Search

This study investigated whether basic details of the research process are mentioned in social science research articles. Five hundred empirical articles were sampled from the Social Sciences Citation Index. The frequency of omitted details was mixed. For central essential details, omission rates were: 0% for research purpose, 2% for data collection method, 8% for sample size, 20% for data analysis method, and 48% for sampling strategy. The analysis found that 56% of articles were missing one or more of these five details. For more peripheral details, omission rates were: 36% for limitations, 55% for ethical considerations, and 94% for foundational philosophy. Prevalence rates were varied when compared across different disciplines and between qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Possible causes for these findings include the use of secondary data, the view that certain details are not essential, and traditions in ethnographic writing. Those involved in academic publishing are invited to reflect on the basic details that are essential for their specialism and how reporting standards are enforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports research on analyzing and visualizing the impact of governmental funding on the amount and citation counts of research publications. For the first time, grant and publication data appear interlinked in one map. We start with an overview of related work and a discussion of available techniques. A concrete exampie—grant and publication data from Behavioral and Social Science Research, one of four extramural research programs at the National Institute on Aging (NIA)—is analyzed and visualized using the VxInsight® visualization tool. The analysis also illustrates current existing problems related to the quality and existence of data, data analysis, and processing. The article concludes with a list of recommendations on how to improve the quality of grant-publication maps and a discussion of research challenges for indicator-assisted evaluation and funding of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) pose a challenge for achieving science that is both reproducible and replicable. The challenge is compounded in supervised models that depend on manually labeled training data, as they introduce additional decision‐making and processes that require thorough documentation and reporting. We address these limitations by providing an approach to hand labeling training data for supervised ML that integrates quantitative content analysis (QCA)—a method from social science research. The QCA approach provides a rigorous and well‐documented hand labeling procedure to improve the replicability and reproducibility of supervised ML applications in Earth systems science (ESS), as well as the ability to evaluate them. Specifically, the approach requires (a) the articulation and documentation of the exact decision‐making process used for assigning hand labels in a "codebook" and (b) an empirical evaluation of the reliability" of the hand labelers. In this paper, we outline the contributions of QCA to the field, along with an overview of the general approach. We then provide a case study to further demonstrate how this framework has and can be applied when developing supervised ML models for applications in ESS. With this approach, we provide an actionable path forward for addressing ethical considerations and goals outlined by recent AGU work on ML ethics in ESS. Plain Language Summary: Artificial intelligence and machine learning can make it hard to do science in a way that can be repeated. This can mean redoing a study in the exact same way to see if you can get the same or similar results (reproducibility) or trying to use the same study design on a new problem to see if the results are the same or similar (replicability). These types of scientific repetitions is important for developing robust knowledge, but is hard to do with certain types of machine learning that rely on data that were categorized by researchers. The researchers have to make decisions and categorize their data, which the machine learning algorithm then uses as a guide to make its own decisions. Generally, there is not enough information shared by the researchers about how these decisions were made to repeat the science or evaluate how good it is. In this paper, we provide a way to address these shortcomings. The approach and example we offer illustrates how to (a) create a rulebook that can be shared for how to make decisions and (b) quantitatively measure how consistent the researchers are at using that rulebook to make their decisions. Key Points: We provide a rigorous hand labeling procedure to improve the replicability and reproducibility of supervised machine learning (ML)Our case study and step‐by‐step guide clearly outline how the procedure can be appliedThe procedure is an actionable path forward for addressing ethical considerations and goals for ML development in Earth systems science [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I discuss a published paper in political science that made a claim that aroused skepticism. The reanalysis is an example of how we, as consumers as well as producers of science, can engage with published work. This can be viewed as a sort of collaboration performed implicitly between the authors of a published paper and later researchers who want to understand or use the published work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of research evidence in policymaking provides policymakers with a sound basis for policy decisions and actions. While the use of research evidence is on the rise, its evidence remains largely under‐reported especially from social sciences and developing world context. This may perpetuate the prevailing myth that policymakers do not use research evidence in policy deliberations and, thus, discourage researchers, funders, and policymakers from making greater investment in producing, disseminating, and using research evidence. Using the intersection of Weiss' typology of research use and a best‐evidence synthesis approach, this paper reviews and reports evidence on the use of research evidence in the policy domain from four national level studies undertaken in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Conceptual and instrumental uses of research evidence are evident through a demand for research evidence, research‐based policy products, and citations of research in policy documents. The paper broadens our understanding on the use of research evidence from developing countries context and social science research, and informs different funders, researchers, and policymakers about the potential utility of research they respectively fund and/or undertake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a commentary on the paper by M. Schwaninger and S. Grösser entitled "System Dynamics as Model-Based Theory-Building." It discusses the notion of inductive and deductive modelling. It comments on the statement in the paper stating that model-supported theory-building is about the construction and validation of a model. Moreover, it contends that the inductive and deductive approach to system dynamics modelling differ in the final step of modelling projects. It states that the inductive modelling focuses on the implementation of improved policies that were generated from the modelling project.

