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Given this indissoluble jumble of definitions in Jung - which continues to this day in analytical psychology - I suggested in the Report that Jung's theory of archetypes should not be considered as a coherent theory, but as at least four different theories, which are confounded with each other in Jung's works. This leads me to suspect that Goodwyn equates archetype with instinct, which, as I have shown above, is a partial aspect of Jung's archetype theory but which is incompatible with other aspects of the same theory. In addition, it is still completely unclear which elements a catalogue of archetypes would contain - according to Jung's own statement, the number of archetypes is even unlimited (Jung [17], para. Jung however makes clear that archetypes arise without any influence from environment, experience etc. (Jung [18], paras. [Extracted from the article]

Nanostructured composites built with microporous cellulose fibers and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have potential impacts in the fields of energy storage, sensors, and flexible electronics. Few results have been shown for high mechanoelectrical sensitivity of CNT‐paper composite because of numerous current paths in the network. Here, CNT‐paper‐based nanostructured composite sensors whose sensitivities are generated by controlled tensile fracture of the composite are presented. Under uniaxial load, the cellulose fibers in the paper experience straightening, stiffening, and fracture. The cellulose fibers originally parallel to the tension are fractured while those inclined and perpendicular to the tension are reorganized to form crossbar junctions in the vicinity of a crack. The cross junctions exhibit resistive and capacitive sensitivity to the out‐of‐plane force by the compression of the junctions. Such piezoresistive and piezocapacitive sensitivities are characterized and evaluated for human behavior monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally males have been regarded as the more aggressive sex. However, recent research in several countries has challenged this notion by considering different forms of aggression. This paper provides an overview of a qualitative investigation of teenage girls' indirect forms of aggression (e.g., exclusion from the group, spreading false stories). Focus groups and pair and individual interviews were used to collect data from adolescent girls and their teachers in two schools. The study provides some clear insights into the nature of teenage girls' indirect aggression. The predominant indirectly aggressive behaviors include talking about others and excluding peers from the group. Key explanations for these behaviors concern a desire to create excitement and a range of friendship and group processes centered on girls' needs for close personal relationships and to be a part of the peer group. The girls described the devastating effects of indirect aggression, particularly on girls with certain characteristics that predispose them to victimization. The girls were pessimistic about the potential of interventions, although peer mediation processes may be a way forward. Aggr. Behav. 26:67–83, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on medical topics related to ophthalmology which include the functional imaging of a human visual cortex, prevention of fall injury among older people with visual impairment and revelation of cortical processes through human behaviour.

The article presents abstracts on topics related to developmental medicine and child neurology including the importance of cross-syndrome comparisons, development of executive functions during early childhood and the effects of early institutionalisation on brain and behavioural development.

Both the immature and disorganized behaviour of the premature infant and the psychosocial or socioeconomic factors which adversely affect a mother's responsiveness to her premature infant can jeopardize the mother-infant relationship. At three months after infant hospital discharge, the interactions of 50 premature infants (≤ 32 weeks) and their mothers were videotaped and coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale. The relationship between data derived from the feeding interaction and maternal psychosocial and infant perinatal variables collected at one month after birth and at three months after discharge from hospital were examined. Results showed that the mothers’ use of coping strategies both in hospital and at home were important factors in explaining mother–infant interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of agitation is an increasingly common duty in the nursing care of older patients. Agitation describes a range of behavioural symptoms including aggressiveness and hyperactivity, and can be a sign of severe illness. In a series of focus groups in a large teaching hospital, nurses’ feelings and actions in regard to nursing agitated older people were recorded and analysed. The results demonstrated that agitation is not well understood and is often not well-managed. Despite recent efforts to provide more supportive staffing structures, nurses felt particularly stressed and unsupported in relation to this phenomenon. Recommendations are made for the instigation of enhanced education programmes as well as ongoing attention to improved workload initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a great privilege to publish Estela Welldon's remarkable meditation on living and dying, a paper she has worked on over many years. The Estela Welldon Prize will complement our established Rozsika Parker Prize, which, as readers know, focuses on a critical engagement with questions of creativity in clinical or applied analytic work. Please contact Joan Fogel and Sue Hirst, BJP Editorial Boardjoan@fogel.co.ukhirstsuem@gmail.com ESTELA WELLDON PRIZE The I British Journal of Psychotherapy i is delighted to announce the establishment of the Estela Welldon Prize. [Extracted from the article]

Discusses the history of psychology in Great Britain in the nineteenth century. British-authored undergraduate writings on the topic of psychology; Comparison of the history of psychology with medicine and psychiatry; Problems in the accessibility and storage of the resource materials on psychology; Developments in the history of psychology by mid-1980s; Fundamental problem with the field of history of psychology in Britain; Factors which affect the process behind institutional change and development of the history of psychology in Great Britain.

