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Transnational families have long used migration as a strategy for upward social mobility. However, migration projects are increasingly complex and often do not involve a single move from one country to another. Drawing on qualitative interviews, this paper explores how Latin American families negotiate different stages of their migration from Latin America to Spain to the UK. The paper demonstrates how families negotiate within the opportunity structures afforded to them to achieve physical and social mobility. These opportunities are structured by different legal regimes and the way that immigration, citizenship and labour market policies are implemented. The initial migration from Latin America to Spain had enabled Latin American families to gain economic stability and EU citizenship, but at the cost of a period of family separation. However, faced with the financial crisis, some families opted for onward migration to the UK, a process that resulted in families becoming "re‐transnationalised." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the labour incorporation of skilled Latin American immigrant workers into Spain. It is based on in‐depth interviews with 24 Latin American immigrants and it explores reasons for migration into Spain, showing that the interviewees migrated for a great variety of reasons, not necessarily for work. Subsequently, the paper analyses the interviewees' labour incorporation in Spain and defines three paths into skilled work in Spain. In two of the three paths, on first arrival in Spain, a mismatch was observed between education and labour market outcomes. For some, migration even represented a break in their career, implying occasionally a temporary de‐skilling process. For this reason, an extended university–work transition was sometimes observed, in order to secure skilled jobs in Spain. Theoretically, human capital hardly explains this migration since it is not associated with upward career movement, although wages might be higher than in the countries of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper performs a meta‐regression analysis to derive the role of techniques, data and variable's definition on the effect of the labor‐market determinants on interregional migration. We use Spain as a case of study, a country with heterogeneous and even counterintuitive behavior of internal migration flows to its labor‐market drivers. We use data from studies released over the last 40 years. The results show that migration flows respond to labor‐market differentials in a theoretically consistent way. We find that the vast diversity in the studies' attributes is behind the significant heterogeneity of their estimated effects. Differences in aggregation level, variables measures, model specification, and the national economic context influence the identification of the push and pull effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the differences in the levels of accessibility to public employment offices in the Spanish municipalities. Hence the main purpose is to evaluate the role of the public employment services in local labour markets by considering the physical distance to employment offices and the spatial structure of their catchment areas. First, we propose an accessibility measure and, second, we estimate a spatial model and test whether a higher accessibility to employment offices could contribute to reduce local unemployment rates. The results suggest that policy-makers should strive to improve the accessibility to employment offices so that adequate assistance to find suitable employment may be ensured to every jobseeker. Resumen Este artículo se centra en las diferencias en los niveles de accesibilidad a las oficinas públicas de empleo en los municipios españoles. El objetivo principal es por tanto evaluar el papel de los servicios públicos de empleo en los mercados laborales locales, en función de la distancia física a las oficinas de empleo y la estructura espacial de sus zonas de influencia. Primero, se propone una medida de accesibilidad y, a continuación, se estima un modelo espacial y se comprueba si una mayor accesibilidad a las oficinas de empleo podría contribuir a reducir las tasas de desempleo local. Los resultados sugieren que los responsables de formular políticas deberían esforzarse por mejorar la accesibilidad a las oficinas de empleo, a fin de poder asegurar a cada demandante de empleo la ayuda apropiada para que logre encontrar un empleo adecuado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the long‐term transformations of the occupational structure in 50 provinces of Spain with a view to ascertain the existence and assess the extent of employment polarization. The peculiar characteristics of this country, namely rigid labor markets and the relatively recent transition to democracy, make for an interesting addition to existing studies on this topic. In line with previous literature on other countries, we find a strong association between the decline of "routine" mid‐skill jobs and the expansion of low‐skill service employment as well as differential labor market outcomes by levels of formal education. Results are robust to various controls and instrumental variables that account for long‐term industry specialization. We also find a positive local multiplier effect of high‐skilled workers on the demand for nontradable service jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three features of real‐life reforms of dual employment protection legislation (EPL) systems are particularly hard to study through the lens of standard labor‐market search models: (i) the excess job turnover implied by dual EPL, (ii) the nonretroactive nature of EPL reforms, and (iii) the transition dynamics from dual to a