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When an academic paper is published in a journal that assigns a digital object identifier (DOI) to papers, this is a de facto fait accompli. Corrections or retractions are supposed to follow a specific protocol, especially in journals that claim to follow the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines. In this paper, we highlight a case of a new, fully open access neuroscience journal that claims to be COPE-compliant, yet has silently retracted two papers since all records, bibliometrics, and PDF files related to their existence have been deleted from the journal's website. Although this phenomenon does not seem to be common in the neurosciences, we consider that any opaque corrective measures in journals whose papers could be cited may negatively impact the wider neuroscience literature and community. Instead, we encourage transparency in retraction to promote truthfulness and trustworthiness., (© 2024 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The quality of the relationship between caregiver and child has long-term effects on the cognitive and socio-emotional development of children. A process involved in human parenting is the bio-behavioural synchrony that occurs between the partners in the relationship during interaction. Through interaction, bio-behavioural synchronicity allows the adaptation of the physiological systems of the parent to those of the child and promotes the positive development and modelling of the child's social brain. The role of bio-behavioural synchrony in building social bonds could be investigated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In this paper we have (a) highlighted the importance of the quality of the caregiver-child relationship for the child's cognitive and socio-emotional development, as well as the relevance of infantile stimuli in the activation of parenting behaviour; (b) discussed the tools used in the study of the neurophysiological substrates of the parental response; (c) proposed fNIRS as a particularly suitable tool for the study of parental responses; and (d) underlined the need for a multi-systemic psychobiological approach to understand the mechanisms that regulate caregiver-child interactions and their bio-behavioural synchrony. We propose to adopt a multi-system psychobiological approach to the study of parental behaviour and social interaction., (© 2022 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Cognitive science was established as an interdisciplinary domain of research in the 1970s. Since then, the domain has flourished, despite disputes concerning its interdisciplinarity. Multiple methods exist for the assessment of interdisciplinary research. The present study proposes a methodology for quantifying interdisciplinary aspects of research in cognitive science. We propose models for text similarity analysis that provide helpful information about the relationship between publications and their specific research fields, showing potential as a robust measure of interdisciplinarity. We designed and developed models utilizing the Doc2Vec method for analyzing cognitive science and related fields. Our findings reveal that cognitive science collaborates closely with most constituent disciplines. For instance, we found a balanced engagement between several constituent fields-including psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science-that contribute significantly to cognitive science. On the other hand, anthropology and neuroscience have made limited contributions. In our analysis, we find that the scholarly domain of cognitive science has been exhibiting overt interdisciplinary for the past several decades., (© 2022 Cognitive Science Society LLC.)

The article offers information on the XXVI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY as of June 1996. Topics discussed include the social construction of gender; subjectivity, religious identity, and tolerance among Israeli adolescent girls; and accuracy and distortion in memory: a cognitive neuroscience prospective.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyse Iranian scientific publications in the neuroscience subfields by librarians and neuroscientists, using Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) via Web of Science data over the period, 2002-2008. Methods: Data were retrieved from the SCIE. Data were collected from the 'subject area' of the database and classified by neuroscience experts into 14 subfields. To identify the citation patterns, we applied the 'impact factor' and the 'number of publication'. Data were also analysed using HISTCITE, Excel 2007 and SPSS. Results: Seven hundred and thirty-four papers have been published by Iranian between 2002 and 2008. Findings showed a growing trend of neuroscience papers in the last 3 years with most papers (264) classified in the neuropharmacology subfield. There were fewer papers in neurohistory, psychopharmacology and artificial intelligence. International contributions of authors were mostly in the neurology subfield, and 'Collaboration Coefficient' for the neuroscience subfields in Iran was 0.686 which is acceptable. Most international collaboration between Iranians and developed countries was from USA. Eighty-seven percent of the published papers were in journals with the impact factor between 0 and 4; 25% of papers were published by the researchers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Conclusion: Progress of neuroscience in Iran is mostly seen in the neuropharmacology and the neurology subfields. Other subfields should also be considered as a research priority by health policymakers. As this study was carried out by the collaboration of librarians and neuroscientists, it has been proved valuable