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Purpose: To conduct a comprehensive narrative review of the evidence for radiotherapy target volumes to the neck, after neck dissection, for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown primary (HNSCCUP). Inclusion or exclusion of mucosal irradiation is not the focus of interest for this review article. Materials and Methods: Literature (PubMed‐Medline, EMBASE database and Cochrane library) was searched using the relevant keywords. The search results were limited to the studies published in year 2000 or after. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies were retrospective in nature. The incidence of contralateral recurrence rates in the untreated neck when the involved neck only is treated remains very low (0%–10%). Survival has improved over the past two decades, most likely due to improved diagnostic techniques and the increase in incidence of HPV‐related disease. Conclusion: Given the rarity of disease, level one evidence from randomised controlled trials is lacking. Available data are retrospective but support unilateral post‐operative radiotherapy as a treatment option in selected cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perylene diimide (PDI) and naphthalene diimides (NDIs) are compounds widely used in supramolecular structures due to their versatile and functional properties. They have high absorptions and photoluminescence capabilities, which make them ideal for electronic transition studies. Reflux method, a widely employed synthetic technique, was utilized to synthesize NDI and PDI derivatives. In this method, the respective amino acids and NTDA (naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride) were combined in acetic acid and the resulting mixture was subjected to reflux. This study centered on a diverse set of NDI and PDI ligands, comprising L‐ala‐NDI, B‐ala‐NDI, Gly‐NDI, Imi‐NDI, Pyr‐NDI, L‐ala‐PDI, B‐ala‐PDI, Gly‐PDI, Imi‐PDI, and Pyr‐PDI ligands. Crystal structures were obtained for three NDI ligands, while the characterization of all ligands involved several analytical techniques such as NMR, IR, UV, DFT, TD‐DFT calculations, and single‐crystal x‐ray crystallography specifically for the NDI ligands. The investigation focused on studying the electron acceptor/donor behavior of the NDI and PDI ligands, identifying their potential for charge transfer applications. Furthermore, the NLO (nonlinear optical) response of all 10 NDI and PDI ligands was assessed through an analysis involving HOMO‐LUMO, TDM, EDDM, NCI, Iso‐surface, MEP, natural population, and DOS analysis. This evaluation encompassed the examination of linear polarizability, as well as first and second hyperpolarizability in the context of NLO. The findings of the study revealed that Gly‐PDI, Imi‐PDI, L‐ala‐PDI, and B‐ala‐PDI ligands displayed a higher NLO response compared with the other ligands. These results highlight the potential of these ligands for nonlinear optical applications. The comprehensive characterization and assessment of the NDI and PDI ligands contribute to a deeper understanding of their electron properties, positioning them as promising candidates for charge transfer and nonlinear optical materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this observational study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the presentation, stage and management pattern on newly presented HNC patients during the pandemic era. The data on all newly diagnosed HNC patients at our centre during April-December 2020 (COVID-19 cohort) were collected, and it was compared against the baseline pre-COVID-19 cohort (all new HNC patients diagnosed between April and December 2019). During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was postulated that there might be a delay in cancer patients' presentation, stage migration and changes in management leading to excess cancer mortality.1 However, there is a paucity of real-time objective data to support this, particularly in HNC. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents the findings of a study on the use of reactive nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiotherapy. The study found that most patients admitted for NGT feeding were receiving curative radiotherapy. The timing of NGT insertion varied, and the study suggests that streamlining access to NGT feeding could reduce hospital stays. The article also discusses the cost implications of NGT feeding and suggests that an outpatient NGT feeding service could be beneficial in initiating earlier enteral feeding and avoiding hospital admissions. [Extracted from the article]

The rapid evolution of electronic media in recent decades has exponentially amplified the propagation of fake news, resulting in widespread confusion and misunderstanding among the masses, especially concerning critical topics like the COVID‐19 pandemic. Consequently, detecting fake news on social media has emerged as a prominent area of research, attracting significant attention. This article introduces a novel cascaded group multi‐head attention (CGMHA) model for COVID‐19 fake news detection. Our research collected Twitter datasets with accurate and fake tweets in Urdu. The novel CGMHA model and depth‐wise convolution capture local and global contextual information by employing multiple attention heads in a cascaded fashion, enabling a comprehensive understanding of fake news. While achieving state‐of‐the‐art performance, we also highlight challenges such as language variations and misinformation nuances in the detection process, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities involved in combatting fake news. Our proposed model surpasses the performance of state‐of‐the‐art models in classifying fake news and achieves accuracy, F1 score, precision, and recall of 0.98, 0.96, 0.95, and 0.95, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priming‐mediated stress tolerance in plants stimulates defense mechanisms and enables plants to cope with future stresses. Seed priming has been proven effective for tolerance against abiotic stresses; however, underlying genetic mechanisms are still unknown. We aimed to assess upland cotton genotypes and their transcriptional behaviors under salt priming and successive induced salt stress. We