Threats to the health of our environment are numerous. Much research in science and engineering is devoted to documenting, understanding, and attempting to mitigate the harm itself. The root challenge for sustainability, however, is human behavior. As such, changes to human behaviors and the internal processes that drive them are also essential. Critical to understanding sustainability‐related behaviors is the individual's conceptualization of the natural world and its components and processes. The papers in this topiCS issue address these conceptualizations by drawing from anthropological, linguistic, educational, philosophical, and social cognitive perspectives as well as traditional psychological approaches to the study of concepts and their development in children. They engage with many domains bearing on environmental sustainability including climate change, biodiversity, land and water conservation, resource use, and design of the built environment. They coalesce around four broad themes: (a) What people know (or believe) about nature broadly and about specific aspects of nature, and how they acquire and use this knowledge; (b) how knowledge is expressed and shared via language; (c) how knowledge and beliefs interact with affective, social, and motivational influences to yield attitudes and behaviors; and (d) how members of different cultures and speakers of different languages differ in these ways. The papers also point to lessons for advancing sustainability via public policy and public messaging, education, conservation and nature management, and design of the built environment. The root challenge for environmental sustainability is human behavior. Critical to understanding sustainability‐related behaviors is the individual's conceptualization of the natural world and its components and processes. The papers in this issue address these conceptualizations by drawing from anthropological, linguistic, educational, philosophical, and social cognitive perspectives as well as traditional psychological approaches to the study of concepts and their development in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world with many wicked and contested policy challenges, analytic deliberative processes with stakeholders will often need to consider multiple worldviews. Finally, our paper posits the existence of potential, nonintuitive, and initially neglected compromise strategies that can bridge among pairs of worldviews by exploiting properties of the temporal dynamics in each of the worldviews. The commentaries in this issue by Stern and by Linnerooth-Bayer provide thoughtful critiques of our paper and on the general topic of engaging multiple worldviews in risk analysis. We all agree on the importance of considering multiple worldviews in at least some analytic deliberative processes and agree that the worldviews employed in any such engagement should emerge from interactions with the stakeholders, not be imposed upon them. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a commentary to the paper by David Lane, which discusses a formal, explicit and testable theory for the popular Avalanche game which explains the counter-intuitive behaviour that can be seen under circumstances using geometrical, psychological and human behavioural factors. It states that Lane's study indicates that research in social sciences can be conducted profitably in accordance with natural sciences research methodology. Moreover, it suggests that Lane develops an accurate formal model of the theory.

The evolution of the mechanism of human behavior formation analysis has significantly influenced the development of human reliability analysis (HRA), which aims to calculate human error probability (HEP) with performance shaping factors (PSFs). This paper reviews the typical HRA methods in different generations, the role of PSFs, and their interrelation‐ships in human risk modeling, with the background of nuclear power plants (NPPs). In a retrospective of typical HRA methods, PSF plays a fundamental role in assessing human performance during task operation. However, the subjectivity in defining and evaluating PSFs often leads to a partial representation of human behavior characteristics and human risk evolution, resulting in the neglect of PSF inter‐relationships and conservative HEP estimation. Recent studies have emphasized employing simulation platforms to simulate the task process and obtain data relevant to PSFs that can enable the exploration of the mutual effects to support the calculation of HEP more accurately. Compared to certain previous methods involving over‐simplification and inappropriate assumptions resulting in inaccurate results, current HRA methods are prone to the construction of HEP models based on objective data acquisition and dynamic calculations with process models. This shift enables a better illustration of the intricate relationships among PSFs. Reflecting on the current trend of HRA methodology, this paper proposes a possible PSF quantification based on physiological measurement providing accessible and objective data. It improves the shortcomings in data scarcity and time‐invariance of HEP calculation, thus more accurately and realistically responds to the accumulation and fluctuation of human risks throughout a task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership is about knowledge, skills, and abilities for transformation. It is also increasingly about worldviews or visions of life-beliefs, values, and principles. But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior. How, then, do worldviews have an impact on leadership for transformation? If worldviews are glasses or filters by which we