The article presents a commentary to the paper by B. Kopainsky and L. F. Luna-Reyes, which proposes the promotion of synergies with other theory building approaches to improve system dynamics (SD) practice. It states that the focus of the paper is on the use of elements of sociological methodology to improve certain stages of the SD modelling process. The article concludes that the utilization of SD elements by social scientists may be beneficial for them by offering formal representation tools and rigorous methods and tools for theory testing.

The article presents a commentary to the paper by David Lane, which discusses a formal, explicit and testable theory for the popular Avalanche game which explains the counter-intuitive behaviour that can be seen under circumstances using geometrical, psychological and human behavioural factors. It states that Lane's study indicates that research in social sciences can be conducted profitably in accordance with natural sciences research methodology. Moreover, it suggests that Lane develops an accurate formal model of the theory.

Social science research suggests that in our current affluent societies, individuals are accustomed to frequently replacing their household goods. However, some still try to keep their objects for a long time. How do they come to be concerned about products' lifespan? This paper draws on a powerful method already explored in the literature on consumption: the diachronic approach through individual life trajectories. Analyzing interviews conducted with 60 individuals seeking to make their objects last, this biographical approach allows identifying some factors that explain people's propensity to make objects last. This paper shows that the tendency to keep objects for a long time can come from the familial milieu, just as it can happen later, in connection with personal events—advancement in the life cycle, bifurcations in the personal course, or interactions with public discourses and objects' breakdowns. Finally, it demonstrates that biographical events can also have a one‐time influence on products' careers in the households, without changing the individual's relationship to objects' lifespan—these can be personal or more historical and exceptional events, such as lockdown during the COVID‐19 crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing attention to climate change and biodiversity loss, conservation social science research on land management practices is burgeoning. Researchers have broadened their focus from protected areas to diverse types of land management to support conservation and climate mitigation. But, developing effective strategies for these issues requires an in‐depth understanding of both the socio‐psychological factors that guide landholders' decision‐making and global trends in land management practices and literature. To assess the trends and status of land management behavior research, we systematically reviewed research published between 2010 and 2020 in five seminal conservation journals. Of 11,607 articles reviewed, we identified 100 articles about land management behavior. We assessed theoretical groundings, measurement methodology, land‐use terminology and practices, ecosystem type, and geographic distribution. We identified strengths and significant gaps and weaknesses across land management research. For example, 52% of articles made no meaningful connection to theory, only 14% of papers used observed behavioral data, 86% of studies uses non‐experimental methods and researchers disproportionately measured land management behavior in developed nations (66%). We also find that language used to describe land management behavior is very heterogeneous, making it difficult to summarize land management research using traditional systematic review methods. Conducting a limited systematic review can help summarize research and also identify trends across disciplines that might otherwise missed. Results from our limited systematic review can guide future research and support the development of evidence‐based policies to mitigate climate change and biodiversity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a commentary to the paper by F. Kapmeier on common learning and firms' opportunistic behaviour in learning alliances. It states that Kapmeier's paper focuses on two well-known approaches in organizational economics which include the transaction cost and the agency theory. Moreover, it says that the group model building approach used by Kapmeier and the discussion of the main feedback loops and associated equations offer a transparent basis for the understanding of the system and its reproduction.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Being part of this I SJTG i plenary exchange has reminded me to think and work about the Caribbean more, which was not that easy as I lived in Singapore and recently located to New Zealand - the Caribbean is a long watery way from here. The title change from ' I Abyssal Geographies' i (version one, circulated before the conference presentation) to ' I Abyssal geography' i (in the published paper: Chandler & Pugh, [2]) is interesting because the turn to the singular seems to close the possibilities of various geographies and multiplicities around the spaces, places and people of the Caribbean. From this short description I have attempted to examine the word abyssal in a context connected with Chandler and Pugh's paper and the Caribbean. [Extracted from the article]

UK geopolitics for the last five years has been heavily dominated by Brexit. The lead up to the referendum, the result, negotiations, intervening general election, extensions, further negotiations, and impending exit from the European Union have captured both academic and public interest. This paper contributes to geographical and wider social science research on the everyday geographies of socio‐economic change, with a particular focus on Brexit and the temporal politics of waiting. Emerging analyses focus on Brexit as an event, as uncertainty, and a discrete period for and of research on public moods. I illustrate how exploring Brexit through the lens of waiting provides new ways of thinking through the time‐spaces of Brexit, by drawing on data collected during an ethnographic participatory project in Gorse Hill, Greater Manchester (2018–2020). Analysis of group discussions, peer‐led research projects, podcast recordings, vox pops, and ethnographic fieldnotes highlight the embodied, everyday, endured, and emplaced experience of waiting for Brexit. More specifically, findings make the case for this waiting as crisis, as conjuncture, and as method. The paper closes with a discussion of the pace and timeliness of research, and the implications of waiting for, in, and with Brexit and other forms of socio‐economic change. This paper contributes to geographical and wider social science research on the everyday geographies of socio‐economic change, with a particular focus on Brexit and the temporal politics of waiting. I illustrate how exploring Brexit through the lens of waiting provides new ways of thinking through the time‐spaces of Brexit, by drawing on data collected during an ethnographic participatory project in Gorse Hill, Greater Manchester (2018–2020). Findings make the case for this waiting as crisis, as conjuncture, and as method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first lockdown, conferred upon us