Search

Fast‐switching high‐efficiency liquid crystal grating is a key component in holographic true‐3D display systems. In this paper, we present our research and development of a 10.7" liquid crystal grating with 2‐3 millisecond switching time, close‐to‐ideal deflection efficiency, and >100 polarization contrast. The high performance is achieved by optimizing the design and process of the liquid crystal grating panel as well as the optical module stack. Several key design principles are analyzed and verified. Based on the developed liquid crystal grating, a 10.4" full‐color naked‐eye holographic 3D display prototype is successfully realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children frequently respond differently to therapies compared to adults. Differences also exist between paediatric age groups for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in both efficacy and safety. Paediatric pharmacovigilance requires an understanding of the unique aspects of children with regard to, for example, drug response, growth and development, clinical presentation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), how they can be detected and population‐specific factors (e.g., more frequent use of off‐label/unlicensed drugs). In recognition of these challenges, a group of experts has been formed in the context of the conect4children (c4c) project to support paediatric drug development. This expert group collaborated to develop methodological considerations for paediatric drug safety and pharmacovigilance throughout the life‐cycle of medicinal products which are described in this article. These considerations include practical points to consider for the development of the paediatric section of the risk management plan (RMP), safety in paediatric protocol development, safety data collection and analysis. Furthermore, they describe the specific details of post‐marketing pharmacovigilance in children using, for example, spontaneous reports, electronic health care records, registries and record‐linkage, as well as the use of paediatric pharmacoepidemiology studies for risk characterisation. Next the details of the assessment of benefit–risk and challenges related to medicinal product formulation in the context of a Paediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) are presented. Finally, practical issues in paediatric signal detection and evaluation are included. This paper provides practical points to consider for paediatric pharmacovigilance throughout the life‐cycle of medicinal products for RMPs, protocol development, safety data collection and analysis and PIPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous evolution of technology, XR products are expected to witness significant breakthroughs and advancements in these aspects, ultimately enhancing the overall user experience. However, careful consideration and optimization of these characteristics based on the intended purpose and usage scenarios of the product remain an area of ongoing research. The primary goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive reference framework for researchers and product developers to facilitate further research and development in XR technology. By analyzing and discussing the existing literature, this review aims to synthesize the current understanding and state‐of‐the‐art progress in XR technology, serving as a valuable resource for researchers and developers seeking to innovate in this rapidly growing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information visualization as a field is growing rapidly in popularity since the first information visualization conference in 1995. However, as a consequence of its growth, it is increasingly difficult to follow the growing body of literature within the field. Survey papers and literature reviews are valuable tools for managing the great volume of previously published research papers, and the quantity of survey papers in visualization has reached a critical mass. To this end, this survey paper takes a quantum step forward by surveying and classifying literature survey papers in order to help researchers understand the current landscape of Information Visualization. It is, to our knowledge, the first survey of survey papers (SoS) in Information Visualization. This paper classifies survey papers into natural topic clusters which enables readers to find relevant literature and develops the first classification of classifications. The paper also enables researchers to identify both mature and less developed research directions as well as identify future directions. It is a valuable resource for both newcomers and experienced researchers in and outside the field of Information Visualization and Visual Analytics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Optics based on digital electro optics platform is the main concept of Jasper Display Corp. (JDC) to develop various applications. These applications are based on our X on CMOS technologies, for example, Liquid Crystal on CMOS is called LCoS. JDC support LCoS Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) for education kit (EDK), amplitude modulation kit (ARK) and phase modulation kit (SRK) for research. All are plug‐play. SLM in Optics is similar to FPGA in electronics. JDC's digital modulation software is the solution for pixel micro LED platform. Software is the Key to maximize the value for pixel micro LED platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a tribute to the pioneering medical physicists over the last 50 years who have participated in the research, development, and commercialization of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy utilizing a wide range of technology. The authors have described the evolution of SRS through the eyes of physicists from its beginnings with the Gamma Knife™ in 1951 to proton and charged particle therapy; modification of commercial linacs to accommodate high precision SRS setups; the multitude of accessories that have enabled fine tuning patients for relocalization, immobilization, and repositioning with submillimeter accuracy; and finally the emerging technology of SBRT. A major theme of the article is the expanding role of the medical physicist from that of advisor to the neurosurgeon to the current role as a primary driver of new technology that has already led to an adaptation of cranial SRS to other sites in the body, including, spine, liver, and lung. SRS continues to be at the forefront of the impetus to provide technological precision for radiation therapy and has demonstrated a host of downstream benefits in improving delivery strategies for conventional therapy as well. While this is not intended to be a comprehensive history, and the authors could not delineate every contribution by all of those working in the pursuit of SRS development, including physicians, engineers, radiobiologists, and the rest of the therapy and dosimetry staff in this important and dynamic radiation therapy modality, it is clear that physicists have had a substantial role in the development of SRS and theyincreasingly play a leading role in furthering SRS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Michael Weiss and G.R. Gangadharan discussing about mashups, another by Simon Ford, Elizabeth Gransey, and David Probert describing state of art in contemporary research & development (R&D) environments, and one by Jack Smith and Jonathan Calof examining how R&D management is being asked to become more systematic.