view the world, mental models of the bigger picture, frameworks by which we make sense of the world, and narratives by which we orient our lives, then how do they influence human thoughts, ideas, and behaviors when it comes to transformative leadership? This was the subject matter of an International Leadership Association Conference panel discussion held in November 2009 in Prague, entitled Leadership for Transformation: The Impact of Worldviews. It is also the subject matter of this issue's symposium, in which we bring you the four papers and the response presented at the conference. Members of the panel were characterized by gender, disciplinary, religious, and global diversity. Nathan Harter, organizational leadership professor at Purdue University in the United States, begins the discussion with some preliminary remarks about worldviews. Ali Mohammed Mir, medical doctor and director of programs of Population Council, Pakistan, speaks of leadership from an Islamic perspective. Michael Jones, accomplished composer, pianist, and leadership educator, writer, and speaker from Orillia, Canada, reflects on how a 'marriage of mythos and logos' can transform leadership today. Lisa Ncube, originally from Zimbabwe and currently assistant professor of organizational leadership at Purdue University, speaks about Ubuntu as an alternative leadership philosophy emerging from Africa. John Valk, associate professor of worldview studies at Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, Canada, speaks of leadership for transformation from a Christian worldview perspective. Jonathan Reams, associate professor in the Department of Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, responds to all of the papers and opens a venue for further discussion. We hope that you will find this symposium engaging. We hope it will give food for thought and that it might stimulate further thinking regarding the role worldviews play in leadership for transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviour analysis of farmers is very important to gradually improve the sustainable production capacity of the land and promote the economics reasonable increasement. How to effectively extract video features and identify human behaviour is a current research hotspot. In this paper, the authors propose a convolutional neural network model based on the deformable convolution including a residual module and an attention module. The model fuses and encodes video spatial features on the time axis and extracts semantic information. The authors combine the attention mechanism to extract local and global features in the video, which are used to calculate spatial features and micro‐motion features, respectively. Temporal attention mechanism fuses each micro‐motion feature of video to extract higher‐level semantic features of motion. Next, the authors describe their proposed model based on deep learning. First, the authors introduce a video frame sampling method based on the TRN algorithm. Second, they design a feature extraction and fusion model based on the ResNet model and the attention mechanism that extract local and global features in videos. Finally, the authors classify and identify the extracted video features through the classifier. The authors' approach shows comparable performance on publicly available datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we first mathematically formulate spatial genetic models that rely on dispersal kernels, using the genetic inhomogeneous Poisson process. On the basis of mapped and genotyped data pertaining to adult and juvenile trees we are able to estimate three fundamental variables of population dynamics: individual female reproductive success, seed dispersal, and pollen flow. The model was applied to a secondary Fagus crenata stand in northern Japan, regenerated after shelterwood harvesting. Highly polymorphic microsatellite data revealed that most of the juveniles around one adult tree were not that tree’s progeny and that some minor alleles were clustered there. These data suggested that another mother tree had formerly been present in the vicinity, produced offspring there and died. Inferring its genotype and location, we applied the genetic inhomogeneous Poisson process. Results confirmed that we would have wrongly assessed the regeneration if we had been unaware of the existence of the dead mother. The average distances for seed dispersal and pollen flow were 18 and 193 m, respectively. The contribution of outside mothers, simultaneously assessed using the dispersal variables in the models, ranged from 10 to 50% depending on their positions relative to preserved adults. Individual female reproductive success varied as much as fiftyfold among the eight preserved adults. Our comprehensive approach, utilizing currently available genetic information, mathematical models, and previous forestry records, helped elucidation of the past forest-regeneration processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QUESTIONING THE WAYS IN WHICH PHILOSOPHY EXCLUDES VOICES, TOPICS, AND METHODS Finally, what we deem worth investigating and which methods we choose for investigation has consequences for whom philosophy is open to and attractive to. Yet, despite these advances and the increasing awareness of social wrongs in relation to - for example, gender, race, class, and disability - social philosophers are still regularly asked to justify what they are doing or to justify that what they are doing is rightfully called philosophy. Academic philosophy has witnessed a significant change in the last years from nonideal investigations of social wrongs as being a rather marginal topic in comparison to what was assumed to be more fundamental questions to those very investigations drawing significant attention and taking their rightful place in the midst of the profession of philosophy. [Extracted from the article]