unified EPL system. In this paper, we develop a computationally tractable model addressing these issues. Our main finding is that the welfare gains of reforming a dual EPL system are sizeable and achieved mostly through a decrease in turnover at short job tenures. This conclusion continues to hold in more general settings featuring wage rigidities, heterogeneity in productivity upon matching, and human capital accumulation. We also find substantial cross‐sectional heterogeneity in welfare effects along the transition to a unified EPL scheme. Given that the model is calibrated to data from Spain, often considered as the epitome of a labor market with dual EPL, our results should provide guidance for a wide range of reforms of dual EPL systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between labour force participation and the business cycle is a common topic in economic literature. However, few studies have examined if the cyclical sensitivity of labour force participation is influenced by social effects. In this paper, we construct a theoretical model defining a relatively new hypothesis, the bandwagon worker effect (BWE). We use spatial econometrics techniques to test the existence of the BWE in the local labour markets in Spain. Our results reveal a positive spatial dependence in the cyclical sensitivity of labour force participation that decreases as we fix a laxer neighbourhood criterion, which verifies the existence of the BWE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the link between the employment structure of local labour markets and the schooling choices of the youth in Spain. We construct a panel of Spanish provinces, and the effect of local labour markets was identified by using the variation in the share of employment by industry and gender across provinces and over time. A model with province fixed‐effects and specific‐slopes is used, which makes it possible to control for both time constant and time‐varying unobserved heterogeneity across provinces. A sizable impact is found for both boys and girls of the industry structure of employment on educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work splits effective unemployment into two components: natural unemployment, and cyclical unemployment. For that purpose, an estimation of the stochastic cost frontier is performed. The study is focused on the 17 autonomous communities in Spain over the period 1982–2012. Results evidence greater importance of the natural component as the principal determinant of effective unemployment. When comparing these results with those obtained applying univariate filters, the distribution in the components of the effective unemployment changes, increasing the importance of cyclical unemployment. This result indicates that the policymakers should have a greater power to implement aggregate demand policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyse the influence of individual variables and some spatial mobility characteristics of regional labour markets on overeducation in Spain. To achieve this aim, we use microdata from the Spanish Budget Household Survey to estimate a probit model for the probability of overeducation while accounting for sample selection and the presence of data at different levels (individuals and territory). The obtained results permit us to conclude that the sizes of local labour markets and the possibility of extending the job search to other labour markets by commuting are relevant factors in explaining overeducation in the Spanish labour market. In spite of differences in labour market institutions, our results are very similar to those obtained for other countries, particularly when working with more recent data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT European labour markets have undergone several important innovations over the last three decades. Most countries have reformed their labour markets since the mid-1990s, with the liberalization of fixed-term contracts and temporary work agencies being the common elements to such reforms. This paper investigates the existence of a change in the dynamic behaviour of the aggregate employment for major European Union countries - France, Germany, Italy and Spain. According to our results, partial labour market reforms have made the response of the aggregate employment to output shocks larger and quite comparable to that found for the UK - the most flexible labour market in Europe since the Thatcher reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses a joint model for wage changes and cost of living allowance clauses at the firm-level in Spain while taking into account the institutional forces at play in the labour market. It is interested in analysing the determinants and consequences of the decision to index the settlement, the estimation of separate wage change equations and the detection of spillover effects from sectoral to firm-level bargaining. The paper, in line with recent work for Canada, considers the interplay between the indexing decision and wage changes while taking into account the inflation compensation structure and the potential spillover effects. In addition, it develops the following issues. It investigates whether some union groups behave strategically when negotiating indexation. Secondly, it evaluates the differential between ex-ante indexed and non-indexed wage change settlements. Thirdly, it solves a problem with the degree of indexation, a key part of contingent contracts that is unobservable ex-ante but which becomes observable ex-post for triggered contracts. It carefully examines the role of the government's inflation target and the information flow. The inflation target is important since agents use it to recommend a wage change and, in most cases, it determines the inflation threshold.