The article offers information on the Corporate Governance: An International Review (CGIR) Junior Scholar Consortium and Paper Development Workshop at the Eighth International Corporate Governance Society (ICGS) Annual Conference, to be held at the University of Miami in Florida on November 11, 2022.

Scale adaptation, where authors alter the wording of an already published scale, is a deeply rooted social practice in IS research. This paper argues that the time is ripe to question this activity as well as the beliefs that have progressively formed around it. We identify and challenge five fallacious scale adaptation beliefs that hinder the development of more robust measure development norms. Contributing to this area of research, this paper offers a conceptual definition of the cognitive validity concept, defined as the extent to which a scale is free of problematic item characteristics (PICs) that bias the survey response process and subsequent empirical results. Building on this conceptualization effort, a new methodological process for assessing the cognitive validity of adapted IS measures is introduced. Through a series of three programmatic studies, we find converging evidence that the method can benefit the IS field by making the scale adaptation process more robust, transparent, and consistent. Along with the method, we introduce a new index that IS scholars can use to benchmark the cognitive quality of their scales against venerable IS measures. We discuss the implications of our work for IS research (including detailed implementation guidelines) and provide directions for future research on measurement in IS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attaining Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3: Health and Well‐Being) faces a dual challenge of diminishing returns of established intervention designs, and a threat to future gains from complex inter‐connected global health challenges like antimicrobial resistance and global biodiversity loss. The growing movement of context‐sensitive approaches could help realise yet untapped potential for intervention designs, but contemporary global health policy and research still remain dominated by a model of individual market style choices. This paper therefore aims to support the development of global health planning processes that are more grounded and integrative across the SDGs. Reiterating calls for disruptive policy change is unlikely to impact the modus operandi of global health policy and research. This paper therefore builds on a logic that already finds widespread and intuitive application in their underlying planning processes: 'the market'. However, it challenges the dominant supply‐and‐demand approach to healthcare markets and redefines them from a strategic marketing perspective. Translated to the interface of populations and health systems, the strategic market is a site for solving problems that are defined by people with multidimensional health needs. This framework offers four guiding questions to define the strategic market and six premises as a simple intellectual starting point and checklist for more grounded and inter‐sectorial action across the SDGs. The analysis of data from one of the largest behavioural survey data sets, covering 6683 villagers across China, India, Lao PDR and Thailand, demonstrates the relevance of the premises empirically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 2006 Research & development (R&) Management Conference in Taiwan. They said that the event which was attended by 272 participants from 27 nations was designed to discuss the ways to encourage creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship in R&D management. They add that the demand for new ideas and practices in management, education and academic research was tackled in the event. Furthermore, they cited the importance of using methods in an efficient and creative manner for the R&D managment to function effectively.

