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As China's largest oil crop, rape occupies a central position in ensuring the safety of China's cooking oil supply. This paper introduced China's rapeseed industry from the rape type, rapeseed production, planting area, national rapeseed production protected area, rape national dominant characteristic industrial clusters, and rapeseed industry, etc. Besides, from the aspects of geographical indication products, geographical indication trademarks, and geographical indications of agricultural products, this paper discussed the intellectual property protection of geographical indications of rape, rapeseed, and rapeseed oil in China. It analyzed the main problems such as the lag in the formulation of relevant standards for geographical indications and the low use of special signs for geographical indications, and finally came up with recommendations including building a public brand of geographical indications and expanding foreign exchanges of geographical indications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rape is the third largest oil crop in the world and the first one in China. The national average rapeseed yield is only 2 077. 5 kg/hm², and the rapeseed oil yield is 894 kg/hm². This paper introduced the main types, germplasm resources, breeding bases and breeding progress of Chinese rape, and studied its high-quality varieties, breeding patents and new varieties of agricultural plants. We analyzed the main problems such as serious loss of germplasm resources in Brassica campestris L. and Brasica juncea (L.) Czern. et Cus and weak "agricultural chip" in rape field, and put forward strategies such as strengthening the protection of rape germplasm resources, encouraging the development of " agricultural chip" in rape industry clusters with national advantages and characteristics, and strengthening the protection of agricultural intellectual property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development prospect of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. is receiving much concern of domestic researchers. In this paper, literature of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. was taken as basis, and bibliometric analysis method was used to make statistics of distribution of years, research institutions, authors, and research fields. The results showed that research fields of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. in China were mainly ecological restoration, accounting for 13.27% of the total literature; the research took on dynamic and diversified cooperation trend. In recent 5 years, the number of papers significantly increased, accounting for 93. 04% of the total literature. The distribution of authors and regions were relatively concentrated, but the overall level of research is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative,it is of great significance to study the trade ties between China and Southeast Asia with cocoon silk as a link. Trend analysis,trade competitiveness index and trade complementarity index were comprehensively used in this paper to study the competitiveness and complementarity of the cocoon silk trade between China and Southeast Asia. The results show that the export trade volume of cocoon silk of China and Southeast Asia is decreasing while fluctuating,but it is difficult for other regions to replace their export trade status in the world market. The development trend of the replacement of the silkworm cocoon trade by the raw silk trade is presented. The cocoon silk trade of China and Southeast Asia is characterized by dislocation competition. China’s raw silk export trade is competitive and has become the leader of the raw silk export camp. This paper further analyzes the changes and complementarities of the cocoon silk trade competitiveness between China and Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching evaluation is an indispensable part of the teaching system of junior high school. In order to inherit the excellent traditional Chinese culture and arts, traditional Chinese painting has been paid more and more attention to in the fine arts curriculum of rural junior high school. This paper takes the classroom teaching evaluation of traditional Chinese painting a a form of fine arts in rural junior high school as the research object, and analyzes the problems existing in the claasroom teaching evaluation of traditional Chinese painting in rural junior high school. This paper puts forward the corresponding improvement measures from the aspects of comprehensive evaluation object, concrete evaluation content, flexible evaluation language and diversified evaluation subjects, in order to improve the evaluation level of fine arts teachers' claasroom teaching, improve students' aesthetic cognition and learning interest in traditional Chinese painting, and cultivate students' innovative thinking and spirit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land is the foundation of human survival and the cornerstone of human development. China is a developing country with a large population and also a large agricultural country, and the issue of rural land has always been a strategic issue of great significance in the process of economic and social development. This paper introduces the key progress of rural land research in China from 2000 to 2019 in terms of three aspects agricultural land protection, land system and land consolidation. It is found that the research content of rural land in China has experienced a very obvious transition and improvement. The understanding of specific research content continues to expand with the time. This paper studies and analyzes the existing problems of rural land research in China, and puts forward the research direction of