The high level of unemployment is probably the worst feature of the recent evolution of the Spanish economy. In 1970 the overall unemployment rate stood at 1 per cent of the civilian labor force; in 1984 it is estimated to have gone over the 20 per cent level. This is a substantial increase which has no parallel in any European country. Between 1970 and 1983 the average unemployment rate in the EEC rose by 8.6 percentage points, while the increase in Spain over the same period was of 17 points.
There is wide agreement among Spanish economists that these figures may be overstating the actual extent of the problem. The incidence of the underground economy and of fraudulent practices in unemployment registration may be wider than in most EEC countries. Nevertheless, we believe that, even taking into account these measurement difficulties, there has been a genuine worsening of the employment situation in Spain relative to that in other Western economies.
The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence of the last 20 years about the main variables that influence the Spanish labor market, and to attempt a preliminary explanation of the increase in unemployment. For the latter task we use the analytical framework recently developed by Layard and Nickell (1984a), and concentrate on those institutional factors that may have influenced the level of unemployment consistent with non-accelerating inflation (NAIRU). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to analyze why firms in some industries locate in specialized economic environments (localization economies) while those in other industries prefer large city locations (urbanization economies). To this end, we examine the location decisions of new manufacturing firms in Spain at the city level and for narrowly defined industries. First, we estimate firm location models to obtain estimates that reflect the importance of localization and urbanization economies in each industry. Then, we regress these estimates on industry characteristics related to the potential importance of labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Urbanization effects are high in knowledge-intensive industries, suggesting that firms locate in large cities to benefit from knowledge spillovers. We also find that localization effects are high in industries that employ workers whose skills are more industry-specific, suggesting that industries locate in specialized economic environments to share a common pool of specialized workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the effects of a labor market reform in Spain that removed restrictions on fixed-term or temporary contracts. Our empirical results are based on longitudinal firm-level data that cover observations before and after the reform. We posit and estimate a dynamic labor demand model with indefinite and fixed-term labor contracts, and a general structure of labor adjustment costs. Experiments using the estimated model show important positive effects of the reform on total employment (i.e., a 3.5% increase) and job turnover. There is a strong substitution of permanent by temporary workers (i.e., a 10% decline in permanent employment). The effects on labor productivity and the value of firms are very small. In contrast, a counterfactual reform that halved all firing costs would produce the same employment increase as the actual reform, but much larger improvements in productivity and in the value of firms. (JEL J23, J32, J41 ) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first presents evidence from Spain on the relationship between the labour situation of both spouses within the family and the time dedicated to the care of the children, the elderly and the infirm. Second, it analyses the effect that government benefits for such care would have on the labour market and on household poverty. The results show that while Spanish society has advanced in the incorporation of women into the labour market, most of them still have to assume total responsibility for housework and the care of the children, the elderly and the infirm. Against this background, we find that benefits would decrease female participation in the labour market and the number of hours worked, while they would also contribute towards reducing poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we compare the professional careers of women and men in the Spanish labour market. We use a sample from the Encuesta de Estructura, Conciencia y Biografia de Clase (1991) to estimate count data models (negative binomial models) to explain the number of promotions received in the firm, for males and females separately. Then, using the estimated coefficients from these models, we apply a variant of Oaxaca's decomposition approach to divide the gap in average promotions by gender into two parts: one of them due to differences in endowments and the other is associated with differences in the ‘return’ of such as endowments in terms of opportunities of upward mobility. The findings indicate that women receive fewer promotions than men with the same qualifications due to differential treatment in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent years, self-employment has been receiving a great deal of attention, both from the point of view of labour market policy and academic research. In Spain self-employment expanded faster than overall, non-agricultural employment during the period 1979-90: 12.7 percent of the work-force was self-employed in 1979 while this figure increased to 18.5 percent 1990. The purpose of this paper is to study the factors influencing the decision of entry into self-employment and the likelihood of remaining in business, using longitudinal data from the Spanish Continuous Family Expenditure Survey (ECPF) for 1985.I-1991.IV. In particular, the study estimates the effect of being unemployed on the probability of starting a business and on self-employment duration. It also analyzes the effect of capital and unemployment benefits on the probability of transition. More- over, it is concerned about capturing differences in the probabilities of switching into self-employment with and without employees and about distinguishing exit from self-employment into employment from exit into unemployment, controlling for personal characteristics and business cycle effects.