Dr Estela V. Welldon worked for 40 years at the Portman Clinic in London as Consultant Psychiatrist and Consultant Psychotherapist. As this will be the first time the paper has been published, if successful in the competition, authors should indicate whether the paper has had an institutional distribution, and confirm that the paper has not been published, is not due for forthcoming publication, and is not currently under consideration for publication, in either journal or book form. The Prize, which is co-sponsored by the BJP and the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy, will be awarded annually to the author of a paper which contributes to our understanding of the shadow side of human nature - the ugly side, or what we might previously have called the "dark side" of humanity. [Extracted from the article]

Extant theoretical models of personality coherence/incoherence do not sufficiently address the challenge of explaining personality coherence dynamics and the role of psychological mechanisms, including temperament and attention. To overcome these limitations, the Complex‐System Approach to Personality (C‐SAP) postulates that personality coherence is a within‐person structure that arises from the functional consistency/inconsistency between personality traits/types, underlain by specific attentional and temperament mechanisms that have integrative and regulatory potential. The dominant (reactive, regulative) function of stimulation processing in temperament types is the foundation for assessing personality coherence. This paper presents a revised, fine‐grained model of personality coherence—originally arising from the C‐SAP—that is enriched by a focus on personality coherence dynamics in relation to behavioral consistency. The methodological principles necessary for studying personality coherence dynamics are outlined in detail. This paper also addresses: (a) research methods for relating personality coherence/incoherence to behavioral consistency/inconsistency, and (b) situational contexts that are important to these personality dynamics. In addition, personality coherence dynamics in relation to the self and character and the impact of the C‐SAP assumption that behaviors are more stable than traits/types on the relation between personality coherence and behavioral consistency are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cognitive modeling is the effort to understand the mind by implementing theories of the mind in computer code, producing measures comparable to human behavior and mental activity. The community of cognitive modelers has traditionally met twice every 3 years at the International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (ICCM). In this special issue of topiCS, we present the best papers from the ICCM meeting. (The full proceedings are available on the ICCM website.) These best papers represent advances in the state of the art in cognitive modeling. Since ICCM was for the first time also held jointly with the Society for Mathematical Psychology, we use this preface to also reflect on the similarities and differences between mathematical psychology and cognitive modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing patient activity in real‐time from video or images collected by a CCTV camera available in the hospital during a Covid‐19 situation has proven challenging. The dilemma of patient activity recognition is identifying and recognizing a patient's various actions in a series of videos. The process presented in our paper needs to achieve unrestricted, generic behavior in videos. Detecting events in any video is often difficult because we use Bidirectional ConvLSTM to create a robust patient in the sense behaviors (PSB) framework capable of eliminating certain barriers. To begin this paper by proposing a new Bidirectional ConvLSTM for establishing a stable PSB scheme. Our proposed model is capable of accurately predicting patient's behaviors like seated, standing, and so on. Using Bidirectional ConvLSTM, learning information from a pre‐trained model is an excellent place to start for rapidly developing a new PSB system using a current PSB database, as both the source and target datasets are critical. All parameters are frozen in a pre‐trained PSB device. Then, using the UCI and HMDB51 dataset to train the model, variables and local relations are progressively fixed. A novel PSB framework is developed using the target dataset. Relevant tests are conducted using commonly used research indices to assess prediction precision accuracy. They acknowledge six patient's behavior with a weighted accuracy rate of 92%. For recognizing novel activity, laying, the precision of a corresponding prediction is the best, 91%, of all six test results. The proposed work uses bidirectional ConvLSTM with modified activation layers to sense the patients' behavior. This article may be a patient activity recognition system to identify an individual. It takes a clip of COVID‐19 patients as input and looks for matches inside the hold‐on images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balancing web personalization and consumer privacy concerns: Mechanisms of consumer trust and reactance. The study presents a framework that links web personalization to consumer decisions (i.e., website loyalty and purchase intention) through consumer trust and reactance. With electronic commerce becoming a crucial aspect of marketing strategy and customer relations (Thaichon et al., 2021), there is a growing need to develop new knowledge, models, and theories about online consumer behavior (Anesbury et al., 2016; Davydenko & Peetz, 2020). The first paper by Chen et al. (2022) " I Balancing web personalization and consumer privacy concerns: Mechanisms of consumer trust and reactance i .". [Extracted from the article]