by the COVID‐19 outbreak in March 2020, created a unique, 3‐month‐long, laboratory‐like situation that made gender relations and women's work especially relevant for social research. Full‐time employed parents who switched to working from home were in a unique position to renegotiate the division of housework, childcare, or the management of school‐related tasks. This paper explores what happened to the gendered division of unpaid work and what factors explain the (failed) renegotiation between full‐time working parents. To explore this issue, we interviewed 52 Hungarian‐speaking mothers in two countries, Hungary and Romania, who were living in heterosexual dual‐earner families with children under the age of 14, and who were working full‐time. Results show that, despite the unusual situation, the usual pattern of the division of unpaid work was sustained by most parents. Even though they were unhappy and sometimes overwhelmed with their workload, most mothers did not mind the division of care duties. Research findings deliver evidence that mothers' lack of willingness and ability to renegotiate the division of unpaid labor in the household was determined both from "inside" and "outside" households. The gendered nature of care work and intensive parenting and mothers' position in the labor market, including the flexibility of their employment, are two sets of mutually interwoven factors that contributed to women's lack of willingness to challenge the unequal division of reproductive work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use meta‐analysis to review studies on announcement effects associated with seasoned equity offerings. Our sample includes 199 studies from 38 leading finance journals and Social Sciences Research Network working papers. The studies cover different countries, but the US is particularly well‐represented with 131 studies. We find a statistically significant mean cumulative abnormal return of −0.98%. Abnormal returns are more negative for equity issues by US companies and for non‐US rights issues and are less negative for private placements. In addition, wealth effects are more negative when the proceeds are used for debt reduction, when the SEO is issued shortly after IPO, and for issues by nondividend‐paying companies and industrial companies. We identify important avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child emphasizes the importance of allowing children and adolescents to influence decisions that are important to them following their age and maturity. This paper explores the principles, practices, and implications around using parental versus child/adolescent consent when participating in social science research and policy development. Experiences from two studies are presented: The Confronting Obesity: Co‐creating policy with youth (CO‐CREATE) and the Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children (HBSC) study, a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborative Cross‐National study. Although parental consent may be an important gatekeeper for protecting children and adolescents from potentially harmful research participation, it may also be considered an obstacle to the empowerment of children and adolescents in case they want to share their views and experiences directly. This paper argues that evaluation of possible harm should be left to ethics committees and that, if no harm related to the research participation processes is identified and the project has a clear perspective on collaborating with the target group, adolescents from the age of 12 years should be granted the legal capacity to give consent to participate in the research project. Collaboration with adolescents in the development of the research project is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing global emphasis on sustainable agriculture to reduce human impacts and improve delivery of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With increasing investment in critical zone observatories (CZOs), it becomes important to understand how sustainable agricultural knowledge is produced, shared and used between different groups including farmers, scientists and government. To explore these issues, scientists leading the knowledge exchange (KE) component of a China‐UK CZO program studied three farming regions with contrasting geologies and varying economic levels, using a practice‐based research method. We demonstrate how additional funding for social science research allowed us to understand how farmers access and share farming knowledge through bonding, bridging and linking networks, and how this varies spatially, using interviews and survey questionnaires. Knowledge flows, barriers and opportunities for designing locally suited two‐way KE activities were identified. First, we highlight the need for a more locally, socially embedded and reflexive approach to build trust and better address pressing local environmental challenges. Second, we show how social science can usefully inform KE for collaborative, international development science, to draw on local knowledge, promote research impacts and capacity building while avoiding knowledge mismatches. Lastly, a blueprint for the design and funding of future CZOs, social‐ecological and planetary health research agendas that combine science, social science, local knowledge and KE is presented, including the need for substantive social science research to take place in addition to science research in human‐modified landscapes—enabling the CZ science to be better grounded in, informed by and useful to local communities. Plain Language Summary: There is a growing global need for sustainable agriculture to reduce human impacts on the environment. To do this, we need to have a better understanding of how sustainable agricultural knowledge is produced, shared and used between different groups including farmers, scientists and government. In this paper, we explored these issues in three farming regions in China, using a practice‐based research method where we interviewed and surveyed several 100 farmers. We found that in two of the three regions, farmers access and share farming knowledge through family networks, whilst in the third region farmers learned from a broader range of groups including scientists and government. We recommend that future science studies in stressed agricultural landscapes use a more local approach to build trust and carry out science that better addresses pressing local environmental challenges. This requires us to study people, the residents in these landscapes, using social science, alongside understanding how the landscape is functioning ecologically. Lastly, we propose a new "blueprint" for funding of future science, social‐ecological and planetary health research agendas that combine science, social science, local knowledge and knowledge exchange. This will enable environmental science to be better grounded in, informed by and useful to local communities. Key Points: A blueprint for future critical zone observatories and planetary health research is presented that combines science, social science and local knowledgeWe show how social science can usefully inform knowledge exchange (KE) for collaborative science, to build capacity while avoiding knowledge mismatchesSpatial variations in how farmers learn through bonding, bridging and linking networks exist, showing the need for a local approach to KE [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Review of Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2002, the UK government launched the Advanced Institute of Management Research, a major initiative intended to raise the quality of research in business schools. Rather than offering research grants in open competition, AIM deliberately funded a select few leading lights in management. Insufficient allowance was made for the Research Assessment Exercise, which measured research excellence in terms of papers published in top journals. The AIM's elite exploited its existing publishing advantage, and AIM provided further resources to aid their efforts. The AIM recruited willing acolytes to work with its elite in fashioning the sort of papers required by the top journals of management - positive papers, consensual and endlessly citable. Analysis of the publishing patterns of AIM senior fellows reveals research cliques and publication silos rather than a network organization. Much as the elite saw its AIM funding as recognition of its own excellence, so AIM itself came to be seen as acknowledgement of the excellence of management research as a whole. That AIM existed to raise management research from intellectual poverty was forgotten. The AIM was wound up in 2012, having spent £30 million, most of it on the subject's elite. The problems that beset management research remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to ongoing scholarly debates on the merits and limitations of computational legal text analysis by reflecting on the results of a research project documenting exceptional COVID‐19 management measures in Europe. The variety of exceptional measures adopted in countries characterized by different legal systems and natural languages, as well as the rapid evolution of such measures, pose considerable challenges to manual textual analysis methods traditionally used in the social sciences. To address these challenges, we develop a supervised classifier to support the manual coding of exceptional policies by a multinational team of human coders. After presenting the results of various natural language processing (NLP) experiments, we show that human‐in‐the‐loop approaches to computational text analysis outperform unsupervised approaches in accurately extracting policy events from legal texts. We draw lessons from our experience to ensure the successful integration of NLP methods into social science research agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce Braidotti’s notion of transpositions as a methodology and strategy for ‘hopeful disruptions’ in the context of organizational inquiry. Transpositions consist of six interwoven practices―(1) embracing alternative ways of seeing and understanding the world, (2) assessing and critiquing imaginary forms, (3) preparing to make the ‘creative leap’, (4) accounting for locations and positioning, (5) storying the ‘in‐between’ space, and (6) developing new frames of resonance for existing cultural formations, such as heroic leadership. Underpinned by feminist posthumanist thinking, transposition practices produce ‘generative cracks’ in hegemonic systems and in dominant social imaginaries, as well as bringing forth affirmative alternatives for thought and practice. As a feminist approach, it is also concerned with engaging gender differently and strategically to chart paths out of restrictive categories and reductive, individualist notions of being. Playing with the inherently subversive nature of this approach and tapping into our desire to disrupt the masculine ‘common sense’ of much social science research, we draw on the insights and writings of feminist speculative fiction authors to elaborate on the six practices and their implications for researchers. We further demonstrate the potential for transpositions in organizational studies through a discussion of radical empiricist approaches to inquiry and collaborative research projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the standard two‐stage game of process R&D and Cournot competition with R&D output spillovers, this paper provides a thorough second‐best welfare analysis. The planner's solution is compared with the standard noncooperative scenario, the R&D cartel, the cartelized research joint venture, and the social research joint venture solution in terms of propensities for R&D as well as welfare levels. The main result is that, when spillovers are not too high, a cartelized joint venture unexpectedly outperforms the planner's solution in terms of propensities for R&D and resulting welfare level, though it is the only market scenario to do so. We also assess the performance of a social joint venture, relative to all the well‐known scenarios for the organization of R&D. Finally, we observe that the gap between market outcomes and planner's solutions, in terms of welfare levels, increases as R&D becomes less appropriable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a conceptual introduction to the second installment of a two‐issue collection of work on decolonial approaches to the psychological study of social issues. Whereas papers in the first installment consider decoloniality as a social issue for psychological study, papers in this second installment consider psychology as a site for decolonial analysis. In this article, we briefly review key concepts from decolonial theory (e.g., the coloniality of modernity, distinct from historical colonialism). We then discuss manifestations of epistemic violence in hegemonic psychology that require intervention. Epistemic violence is (not merely) a matter of epistemic exclusion of racialized others from the knowledge production process, imperialist imposition of white‐washed knowledge products as universal standards without regard to context, or pathologizing forms of explanation that construct racial others as deviants in light of white‐washed standards (i.e., epistemological violence; Teo, 2010). In addition, epistemic violence in psychology includes forms of harm (e.g., zero‐point epistemology and individualist lifeways) associated with its modern/colonial roots. Accordingly, a decolonial approach to the psychological study of social issues may require refusal of the discipline of psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the author's comments on the article "Discussion of Patterns, Prototypes and Predictions: An Exploratory Study," by I.R.A. Eggleton, published in the present issue of the "Journal of Accounting Research." The author says that the article written by Eggleton is an extremely lengthy document which presents exploratory experimental results into human information processing. As an example of ambitious, well-designed, and well-communicated psychological research, the article is to be commended. The author discusses some of the general strengths and limitations of the research. The most bothersome limitations include the lack of any significant attempt to relate the article to the accounting literature. Eggleton's article reports on two parts of a three-part experiment which emphasized subject's ability rapidly and intuitively to predict future outcomes from a physical process on the basis of past numerical time-series data from that process. In the experiments, rapidly meant that subjects were exposed to a time series of cost data for fifteen seconds and were given forty-five seconds to record their written responses.