This paper combines agency theory and internal-labor-market theories to explain the determinants of bonus payments among a large sample of top and middle managers from Spanish firms. A distinction is made between the decision whether to pay bonus or not and the size of the bonus. The empirical evidence confirms that the two decisions are determined by different factors. The results of the analysis show a trade-off between short-term and long-term incentives (bonuses and promotion opportunities) as well as differences in the pattern of compensation policies across economic sectors and functional areas inside the firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 2000s, and with natural population growth rates close to zero, Spain experienced an inflow of almost 5 million immigrants. These new Spanish residents did not tend to locate evenly across the territory and contributed to putting pressure on the already large spatial population imbalances between cities and rural areas, between the coast and the interior and between the central and peripheral areas. Covering the whole Spanish territory and using the 804 Spanish local labour markets as units of analysis, the objective of this paper is to analyse the local determinants of the attractiveness of a place for immigrants. The estimation of geographically weighted regressions (GWR) shows the necessity of including spatial heterogeneity in the analysis, as the effect of the traditional factors explaining immigrant concentration processes—such as job‐related characteristics or the networks established by previous immigrants—exert different and even contrary effects across the Spanish territory. Although global estimations would reject the significance of agglomeration economies or the relative location of a place, the adoption of the GWR approach shows that these regional economic factors are key to understanding the geographical concentration of immigrants in Spain but show different—even contrary—responses across space. Spatial heterogeneity supports the idea that any national/regional policy to enhance (or contain) immigrant concentration should be designed a la carte and be implemented at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employ real‐time household data to study the impact of the pandemic lockdown on paid and unpaid work in Spain. We document large employment losses that affected more severely low‐skilled workers and to some extent college educated women. We show that the pandemic resulted in an increase in the gender gap in total hours worked, including paid and unpaid work. This is due to the smaller decrease in paid work hours among women that was not compensated by a smaller increase in unpaid work. We also examine the impact of the lockdown on within‐household specialization patterns. We find that while men slightly increased their participation in home production, the burden continued to be borne by women, irrespective of their labor market situation. This evidence suggests that traditional explanations cannot account for the unequal distribution of the domestic workload. Additional analysis supports gender norms as a plausible explanation for our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socio‐labour integration of people with disabilities is a major social problem for European countries and, especially, for Spain. Sheltered workshops, with their productive activity, are a kind of Work Integration Social Enterprise (WISE) whose aim is to create jobs for those people, supporting them through an insertion process into the labour market. Given the need to publicize the important role of sheltered workshops, the aim of this study is to contribute to the academic debate by measuring the added value of this kind of social enterprise and to provide empirical evidence of their social and economic impact. To do so, the impact of a specific sheltered workshop, UNEI, located in the Spanish region of Andalusia, is analyzed. Results allow us to conclude that, firstly, there is a demand to measure the impact caused by sheltered workshops and social enterprises in general, and that SROI methodology is the most appropriate methodology. And, secondly, being based on results of this method and on a sensitivity analysis application, sheltered workshops contribute to sustainable development, generating an impact much higher than could be expected, surpassing the economic and personal limits of the people involved and benefitting society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2010, and in line with austerity measures, public employment and public‐sector compensations to employees have been significantly reduced in most Euro Area member states and particularly in Spain and Greece. At the same time, unemployment in these two