An important yet often unacknowledged aspect of moral discourse is the phenomenon of moral impossibility, which challenges more widely accepted models of moral discussion and deliberation as a choice among possible options. Starting from observations of the new possibilities of anti‐immigrant attitudes and hate crimes which have been described by the press as something being "unleashed," the paper asks what it means for something to enter or not the sphere of possibility in the moral sense, and whether it is ever desirable for something to remain or be pushed back outside the realm of the morally possible. Three forms of moral impossibility are identified: the unconceived, the unthinkable, and moral incapacity. Through the discussion of a stark fictional example of moral impossibility, the paper concludes that while the category of moral impossibility cannot settle disagreement, it sheds light on some of the most fundamental aspects of moral life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal human behaviour recognition is a research hotspot in computer vision. To fully use both skeleton and depth data, this paper constructs a new multimodal network identification scheme combined with the self‐attention mechanism. The system comprises a transformer‐based skeleton self‐attention subnetwork and a depth self‐attention subnetwork based on CNN. In the skeleton self‐attention subnetwork, this paper proposes a motion synergy space feature that can integrate the information of each joint point according to the entirety and synergy of human motion and puts forward a quantitative standard for the contribution degree of each joint motion. In this paper, the results from the skeleton self‐attention subnetwork and the depth self‐attention subnetwork are integrated and they are verified on the NTU RGB+D and UTD‐MHAD datasets. The authors have achieved 90% recognition rate on UTD‐MHAD dataset, and the CS recognition rate of the authors' method on the NTU RGB+D dataset reaches 90.5% and the recognition rate of CV is 94.7%. Experimental results show that the network structure proposed in this paper achieves a high recognition rate, and its performance is better than most current methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This makes the scenario fulfill Bratman's first condition for shared cooperative activity (Bratman 2014, 40ff):[2] (1a) Simon intends that Alba and Simon write a paper together, and (1b) Alba intends that Simon and Alba write a paper together. If that is the case, then, the following condition (Bratman 2014, 51f) can be claimed to be fulfilled: (2a) Simon intends that Alba and Simon write a paper together in accordance with and partly because of (1b), and (2b) Alba intends that Simon and Alba write a paper together in accordance with and partly because of (1a). It then appears that we are allowed to claim that the example also fulfills the following condition (Bratman 2014, 53): (3a) Simon intends that Alba and Simon write a paper together in accordance with and partly because of the meshing sub-plans of (1b), and (3b) Alba intends that Simon and Alba write a paper together in accordance with and partly because of the meshing sub-plans of (1a). This requires that Alba knows that Simon is informed about the relevant details, and that Simon, too, knows that Alba is also informed about them. We will come back to this possibility in the next section but, before this, we first need to specify what it means to say that, when Alba helps Simon in this scenario, she does not have the intention to fix Simon's problem, that is, to contribute to the satisfaction of Simon's intention. [Extracted from the article]

Philosophy and science have always striven to make sense of the world, continuously influencing each other in the process. Their interplay paved the way for neurophilosophy, which harnesses neuroscientific insights to address traditionally philosophical questions. Given the rapid neuroscientific and technological advances in recent years, this paper argues that philosophers who wish to tackle intractable philosophical problems and influence public discourse and policies should engage in neuro‐techno‐philosophy. This novel type of inquiry describes the transdisciplinary endeavor of philosophers, (neuro)scientists, and others to anticipate the societal implications of the impending transformations of subjects and theorizers. While human enhancement is likely to irreversibly change what it means to be human, disruptive technologies might lead to the emergence of artificial intelligent agents and human‐machine hybrids. The paper predicts that neuro‐techno‐philosophy will be indispensable to understanding and engaging with these game‐changing innovations and thus play a pivotal role in the future of philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the first joint meeting of the European Society for the History of the Human Sciences and Cheiron: The International Society for the History of the Behavioral and Social Sciences 39th annual meeting at University of College Dublin, Ireland on June 25-29, 2007. The idea of bringing the two societies together was evaluated from organizational and academic perspectives. The aim of the meeting is to provide an analysis of international tendencies within current research in the history of human behavioral sciences.