for both librarians and policymakers. This study may be encouraging for librarians from other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tc-99m ECD SISCOM for Focus Detection in Patients with Complex Partial Seizures of Frontal Lobe Origin.Purpose:We investigated the clinical usefulness of the subtraction of interictal from ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) coregistered to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (SISCOM), in detection of a seizure focus in patients with intractable frontal lobe complex partial seizures (CPSs). As a radiopharmaceutical, we used technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate diethylester (99mTc-ECD), because it is more stable than technetium-99m-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) and, therefore, more convenient for observing ictal or periictal events.Subjects and Methods:Three patients who had typical frontal CPSs and achieved significant improvement after focus resection were subjects of this study. After presurgical examinations, including repeated EEGs, video-EEG monitoring, MRI, neuropsychological testing,[11C]flumazenil (FMZ) positron emission tomography (PET), and[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, two patients underwent invasive monitoring for focus detection. The remaining patient underwent focus resection without invasive monitoring, because MRI revealed cortical dysplasia in the right orbitofrontal (OF) gyrus, and EEG demonstrated an ictal onset in the region of the corresponding lesion. Ictal SPECT images were obtained by recognizing ictal onset with video monitoring. The time lag between seizure onset and injection of the radiopharmaceutical was recorded. The SISCOM images were reconstructed by using the image-analysis software Dr. View (Asahi Kasei Joho, Tokyo, Japan) running on a personal computer.Results:The SISCOM images demonstrated increased ECD uptake in the left anterior cingulate and OF gyrus in patient 1, in the right anterior cingulate gyrus in patient 2, and in the right OF gyrus in patient 3. The time lag between seizure onset and the isotope injection was 59 s in patient 1, 37 s in patient 2, and 53 s in patient 3. In each patient, laterality of the seizure onset in the frontal limbic systems showed good agreement with the area showing increased ECD uptake. We then analyzed the diagnostic value for focus detection of interictal FMZ-PET and FDG-PET in the same patients. In the focus area determined by electrocorticography or EEG, FMZ-PET detected decreased binding only in patient 3, but not in patients 1 and 2, whereas FDG-PET detected hypometabolism in patients 1 and 3, but not in patient 2. As for the focus detection of patients with frontal CPS, SISCOM seemed to have a superior diagnostic value over interictal FMZ-PET and FDG-PET. We also found that SISCOM might be a suitable indicator to determine the position of intracranial electrodes placement.Conclusions:We demonstrated that SISCOM is an important presurgical examination for focus detection in patients with intractable frontal lobe CPSs. Clinical Usefulness of a Three-Dimensional Stereotaxic Region of Interest Template (3D-SRT) in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Purpose:Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a noninvasive functional neuroimaging study used as part of presurgical evaluation when attempting to localize an epileptogenic region. It is well recognized that the interictal SPECT in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrates hypoperfusion areas in the temporal lobe ipsilateral to the epileptic focus. We evaluated the pattern of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by visual inspection of SPECT images in epilepsy patients, but it is difficult to evaluate rCBF quantitatively in the current clinical SPECT systems.Subjects and Methods:In this study, we analyzed changes of the rCBF in temporal lobe epilepsy by using a fully automated rCBF quantification program; the three-dimensional stereotaxic region of interest (ROI) template (3D-SRT). 3D-SRT has been reported to measure automatically the area-weighted mean value of the rCBF for each of 24 segments arbitrarily defined as the anatomic area supplied from major arteries from values of 536 ROIs of the whole brain. The 12 paired segments are as follows: anterior, precentral, central, parietal, angular, temporal, occipital, pericallosal, lenticular nucleus, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum segments. Twenty-one patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsies who received anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy were included in this study. The ages of patients ranged from 14 to 49 years (mean, 27 years), and the duration of seizures, from 1 to 31 years (mean, 13.4 years). Histopathologic diagnoses were as follows: hippocampal sclerosis (n= 15), cortical dysplasia (n= 3), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) (n= 1), ganglioglioma (n= 1), and arteriovenous malformation (AVM) (n= 1).99mTc-ECD SPECT was obtained during an interictal period in all patients, and rCBF was calculated by using 3D-SRT. To compare the values of rCBF between 21 patients, we determined the laterality indices (LIs) in all 12 segments of each patient (LI= |(left– right)|/|(left+ right)|× 100). The mean LIs were as follows: 1.17 in anterior, 2.91 in precentral, 2.64 in central, 3.19 in parietal, 3.47 in angular, 4.92 in temporal, 2.19 in occipital, 1.57 in pericallosal, 2.23 in lenticular nucleus, 4.99 in thalamus, 4.82 in hippocampus, and 1.74 in cerebellum. The LIs of thalamus, temporal, hippocampus, and angular were significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with that of the anterior. These results demonstrated that the laterality of rCBF is obvious in the temporal lobe and hippocampus as well as the thalamus in patients with mesial temporal epilepsy. The outcome after surgery at the time of follow-up according to Engel's classification was class I and II in 18 patients (85.7%) and class III in three (14.3%). No correlation was found between the mean LIs of class I/II and those of class III in all segments except thalamus. In the thalamus, LI is significantly higher (p<0.01) in class I/II (5.58± 1.12) than in class III (1.45± 0. 