economies was greatly increasing. In a dynamic and stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, we demonstrate that these cuts in public employment and wages are more damaging in terms of output and employment losses in periods of high unemployment. The model is able to produce significant state dependence of fiscal multipliers. Main results can be summarized as follows: (1) Public‐sector wages shocks produce larger multipliers than public‐sector employment shocks; (2) with a higher steady‐state unemployment, response of non‐Ricardian consumption to fiscal shocks are worse while Ricardian households consumption is better off, thanks to lower inflation following fiscal shocks and a higher marginal utility of consumption at the high‐unemployment steady state; (3) a larger share of non‐Ricardian households, a higher job separation rate, and a lower matching efficiency amplify fiscal multipliers; (4) a passive monetary policy increases fiscal multipliers in the case of public vacancy shocks but dampens multipliers associated with cuts in public‐sector wages; and (5) fiscal multipliers are larger when demand and supply shocks hit the economy, to a greater extent in the case of a negative shock on aggregate demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis is made of the sensitivity of minimum income schemes to the effects of labour market participation and active labour market services. Data comes from the only regional scheme in Spain that has an open‐ended duration and has existed for a period long enough to be analysed. This scheme shows the closest resemblance with the first national minimum income programme, introduced by the Spanish government in 2020 (Ingreso Mínimo Vital). Survival analysis results show that people who access full‐time work contracts have a higher probability of exiting into employment than those who do not, although the majority of people who sign at least one contract remain in the scheme, nevertheless. A defining element for exiting the scheme is work intensity. Thus, despite the fact that the scheme is compatible with some jobs, results suggest that increasing the compatibility between work and benefit would be a crucial factor in facilitating exit from the scheme. In addition, analyses of the elements defining the probability of signing a work contract while on the benefit show that active labour market policies heighten said probability, but do not subsequently influence exit from the scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A discrete-time multivariate hazard model with state-specific unobserved heterogeneity is applied to investigate whether an individual's employment history conditions her chances of eventually obtaining a stable position in a labour market characterized, like the Spanish one, by high levels of employment protection for permanent contracts. This paper highlights the relevance of taking into account whether or not the worker remains in the same firm when accumulating temporary contracts to test for the stepping stone effect of these contracts. My analysis focuses on a sample of Spanish labour market entrants aged between 18 and 28 for the 2000-7 period. The results suggest that firms sometimes use temporary contracts as a screening device, thereby raising the entrance rates into permanent contracts among those in their initial hiring pool. In other cases, however, workers may become ' trapped' in the temporary employment bracket after several months of recurrent temporary contracts between bouts of unemployment under the same employer causing a drop in their chances of obtaining stable work. By contrast, moving from one firm to another as a temporary worker might have a positive influence on exit rates to permanent employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We attempt to identify the factors that determine the use of production incentives for manual workers in Spanish manufacturing industry. Data relating to 629 manufacturing plants are used in the investigation. Our findings show that intensified competition, membership of a multinational firm and public ownership have a negative effect. Also, production incentives are associated with lower monitoring, narrowness of job description and teamwork. The evidence obtained rejects the hypothesis of a negative association between incentive payment and several features associated with internal labour markets. Finally, union influence is found to have a positive influence on the use of incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the impact of trade on the labor market in Spain. Position in the world's distribution of skills; Wages and employment rate; Comparison of the demand between skilled and unskilled workers; Effect of trade on services and technological change.