This paper contributes to the development of better methods for the conceptualization of system dynamics models. It does so by looking at the model building process as a theory building process and by reviewing theory building approaches in other social sciences, such as grounded theory and case study research. Concepts of these modes of qualitative research constitute a tool set to build relevant system dynamics models, grounded in data, and with higher potential to provide rigorous and relevant generic structures. The deductive capability of simulation models, on the other hand, helps to close the loop in the theory building process, putting together the inductive and deductive stages in theory building. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender differences in economic outcomes are important topics in social science research. However, the study of gender differences among economic elites—"the top one percent"—has received surprisingly little attention, likely also due to a lack of empirical data. This paper investigates gender differences in individual and household income among the top one percent of individual monthly net incomes and top two percent of net household incomes using data from the German Microcensus from 2006 to 2016 covering more than 3.3 million individuals. I find that women account for only around 14% of the one percent in individual incomes. Additionally, regarding the household level, women's incomes are sufficient to achieve two percent status in fewer than 10% of all households. Both numbers did hardly change over the decade from 2006 to 2016. Furthermore, women's pathways to belonging to a high‐income household are far more dependent on their partner's education and employment status than men's. Overall, the findings thus show dramatic gender differences among the German economic elite that do not narrow over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophy of social science (PoS) typologies can help practitioners in the social sciences to reflect upon the often‐tacit assumptions embedded in research. Existing PoS typologies however suffer from various shortcomings, one of them being a tendency to present extreme versions of the assumptions underpinning research. Having considered this and other shortcomings, the present paper advances a flexible PoS typology. Operating with strong and moderated versions of three PoS perspectives – positivism, constructionism and (critical) realism – the typology captures key assumptions underpinning a broad range of contemporary social research. Moreover, it opens up the possibility of contemplating the assumptions embedded in research in a more fruitful way. To render tangible how the typology constitutes an improvement over existing typologies, it is used in reflections on sustainability research on climate negotiations, green growth and housing development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The University of Michigan Law School hosted the 13th Conference on Empirical Legal Studies (CELS) in Ann Arbor, MI, in November 2018. The papers in this special issue exhibit the breadth, depth, and relevance of the empirical legal scholarship that was on vivid display at CELS 2018. The University of Michigan Law School is honored to have been given the opportunity to host CELS 2018, and we are very pleased to see leading examples of the papers presented there appear in this issue of the I Journal of Empirical Legal Studies i . [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a commentary to the paper by B. Bakken on how shorter educational programs should be organized in order to significantly improve decision performance when people face dynamic complexity. It states that Bakken's research can help many managers who have to face changing environments and need to adapt their behaviour accordingly. Moreover, it says that the research provides guidelines for the design of education programmes aimed at helping people to approach dynamic complexity. It also highlights further deliberations that are partly reflected by Bakken that may help to enhance the proposed low road training programme for a company-specific reader.

In April 1951 president Harry S. Truman established the Psychological Strategy Board to enhance and streamline America's sprawling psychological warfare campaign against the USSR. As soon as the Board's staff began work on improving US psychological operations, they wondered how social science might help them achieve their task. Board Director, Gordon Gray, asked physicist turned research administrator Henry Loomis to do a full review of America's social science research program in support of psychological operations. Loomis willingly accepted the task. This paper documents Loomis's investigation into America's social science research program. It uncovers the critical role that government departments had in the creation of research in the early 1950s and thus highlights that the government official is an important actor in the history of social science and the application of social science to psychological operations at the beginning of the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐phenomenology has emerged as a diverse and conceptually challenging movement within human geography, one that is now positioned at the forefront of debates concerning the more‐than‐human constitution of social and cultural life. In recent years, these conversations have been further energised through the influence of various "object‐oriented ontologies" on post‐phenomenological thinking. By questioning the ontological primacy of the intentional subject, object‐oriented approaches have enabled geographers to problematise the anthropocentricism of phenomenology's Husserlian tradition. While sympathetic to the overall spirit of these endeavours, this paper takes issue with a significant and often unacknowledged constraint placed on post‐phenomenology by object‐oriented approaches: the reduction of reality to a collection of individuated terms. By merely replacing one kind of individual (subject) with another (object), object‐oriented ontology inherits an image of thought that remains profoundly phenomenological in its privileging of individuals over relations. Turning to the work of Gilles Deleuze, this paper strives to resituate geography's post‐phenomenological critique upstream of either subject or object, focusing instead on the distinction between relations and terms. For Deleuze, to think beyond phenomenological coordinates is to affirm the irreducibility of relations to individuated terms, whatever form these terms might take. Returning to his early work on Hume, the paper explores how Deleuze's invocation to think relations as such raises important questions in terms of how geographers situate the problem of post‐phenomenology within contemporary social research. I conclude by reflecting on the practical implications of these questions for thinking beyond objects, paying particular attention to three key themes within human geography: relationality, materiality and empiricism. This paper explores the relevance of Deleuze's philosophy for broadening post‐phenomenological geographies beyond the current interest in objects. Turning to Deleuze's early writings on the philosophy of David Hume, the paper suggests the need for a more thoroughgoing critique of the phenomenological tradition, one that is no longer based on the ontological primacy of the individual. This has important implications for how geographers make sense of the world, which the paper addresses through the themes of relationality, materiality and empiricism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including transference in psychosis, social science research, and the basic psychodynamic principles and skills.