Chordoma is a rare tumor, but has a serious effect on the quality of life of patients. This study aims to assess the overall knowledge structure and trends in the development of chordoma research using a bibliometric analysis and visualization tool. Research datasets were acquired from the Web of Science. VOS viewer and CiteSpace visualization software were used to demonstrate collaborations and correlations. Annual trends in publications, distribution, H‐index status, co‐authorship status, and research hotspots were analyzed. A total of 1844 publications from 2012 to 2022 were included. The number of chordoma‐related publications increased year by year. The United States contributed the most publications (717) and had the highest total citations (10130) and H‐index (50), followed by China. The United States was also the country most frequently involved in international cooperation. The most productive organization involved in chordoma research was Massachusetts General Hospital. World Neurosurgery (114) published the most papers on chordoma. Hornicek FJ was the most productive author over the last decade (41). Initially, diagnosis and the location of onset captured the attention of the research society. Quality of life, risk factors, disability, minimally invasive surgical techniques, molecular targeted therapy, and radiotherapy technology are the research hotspots in recent years. Indeed, this study provides important insights into the overall landscape of chordoma research and also contributes to the further investigation of the international frontier of chordoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, structural control is widely recognized as a fundamental technology for exceeding the performance limitations of conventional earthquake/wind‐resistant buildings. Over the last three decades, research and development (R & D) has been implemented in construction, mechanical industries, and universities. Additionally, many types of control strategies have been proposed through theoretical, experimental, and numerical investigations. In comparison with other countries, Japan has successfully and rapidly developed remarkable engineering applications for actual buildings using advanced structural control technologies, because Japanese construction companies promote R & D in cooperation with mechanical industries, structural design offices, and universities. This review paper introduces the recent structural control advances in Japan. The state‐of‐the‐art report is based on papers published by the Architectural Institute of Japan, the Proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, articles published in a structural engineering magazine, the special theme sessions at the 7th World Conference on Structural Control and Monitoring, and other relevant information. The key research directions are the simplification of control laws and mechanical devices, high performance with either little or no energy supply, device magnification, use of structural frames and substructures, new materials, adaptability, and cautious uses serving various purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2022 marks the ten‐year anniversary of the White House's Big Data Research and Development Initiative. While this initiative, and the others it spawned, helped to advance the many facets of data intensive research and discovery, obstacles and challenges still exist. If left unaddressed these obstacles will persist and at a minimum limit the potential of what can be achieved by harnessing the many new ways to collect, analyze, and share data and the insights that can be drawn from them. The opportunities and challenges related to Big Data in agriculture touch on all aspects of the general research data lifecycle; from instruments used to gather data, to advanced digital platforms used to store, analyze, and share data, and the innovative insights from using advanced computational methods. The eight papers included in this special issue were chosen in part because they highlight both the challenges and the opportunities that come from all stages of the data lifecycle common across agricultural research and development. These papers grew out of several workshops made possible by the support of the Midwest Regional Big Data Hub, which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Core Ideas: New data generators, data platforms, and analytical methods make the promises of Big Data as relevant as ever.Data intensive agricultural Research & Development is raising ownership and privacy concerns, especially by private stakeholders.Sustained agricultural innovation requires a pipeline of new solutions to address data ownership and privacy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the literature on corporate governance in extreme institutional environments, including both formal and informal institutions. We focus on three main areas of research: corporate governance in an international context, banking and corporate governance, and governance in entrepreneurship and innovation. We document some classic papers in each of these areas and explain how the papers in this special issue contribute to the development of these areas of research. We discuss recommendations for policy and practice and offer suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the winners of the best paper award given for the research on high strength stainless austenitic CrMnCN steels. The research was published in 2007 showcasing the high strength austenitic stainless alloyed with chromium, manganese, nitrogen and carbon. The winners are Hans Berns and Sascha Riedner from the German-Ukranian team.

Editorial. The special section of the International Transactions in Operational Research is devoted to papers related to the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) Operational Research for Development Prize Competition. It is held along with the IFORS triennial meetings. This prize is awarded to encourage, recognize and reward outstanding work related to operations research in development. The papers submitted for the prize should also have relevance to the development process of developing countries.