17), suggesting that patients showing laterality of rCBF in thalamus are expected to achieve good surgical outcome from temporal lobectomy. The 3D-SRT is a useful modality to quantify the rCBF in the evaluation of an epileptogenic area. Usefulness of Brain MRI-FLAIR in Predicting Prognosis of Convulsive Status.Background:Early delineation of the pathologic changes in the acute stage of convulsive status in infants is important to predict prognosis. We report five cases during the acute stage after convulsive status to demonstrate that important findings readily are detected with T2-weighted imaging, by using a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequence.Methods:Five infants[one with severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI), one with complex partial seizure (CPS), and three with influenza encephalopathy (IE)] who manifested Todd's palsy after unilateral convulsive status were studied. Informed consent to releases the research results was obtained from all parents.Results:The SMEI case (female) was admitted because of convulsions at age 6 months. The first brain MRI performed 2 weeks afterward showed no abnormality on standard T1-weighted images (T1WI), T2-weighted images (T2WI) and T2-weighted imaging using FLAIR sequence[repetition time (TR) 7,280 ms, inversion time (TI) 1,700 ms, echo time (TE) 110 ms]. Subsequently, she frequently manifested convulsive status with right or left seizures triggered by high fever or photic and pattern stimulation. At age 23 months, after an episode of convulsive status with high fever, she had a right body unilateral seizure. T2-weighted images using FLAIR pulse sequence (TR/TI/TE 7280/1700/132) clearly depicted diffuse and multiple high-intensity areas in the left hemispheric white matter and right hippocampus. However, these finding were not detected by standard T1WI and T2WI. The CPS case was a 4-year-old female infant with developmental delay who had CPSs and left Todd's palsy that continued for∼2 h. After 1 week, brain MRI was performed. Lesions in the white matter of the right frontal lobe were more clearly detected on high-contrast images provided by T2-weighted images, using a FLAIR pulse sequence (TR/TI/TE 9000/2200/138) than by T2WI and T1WI. However, these findings disappeared after 3 months. Among three cases of unilateral convulsion and Todd's palsy caused by influenza encephalopathy, only one case showed hyperintense areas of frontotemporal cortical lesions on T2-weighted images with FLAIR pulse sequence (TR/TI/TE 9000/2300/137) and diffusion-weighted imaging (TR/TE 270/137). This case had no after effects and the findings on the diffusion-weighted imaging disappeared at follow-up MRI. However, the hyperintense lesions in the left hippocampus and white matter of the left frontal cortex were still depicted by T2-weighted images, with a FLAIR pulse sequence (TR/TI/TE 9000/2300/137).Conclusions:In cases of convulsive status epilepticus during infancy, subsequent development of brain lesions, including hippocampal sclerosis, is a potential concern. Heavily T2-weighted images, using a FLAIR pulse sequ strong MR contrast of pathologic tissues. The results that we obtained suggest the usefulness of the MRI-FLAIR for estimating prognosis of patients with convulsive status. Usefulness of[ 123I]Iomazenil SPECT in the Localization of Epileptic Foci in Refractory Epilepsy Patients without Obvious MRI Abnormality.Purpose:Changes in the central-type benzodiazepine receptors (BZRs) can be detected by positron emission tomography (PET) with flumazenil, an antagonist of BZR, or by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with iomazenil (IMZ), a partial inverse agonist of BZR. A decrease of the BZR density in an epileptic focus has been demonstrated, and BZR imaging is expected to depict the focus as a decreased uptake area. This study investigated the usefulness of IMZ-SPECT for the detection of epileptic foci in patients with refractory epilepsy showing no obvious MRI abnormality.Subjects and Methods:Twenty-three patients who underwent surgery for medically intractable partial seizures without definite abnormality on MRI were studied. The mean age at seizure onset was 12.7 (4–27) years, and the mean age at operation was 28 (20–42) years. All patients underwent interictal IMZ-SPECT and[123I]iodeamphetamine (IMP) SPECT for cerebral blood flow before operation. IMZ-SPECT was performed 3 h after intravenous injection of IMZ (167 MBq), and IMP-SPECT was performed immediately after intravenous injection of IMP (111–222 MBq). Nineteen patients underwent prolonged intracranial EEG recording before surgery. Frontal resection was performed in 12 patients, anterior temporal lobectomy in eight, amygdalohippocampectomy in two, and frontoparietal resection in one. The pathological diagnosis was focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) in eight patients, mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in nine, others in two, and no abnormality in four. The abilities of IMZ- and IMP-SPECT to detect abnormalities and epileptic foci were compared. Sensitivity was assessed in all patients, and specificity was assessed in 14 patients who were seizure free for>1 year after operation. Moreover, to investigate the difference