The idea of which species are native, based on their biogeographic origin, is central to many policies and programmes. Yet definitions are contested and the meanings of 'nativeness' are often complex and confusing for many people. For example, a plant that would be considered 'native' in Australia might have a native bioregion that is thousands of kilometres from a given garden planting. The idea of nativeness is culturally constructed and connotes different meanings in different contexts. As conservation research and practice increasingly incorporate human values and behaviours, operationalising the social dimensions of abstract ecological concepts such as nativeness is needed to generate a more holistic evidence base and improve the management of native and non‐native species.We used a sequential mixed‐methods systematic review approach to review and synthesise literature on people's (including general publics, gardeners, conservationists) perceptions of nativeness of species and landscapes. A meta‐synthesis of qualitative research identified six dimensions that underlie people's perceptions in relation to nativeness: Belonging (a sense that there is a right or wrong place for a species to exist); human influence (the role of humans in moving species outside of their historic ranges); functional compatibility (a species' alignment with the local environment and ecology); amenity (desirable and useful features provided by a species); negative impacts (risk and manageability of detrimental impacts caused by a species); and identity (species forming part of one's place‐based identity).A systematic review of the quantitative urban literature found that most research on perceptions of native and non‐native species and landscapes did not operationalise nativeness in a multidimensional way, focusing predominantly on the 'Negative impacts' dimension. This may often be inadequate for meaningfully capturing people's views.Our results also highlight the need to strengthen interdisciplinarity between natural and social sciences, and for better integration of social science theories to improve the interpretability and transferability of research findings.We provide recommendations for future research that operationalises nativeness using a broader range of meanings that will inform a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the human dimensions of conservation issues, especially within the contested and briskly evolving terrain of urban greening. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on "talking" methods, noting their wide application across the social sciences, and identifies potential spaces for innovation in this field. Drawing on interview material from the Methods for Change project, we argue that researching methods requires creative approaches to talk. With research methods as our focus, we draw on data collected from online interviews with 36 academics, which aimed to explore the transformative potential of social science research methods. We make three contributions. First, we consider challenges and potentials for talking about methods and communicating the transformative potential of social science methods to diverse audiences. Second, we elaborate on the detail of doing talking methods, identifying potential spaces for innovation. Third, we suggest there is value in supplementing interviews with creative techniques when talking with and about method. We highlight three such techniques used in our project as a means of eliciting conversation about the transformative potential of methods: how-to instructions; object interviewing; and methods as animals. The conceptual underpinnings, practical applications and obstacles encountered with each technique are discussed, including our own reflections on creative interviewing in a context where face-to- face research was restricted. In doing so, we respond to and advance recent debates about the need to talk more about the doing of talking methods. We argue that academics need to articulate why methods matter in creating change to global challenges, and that creative techniques can play a pivotal role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflexivity is the act of examining one's own assumption, belief, and judgement systems, and thinking carefully and critically about how these influence the research process. The practice of reflexivity confronts and questions who we are as researchers and how this guides our work. It is central in debates on objectivity, subjectivity, and the very foundations of social science research and generated knowledge. Incorporating reflexivity in the research process is traditionally recognized as one of the most notable differences between qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Qualitative research centres and celebrates the participants' personal and unique lived experience. Therefore, qualitative researchers are readily encouraged to consider how their own unique positionalities inform the research process and this forms an important part of training within this paradigm. Quantitative methodologies in social and personality psychology, and more generally, on the other hand, have remained seemingly detached from this level of reflexivity and general reflective practice. In this commentary, we, three quantitative researchers who have grappled with the compatibility of reflexivity within our own research, argue that reflexivity has much to offer quantitative methodologists. The act of reflexivity prompts researchers to acknowledge and centre their own positionalities, encourages a more thoughtful engagement with every step of the research process, and thus, as we argue, contributes to the ongoing reappraisal of openness and transparency in psychology. In this paper, we make the case for integrating reflexivity across all research approaches, before providing a 'beginner's guide' for quantitative researchers wishing to engage reflexively with their own work, providing concrete recommendations, worked examples, and reflexive prompts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical study of exemptions has focused on escape from protectionist policies designed to control and monitor Aboriginal people in Australia — restricting their freedom of movement, intruding into their family life, and reducing their ability to participate on equal terms in the labour force. In this paper, we consider a contemporary policy — income management — which primarily restricts the freedom to dispose of personal income and has targeted Aboriginal people and communities, both directly and indirectly. Provisions for individual exemptions have been incorporated inconsistently within the many iterations of income management, and Aboriginal people are significantly less likely than others to be granted an exit from