Established in 1970, R&D Management is today one of the leading journals of the technology and innovation management (TIM) field that spans the business and management subject areas. It publishes innovative research with high academic interest. This paper reviews the journal's history and the major contributions of its first 40 years, examines its present position in the context of TIM literature, and then looks at the factors which might affect the journal in the future. Descriptive and nonparametric bibliometric methods are used to examine the historic performance of the journal and the field, its current position, and the factors shaping future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the link between innovation, migration and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) empirically within a theoretically consistent framework. It analyses how migrant inventors enhance multinational firms' adaptive innovation performance and ultimately foster FDI towards the migrant's country of origin. Foreign migrant inventors (migrants who filed a patent in their host country) possess a unique mix of technical knowledge and cultural background that contribute to adapting Research and Development (R&D) activities for foreign markets. Therefore, FDI increases in country‐pair‐sectors with specific endogenous investment in quality, which depends on the migrants in the R&D sector. We constructed a novel panel country‐sector data set including FDI, patents and migrant inventors and applied a two‐stage structural gravity estimation procedure using migrant inventors as a valid instrument for patents. The results show sizable effects on the extensive and intensive margins of greenfield FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses challenges on statistical use of administrative data. It mentions that there has been changes in the traditional forms of statistics such as surveys and census. It states the situations in national statistics offices (NSOs) to be low quality of data, measurement error. It includes two papers as constructive responses to the situation by Li-Chun Zhang and Bart F. M. Bakker. The papers are framed in terms of data quality, and identifying sources of data uncertainty.

Since 1984, the European Union (EU) has supported research and development activities covering almost all scientific disciplines through a series of multi‐annual Framework Programmes. The current programme is Horizon 2020. Common across the key indicators of research project performance have been actions by companies, including introduce and test innovations new to the company or the market. Initiatives to achieve these objectives require researchers to generate transdisciplinary knowledge in partnership with practitioners as co‐researchers. This paper reflects on the authors' experience of engaging in five EU‐funded complex applied research projects over 20 years. The paper locates the process of the five projects in network action learning and Mode 2 knowledge production. It offers a theoretical framework expressed in three hypotheses to guide those who design and implement projects, those who approve and provide funding, and those who exploit and build upon the resulting research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explainable recommendations become essential when we need to improve the performance of recommendations and to increase user confidence. Explanations are effective when end users can build a complete and correct mental representation of the inferential process of a recommender system. This paper presents our view on the background regarding the implications of explainability applied to recommender systems. Our work contributes to the better understanding of the concept of explainable recommendation and it offers a broader picture of the development of further research in this field. Additionally, we contribute by providing a better understanding of the concept of human‐centered evaluation of explainable recommender systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on several decades of research and development, the recent progress in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) devices with spatial computing technologies marks a significant leap in human–computer interaction, with applications ranging from entertainment and education to e‐commerce and healthcare. Advances in these technologies promise immersive experiences by simulating and augmenting the real world with computer‐generated digital content. The core objective of the VR and AR systems is to create convincing human sensory perceptions, thereby creating immersive and interactive experiences that bridge the gap between virtual and physical realities. However, achieving true immersion remains a goal, and it necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the neuroscience of human multisensory perception and accurate technical implementations to create a consistency between natural and synthetic sensory cues. This paper reviews the human sensory‐perceptual requirements vital for achieving such immersion, examines the current status and challenges, and discusses potential future advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The middle of the first millennium AD in Sweden witnessed significant changes in the archaeological record, prompting various discussions about the underlying causes. This paper reviews the research developments surrounding the global climate cooling, which was caused by severe volcanic eruptions in AD 536/540 and is referred to as the Late Antique Little Ice Age or Fimbulwinter, and its potential impacts, with a specific focus on Swedish Iron Age societies, drawing upon published climatic and archaeological data. Furthermore, it discusses the research gaps that impede a comprehensive understanding of the potential relationship between the AD 536/540 event and socioeconomic changes in Iron Age Sweden. Additionally, it suggests that isotopic analysis will offer additional insights and help bridge the research gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planetary penetrator is a kind of machine that can use its special structure to independently penetrate an exoplanet and sample it for storage. It is a hot research topic in the world and has important development potential