in detectability according to pathological background, the detection rates of MTS and FCD by both methods were compared.Results:In all patients, the sensitivity was 61% (14 patients) for IMZ-SPECT and 28% (eight patients) for IMP-SPECT. Neither IMZ- nor IMP-SPECT could detect epileptic foci in seven (30%) patients. In fourteen patients who were seizure free for>1 year after operation, the specificity was 86% (12 patients) for IMZ-SPECT and 36% (five patients) for Iological findings, the detection rates of FCD and MTS were, respectively, 75% (six patients) and 56% (five patients) for IMZ-SPECT, and 28% (one patient) and 56% (five patients) for IMP-SPECT. Despite the absence of definite abnormal pathology in four patients, IMZ- and IMP-SPECT detected an epileptic focus in one patient each.Conclusions:These results show that, compared with IMP-SPECT, IMZ-SPECT is more useful for the detection of epileptic foci in refractory partial epilepsy showing no obvious MRI abnormality. IMZ-SPECT especially is effective to detect FCD. These findings indicate that IMZ-SPECT can play an important role in presurgical evaluation as a noninvasive interictal imaging technique. α-[ 11C]-Methyl-l-Tryptophan Uptake in the Cortex of Patients with Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia and Epilepsy.Background:Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) is a commonly identified malformation of cortical development. Although the association between PVNH and epilepsy is well known, controversy exists concerning the location of the epileptogenic area. Some evidence suggests an involvement of the neocortex. We recently demonstrated that(α-[11C]methyl-l-tryptophan (α-MTrp) positron emission tomography (PET) is a useful tool in the localization of the epileptogenic area in partial epilepsy, especially in patients with tuberous sclerosis or cortical dysplasia.Purpose:To determine whetherα-MTrp PET can detect neocortical changes in PVNH secondary to abnormal serotoninergic or kynurenine pathway metabolism.Methods:We studied four patients (mean age, 28 years; range, 23–36 years) with PVNH and intractable seizures by usingα-MTrp PET. Three had bilateral PVNH, and one had unilateral PVNH. The netα-MTrp uptake constant K* was calculated from the time–activity curve, and the input function estimated from the venous sinus radioactivity and blood samples. We compared the K* image of each patient with those of 21 normal control subjects (mean age, 35± 14 years) by using the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) program. We compared the location of increased uptake ofα-MTrp with the location of epileptic EEG abnormalities. We defined a significant cluster as a cluster with a height of p<0.005 and an extent threshold of 100. When no clusters met this definition, we examined again with a height of p<0.05.Results:In patient 1, EEG localized seizure onset in the right posterior temporal neocortex overlying the PVNH. PET revealed increasedα-MTrp uptake in the same area, as well as in the right frontotemporal and the left frontopolar areas. In patients 2 and 3,α-MTrp PET showed increased uptake in the areas of the additional seizure foci, but not the areas of seizure generation depicted on EEG. In patient 4 with unilateral PVNH, multifocal increases ofα-MTrp uptake were observed.α-MTrp PET did not show increased uptake in the PVNH itself in all the patients studied.Conclusions:In PVNH,α-MTrp PET detected abnormal metabolism of tryptophan in the neocortex. In some patients, the increase was seen in several neocortical areas but never included the heterotopic nodules. Based on our previous observations, this finding suggests epileptogenicity in the neocortex overlying PVNH. The pathologic mechanism of the abnormality underlying the widespread alteration of cortical tryptophan metabolism extending beyond the MRI-visible lesion remains unclear. Neocortical areas overlying PVNH display abnormal tryptophan metabolism. This abnormality is suggestive of a widespread epileptogenic lesion extending beyond the MRI-visible lesion. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Cerebrum in West Syndrome.Purpose:To evaluate cerebral dysfunction in West syndrome by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).Subjects and Methods:1H-MRS was performed in 17 patients with West syndrome (cryptogenic, seven patients; symptomatic, 10 patients). Informed consent for participation in this study was obtained from the families of all the patients. Magnetic resonance spectra of the parietal region were acquired by using a STEAM sequence (TR= 5,000 ms; TE= 18 ms). Evolutional changes of1H-MRS were observed for>2 years from the onset of West syndrome.Results:The ratios ofN-acetylaspartate (NAA) to creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr) increased with age in patients who showed cessation of spasms. Conversely, the ratios of NAA to Cr remained low or decreased with age in patients whose spasms were not controlled and in all the patients who showed severe developmental delay.Conclusions:From these findings, we speculate that West syndrome causes progressive neuronal damage.1H-MRS is a valuable tool to evaluate neuronal damage and to predict mental prognosis in West syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on the resources of computational neuroscience (an account of active inference under the free energy principle) to address Bas van Fraassen's bad lot objection to the inference to the best explanation (IBE). The general assumption of this paper is that IBE is a finessed form of active inferences that self‐organising systems perform to maximise the chance of their survival. Under this assumption, the paper aims to establish the following points: first, the capacity to learn to perform explanatory inferences comes with evolutionary privileges; second, adaptive actions guide beliefs and beliefs are action‐oriented; and third, IBE is not inconsistent with (approximate) Bayesianism but plays a heuristic role to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a call for papers for a special issue of the "Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior." Assembly of a set of experimental and conceptual articles that illustrate and assess efforts to relate neuroscience and behavior; Consideration of the parallels envisioned by B.F. Skinner, author of the 1938 text "The Behavior of Organisms"; Mappings between neurophysiology and behavior.