This paper examines the Spanish gross worker flows. Unemployment inflows are counter-cyclical while outflows are acyclical. Changes introduced in the Spanish labour market have increased the magnitude and variability of both flows, in particular the inflows, without affecting the acyclical behaviour of the outflows. Engagements and flows into employment from non-employment are pro-cyclical. Separations are acyclical, while flows out of employment to nonemployment are counter-cyclical. So, job-to-job movements have to be procyclical. Engagements and separations have responded positively to a wider variety of contractual forms. The Spanish evidence seems to be reasonably explained by the existence of a dual labour market between workers under permanent and fixed-term job contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the findings of a comparative and interdisciplinary legal and economic study on managing labour redundancies in seven EU member countries. It is structured for comparability between the systems examined. The introductory section contains an account of the evolution of the Spanish labour market, with special reference to redundancy trends, of the features of the programmes for managing redundancies, of the roles of forms and the 'external environment' in handling workforce adjustments. The second section presents a map of policies that work to prevent labour redundancies (preventive measures) such as flexibility, training etc. Next, the instruments for handling temporary labour redundancies (retentive measures) are examined (e.g. short-time working, temporary layoffs etc.) The following section is devoted to instruments and programmes involved in the management of permanent labour redundancies (expulsive measures), e.g. collective dismissals, severance pay etc. The final section provides and overall assessment of the Spanish system for managing labour redundancies, and briefly discusses the national debate on the prospects for reform, in light of the principles and policies of convergence set forth by the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the "determinants" of spatial variations in youth unemployment and NEET rates, and the presence of spatial clusters, for Italy, Spain and the UK. We aggregate Labour Force Survey data for the period 1993–2018 to a "regional" level. We find that youths are sensitive to aggregate labor market conditions and a discouraged worker effect. In the UK and Spain, temporary jobs are more likely to be preferred to part‐time jobs, whereas in Italy the opposite occurs. There is evidence of spatial clustering of youth unemployment and NEET rates. We discuss the implications for place‐based regional and labor market policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the changing configuration of work–family arrangements (WFA) in Spain through the lens of labour market segmentation. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‐SILC) data for 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2012, it examines occupational differences in WFA comparing the period of prosperity to the period of recession and the implementation of austerity policies. The findings show that the dynamics of labour market segmentation produce differential employment opportunities and degrees of job security for men and women across occupational groups, significantly shaping WFA. The crisis reinforced already balkanized gender contracts, with working‐class households suffering most from job losses and pressing economic needs. Couples whose members were services employees and/or manual workers saw the greatest increases in dual activity over the whole period, as dual earners during the prosperity period and as added workers during the crisis. The economic crisis and austerity policies have reinforced the social divide across work‐poor and work‐rich households, and dual‐earning skilled couples versus those earning out of economic necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in unemployment during the economic recession led to widespread support for active labour market policies (ALMP) from public and private institutions. Among these measures, Spain has developed the so‐called discounted flat rate for self‐employed workers, which consists of a series of reductions and subsidies applied to their social security contributions when they start their activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate this policy in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain), a region with an unemployment rate of over 20%, comparing the survival of a group of self‐employed workers who benefited from this subsidy with that of another group without the discounted flat rate. The results suggest the survival of the group with the subsidy surpasses that of the group without, although the positive effects of the measure disappear over the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PhD programmes are considered as transmission channels to provide specialisation and skills to students who will be employed as highly‐qualified workers or researchers. Focusing on the Spanish case, they are exerting a positive influence on workers' careers since doctorate holders have a privileged situation in the labour market. This article analyses international mobility's effects on some aspects associated with doctorate holders' careers such as their wages and how their current employment is related to their doctoral studies. The methodology applied consists in developing, on the one hand, a wage econometric specification and, on the other, a probit model, taking into account the possible mismatch between the training acquired in the doctoral studies and the educational requirements of the current job. In both cases, the dependent variables are explained by a set of regressors and a dummy variable showing whether doctorate holders have spent time in another country once completed their doctoral studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution will show how institutions in Spain and Germany facilitated intra-European labour mobility as a solution to a mismatch in the labour market. To this end, we have chosen the recruitment of Spanish job candidates for German employers as an example. Employing Bourdieu's field-theoretical framework as well as expert interviews, we highlight the role of