P. M. S. Hacker's tetralogy on human nature (2007–2021) is a recent contribution to philosophical anthropology. In this work, the expression 'form of representation' appears at crucial points of discussion. This paper begins with an exposition and analysis of this notion, followed by a look at how it is utilised in the discussion of knowledge, the mind, and other emotive and moral concepts. It then turns to a comparison of 'forms of representation' with two important concepts, namely, analogy and metaphor. To offer an evaluation of 'forms of representation' as a critical tool, this paper examines the increasingly common tendency for humans to identify with their brains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical Zone Science (CZS) explores the deep evolution of landscapes from the base of the groundwater or the saprolite‐rock interface to the top of vegetation, the zone that supports all terrestrial life. Here we propose a framework for CZS to evolve further as a discipline, building on 1st generation CZOs in natural systems and 2nd generation CZOs in human‐modified systems, to incorporate human behaviour for more holistic understanding in a 3rd generation of CZOs. This concept was tested in the China‐UK CZO programme (2016–2020) that established four CZOs across China on different lithologies. Beyond conventional CZO insights into soil resources, biogeochemical cycling and hydrology across scales, surveys of farmers and local government officials led to insights into human‐environment interactions and key pressures affecting the socio‐economic livelihoods of local farmers. These learnings combined with the CZS data identified knowledge exchange (KE) opportunities to unravel diverse factors within the Land‐Water‐Food Nexus, that could directly improve local livelihoods and environmental conditions, such as reduction in fertilizer use, contributing toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and environmental policies. Through two‐way local KE, the local cultural context and socio‐economic considerations were more readily apparent alongside the environmental rationale for policy and local action to improve the sustainability of farming practices. Seeking solutions to understand and remediate CZ degradation caused by human‐decision making requires the co‐design of CZS that foregrounds human behavior and the opinions of those living in human modified CZOs. We show how a new transdisciplinary CZO approach for sustainable Earth futures can improve alignment of research with the practical needs of communities in stressed environments and their governments, supporting social‐ecological and planetary health research agendas and improving capacity to achieve SDGs. Plain Language Summary: Critical Zone Science (CZS) explores how landscapes evolve from below the Earth's surface to the top of trees, supporting life on Earth. CZS was established by studying pristine landscapes, with little or no human modification of the land, water and soil. These pristine natural systems are rare in our modern world. In this paper, we have proposed a new approach to CZS for studying the human‐modified landscapes that dominate our world. To help explain why this is needed, we have re‐drawn a diagram explaining how the critical zone works to show the role of humans. We also give examples of research in three regions of China where we learned from local farmers living in our study areas, to improve our scientific understanding and to try to align our research process to address the biggest pressures affecting their lives. This new approach to CZS can help focus research to directly support local people and improve our ability to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Key Points: Integrating local knowledge with critical zone science can improve interpretation of scientific findings and delivery of Sustainable Development GoalsThird generation science can improve alignment of research with the practical needs of communities and governmentsA new conceptual diagram for human‐modified critical zones is produced to illustrate transdisciplinary Critical Zone Observatories for sustainable Earth futures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding reasons is essential both for understanding human behavior and for constructing a theory of moral conduct. Reasons have been widely viewed as the most basic elements in normative theory, and moral reasons have been considered the most basic elements in ethics. Arguably, rational acts are those best supported by reasons, and morally right acts are those best supported by moral reasons. There is little doubt, however, that what is good is also important for both the rationality and the morality of actions. Given these points, this paper explores four related questions: What kinds of elements, say facts or propositional attitudes, constitute (normative) reasons for action? What is the relation between considerations of value—for instance regarding the intrinsically good or intrinsically bad—and normative reasons for action? Are reasons—for belief as well as for actions—equivalent to grounds for them? And how do answers to these questions bear on ethical theory? This paper provides a partial theory of reasons, values, and grounds that distinguishes different kinds of reason‐ascribing locutions, reveals, in the light of that distinction, a kind of normative dependence of reasons on values, and represents both reasons and values as metaphysically grounded in elements of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines ongoing lexical variability among words that describe areas with trees, such as woods, bush and forest, among others. The historical perspective shows ongoing semantic evolution of these terms, from wood(s) (c.825) to the emergence of bush in the late 16th century or early 17th century. We assess regional, social and linguistic patterns of variation in 1849 tokens, from individuals born in the late 1800s to early 200s across 21 communities in Ontario, Canada. The most common word is bush; use of woods is moderate while forest is rare. Ancestry and migration play key roles in their distribution, demonstrating that ancestral roots, migration and language contact play into the selection of a word. We argue that lexical variation, when analysed in a comparative sociolinguistic perspective in the context of social typology, history and geographic location, offers important insights into language use and human behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multitasking is increasingly common in highly complex and safety‐critical