International Conference on Display Technology 2020 (V olume 52, Issue S1) 11 The Temporal Window of Visual Processing Xianghang He*, Zhong-Lin Lu**, Fang Hou* * School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, 315 Teaching Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China ** Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Room 1033, Shanghai, 200122, China; Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, 4 Washington Place, Room 903, New York, NY 10003, U.S.A. Aging affects a variety of visual functions. The poorer performance of the older observers was due to the inferior temporal processing window of the visual system in aging. [Extracted from the article]

In this article, we identify research possibilities for organizational cognitive neuroscience that emerge from the papers in this special issue. We emphasize the intriguing finding that the papers share a common theme—the use of cognitive neuroscience to investigate the role of emotions in organizational behavior; this suggests a research agenda in its own right. We conclude the article by stressing that there is much yet to discover about how the mind works, especially in organizational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Findings What is the topic of this review? One of the major unanswered questions in physiology is that of how breathing matches metabolic rate. Venous chemoreceptors seem to have been dismissed since the 1960s., What advances does it highlight? New evidence shows that their apparent dismissal needs reappraisal. The paper on which this depends has more than one interpretation, and another paper obtained the opposite result., Previous search ignored all locations between skeletal muscle and the right heart., Oxygen sensors other than the arterial chemoreceptors do exist. Heymans and colleagues originally demonstrated some residual breathing response to hypoxia in sino-aortically denervated animals. Similar results occur in humans., , One of the major unanswered questions in physiology is that of how breathing matches metabolic rate. The existence in humans of venous chemoreceptors that might control breathing seems to have been dismissed since the 1960s. New evidence has emerged showing that this apparent dismissal needs reappraisal. First, the paper in humans on which this depends has more than one interpretation. Moreover, a previous paper obtained the opposite result and is not cited. Secondly, previous search for venous chemoreceptors failed to examine all venous locations between skeletal muscle and the right heart and lungs. Thirdly, oxygen sensors other than the arterial chemoreceptors do exist. Heymans himself originally demonstrated some residual breathing response to hypoxia in sino-aortically denervated animals. Others confirm a residual breathing response to hypoxia in mammals, including humans. There is now considerable interest in the importance of afferent feedback in controlling the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Moreover, it is now clear that arterial, aortic and central chemoreceptors have no role in explaining how breathing matches metabolic rate during exercise. These together provide a timely reminder that venous chemoreceptors remain ideal candidates still to be considered as metabolic rate sensors to explain matching in humans. Firstly, this is because venous [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer neuroscience is a growing field in both marketing and consumer behavior research. The number of articles published on the topic has increased exponentially in the last 15 years. However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of the literature highlighting the main constructs, trends and research gaps found in such a large collection of papers. Therefore, this paper provides a text mining (TM) analysis that clusters and systematizes the complex and dispersed information of 469 articles, using the correlated topic model algorithm (CTM). Results show that "consumer neuroscience", "brand memory", and "willingness to buy" are the most relevant topics in the field. This study also reveals that the literature has been focusing on ethical concerns as well as on controversial concerns in the use of consumer neuroscience techniques. We include a final section on future research questions and opportunities that emerged from the conducted research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on several decades of research and development, the recent progress in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) devices with spatial computing technologies marks a significant leap in human–computer interaction, with applications ranging from entertainment and education to e‐commerce and healthcare. Advances in these technologies promise immersive experiences by simulating and augmenting the real world with computer‐generated digital content. The core objective of the VR and AR systems is to create convincing human sensory perceptions, thereby creating immersive and interactive experiences that bridge the gap between virtual and physical realities. However, achieving