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The article offers information on product stewardship on waste of electronics products in the U.S. The author presents the industry-managed, a multimaterial stewardship approach to packaging and printed paper, in Canada including Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba. He suggests that the "blue box" stewardship approach can serve jurisdiction that can enhance the economic efficiency on recycling systems while attaining a better environment outcome.

Scalar theory has recently come under attack for its emphasis on hierarchy. Yet the notion of scalar hierarchies cannot be abandoned if we want to understand actually-existing social relations and the governance structures in which they are enmeshed. The conception of hierarchy employed by political economists is also more complex than that suggested by the ‘Russian dolls’ metaphor. A multiplicity of diversely structured, overlapping interscalar hierarchies operate in and across diverse policy fields. While these arrangements clearly influence what happens at the local scale, sufficient room often exists for local actors to modify the effects. The complexity of scalar hierarchies is illustrated through an analysis of the governance of child care provision in Canada. Child care arrangements are becoming integral to social reproduction in post-industrial economies, where women form an increasingly important part of the labour force. This paper focuses on child care in three of Canada's largest cities, each of which is subject to a distinct provincial regime through which federal contributions are filtered. Yet, as we shall see, these cities are more than ‘puppets on a string.’ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine Mastitis is one of the most prevalent and costly production diseases in the dairy industry in Canada and worldwide causing major animal welfare problems, environmental problems, and productivity losses. In this paper, we examine the effects of risk attitudes and social interactions on the willingness to pay (WTP) for genotyping animals for susceptibility to a chronic mastitis trait. We use contingent valuation with double bounded dichotomous choice questions to elicit producers' WTP. The estimated mean WTP for genotyping is approximately $50 per animal. Compared to the current market prices of commercially available comprehensive genotyping services, this estimate suggests a significant market potential for genotyping to be bundled with economically important disease traits. We also find evidence that both risk attitudes and social interactions have strong effects on the WTP for genotyping. Farmers with higher risk tolerance are willing to pay more for genotyping service. For dairy farmers with more concern about mastitis, risk tolerance has no significant effect on the WTP, while social interactions have a significant effect on the WTP. We also find a strong interaction effect between risk tolerance and social interactions. The findings encourage interest in questions about how risk attitudes, social networks, and their interactions shape the adoption of and the WTP for a novel agricultural technology. La mastite bovine est la maladie de production la plus répandue et la plus coûteuse de l'industrie laitière au Canada et mondialement causant des problèmes en ce qui concerne le bien-être des animaux, l'environnement et la perte de productivité. Cet article examine les effets de l'attitude à l′égard du risque et des interactions sociales concernant la volonté de payer pour le génotypage d'animaux pour le dépistage de la susceptibilité à posséder le trait de mastite chronique. L'évaluation contingente avec questions à double proposition dichotomique a été utilisée afin d'obtenir la volonté de payer des producteurs. La volonté moyenne estimée de payer pour le génotypage s'élève à approximativement 50 $ par animal. Comparée aux prix courants du marché pour les services commerciaux complets de génotypage, cette estimation suggère un potentiel commercial significatif pour grouper le génotypage à d'autres traits de maladie d'importance économique. Nous trouvons aussi trouvé que les attitudes à l′égard du risque et les interactions sociales avaient un impact significatif sur la volonté de payer pour le génotypage. Les fermiers démontrant une grande tolérance au risque sont disposés à payer plus pour les services de génotypage. Pour les producteurs laitiers préoccupés par la mastite, la tolérance vis-à-vis du risque n'a aucun effet sur la volonté de payer, tandis que les interactions sociales en ont une importante. Nous notons aussi un effet significatif d'interaction entre la tolérance pour le risque et les interactions sociales. Les résultats favorisent un questionnement au sujet des attitudes à l′égard du risque, des réseaux sociaux et de leurs interactions, cherchant comment ces derniers guideront l'adoption de nouvelles technologies agricoles et la volonté d'en acquérir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to better understand similarities and differences in preschool children's expression of needs and prosocial responsiveness to peers' needs across two culturally distinct contexts. Preschoolers were observed in a semi‐naturalistic design across rural Mexico and urban Canada, wherein they were instructed to build a tower with blocks. Three‐ to 6‐year‐olds (N = 306; 48% female) were divided into 64 peer groups. We coded for children's expression of needs (instrumental, material, or emotional), responses to prosocial opportunities (prosociality, denial, or no response), prosociality without an apparent need (spontaneous prosociality), and types of prosocial behavior (helping, sharing, or comforting). While instrumental and material needs were expressed similarly across both samples, Tzotzil Maya children expressed fewer emotional needs than Canadian children. Failing to respond to others' needs, followed by denial, were the most frequent need‐provoked response in both countries; surprisingly, only 9% of needs received a prosocial response. Though need‐provoked prosociality was rare in both cultural contexts, children engaged in considerable spontaneous prosociality which varied as a function of age, gender, and cultural context. Lastly, Canadian more than Tzotzil Maya children denied emotional and instrumental needs (but not material needs). The findings inform how cultural practices may shape the presentation of needs and prosocial responsiveness in peer interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces the August 2005 issue of the "International Journal of Psychology" which deals with the topic "Social psychology around the world: Origins and subsequent development". Research on indigenous psychologies; Examination of the origins of the development of social psychology in three developed world countries of Australia, Canada, and Europe.

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Items from the Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument were completed by 1,732 individuals from a random sample of households in 20 rural communities across Canada during the summer of 2001. Confirmatory factor analysis of the NCI items based on polychoric correlations and weighted least squares estimation found three underlying latent variables. Although items were related to the three latent variables in a somewhat different manner than they were in Buckner’s original study, the same three latent variables were evident, providing convincing evidence that social cohesion has at least three subscales: psychological sense of community, neighboring, and attraction. Correlations between subscales were relatively high (between .67 and .87). Intraclass correlation coefficients for the three scales were .115, .127, and .112. In addition, the community means differed on different subscales in a manner that related to recognized characteristics of the communities. Thus the subscales are appropriate measures for both individuals and communities and can be recommended for further research on social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this article, ideas central to Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments as well as those of Benthamite reformers are shown to have informed legislative reports and statutes enacted during a period of legal and penal reform in Upper Canada/ Canada West. Using newspaper reports, this article discusses the relationship of these themes to narratives of public executions. In the context of an increasingly democratic state in Canada West, sympathetic interaction between the condemned and the community appeared as the foundation of moral lessons to be drawn from the experience of public hangings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]