institutional agents encouraging labour migration. We analysed 30 expert interviews to gain insights from institutional agents that facilitate labour migration in the Spanish and the German labour market. Our findings show how these agents use their resources to legitimize policies and create sustainable structures steering labour migration and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very few empirical studies have analysed the labour market performance of migrants in European countries in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article uses a rich new micro-dataset to examine the occupational attainment of migrants, mostly internal migrants, in the city of Barcelona, a key destination from the late nineteenth century onwards, adding to the literature on internal migrations in Spain during the period of industrialization. The study shows that the occupational outcomes achieved by early migrants tended to match those of natives, the reference group. However, some groups of migrants who arrived at the end of the period covered by the study show poorer outcomes than natives. The relative underachievement of these groups is explained by changes in the type of migrants and in the characteristics of the labour market. Our estimates also suggest that Spanish migrants did not experience upward occupational mobility after settling in Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. This study examines the returns to foreign language skills of immigrants in the Spanish labor market. Measurement error and endogeneity issues are addressed by deriving a set of novel instruments for foreign language proficiency through a measure of linguistic dissimilarity. Using cross-sectional data from the 2007 National Immigrant Survey of Spain ( NISS), returns to language skills are estimated separately for English, German, and French proficiency. Foreign language proficiency produces high returns, which appear to be mediated through the channel of occupational choice. The results are discussed against the background of a severe foreign language skills shortage in the Spanish economy. Immigrants may deal as a supplier of foreign language proficiency in the short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. Using aggregate panel data on Spain's 17 regions for the period 1987-2010, the authors present a macroeconomic assessment of a variety of active labour market policies, including employment subsidies for permanent contracts, job-creation schemes and vocational training programmes. Their results suggest that employment subsidies for permanent contracts had no notable effect on aggregate levels of permanent or temporary employment. However, they do appear to have had a small positive effect on transitions from unemployment to employment, and from temporary to permanent employment, particularly since the 1997 labour reform. Better targeted subsidies, the authors conclude, would have incurred fewer deadweight and substitution effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé. Les auteurs proposent une évaluation macroéconomique de certaines politiques actives du marché du travail en Espagne (notamment les aides aux contrats de durée indéterminée) à partir de données de panel sur les communautés autonomes (régions) pour la période 1987-2010. Les résultats indiquent que le subventionnement des contrats de durée indéterminée n'ont eu d'effet notable ni sur le niveau global de l'emploi ni sur celui du travail temporaire. Toutefois, on observe un faible effet positif sur les transitions du chômage au travail et du travail temporaire à l'emploi de durée indéterminée, cet effet étant supérieur après la réforme de 1997. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article analyses the determining factors weighted by doctoral graduates when choosing their professional careers. In Spain, the analysis of such a group has been traditionally excluded from the empiric studies. On the one hand, the lack of databases made it difficult to see their professional situation, and on the other, a university career was understood as this group's innate purpose. The growing demand for qualified professionals in general and for those with a scientific training in particular has prompted the developed countries to carry out research on how to match the third-level training cycle and labour market needs. The analysis of this group's labour conditions allows one to assess whether the current doctoral education programmes satisfy labour market needs. The estimation of a multinomial logit model reveals the different factors when choosing a professional career depending on the area of knowledge. Personal characteristics, such as age, training, area of knowledge or job, as well as the expected wages become fundamental when determining doctors' professional future. Moreover, the results prove that a job outside the university is becoming a preferred option for doctors in certain fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logic of transnational capital and the ongoing European imperative of ‘competition’ have created unofficial economies, seemingly exceptional situations in which the state is left to grapple with the problem of essential but ‘illegal’ labour in spaces in which it is no longer unambiguously sovereign. This article discusses Romanian labourers working informally, and often temporarily, in an agricultural area characterized by intensive plastic greenhouse production in Almería province, Spain. Informal employment is arranged through personal contacts and connections, advertisements, or anonymously in the plaza, the public square. Wages are often negotiated through the person of a Romanian intermediary, who organizes workers into teams, contracts with Spanish growers, and retains a significant proportion of the total pay. It is argued here that although technically outside of state jurisdiction, some of this ‘illegal’ economic activity embodies normalized, unexceptional features of the ‘official’ labour market. These include the general reliability of obtaining work with predictable wages and some opportunity for occupational and economic mobility within the sector for a limited number of people, as well as work-related hierarchies, a racialized division of the area's labour force, and the reproduction of capitalist relations of