in the field of deep space exploration. Based on the analysis of relevant literature, this paper classifies and compares various representative planetary penetrator projectiles around the current research status. The development progress and key technologies of the planetary penetrator are analyzed, the current technical challenges are summarized, and the development trend of the planetary penetrator has prospected. The planetary probe has a broad application prospect, and its development will provide technical support for humans to establish extraterrestrial habitat, and play an important role in the field of deep space exploration. Currently, planetary penetrator research is still in its infancy, and the field is full of possibilities that need to be explored and improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that the American Inventor's Protection Act, which introduced the disclosure of patent applications after 18 months, that is, before a grant decision is taken and, hence, before it is known whether the respective technology will receive legal protection, is associated with a reduction of family firms' research and development (R&D) investment. This suggests that early disclosure of patent applications is perceived as a threat to family firms' innovation activity and discourages their R&D investment. This finding deserves our attention because family firms account for a large share of the US economy, and a reduction in their R&D investment can have long‐term consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the incentives of a monopolistic media platform to invest in demand‐driving innovation when the interactions between its customer groups (eyeballs and advertisers) are countervailing. We investigate whether media innovation contributes to resolving the trade‐off between catering to both groups (or sides) and minimizing advertising nuisance. We identify an innovation threshold guiding the media platform on when to charge more eyeballs than advertisers, effectively reversing the standard divide‐and‐conquer pricing strategy. Moreover, we show that the media platform invests more in research and development (R&D) on the side with the strongest reference market, and we highlight the role of excessive inertia and momentum in shaping innovation. Furthermore, we find that when the relative advertising nuisance is low, the platform is less encouraged to innovate on both sides when the ad nuisance increases marginally. However, when the relative advertising nuisance is high, we infer an R&D see‐saw rule: a marginal increase in the ad nuisance reduces the R&D efforts undertaken on one side and increases those on the other. Our findings provide insights into the complex interplay between media platform innovation and pricing strategy in the presence of advertising nuisance and a challenging chicken‐and‐egg problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on International Conference on Accelerated Carbonation for Environmental and Material Engineering (ACEME) conference held in Newcastle over March 12-14, 2018 arranged by Center for Energy Initiatives (CEI) to research and development activities on accelerated carbonation. It is noted that "CO2 Capture and Storage by Mineral Carbonation" and “Pilot and Full-Scale Applications, Utilization of the Carbonated Materials & Other" are other themes addressed in the event.

No abstract is available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When an autonomous industrial vehicle moves to a certain point to take over or leave an order, intermediate commands may appear on its route that can be taken together with the first order. Orders will be allocated through an algorithm that analyzes delivery times and priorities. This paper presents results of researches regarding the development and use of a simulator to determine the efficiency of the algorithm for allocating transport orders in an intelligent manufacturing line for polymeric products. It is presented for comparison the variant in which the vehicle deals only with the first order and after its finish can take a new order. The paper comes from the development of previously made articles in which an algorithm is used to allocate the transport loads of autonomous industrial vehicles and a neural network that analyzes the capacity of batteries, thus estimating the distances that the vehicle can travel with certain percentages of battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative morphology was for many years the main source of information for systematic studies. As a result of the molecular revolution in evolutionary botanical research in the early 1990s, we can now rely on a system of classification based primarily or exclusively on DNA. Nevertheless, we would like to emphasise the importance of morphology in this era of molecular phylogenetics. We argue that comparative morphology, using the latest technologies and developmental studies, is a modern and important scientific discipline that is essential to better understand evolution of the angiosperms and many other taxa. This paper also offers a guideline for emerging morphologists and phylogeneticists aiming to include morphology in their research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do you improve the capability of an organization to practice a valuable, disciplined form of engineering that is rarely taught in academic engineering programs and often misunderstood in the workplace? This paper is based upon a multi‐year effort to improve the skills and capabilities of the Systems Engineering (SE) workforce at a Naval Research and Development center. Specific topics to be addressed will include: identifying the systems engineering workforce in an organization, facilitating the development of capabilities of this workforce, motivating and inspiring the workforce to continue improving their skills, and assessing the level of competence developed. Lessons learned from the effort will provide important insights to those pursuing a similar goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the cost‐reducing research and development (R&D) competition of duopolistic firms with consideration of R&D budget constraint and R&D uncertainty through constructing a game‐theoretic game. We find the R&D success probability decreases