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The relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and nonhepatocellular cancers remains inconclusive. This large case‐control study aimed to assess the associations between HBV infection status and multiple cancers. Cases (n = 50 392) and controls (n = 11 361) were consecutively recruited from 2008 to 2016 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using logistic regression by adjusting age and gender. A meta‐analysis based on published studies was also performed to verify the associations. Of these, 12.1% of cases and 5.5% of controls were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositive. We observed significant associations between HBsAg seropositivity and esophagus cancer (aOR [95% CI] = 1.32 [1.13‐1.54]), stomach cancer (1.46 [1.30‐1.65]), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 39.11 [35.08‐43.59]), intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (ICC and ECC; 3.83 [2.58‐5.67] and 1.72 [1.28‐2.31]), pancreatic cancer (PaC; 1.37 [1.13‐1.65]), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; 1.88 [1.61‐2.20]) and leukemia (11.48 [4.05‐32.56]). Additionally, compared to participants with HBsAg−/anti‐HBs−/anti‐HBc−, participants with HBsAg−/anti‐HBs−/anti‐HBc+, indicating past HBV‐infected, had an increased risk of esophagus cancer (aOR [95% CI] = 1.46 [1.24‐1.73]), stomach cancer (1.20 [1.04‐1.39]), HCC (4.80 [3.95‐5.84]) and leukemia (15.62 [2.05‐119.17]). Then the overall meta‐analysis also verified that HBsAg seropositivity was significantly associated with stomach cancer (OR [95% CI] = 1.23 [1.14‐1.33]), ICC (4.05 [2.78‐5.90]), ECC (1.73 [1.30‐2.30]), PaC (1.26 [1.09‐1.46]), NHL (1.95 [1.55‐2.44]) and leukemia (1.54 [1.26‐1.88]). In conclusion, both our case‐control study and meta‐analysis confirmed the significant association of HBsAg seropositivity with stomach cancer, ICC, ECC, PaC, NHL and leukemia. Of note, our findings also suggested that the risk of stomach cancer elevated for people whoever exposed to HBV. What's new?: Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important cause of hepatocelluar carcinoma and may be linked to certain non‐hepatocellular cancers as well, including colon cancer and stomach cancer. This case‐control investigation of cancer patients in China shows that positivity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is significantly higher in cancer patients overall than in controls. Among Chinese patients, HBsAg seropositivity was associated particularly with stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, and leukemia. These observations were consistent with meta‐analysis of previous studies exploring possible associations between HBV and non‐hepatocellular cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to evaluate the association between dietary habits and the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive carriers in Qidong, an hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐epidemic area in China. Methods: A total of 3199 HBsAg carriers aged 30‐70 years in a prospective cohort in Qidong, China from 2007 to 2011 were included in the study. At baseline, all participants self‐reported their dietary habits in a questionnaire interview. A follow‐up check‐up was performed every 6 months to identify HCC cases until November 2017. Cox's regression analysis and an interaction analysis were performed to estimate the relative risks of HCC in terms of baseline diet. Results: Among 3199 HBsAg‐positive participants, 270 developed HCC (143.86/100 000 person‐years [PYs]). Compared with participants who rarely consume garlic, the risk of HCC in those who consumed it ≥ once per week decreased along with the increase in frequency (HR = 1.00, 0.90 and 0.62 in those who consumed it rarely vs those who consumed it 1‐6 times per week and ≥ 7 times per week, respectively). This study found a synergistic effect between garlic and tea consumption on the risk of HCC (P = 0.039 for a multiplicative interaction). Conclusions: HBsAg carriers should improve their diet. Regular consumption of garlic and tea drinking may reduce the HCC incidence in HBsAg carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study explored the gut microbiota of children with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD).Methods: We enrolled 15 cases with HFMD admitted to the West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, China, from July to September 2016 at a median age of three years. The controls were 15 healthy children of a similar age who underwent routine health examinations at the hospital during the same period. Gut microbiota was analysed using high throughput 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing.Results: The gut microbiota in the HFMD patients was distinct from the controls. Compared with the controls, the composition of gut microbiota in the HFMD cases represented a reduction of two butyrate-producing bacteria, Ruminococcus (0.73 ± 1.28 versus 7.78 ± 20.01, p = 0.026) and Roseburia (0.67 ± 1.69 versus 1.61 ± 3.27, p = 0.024) and an up-regulation of Escherichia (5.26 ± 10.50 versus 1.59 ± 5.90,p < 0.01) and Enterococcus (4.12 ± 12.49 versus 0.12 ± 0.41, p = 0.015).Conclusion: The dysbiosis of gut microbiota of the HFMD cases included a reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria and an up-regulation of inflammation-inducing bacteria. These may have impaired the intestinal biological mucosal barrier and host immune functions, promoting the invasion of the enterovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]