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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare cancer involving clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells (LCs) resembling epidermal dendritic cells. It can involve any organ or system. Temporal bone LCH is often confused with ear inflammatory lesions and malignant tumors. Diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. The definitive diagnosis is made on biopsy and by immunohistochemical demonstration of CD 1a and or Langerin positivity in the clonally neoplastic cells. The course of LCH is variable from spontaneous regression to repeated recurrences and death. The main form of treatment is chemotherapy. We describe a case of multifocal multisystem LCH in a 4-year-old child who presented with recurrent chronic suppurative otitis media and an external auditory canal polyp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verrucous hemangioma is an uncommon capillary or cavernous hemangioma with reactive epidermal changes of hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and papillomatosis. Lesions are mostly seen at birth or appear during childhood. These growths are usually located on the lower extremities, and involvement is generally unilateral. Diagnosis of this unusual presentation can only be confirmed following histopathology. Surgical excision resulted in a satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a major cause of death throughout the developed world. It is associated with smoking and alcohol consumption. Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 has also been suggested to play a role in etiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). p16 expression is now being used as a surrogate marker of HPV infection in squamous cell carcinoma and provides important prognostic information and future therapy planning.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, total of 75 cases of HNSCC were taken. Tumor grade was determined according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. p16 expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The obtained results were analyzed and evaluated using Chi-square test (Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20), value of P <0.05 was taken significant.Results: Out of 75 cases, 78.7% cases were positive for p16 (inclusive of all grades), while 21.3% cases were negative. Expression of p16 was higher in nonsmokers and nonalcohol consumers and significantly associated with paan chewing habit. No significant correlation was seen with history of abnormal sexual habits, but p16 expression was significantly correlated in cases with multiple sexual partners (P = 0.003), with increasing histological grade (P = 0.045) and in cases with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.03).Conclusion: As HPV integration with transcription of viral oncoprotein induces overexpression of p16, immunohistochemical expression of p16 can be used as a surrogate marker of HPV. This approach can be implemented in diagnostic laboratories and can provide support for vaccination program in high risk group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer is a major health problem throughout the developed world. Tumor grade is one of the most important prognostic factors of prostate cancer. At present, adequate prognostic markers for prostate cancer progression are still lacking, in spite of intensive investigation. Accordingly, we studied the role of immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p53 and Ki-67 as a prognostic factor in carcinoma prostate and correlated their expression with Gleason's grade. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 60 cases including 50 cases of prostate carcinoma and 10 of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were taken. Tumor grade was determined according to Gleason's grading system. p53 and Ki-67 expressions were determined by IHC staining. The obtained results were analyzed and evaluated using Spearman's statistical test (SPSS version 20). Results: In BPH, p53 was expressed in only 2 of 10 (20%) cases while in carcinoma it was expressed in 38 of 50 (76%) cases. Ki-67 was expressed in only 1 of 10 (10%) BPH cases while in carcinoma it was expressed in 32 of 50 (64%) cases. In present study, 1 of 4 (25%) well differentiated, 23 of 31 (74.19%) moderately differentiated and 14 of 15 (93.33%) poorly differentiated tumors revealed p53 immunopositivity and a statistically significant correlation was observed between p53 expression and increased Gleason's grade (P = 0.038). All 4 (100%) cases of well-differentiated carcinoma were negative for Ki-67 expression. Nineteen of 31 (61.29%) moderately differentiated and 13 of 15 (86.66%) poorly differentiated tumors were positive for Ki-67 and a statistically significant correlation was observed between Ki-67 positivity and increased Gleason's grade (P = 0.002). Conclusions: Both p53 and Ki-67 were significantly up-regulated in malignant lesions as compared to benign lesions and a strong relationship with the Gleason's grading was noticed, therefore, we propose that these markers can be applied along with other prostate cancer prognostic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Many oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) arise within regions that previously had premalignant lesion. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of premalignant lesions offers the best hope of improving the prognosis in patients with OSCC. Exfoliative cytology is a simple and non-invasive diagnostic technique that could be used for early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the quantitative changes in nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA) and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (NA/CA) in cytological buccal smears of oral leukoplakia with dysplasia (OLD) and OSCC patients while comparing with normal healthy mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quantitative study was conducted over 90 subjects including 30 cases each of OLD, OSCC and clinically normal oral mucosa. The smears obtained were stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain and cytomorphological assessment of the keratinocytes was carried out. The statistical tools included arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, analysis of variance, Tukey multiple comparison. P < 0.001 was considered as significant. RESULTS: The mean NA of keratinocytes in the normal mucosa was 65.47 ± 4.77 μm(2) while for OLD it was 107.97 ± 5.44 μm(2) and 139.02 ± 8.10 μm(2) for that of OSCC. The differences show a statistically significant increment in NA (P < 0.001). There was significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the CA of keratinocytes from OSCC when compared with those from smears of OLD and normal mucosa with the values of 1535.80 ± 79.38 μm(2), 1078.51 ± 56.65 μm(2) and 769.70 ± 38.77 μm(2) respectively. The NA/CA ratio in the smears from normal oral mucosa, OLD and OSCC showed a mean value of 0.043 ± 0.004, 0.100 ± 0.008, 0.181 ± 0.015 respectively with a significant difference among the groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Evaluation of nuclear and CA of keratinocytes by cytomorphometry can serve as a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and prognosis of a dysplastic lesion which may lead to OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida is the shortened name used to describe a class of fungi that includes more than 150 species of yeast. In healthy individuals, Candida exists harmlessly in mucus membranes such as your ears, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, mouth, nose, reproductive organs, sinuses, skin, stool and vagina, etc. It is known as your "beneficial flora" and has a useful purpose in the body. When an imbalance in the normal flora occurs, it causes an overgrowth of Candida albicans. The term is Candidiasis or Thrush. This is a fungal infection (Mycosis) of any of the Candida species, of which Candida albicans is the most common. When this happens, it can create a widespread havoc to our overall health and well-being of our body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 19-year-old pregnant female suffering from swelling in the submandibular region. It mentions that ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic lesion with cystic changes. It also mentions the presence of foamy and pigment-laden macrophages and multinucleated giant cells along with lymphocytes. It also mentions that ectopic thyroid was diagnosed in the submandibular mass.

Oral cancer is the sixth common malignancy, causing severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. The morbidity and mortality due to oral cancer can be reduced if precancerous lesions with malignant potential are identified and treated early. Early detection, progression, metastatic tendency, or recurrence of precancerous and cancerous lesions can now be determined by genetic studies. Gene mapping at molecular level demonstrates accumulation of genetic alterations and consequently changes in gene expression pattern in oral cancer. Molecular studies of the oral cancer have demonstrated multiple genetic abnormalities such as activation of various oncogenes. It can serve as a reference point for navigation, epidermal growth factor receptors (GFRs), tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) inactivation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at numerous chromosomal locations. Hence studies at cellular level not only allow accurate diagnosis but may also lead the passage for more bright approaches to treatment and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]