each firm's expected profit when this probability remains high because it intensifies R&D competition too much in this scenario. We show each firm suffers from an increase in R&D budget when such budget is moderate due to the intensified R&D competition as well. Furthermore, we reveal output subsidy leads to a higher expected total subsidy cost and a higher expected social welfare than R&D subsidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing a firm‐level linked employer–employee dataset for Danish manufacturing firms, this paper investigates whether offshoring is complementary to, or a substitute for, research and development (R&D) activities. Offshoring is instrumented with world export supply to circumvent the inherent endogenous nature of the firm's decision to offshore. Results suggest that firms with increased offshoring do in fact tend to engage in further R&D activities at home. Moreover, they also tend to reallocate R&D resources toward product R&D, possibly at the expense of process R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is quite common for boutique pharma companies, biotech firms, and university labs to license their intellectual property (a new compound) to large pharmaceutical companies. In such cases, the big pharma companies finance and manage the R&D process and, if successful, market the drugs. In exchange for use of their intellectual property, the outlicensing organizations receive licensing contracts that promise some combination of fixed payments, event-specific milestone payments, and revenue- or profit-based royalties. The authors show how to estimate the expected present value of the future cash flows promised by such licensing deals. The complicating factor in such valuations is that the licensing contracts are essentially derivative contracts written on drugs in development, which as the authors showed in a paper published in this journal a year ago, are themselves compound options on marketed drugs. The authors use the valuation example from the earlier paper, along with a proposed licensing deal, and walk the reader through the process of valuing the licensing deal's cash flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge and innovation have become a significant source of modern regional development. The paper aims to study the spatial association of innovation and model innovation, besides critiquing regional innovation policy, using the regional knowledge production function approach. At the level of the Egyptian governorates, the number of patent applications has been used as a proxy for innovation. The study uses cross-sectional data for patents in 2018 with lagged time variables for knowledge input factors. The study contributes towards applying the knowledge production function at the level of the Egyptian governorates for the first time. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression are used, using the knowledge sources and localized characteristics. Our analysis found that research and development activities for academic institutions are associated with innovation outputs. In the context of the Egyptian regional innovation system, the contribution of private research activities is perceived to be negligible, and the innovation outputs are highly associated with the spatial association of the Egyptian governorates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative innovation requires space for different parties to meet, exchange information, engage in dialogue, and eventually create new solutions. Despite the increased scholarly and practical interest, understanding how such spaces are initiated and sustained remains scarce. In this study, we focus on a national data economy initiative to investigate a virtual and mental space where relevant and interested cross‐sectoral parties can join, share information and identify shared interests for research and development in the data economy. We investigate the early phases of collaborative innovation through the lens of liminality and show how individuals' sensemaking narratives manifest the different dimensions of liminality. We contribute to the research on collaborative innovation and spaces by theorising liminality in the context of our paper as a three‐dimensional concept of confusion–clarity, isolation–communal, and stagnation–movement that creates a threshold for collaborative innovation. Our study offers a more nuanced understanding of the less studied, yet critical, early phase of collaborative innovation, hence contributing to the research and practice of the emergence of collaborative innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional approach to comparing research and development (R&D) capacity across countries has been to compare Gross Domestic R&D expenditures (GERD). In this paper, we argue for an expansion of R&D capacity that includes people engaged in research and research and development activities (research human capital density, RHCD). To achieve this goal, we first discuss how to estimate counts of researchers and create a measure of researcher human capital density within a country. Next, we examine whether RHCD is a useful variable in models of innovation capacity. Finally, we consider whether RHCD has explanatory power for models of research outputs including patents and publications. We find that RHCD has more explanatory power than GERD in the production of patents and publications. We argue that surveys of individuals that include questions on R&D activities are useful for assessing innovation capacity, and, if adopted more broadly, can provide a strategic framework for countries and regions to develop human capital to support innovative activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Cancer Institute's Small Business Innovation Research Development Center (NCI SBIR) supports the commercialization of novel cancer‐related technologies by providing resources to 300–400 small businesses each year. Whereas Federal funding is crucial for the translation of technologies to the clinic, the majority of these technologies will need to undergo regulatory review to reach clinical testing. Many small businesses find navigating their regulatory pathway challenging, largely due to lack of regulatory expertise on small startup teams with limited revenue. In