pre‐selected 16 genotypes based on previous studies and performed morpho‐physiological characterization, from which we selected three genotypes, representing different tolerance levels, for transcriptomic analysis. We subjected these genotypes to four different treatments: salt priming (P0), salt priming with salinity dose at 3‐true‐leaf stage (PD), salinity dose at 3‐true‐leaf stage without salt priming (0D), and control (CK). Although the three genotypes displayed distinct expression patterns, we identified common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under PD enriched in pathways related to transferase activity, terpene synthase activity, lipid biosynthesis, and regulation of acquired resistance, indicating the beneficial role of salt priming in enhancing salt stress resistance. Moreover, the number of unique DEGs associated with G. hirsutum purpurascens was significantly higher compared to other genotypes. Coexpression network analysis identified 16 hub genes involved in cell wall biogenesis, glucan metabolic processes, and ribosomal RNA binding. Functional characterization of XTH6 (XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE) using virus‐induced gene silencing revealed that suppressing its expression improves plant growth under salt stress. Overall, findings provide insights into the regulation of candidate genes in response to salt stress and the beneficial effects of salt priming on enhancing defense responses in upland cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of immunotherapy into the radical management of head and neck cancer (HNC) is a fast moving phenomenon, which is constantly developing. Although now established in the management of recurrent and metastatic disease in HNC, its use in radical treatment is being investigated in a whole spectrum of clinical trials looking at which immune altering agents give the best results, which can be added safely to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and chemoradiotherapy for greatest efficiency and when the most appropriate time to add these agents is in the neoadjuvant, concurrent on adjuvant settings. These multiple questions produce a complex matrix for HNC investigators and this article brings together the existing evidence and contemporary trials going on with immunotherapy in HNC, giving an up to date snapshot of present investigations and near future directions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high‐altitude Indus basin is one of the most complex and inadequately explored mountain terrains in the World, where reliable observations of precipitation are highly lacking. Therefore, spatially distributed precipitation products developed at global/regional scale are often used in several scientific disciplines. However, large uncertainties in precipitation estimates of such precipitation data sets often lead to suboptimal outcomes. In this study, performance of 27 widely used gridded precipitation products belonging to three different categories of gauge‐based, reanalysis and merged products is evaluated with respect to high‐quality reference climatologies of mean monthly precipitation. Widely used statistical measures and quantitative analysis techniques are used to analyse the spatial patterns and quantitative distribution of mean monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation at sub‐regional scale. Mean annual precipitation estimates of the gridded data sets are cross validated with the corresponding adjusted streamflows using Turc‐Budyko non‐dimensional analysis. Results reveal poor to moderately good performance of the gridded data sets. Marked differences in spatiotemporal and quantitative distribution of precipitation are found among the data sets. All data sets are consistent in their patterns showing negative or dry bias in wet areas and positive or wet bias in dry areas, although considerable differences in the magnitudes of the biases are noticed at sub‐regional scale. None of the data sets is equally good for all sub‐regions due to very high spatiotemporal variability in their performance at sub‐regional scale. Gauge‐based and merged products performed better in dry regions and during monsoon season, while reanalysis products provided better estimates in wet areas and during winter months. GPCC V8, ERA5 and MSWEP2.2 are found better than their counter‐grouped data sets. Overall, ERA5 is found most acceptable for all sub‐regions, particularly at higher‐altitudes, in wet areas and during winter months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To carry out cross‐culture adaptation and validation of the English version of Rheumatoid Arthritis Knowledge Assessment Scale (RAKAS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted for 2 months in 2 tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Sample size was calculated based on item‐subject ratio. The translation was carried out using standard procedures for translation and cross‐culture adaptation. The validation process included estimation of discrimination power, item difficulty index, factorial, convergent, construct and known group validities and reliability. Reliability of the scale was estimated using Kuder‐Richardson Formula 20 and a value of σ2 ≥ 0.6 was acceptable. SPSS v23, Remark Classic OMR v6 software and MedCalc Statistical Software v16.4.3, were used to analyze the data. The study was approved by the relevant ethics committee (IRB#NOV:15). Results: The mean score was 7.68 ± 2.52 (95% CI: 7.31‐8.05) for 177 patients. The σ2 = 0.601, that is, >0.6, test‐retest reliability ρ =.753, P <.05. The average discrimination power = 47.27, average Item Difficulty Index = 0.557. The fit indices were acceptable in a range that established its factorial validity and average factor loading was ≥0.7 which established convergent validity. A significant association (χ2 = 33.074, P <.01) between score interpretation and previous counseling by pharmacists established its construct validity. A significant association (χ2 = 19.113, P <.05) between score interpretation and patient occupation established known group validity. Conclusion: The English version of RAKAS was deemed a reliable and validated tool to measure knowledge about disease in Pakistani patients with RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]