids themselves or by close friends or family members at any point during their trial participation. Findings: Major themes discussed include: (1) description of opioid use and those who use opioids; (2) acquisition; (3) initiation; (4) motivation to continue using; (5) consequences; and (6) possibilities for intervention. Family played an important role in the initiation of use, but was also highlighted as an important factor in treatment and recovery. A need for upstream prevention methods, including increased employment and after‐school activities, was described. Conclusions: The insights gained through this work could help to inform treatment and prevention programs in the community. This work is timely due to the pressing urgency of the opioid epidemic nationally, and community capacity to address opioid use locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]