collaboration with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), NCI SBIR launched a new regulatory assistance program called Connecting Awardees with Regulatory Experts (CARE). The goal of the CARE program is to connect NCI‐funded small businesses with the FDA to receive feedback on their regulatory questions during early‐stage product development. The program has a multipronged support approach and also educates companies about the FDA process and existing resources. To date, 141 companies have participated in the interagency program. Follow‐up surveys indicate that the program guided the companies in planning the next regulatory steps for their technology development (89%) and provided critical information that changed their future NCI small business grant project aims (81%). Overall, companies reported they would recommend the program to other companies (90%). This paper will discuss the CARE program outcomes as well as other NCI and FDA collaborations that support early‐stage small businesses, including the joint development of funding opportunities and online resources that focus on the oncology startup community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas hydrates are considered a possible sustainable energy source. Various methods have been proposed and developed in the past few decades to exploit hydrate. The purpose of this paper is to review the research advances, application potential, and limitations of hydrate production methods, including four traditional methods (depressurization, thermal stimulation, inhibitor injection, and CO2 replacement), and novel water flow erosion. For the four traditional methods, there still exist many bottlenecks to achieve commercial hydrate production owing to a series of problems such as vast sand production, ice generation, hydrate reformation, lower energy efficiency, and huge water production. For the water flow erosion method, it can be a novel strategy to promote hydrate decomposition by introducing the chemical potential difference and accelerating mass transfer. Significantly, if the traditional methods assist with water flow erosion, the problems such as insufficient decomposition driving force and ice generation are prevented. However, there is always a gap between the experimental results and the practical application of the water flow erosion method. Therefore, future work should be undertaken to investigate the selection criteria of suitable water flow rates for different reservoirs and the ecological security of the hydrate reservoir during the water flow erosion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machizukuri emerged as a way for residents to solve local community problems autonomously and, throughout the past half century, it has experienced a unique development process. This paper describes its history, the various methods accumulated through continuous practice, and its achievements and prospects, as follows. Section  presents the context in which Japanese machizukuri was born. Even though similar trends appeared all over the world in response to the turbulent social context in the latter half of the 1960s, unique conditions in Japan gave way to a specific approach, which is today called machizukuri. Section  presents its evolutive process, from the birth of machizukuri until the present. Studying the development of particular systems, methods, designs, and planning techniques over time, three generations can be identified. Section  addresses the research and practical development of machizukuri as developed by the author of this paper. Finally, Section  describes and summarizes the future prospects and challenges of machizukuri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the scientific study of surprise dates back to Darwin (), there was an upsurge in interest beginning in the 1960s and 70s, and this has continued to the present. Recent developments have shed much light on the cognitive mechanisms and consequences of surprise, but research has often been siloed within sub‐areas of Cognitive Science. A central challenge for research on surprise is, therefore, to connect various research programs around their overlapping foci. This issue has its roots in a symposium on surprise, entitled "Triangulating Surprise: Expectations, Uncertainty, and Making Sense," at the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Quebec City, July 2014). Building on the interdisciplinary conversations that started at the symposium, this issue aims to draw attention to some promising empirical and modeling results and their theoretical implications. The present paper sets the stage for the issue by presenting a historical summary, discussing contrasting definitions of surprise, and then by tracing major threads that run through both this issue and the larger literature on surprise. Our aim is to develop broader, shared understandings of the main insights, theories, and findings regarding surprise, with a view to supporting future integration and progress. This special issue presents developments in research on the cognitive mechanisms and consequences of surprise. Amidst much progress, surprise research has often been siloed, so, as editors, we have sought to juxtapose insights, theories, and findings, to support cross‐fertilization in future research. The present paper sets the stage by presenting a historical summary, highlighting contrasts in definitions, and tracing major threads running through this issue and the larger surprise literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article responds to comments made by Ray Ball and William Marshall concerning the authors' article about the impact of accounting changes on research and development (R&D) costs and spending. The authors believe that research should be conceptualized as a continuous process of evolving, modeling, and testing theories. Ball and Marshall state that the experimental design used by the authors is not credible because it is vulnerable to problems of identification, timing, and control. Ball's paper specifies an implied assumption of stationarity. The conclusion is that Financial Accounting Statement No. 2 should not increase the R&D spending of capitalizing firms. The ANOCV test for nonstationarity and the capital assets pricing model are mentioned.