rural land problems in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent ten years in China, the application research of hypobaric storage was extended to the non-freeze preservation of cooked food, fresh-cut vegetables, edible fungi and fruits, preliminary processing of growing area and vacuum cold fresh chain to the cold chain break-age for horticultural products, and also to the investigation of principle and theory but the investigation results would have some evident difference. This paper will simply summarize the basic conception, principle, two withdrawing air type hypobaric storage technologies, and introduce many examples as mentioned above extending in China. This paper thinks that the master mechanism of preservation of LP for fresh horticultural products effectively inhibits the activity change of manifold enzymes, which are PAL, POD, PPO, CAT, CAD, SOD et al., affecting the maturation and caducity of fresh horticultural products during LP storage for a short period, as a result, to reduce both risk of physiology obstacle and disease and to prolong their postharvest lie; for the foreseeable future Burg's hypobaric storage technology and hypobaric short period treatment technology will play an important role in the preservation on fresh agricultural products and food preservation in storage and transportation, the preliminary processing of growing area, fresh logistics, establishing the operating platform of perishable food and high business value, fresh e-business, and fresh delivery for scattered families, establishing the operating platform of fresh-cut vegetables including edible fungi and so on in China or in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In domestic and foreign literature about the dark tourism, there are few papers about the dark tourism in China. At present, the study on the dark tourism in China remains at the starting stage. Most studies analyzed development of the dark tourism by SWOT method. No scholar has made analysis on the dark tourism development by PEST (political, economic, social and technological factor) analysis method. China is a large country rich in dark tourism resources. However, the theoretical researches of dark tourism lag behind the practical development. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to study the development of dark tourism in China. Besides, the dark tourism is a special tourism resource and product, and its researches wiil further promote prosperity of tourism, push forward social development. Using PEST method, this paper analyzed development of the dark tourism from political, economic, social and technological factors, and it came up with pertinent recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To protect cultivated land and ensure national food security and to forecast the cultivated land area of China and the provinces (cities) in 2030, 2035 and 2050. [Methods] Based on the cultivated land area data of the whole country and provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) from 2009 to 2017, the OLS model is used to forecast the cultivated land area of China and the provinces (cities) in 2030, 2035 and 2050. [Results] The results show that the predicted area of cultivated land in 2030, 2035 and 2050 is 134.088 6, 133.785 6 and 132. 876 4 million ha, respectively, showing an obvious decreasing trend. The national cultivated land scale predicted in this paper can meet the requirements of the 2030 national cultivated land retention target set in the National Land Planning Outline (2016-2030). However, in the total area of existing cultivated land, there is still a contain area of sloping cultivated land (accounting for about 4% of the total cultivated land area, it is appropriate to gradually return farmland to forest). At the same time, nearly 20% of the cultivated land has been polluted, and the low-quality cultivated land accounts for about 22% of the total cultivated land. [Conclusions] The situation of cultivated land protection in the whole country is not rosy. For this reason, some measures and suggestions are put forward: strengthening land consolidation, striving to improve the quality of cultivated land, and appropriately increasing new cultivated land; strengthening the protection of cultivated land resources and strictly controlling the reduction of cultivated land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To analyze the changes of export binary margins of Chinese bamboo rattan products, so as to clarify its export model, and further promote the healthy development growth of Chinese bamboo rattan products export. [Methods] Based on the export trade data of bamboo and rattan products from 2008 to 2018 in UN Comtrade database, the binary marginal decomposition method was employed to analyze the export growth pattern of bamboo and rattan products between China and 22 major trading partners. [Results] This paper shows that the export growth pattern of bamboo and rattan products between China and the target countries during the investigation period was dominated by extensive margin, supplemented by intensive margin, indicating that the export growth of Bamboo and rattan products is mainly driven by the increase of export types of bamboo and rattan products, and the potential of export intensive margin needs to be further explored. [Conclusions] It is necessary to continuously increase export type of bamboo rattan products, build an information platform for bamboo rattan trade, and strengthen the ability of dealing with trade barriers, and strengthening technology innovation of bamboo and rattan industry, so as to improve added value of bamboo and rattan products, and form an intensive model of export growth of bamboo rattan products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviewed the main components and contents of agricultural support policy system in China. By using the fundamental definition and measuring method from OECD, the research studied the relation between agricultural support level and farmers' income from 2003 to 2012. The aim of the paper is to discuss the effect of agricultural support policy on farmers' income, and provide policy suggestions for the policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed exploring "41635" potential of food for more than 400 million people through developing "Fenlong Agriculture" in China. It clarified that "5.0 Fenlong Technology" is composed of "drill type Fenlong tillage tools + Fenlong farming technology + Fenlong crop cultivation technology standards", and has coupling and interaction" common key technologies in agricultural production, resource utilization and ecological improvement, and "Great Science" connotation and characteristics, the yield increase rate for 40 kinds of crops in 26 provinces in China reached 10%-150%. China uses "5.0 Fenlong Technology" to develop "Fenlong agriculture" to implement the optimization and transformation of 67 million ha of cultivated land, 13 million ha of saline-alkali land, and 67 million ha of degraded grassland and related farming systems, excavating its new round of multiple activation and increasing the huge concentration of "gifted resources" such as soil, water, gas, temperature and light, develop "five systems", "big pattern", "rainfed and environment-friendly" and other types of Fenlong agriculture, so as to increase food, meat, fish and other food sources to feed 400 million people every year, increase natural soil storage by 100 billion m3, reduce groundwater collection by 60 billion m3, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by more than 30%, the comprehensive benefits including yield increase, quality improvement, water saving, chemical fertilizer reduction, ecological protection, and disaster reduction can increase by more than 50% (these are 41635 potential), to realize the objective that a place can feed its people by its own resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change in the past one hundred years has brought important influence to the natural ecosystem and social - economic system of the world and China, The impact of future climate change is also long-term and huge, and many effects are negative or adverse. Therefore, from now on we must take measures adapting to climate change to overcome the adverse effects of climate change on social - economic - ecological system, In this paper, starting from the urgency of integrated climate change risk governance, the risk of natural disasters intensifying caused by climate change is briefly described, and engineering and non engineering measures of the integrated climate change risk governance in China's high risk region are proposed, as well as recommendations on integrated risk governance in the eastern, middle and western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking ISI Web of Science thesis database as the data source of document retrieval, and biomass energy and related words as the index words, a retrieval of papers from 2000 to 2013 was conducted, and the research and development situation of international biomass energy were analyzed from aspects of quantity, region, organization, sources, subject and influence. The results show that the number of papers on biomass energy research presented the linear growth as a whole over the past years. United States, China, Germany and Canada had become the focus countries of the study of biomass energy. Environmental science and ecology, agronomy, engineering and bio-technology, etc. had become the key areas of biomass energy research. Highly cited papers in the field of biomass energy had published in Nature, Science, Chemical Reviews and so forth, which shows that biomass energy research has become an international hot spot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As important parts of the Belt and Road Initiative, West Asia and North Africa have rich resources and prominent strategic position. Anti-poverty has always been a crucial social issue of China, West Asia and North Africa. Through literature review and data analysis, this paper analyzed the current situations of anti-poverty in West Asia and North Africa and the causes of poverty, and objectively summarized the realistic foundation of anti-poverty cooperation between China and West Asian and North African countries. On the basis of current situations, it put forward a path for anti-poverty cooperation between China and West Asian and North African countries, in the hope of providing decision-making basis and policy recommendations for China to undertake anti-poverty cooperation in the worldwide range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of study,based on the data provided by the United Nations Comtrade Database in 2006-2016,and using the trade competitive advantage index,trade intensity index and trade complementarity index,this paper made an empirical analysis on the development of agricultural trade between China and four South Asian countries. The results show that the scale of agricultural trade between China and the four South Asian countries was further expanded,but the growth rate was stable and the trade share declined,but the development potential of both sides has not been fully explored. Generally,China's agricultural products remain at a relatively disadvantaged position. Trade competitiveness and complementarity coexist. There is a large development potential and cooperation space for agricultural products trade between China and four South Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting the market share, trade competitiveness index, revealed