production in the interests of prolonging the provision of flexible and cheap migrant labour with the complicity of the state. Résumé La logique du capital transnational et l'impératif européen de « concurrence » ont donné naissance à des économies non officielles, situations apparemment exceptionnelles dans lesquelles l'État doit résoudre le problème d'une main-d'œuvre indispensable mais « illégale » dans des espaces où il n'est plus entièrement souverain. L'auteur décrit ici le travail informel et souvent temporaire de Roumains dans une région agricole de la province d'Almería, en Espagne, caractérisée par une production intensive sous serres en plastique. Les embauches informelles s'organisent par contacts personnels et relations, par petites annonces, ou de façon anonyme sur les places de village. Les salaires sont souvent négociés par un intermédiaire roumain qui organise aussi les équipes d'ouvriers, sous-traite avec les cultivateurs espagnols et se réserve une part conséquente de la paie. Bien qu'elle échappe techniquement à la juridiction de l'État, une partie de cette activitééconomique « illégale » reprend des caractéristiques normalisées et ordinaires du marché du travail « officiel » : fiabilité d'un travail rémunéré de façon prévisible, possibilité de mobilité professionnelle et économique dans le secteur pour un nombre limité de personnes, hiérarchisation du travail, division racialisée de la main-d'œuvre dans la région, reproduction des relations capitalistes de production en vue de prolonger la fourniture de main-d'œuvre migrante flexible et bon marché, avec la complicité des pouvoirs publics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a preliminary analysis of the employment and occupational assimilation of recent immigrant waves to the Spanish labour market as their residencies lengthen. Using Spanish data from the 2001 Population Census and the 2002 Earnings Structure Survey, we find evidence of immigrant employment and occupational assimilation significantly varying by gender, origin and educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely assumed that type-of-contract segmentation represents a strong structural constraint on trade union growth. The analysis of a sample of the Spanish workforce shows, however, that the effect of contract type on union membership is not statistically significant once the availability and performance of local union representatives are introduced in the explanatory model. Additionally, the worker’s participative potential, as indicated by his/her social and political capital, is also found to be a major explanatory factor. These findings are placed in comparative perspective and discussed in relation to possible union revitalisation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In labor markets where few companies compete for many workers, economic theory predicts monopsony rents. Surprisingly, soccer clubs do not profit from the expected rents. The purpose of this study is to explain such contradictory evidence. Our model and empirical test, using data obtained from the Spanish professional soccer league for the season 2001/2002, suggests that monopsony rents that the clubs were to obtain from most of the soccer players would eventually revert to the superstars. The study also illustrates that the market value of players stems both from their sporting performance and their economic contribution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain and Britain are known to have different labor market structures and degrees of employment protection. Despite such differences, they show remarkably similar associations of unionization with temporary employment and nonstandard hours of work. In particular, we find that unionization in both countries is correlated neither with overtime/long hours of work nor temporary employment. In both economies, instead, part-time work is negatively associated with unionization. These cross-national similarities warrant a rethinking of the strategies of enlargement toward flexible forms of work that unions have supposedly adopted in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyse what drives both the specific choices and the relative amount of change in labour market policies in two countries, Britain and Spain, in the 1990s. Although we find more substantial and radical labour market reform in Britain, Spain experienced greater union inclusion in policy-making. We examine the roles of economic institutions and the ideology of the governing party and find that neither accounts satisfactorily for the labour market changes in our cases. Domestic political variables, especially electoral factors and the power and autonomy of government, give more insight into the similarities and differences between the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article will address the issue of training and development in Spain. First, the general economic and labour market context will be outlined. Second, the public policy context of training and development and the institutions of regulation will be considered in terms of the way challenges have been responded to by the state and social actors, with an emphasis on developments in lifelong learning and the reality of corporate strategy and practice. Finally, the article will provide an outline of the relevant institutions, networks and sources with regard to the issue of training and development, showing how a new constituency of interests have emerged and coalesced. There is a tendency in the literature and debates related to training and development to speak in terms of binarisms. On the one hand, there are social systems that are deemed to exalt the virtues of training and create high levels of economic investment and political involvement in this area, whilst there are others who fail both to prioritise it and develop extensive systems of social engagement. These types of approaches tend to have difficulty dealing with some of the more complex realities of training, and the myriad of typologies and hybrids, that constitute national training systems such as Spain's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on higher education and graduate employment in Spain. Background on the Spanish higher education system; Details on the labor market in Spain; Career trajectories of the graduates.