This study aims to assess the growth in overall publication output in ethnobotany as well as provide a systematic examination of the history of ethnobotanical publications using reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS). The study is based on 5201 papers published between 1974 and 2019 covering 290 006 non‐distinct cited references (CRs), indexed in science citation index‐expanded (SCI‐Expanded) of web of science (WoS). The regression analysis indicated a compound annual growth rate of approximately 11% globally in ethnobotanical publications and the volume of publications doubles every approximately six years. The reference publication period was divided into four sub‐periods in which a total of 31 peaks are clearly identifiable, including five peaks from the first period (earliest to 1800), ten from the second (1801–1900), nine from the third (1901–1950) and seven from the last period (1951–2000). A total 44 publications were found to have been especially influential and landmark. Out of them, 31 (70%) were books and 11 (25%) were articles. Out of the 11 articles, 5 (45%) were published in the same journal (Economic Botany). The first period had the lowest number of publications (5), including classic books like the Spanish translation of Dioscorides' Materia Medica and Carolus Linnaeus' Systema naturæ. Interestingly, about 30% of the studies that laid the foundation of ethnobotany and are discussed in this paper come from South Africa, pointing to the contribution of the African Continent to the foundation of the field of ethnobotany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this position paper, we draw from previous research and theoretical developments in the field to propose a set of affordances of engineering with English learners (ELs). Students learning both the language of instruction (e.g., English) and academic subject matter (e.g., engineering, mathematics, science) face the challenge of making sense of linguistically complex terminology of disciplinary knowledge. We posit that engineering provides a unique set of benefits for such learners due to a number of factors associated with the discipline of engineering, including the materiality of the knowledge, the potential for multimodal communication, and the contextualization of knowledge in specific task‐oriented activities. We also recognize that engineering benefits from participation by diverse learners including ELs as solutions are strengthened by a multitude of ideas and perspectives. Although this paper focuses on ELs, we recognize that such affordances are also valuable for all students, including native English speakers, and that they may be particularly important for students who may benefit from additional linguistic supports for developing academic literacies. We identify the affordances, anchoring them in elementary classroom experiences and teacher testimonials, and propose a research agenda for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few decades, neoliberal, managerial, reforms have dominated the university sector in a number of different countries. Calculative practices, including performance measures and indicators, have spread and targets, in terms of research outputs and increasing student numbers in order to generate "profit", have become the norm, despite the many voices seeing this as often clashing with the mission of universities to create knowledge and contribute to social development. The paper provides an overview of the changing focus on how universities have been managed over time and, at the same time, of the emergence and measurementof Public Value themes in the university sector. A future research agenda is proposed for those interested in the study of the university sector, together with possibleresearch questions to further this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the burgeoning research on green innovation (GI) and its influence on competitive advantage (CA), this paper examines the moderating effect of research and development (R&D) on this nexus. Our framework identifies five critical capabilities that contribute to CA, namely, firm image, labor costs, product differentiation, product quality, and market share. Using a novel bias‐correction methodology, we examined the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC in Spanish) database from 2003 to 2016 to determine whether GI practices foster CA. Treatment‐effects analyses, including propensity score matching and fuzzy difference‐in‐differences (DiD), demonstrated that R&D expenditures have a positive moderating effect on CA when controlling for the covariates GI practices, firm age, and firm size. This research advances our understanding of the interplay between GI practices, R&D investments, and CA and, as such, has implications for decision makers aiming to create sustainable CA through GI. Our findings are also highly relevant for firms seeking to remain competitive in today's evolving business climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on a relatively under‐researched aspect, this paper examines the impact of capacity utilization by firms on their propensities to engage in research and development (R&D). Capacity utilization is related to a firm's current operations, while R&D is forward‐looking, related to the generation of new products and processes. Using a simple theoretical model to set up the hypothesis that greater capacity utilization lowers the incentives of firms to engage in research, our empirical research, based on survey data from thousands of firms across scores of nations, supports this hypothesis. Other results point to the importance of firm characteristics, as well as the perceptions about corruption and the informal sector. Some implications for policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of budget strategy on Formula One team success in the World Constructors Championship using data from 11 seasons (2010–2020) before the budget cap. It demonstrates that budget strategy positively affects standings, points, podium finishes, and race completion. The motivation to achieve better results is explained through success‐related returns. Cost–benefit analysis and regression models were employed, revealing a significant influence of budget strategy on team success. Investing in research and development emerges as the most effective approach to enhance the success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]