systems, especially under abnormal situations. Mental overload (MOL) may occur and result in forgetting/mistaking tasks uncertainly. Such probabilistic errors could have catastrophic consequences and contribute greatly to the multitasking risk of man‐machine systems. In this paper, to better identify the risks of safety‐critical multitasking situations, MOL mechanism is investigated and a risk analysis method considering MOL is proposed. MOL occurs when the demand for resources estimated by Multiple Resources Model exceeds an operator's ability. Then, the operator's performance degrades, and s/he tends to mistake or abandon parts of tasks. Based on the MOL mechanism, a MOL‐performance dependency (MOL‐PDEP) gate is proposed to incorporate MOL into risk analysis. Its inputs are concurrent tasks, and it triggers the related hazardous human behavior events with certain probabilities if MOL occurs. Through this gate, the dependence among these events and their nondeterministic cause relationships to MOL are added to traditional fault tree (FT), which presents a challenge issue to FT analysis. An implicit method is proposed to analyze the FT with MOL‐PDEP gate and calculate the accident probability. A case study on a helicopter crash accident demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should consumer researchers employ silicon samples and artificially generated data based on large language models, such as GPT, to mimic human respondents' behavior? In this paper, we review recent research that has compared result patterns from silicon and human samples, finding that results vary considerably across different domains. Based on these results, we present specific recommendations for silicon sample use in consumer and marketing research. We argue that silicon samples hold particular promise in upstream parts of the research process such as qualitative pretesting and pilot studies, where researchers collect external information to safeguard follow‐up design choices. We also provide a critical assessment and recommendations for using silicon samples in main studies. Finally, we discuss ethical issues of silicon sample use and present future research avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated model of a behavioural and systems approach to family therapy is presented, the main premise being that family interactions are affected by reciprocal determination of cognitions, feelings and behaviours in relation to the environment. Assessment involves a systematic exploration of the interaction and transactional patterns within the family, and the identification of the dysfunctional aspects of such patterns. The main aim of the intervention is to produce change in family behaviour by addressing the important cognitive and affective issues. This entails techniques such as cognitive restructuring, social modelling and operant conditioning which can be used separately, in parallel, or in combination. Whether one or more of these techniques is used depends on the nature of the family's problems and the aims of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the development of better methods for the conceptualization of system dynamics models. It does so by looking at the model building process as a theory building process and by reviewing theory building approaches in other social sciences, such as grounded theory and case study research. Concepts of these modes of qualitative research constitute a tool set to build relevant system dynamics models, grounded in data, and with higher potential to provide rigorous and relevant generic structures. The deductive capability of simulation models, on the other hand, helps to close the loop in the theory building process, putting together the inductive and deductive stages in theory building. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined African-American and White promotion candidates' reactions to and performance on selection procedures that were completed within a police department where African Americans occupied the majority of top-management positions. Reactions (perceived job relatedness and test-taking motivation) of 187 candidates competing for promotion to the rank of sergeant were assessed after completing a written job knowledge test and a situational interview. Analyses showed that both the African-American and White candidates judged the situational interview to be more job-related than the pencil-and-paper job knowledge test. In addition, African Americans perceived both selection measures to be more job-related and reported higher levels of test-taking motivation than White candidates even though African Americans performed more poorly than White candidates on the paper-and-pencil test. These results challenge the contention that lower test-taking motivation for African-American candidates is related to racial differences in performance on pencil- and-paper tests. Implications and directions for future research on reactions to selection procedures for promotion in racially diverse employment settings are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the initial negative reaction to Winnicott’s paper ‘On the use of an object’ in the light of its author’s own reservations about it. It argues that its obscurities indicate Winnicott’s own difficulties in articulating how the young child moves from subjectivity to the objective apprehension of the external world, and the part played in it by aggression. Particular attention is paid to Winnicott’s interest in certain late texts of Freud where the ‘death instinct’ ( Todestrieb) features prominently. It is suggested that Winnicott’s interest, like Freud’s, was prompted by the ambition of moving beyond psychopathology to formulate the outlines of a developmental psychology. Again like Freud it is argued that in this endeavour he was conceptually overreaching himself, though for different reasons. The paper concludes with some considerations about the inherently dual nature of any would-be comprehensive psychology of human understanding and behaviour, and of the necessarily partial contribution of psychodynamic theorizing towards it. The search for such a unitary psychoanalytic formula is what unites the two men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Since falls of the elderly can easily cause serious health problems in daily life, fall detection has received the attention of researchers. Traditionally, wearable sensors have been used to detect whether a person has fallen. However, wearable sensors may bring inconvenience to users' activities and affect user