true immersion remains a goal, and it necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the neuroscience of human multisensory perception and accurate technical implementations to create a consistency between natural and synthetic sensory cues. This paper reviews the human sensory‐perceptual requirements vital for achieving such immersion, examines the current status and challenges, and discusses potential future advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the neuroscientific community has moved from describing the neural underpinnings of mental phenomena—as characterized by experimental psychology and philosophy of mind—to attempting to redefine those mental phenomena based on neural findings. Nowadays, many are intrigued by the idea that neuroscience might provide the “missing piece” that would allow philosophers (and, to an extent, psychologists, too) to make important advances, generating new means that these disciplines lack to close knowledge gaps and answer questions like “What is Free Will?” and “Do humans have it?.” In this paper, we argue that instead of striving for neuroscience to replace philosophy in the ongoing quest to understanding human thought and behavior, more synergetic relations should be established, where neuroscience does not only inspire philosophy but also draws from it. We claim that such a collaborative coevolution, with the two disciplines nourishing and influencing each other, is key to resolving long‐lasting questions that have thus far proved impenetrable for either discipline on its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi‐criteria methods and systems have been developed over many years to support decision‐making with a process of eliciting preferences. The emphasis has been on those that incorporate compensatory rationality, the characteristics of which make the process more complex. Neuroscience has offered the opportunity to capture aspects of cognition, generating insights. This paper investigates the preference elicitation process with Flexible and Interactive Tradeoff (FITradeoff), using electroencephalography and eye‐tracking applied to a sample of undergraduate and graduate students. While FITradeoff offers greater flexibility when evaluating recent advances in the area, the experiment carried out incorporates paradigms present in other methods developed for compensatory rationality. The results indicate the effect the type of predominant criterion has on cognitive effort. Moreover, a non‐linear relationship between the number of criteria and questions was found, which suggests that decision‐makers use a strategy of minimizing cognitive effort. Such findings help to direct efforts to enhance systems and methods with compensatory rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues associated with the emergence of neuroscience-related information and issues associated with diminishing dominance of electrophysiology. Topics discussed include requirement for a modern interpretation of classic electrophysiology literature, application of the Nernst equation to describe the potential that results distribution of ions across semi-permeable cell membranes and issues associated with the invention of the voltage clamp.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Statistics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mental health nurses undertake difficult and complex roles. Therapeutic relationships and engagement between mental health nurses and people experiencing severe mental ill‐health provide the core purpose and rationale for such mental health care. These relationships are influenced by factors outside of frontline mental health nurses control. They are difficult to define or describe with clarity, have limited 'quantitative' evidence of effectiveness and are frequently not experienced as therapeutic. This paper presents some initial ideas regarding 'everyday ordinariness' using psychologist Daniel Kahneman's two systems of thinking as a focus for understanding and potentially improving mental health nurse practice, and therapeutic relationships and engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overarching goal of this paper is to examine the efficacy of early intervention when viewed through the lens of developmental neuroscience. We begin by briefly summarizing neural development from conception through the first few postnatal years. We emphasize the role of experience during the postnatal period, and consistent with decades of research on critical periods, we argue that experience can represent both a period of opportunity and a period of vulnerability. Because plasticity is at the heart of early intervention, we next turn our attention to the efficacy of early intervention drawing from two distinct literatures: early intervention services for children growing up in disadvantaged environments, and children at elevated likelihood of developing a neurodevelopmental delay or disorder. In the case of the former, we single out interventions that target caregiving and in the case of the latter, we highlight recent work on autism. A consistent theme throughout our review is a discussion of how early intervention is embedded in the developing brain. We conclude our article by discussing the implications our review has for policy, and we then offer recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reflect on the important changes to the board and content of the "Journal of Physiology" in 2011. He says that several new initiatives were announced throughout the year including the journal's new look in April 2011 and the publication of a series of dedicated neuroscience issues in September 2011. He also discusses the evolving content of the journal and the symposium issues published throughout the year.