this form of financial control. The study reported here is an example of mixed‐methods social research, rather than an historiography. We use techniques of historical comparison to illuminate contemporary practices and identify the ongoing influence of settler‐colonial governance in the lives of Aboriginal people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the research–policy nexus in developing economies requires knowing who disseminates and how social science research (SSR) is diffused. Based on survey and secondary data on a diverse set of critical stakeholders, this paper characterises the SSR diffusion landscape in Nigeria. We find that university researchers are the most active disseminators of SSR though other actors also engage in dissemination activities. Collaboration among different categories of actors, both locally and internationally, is pervasive in the system. However, online visibility of research is poor in the Nigerian SSR system. Most of the local scientific journals do not operate online, and a large share of the published SSR output is missing from widely used bibliographic databases. For a better research–policy nexus, research producers need to become skilled research advocates and policymakers need to be accessible to other actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the interconnected character of societal challenges, there is a growing interest in transdisciplinary sustainability research. However, for transdisciplinary research to be able to support the generation of new knowledge in a participatory and reflexive manner, a number of challenges have been identified in each stage of the transdisciplinary research process. In this paper, we respond specifically to the challenge of initiating transdisciplinary research projects, by proposing a process for performing transdisciplinary project scoping. Our group of early‐career researchers share experiences from scoping for transdisciplinary research potential, bridging local stakeholder needs with researchers' interests across departments and national contexts. We present our methodological approach,which includes tools for stakeholder identification, systems thinking, and gap‐mapping. The approach was applied in the local context of the Navarino Environmental Observatory, Messinia, Greece. The findings identify regional sustainability concerns related to, for example, tourism, agriculture, and environmental management issues. The gap‐map highlights overlaps (e.g., in terms of existing research on the effects of agriculture on water resources), but also how previous research has been conducted on spatial and temporal scales not directly relevant to local actors. We believe that the approach can be used beyond this case study to identify the potential for problem‐oriented inter‐and transdisciplinary research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability, 12, 9674. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229674 28 Nijnik, M., Perlik, M., Melnykovych, M., & Kopiy, S. (2021). The governance of nature is facing remarkable dynamics resulting from massive societal challenges in socio-ecological systems. 21 Miller, D., McKeen, M., Price, M., Slee, B., & Nijnik, M. (2020). [Extracted from the article]

This paper draws on one of Pierre Bourdieu's core dimensions of social theory: the notion of capital. Bourdieu's work has percolated various academic domains and transcended disciplinary boundaries, thereby leading to new vistas and questions. It is in the spirit of generating "new vistas" that this paper offers considerations which may serve as an epistemic and methodological drive to reinvigorate our social research practices within TESOL. In particular, I argue for a new application of Bourdieu's sociological concept to account more holistically for the complexities of TESOL research practices, and I present a proposal that may support the TESOL research community in addressing the "realities" and "dilemmas" of our field (McKinley & Rose, 2017). Ultimately, life capital will act as a catalyst to promote a fresh perspective on our research—a lens which, in the long run, may yield TESOL research that fully acknowledges, values, and celebrates the humanness of our inquiries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let me start this review of I Happy Singlehood i by applauding an HDFS colleague, who, several years ago during the "kudos" portion of NCFR's Feminist Family Studies Section meeting, shared that she was "still single and not with the wrong person." When reading the paper copy of the book, it was cumbersome to look up citations, flipping back and forth from the chapter to the back and figuring out the page number and chapter (citations were done for every 2-3 pages). Drawing on the author's training as a demographer, in this chapter, Kislev offered the reader a command of the scope of the rising rates of singlehood across many countries in the world. Chapter two, the longest chapter in the book (34 pages), focused on "Happy Singlehood in Old Age", directly addressing the link between singlehood and fears of dying alone and being lonely. [Extracted from the article]

Teachers are the single most important in‐school factor affecting student learning outcomes. As a result, researchers and policy makers are particularly interested in the ways that teacher‐level factors influence the learning opportunities that teachers provide in their classrooms. A growing body of research suggests that the expectations a teacher sets for individuals and groups of students can significantly affect the learning opportunities that are provided to them. This is highly problematic, especially since teacher expectations can be inaccurate evaluations of student abilities and teacher expectations differentially affect the learning outcomes of racialised students as well as children living in poverty. Much of the research base regarding teacher expectations has focused on upper elementary and secondary grades with little research focus on the ways that teacher expectations are formed and impact children in the first years of formal schooling. Given the potential impact of sustained teacher expectation effects, an in‐depth review of teacher expectation research in the early primary grades is warranted. This study uses a scoping review methodology (H. Arksey and L. O'Malley, 'Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2005, 8(1), 19–32) to analyse research on teacher expectations in the early primary grades. Five themes encapsulate the scope of research published from 2000–2021: (1) teacher expectations of school readiness skills, (2) factors that influence the formation of teacher expectations, (3) teacher expectation effects, (4) stability of teacher expectations, and (5) intervention studies. This paper presents