experience. In this paper, a fall detection approach based on RFID is proposed. In the proposed approach, non‐contact passive tags are used to construct an array of tags. Fall detection will be performed without the user wearing the device. The RSSI and phase data are collected when the reader queries the tags. Furthermore, an action segmentation algorithm is designed to quickly extract human action information based on the short‐term variance change of the phase signal. Subsequently, a deep residual network is built to classify fall movements and daily movements. Experiments show that the system can handle differences among users and locations and has an excellent performance in terms of recognition accuracy and efficiency, with an average accuracy rate of 96.77%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online donation platforms often present information regarding disseminators' donations to stimulate donations, but it is unclear how it affects potential donors' behavior. This paper examines how disseminators' donation amounts impact potential donors' donation likelihood. The findings of six studies show that potential donors are less (vs. more) likely to contribute to unfamiliar initiators when disseminators contribute large (vs. small) amounts. The following psychological response drives the effect: when potential donors observe disseminators contribute more, they infer that disseminators have assumed greater responsibility and thus reduce their perceived responsibility to the unfamiliar initiator. We also confirm the boundary conditions of tie strength and empathy. This effect is significant when donors have low levels of empathy or strong ties with the disseminator. In contrast, this effect is reversed when tie strength is high and attenuated when potential donors have high levels of empathy. Our research enriches the literature concerning the effects of others' donations and online donation and provides managerial guidance to enable the success of online donation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics is the natural mean to communicate empirical research results in an easy to understand and correct manner, yet statistical knowledge of medical reviewers may be limited. The first pitfall occurs, when reviewers let themselves dazzle by statistical techniques unknown to them and the related technical jargon; the second pitfall crops up when overconfident reviewers try to interfere in complex and well-considered statistical analyses. The difficult-social-position argument also strongly speaks against a common custom among some medical reviewers: Whenever they suppose a "statistical or data problem" in a paper without a responsible statistician, they suggest that the authors bring in a statistical expert. [Extracted from the article]

Indeed, she argues that some of the most transformative ideas in cognitive science, ideas embodied by terms such as "distributed and embodied cognition", methods like cross-cultural studies, and research topics such as cultural evolution have been absorbed into the Cognitive Science mainstream from Anthropology. As Cognitive Science, "by its very nature" extends from "basic neuroscience ... up through human behavior, decision making, and belief systems", Norman concludes, "I cannot imagine a single coherent theoretical perspective that unites these very different levels of analysis". They conclude that the most important omission from the fields which grace the cover of the I Cognitive Science i journal is "Computation" and that "the notion of computation should be considered as definitional for the field of cognitive science.". [Extracted from the article]

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During communication, the interpretation of utterances is sensitive to a listener's probabilistic prior beliefs. In this paper, we focus on the influence of prior beliefs on so‐called exhaustivity interpretations, whereby a sentence such as Mary came is understood to mean that only Mary came. Two theoretical origins for exhaustivity effects have been proposed in the previous literature. On the one hand are perspectives that view these inferences as the result of a purely pragmatic process (as in the classical Gricean view, and more recent Bayesian approaches); on the other hand are proposals that treat them as the result of an encapsulated semantic mechanism (Chierchia, Fox & Spector 2012). We gain traction on adjudicating between these two approaches with new theoretical and experimental evidence, focusing on the behavior of different models for exhaustivity effects, all of which fit under the Rational Speech Act modeling framework (RSA, Frank & Goodman, 2012). Some (but not all!) of these models include an encapsulated semantic mechanism. Theoretically, we demonstrate that many RSA models predict not only exhaustivity, but also anti‐exhaustivity, whereby "Mary came" would convey that Mary and someone else came. We evaluate these models against data obtained in a new study which tested the effects of prior beliefs on both production and comprehension, improving on previous empirical work. We find that the models which have the best fit to human behavior include an encapsulated exhaustivity mechanism. We conclude that, on the one hand, in the division of labor between semantics and pragmatics, semantics plays a larger role than is often thought, but, on the other hand, the tradeoff between informativity and cost which characterizes all RSA models does play a central role for genuine pragmatic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the Knowledge Society, understood as a space oriented to the talent, intelligence, and creativity of the human being, this special issue presents an eclectic set of papers in the discipline of multicriteria decision making in which the authors, aided by the developments of the Technology of Information and Communication, attempt to incorporate to existing methods and the associated decision support systems (DSSs) the mind (e.g., virtual and augmented reality, perception, visual data analysis, mood, emotions, personality, attitude, and motivation) and cognitive (e.g., intelligence, preferences, arguments that support decision making, graphical visualization, learning) dimensions. To simplify the reading, we divided the papers into four categories: Decision support, Behavior, Negotiation, and Selection models. A. Salamirad, S. Kheybari, A. Ishizaka, and H. Farazmand, "Wastewater treatment technology selection using a hybrid multicriteria decision-making method" 14. [Extracted from the article]