Analyzing social media has become a common way for capturing and understanding people's opinions, sentiments, interests, and reactions to ongoing events. Social media has thus become a rich and real‐time source for various kinds of public opinion and sentiment studies. According to psychology and neuroscience, human emotions are known to be strongly dependent on sensory perceptions. Although sensation is the most fundamental antecedent of human emotions, prior works have not looked into their relation to emotions based on social media texts. In this paper, we report the results of our study on sensation effects that underlie human emotions as revealed in social media. We focus on the key five types of sensations: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. We first establish a correlation between emotion and sensation in terms of linguistic expressions. Then, in the second part of the paper, we define novel features useful for extracting sensation information from social media. Finally, we design a method to classify texts into ones associated with different types of sensations. The sensation dataset resulting from this research is opened to the public to foster further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Basic self disturbance is a putative core vulnerability marker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The primary aims of the Self, Neuroscience and Psychosis (SNAP) study are to: (1) empirically test a previously described neurophenomenological self‐disturbance model of psychosis by examining the relationship between specific clinical, neurocognitive, and neurophysiological variables in UHR patients, and (2) develop a prediction model using these neurophenomenological disturbances for persistence or deterioration of UHR symptoms at 12‐month follow‐up. Methods: SNAP is a longitudinal observational study. Participants include 400 UHR individuals, 100 clinical controls with no attenuated psychotic symptoms, and 50 healthy controls. All participants complete baseline clinical and neurocognitive assessments and electroencephalography. The UHR sample are followed up for a total of 24 months, with clinical assessment completed every 6 months. Results: This paper presents the protocol of the SNAP study, including background rationale, aims and hypotheses, design, and assessment procedures. Conclusions: The SNAP study will test whether neurophenomenological disturbances associated with basic self‐disturbance predict persistence or intensification of UHR symptomatology over a 2‐year follow up period, and how specific these disturbances are to a clinical population with attenuated psychotic symptoms. This may ultimately inform clinical care and pathoaetiological models of psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meaningfully connecting with others is critical to the well‐being of individuals. What phenomena contribute to and stem from social connection? In this paper, we integrate emerging work that uses neuroimaging and social network analysis with theories that explore the links between shared reality and social connection. We highlight recent work suggesting that the extent to which people have aligned mental processing and shared subjective construals to those around them—as shown by neural similarity—is associated with both objective and subjective social connection. On the other hand, idiosyncrasies are linked to difficulties with social connection. We conclude by suggesting how the links between shared understanding and social connection can be productively used as a framework to study psychosocial phenomena of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short paper provides the context for the six theological papers published in this issue that were part of a wider discussion with other scientists and theologians on becoming human. It raises the questions that the papers sought to address and shows how the different aspects of what it means to be human from a theological perspective are challenged by, but also serve to engage and in some cases confront, scientific debates on this matter. The particular sciences involved included neuroscience, genetics, evolutionary biology, anthropology, and paleontology. Selected scientific and other theological papers will appear in subsequent issues of Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science. The particular theological positions taken in this collection are distinctive and form the basis for a theological debate on what it means to be human in theistic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The intersection of the lives of 2 essential individuals in science, behavior analyst Murray Sidman (1923‐2019), and Henry G. Molaison also known as Patient H.M. (1926‐2008), warrants examination as it highlights the role of behavior analysis and other disciplines in the emergence of modern neuroscience and a collaborative approach to science. This paper describes the historical context and content of two publications by Sidman in which Molaison served as a research participant. The goal of the present paper is to emphasize this little‐known facet of Sidman's rich career and to highlight the pioneering role of behavior analysis, and particularly the work of Murray Sidman, in the emergence of collaborative modern neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographers are increasingly interested in understanding the significance of developments in neuroscience, psychology and the behavioural sciences. Indeed, consideration of these disciplines has arguably shaped the trajectories of human geography since at least the 1960s, but its “neural turn” has only recently been acknowledged. This paper provides an original analysis of the intersections of research on neuroscience and geography. With reference to qualitative interviews with cognitive scientists and neuroscientists based in the UK, it identifies how geographical concepts have been approached within contemporary neuroscience while also identifying the broad trajectories of geographers’ engagements with neuroscience. The discussion demonstrates the political implications of these disciplinary trends for a geographical account of brain culture and brain‐based explanations in policy and practice. Specifically it proposes the development of a “critical neuro‐geography” capable of providing an overarching analysis of these phenomena. The paper's novel synthesis of hitherto disconnected engagements between