the current state of knowledge surrounding expectations in the early primary grades, as well as highlights challenges in need of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the genesis of the paper for which the 2018 Forrester Award has been given. We then summarize its findings and put it into the context of the research streams in which it is embedded. We also describe the effects of the award paper on subsequent research. We then briefly discuss how laboratory experiment, field, and modeling work can complement each other in social systems research. Finally, we present some thoughts for leveraging the expertise of researchers and audiences from outside domains to the field of system dynamics, based on lessons from our work together as co‐authors and our mutual experience in project management, particularly in agile software development techniques. © 2019 System Dynamics Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of managerial elites is one of the most important, yet neglected areas of social science research. This paper synthesizes and critically reviews three intellectual traditions in the study of managerial elites. These are: interlocking directorates and the study of institutional and societal power, the study of boards and directors, and the composition and correlates of top management teams. The paper concludes by arguing for the development of a complementary research tradition which combines a contextual and processual analysis of managerial elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a coincident indicator for the United Kingdom employing—for the first time—a novel set of "faster" indicators recently published by the Office for National Statistics. Most of these variables were first released during the COVID‐19 pandemic with the aim of facilitating economics and social research by more timely indicators. The empirical evidence suggests that a coincident indicator based on a novel weekly dataset successfully captures the economic conditions in real time. We further use this indicator in an out‐of‐sample macroeconomic nowcasting exercise targeting monthly economic growth, prices and retail sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the significance of intergenerational connections for I famili i [1] Tonga, as part of their collective mobility.[2] It is our hope that this timely discussion will provide some insight into Tongan collective mobilities that have existed before COVID-19, and how I famili i Tonga have utilized these important networks to counter the impacts of COVID-19, both during and after each wave experienced in 2020. The significance of the intergenerational connections that exist in Tongan collectives is that these channels are what transfer important values, knowledge, and cultural ideas to I famili i Tonga in both the homeland and diaspora. B 'Anaseini I e-talanoa i : June 2020 based in Tatakamotonga, Tongatapu Island b [9] (Tongan-born, living in Tonga since, although has visited other family members abroad in Australia and New Zealand). This is an example of how important intergenerational connections, particularly online, continue to support Tongan collective mobilities and I famili i Tonga well-being, even during a pandemic. [Extracted from the article]

The concept of ecosystem services (ES) has risen to prominence based on its promise to vastly improve environmental decision‐making and to represent nature's many benefits to people. Yet the field has continued to be plagued by fundamental concerns, leading some to believe that the field of ES must mature or be replaced.In this paper, we quantitatively survey a stratified random sample of more than 1,000 articles addressing ES across three decades of scholarship. Our purpose is to examine the field's attention to common critiques regarding insufficient credible valuations of realistic changes to services; an unjustified preoccupation with monetary valuation; and too little social and policy research (e.g. questions of access to and demand for services).We found that very little of the ES literature includes valuation of biophysical change (2.4%), despite many biophysical studies of services (24%). An initially small but substantially rising number of papers address crucial policy (14%) and social dimensions, including access, demand and the social consequences of change (5.8%). As well, recent years have seen a significant increase in non‐monetary valuation (from 0% to 2.5%).Ecosystem service research has, we summarize, evolved in meaningful ways. But some of its goals remain unmet, despite the promise to improve environmental decisions, in part because of a continued pre‐occupation with numerical valuation often without appropriate biophysical grounding. Here we call for a next generation of research: Integrative biophysical‐social research that characterizes ES change, and is coupled with multi‐metric and qualitative valuation, and context‐appropriate decision‐making. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction to a special issue of the American Journal of Community Psychiatry is the result of a symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, 2006, that brought together anthropologists and psychologists involved in community based collaborative intervention studies to examine critically the assumptions, processes and results of their multilevel interventions in local communities with local partners. The papers were an effort to examine context by offering a theoretical framework for the concept of “level” in intervention science, and advocating for “multi-level” approaches to social/behavioral change. They presented examples of ways in which interventions targeted social “levels” either simultaneously or sequentially by working together with communities across levels, and drawing on and co-constructing elements of local culture as components of the intervention. The papers raised a number of important issues, for example: (1) How are levels defined and how should collaborators be chosen; (2) does it matter at which level multilevel interventions begin; (3) do multilevel interventions have a greater effect on desired outcomes than level-specific interventions; (4) are multilevel interventions more sustainable; (5) are multilevel interventions cost effective to run, and evaluate; (6) how can theories of intervention be generated and adapted to each level of a multilevel intervention; (7) how should intervention activities at each level coordinate to facilitate community resident or target population empowerment? Many of these questions were only partially addressed in the papers presented at that time, and are more fully addressed in the theoretical papers, case studies and approach to evaluation included in this collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]