geography, cognitive science and neuroscience establishes the rationale for a more sustained and critical engagement between neuroscience and geography sensitive to issues of situated subjectivity, power, inequality and difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroclassicism is the view that cognition is explained by "classical" computing mechanisms in the nervous system that exhibit a clear demarcation between processing machinery and read–write memory. The psychologist C. R. Gallistel has mounted a sophisticated defense of neuroclassicism by drawing from ethology and computability theory to argue that animal brains necessarily contain read–write memory mechanisms. This argument threatens to undermine the "connectionist" orthodoxy in contemporary neuroscience, which does not seem to recognize any such mechanisms. In this paper I argue that the neuroclassicist critique rests on a misunderstanding of how computability theory constrains theorizing about natural computing mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper in this journal, I argued that the crosslinguistic prevalence of subject-object-verb and subject-verb-object word orders reflects the sequential and hierarchical representation of action in Broca's area. Arbib (2015) discusses that paper in the context of broader computational, neuroscientific, and evolutionary issues, and presents a critique of my specific proposal. Here, I respond to his concerns and defend my original account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the paper 'Whose unconscious is it anyway?,' by Elphis Christopher published in the journal 'Journal of the British Association of Psychotherapists.' Christopher's provocative question provides linking rationale for a paper with three distinctive areas of interest. She explores 'Whose unconscious is it anyway?' in clinical context of confidentiality and publication in various competing models of psyche within different analytical groupings and in inter-disciplinary arena of neurosciences where there has been increasing interest in and research into dimensions of consciousness and unconsciousness.

Prevalence and symptoms of most psychiatric and neurological disorders differ in men and women and there is substantial evidence that their neurobiological basis and treatment also differ by sex. This special issue sought to bring together a series of empirical papers and targeted reviews to highlight the diverse impact of sex in neuroscience and neuropsychopharmacology. This special issue emphasizes the diverse impact of sex in neuroscience and neuropsychopharmacology, including 9 review papers and 17 research articles highlighting investigation in different species (zebrafish, mice, rats, and humans). Each contribution covers scientific topics that overlap with genetics, endocrinology, cognition, behavioral neuroscience, neurology, and pharmacology. Investigating the extent to which sex differences can impact the brain and behavior is key to moving forward in neuroscience research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special issue resulting from the 2018 Earli‐SIG22 conference reflects the current state of the field, the diversity of methods, the persevering limitations and promising directions towards solutions. About half of the empirical papers in this special issue that consist of three parts, uses behavioral, self‐report or qualitative measures to understand the "mind" level of Mind, Brain, and Education. The other half investigates the "brain" level, using neuroimaging but also genetics or eye‐tracking to gain access to the wider range of biological substrates of learning and cognition. These biological studies mostly have added value by refining psychological theories, such that these inspire new hypotheses to test in the field, to ultimately better inform teaching. Importantly, the special issue presents several approaches to more intensive, bi‐directional and systematic practice‐research collaborations to better connect the "mind" and "brain" levels to education, and to equip researchers to realize such collaborations successfully in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Causal inference is a key step in many research endeavors in cognitive science and neuroscience, and particularly cognitive neuroscience. Statistical knowledge is sufficient for prediction and diagnosis, but causal knowledge is required for action and intervention. Most statistics courses and textbooks emphasize the difficulty of causal inference, focusing on the maxim that "correlation does not mean causation": there can be multiple causal possibilities, often many of them, consistent with given observed statistics. This paper focuses instead on the conceptual issues and assumptions that confront causal and other kinds of inference, primarily focusing on cognitive neuroscience. We connect inference methods with goals and challenges, and provide concrete guidance about how to select appropriate tools for the scientific task. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Theory and MethodsPhilosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The powerful are often more successful in pursuing their goals, as shown in many studies. Does this mean that the powerful try harder? Current theories on power do not provide a clear answer to this question. Based on recent findings in the power literature and integrating theories from motivation psychology and neuroscience, the present paper presents the effort investment theory of power. The effort investment theory proposes that power determines the investment of effort following a resource conservation principle; that is, power affects people's evaluation of a goal in terms of its importance and feasibility, and based on their evaluation, they mobilize effort. Importantly, the theory also considers a time perspective. It highlights the role of experiences during the process of pursuing a goal (i.e., facing signals of success and failure) as well as previous experiences (i.e., performing a different task/goal before) in the power effect on effort investment, and argues that such experiences affect individuals' judgments of importance and feasibility. Finally, the theory discusses possible consequences of the power effect on effort investment for performance and efficiency. The relevance of these propositions for theory and practice are discussed, as well as ideas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]