comparative advantage (RCA), and revealed competitive advantage index (CA), this paper compared the competitiveness of China and large sweet orange exporters, and made an empirical analysis. Results indicate that in terms of the market share, Spain has prominent advantage in competitiveness of sweet orange; in terms of the trade competitiveness index, Egypt and South Africa have higher competitiveness in the export of sweet orange; in terms of RCA and CA, Egypt has absolute international advantage in the export of sweet orange. China's export competitiveness of sweet orange is much lower than other large sweet orange producers such as Spain, Egypt, and South Africa, and the export capacity is much lower than other large sweet orange producers. In view of current situations, it came up with recommendations for improving export competitiveness of China's sweet orange, including expanding the market, diversifying the varieties, improving the quality, reducing the costs, strengthening cooperation of fruit farmer cooperatives, and enhancing government support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tibet Autonomous Region is located in the southwest of China. As a special area with high altitude, low temperature, abundant and diverse resources, the development of agricultural modernization has itself development attribute and feature. Agricultural development area of Tibet mainly concentrates in the "one river and two streams" basin. In this paper, combining the development of modern agriculture on the plateau, the connotation and characteristics of the development of plateau modern agriculture are illustrated from the angle of environment economics. Based on the observation method, linking theory with practice and combining literature research method, descriptive study is conducted, and the specific problems in the development of plateau modern agriculture in the agricultural basin are found. For example, the development of agriculture in Tibet has low utilization rate of resources and unbalanced distribution, agricultural mechanization shows gradient development, productivity and agricultural extension are backward, efforts to promote innovation and science knowledge are not enough, agricultural pollution expands, and the awareness of environmental protection is low. In view of the above problems, we put forward some countermeasures and suggestions: developing local advantage characteristic agriculture, developing cooperative economic organization, establishing the training promotion mode of theory combining with practice, establishing agricultural industry system of sightseeing tourism ecology. The research could provide theoretical suggestions for the future development of plateau modern agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High conservation value forest (HCVF) theory has aroused wide concerns among related forestry sectors in China, but the zoning and identification of HCVF only have been implemented in a few forest management units (FMUs). As there is no quantitative indicator for identifying and zoning HCVF in China, most FMUs are unable to have an exact zoning result This paper introduced the concepts of HCVF and ecological forest, and compared their similarities and differences in terms of identification criteria, zoning methods and application scope. With four Chinese FMUs as case studies, some suggestions were proposed for establishing a zoning scheme of HCVF so as to promote the development of HCVF in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetland ecotourism is a special form of ecological tourism, and is also an effective way of protecting wetland ecosystem and developing wetland resource. Wetland resources of Yinchuan are rich, and its wetland ecotourism resource condition is very superior. Taking Yinchuan National Wetland Park as the object of empirical study, SWOT analysis is conducted in this paper. By internal and external environmental analysis matrix method, the feasibility of developing wetland tourism in Yinchuan is obtained. Taking " ecological security as the bottom line, ecological culture as the core, and ecological civilization as the goal" as the development ideas, and community participation, policy and fund as the safeguard mechanisms, and improving ecotourism service facility, upgrading tourism product and enriching tourism format as the development ways, ecotourism development model of Yinchuan National Wetland Park is established, in order to realize the sustainable development of wetland ecotourism in Yinchuan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of economic history, this paper explored the evolution process of agricultural financial support launched by the South Korean government. Firstly, it introduced the development process of rural financial policies in South Korea. Secondly, it analyzed the inherent logic of the evolution of rural financial policies in South Korea. Finally, it summarized the experience and implications of rural financial development in South Korea for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the third country to develop and utilize shale gas after the United States and Canada. However, shale gas development has significant environmental problems, such as huge consumption of both land and water resources, water pollution risk of hydraulic fracturing, leakage risk of shale gas and so on. At present, environmental impact assessment of shale gas development in China has been conducted based on the Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment-Constructional Project of Petroleum and Natural Gas Development on Land which lacks clear guidance on selection and quantitative analysis of pollution factors. In this paper, based on the experience of shale gas development in America, special environmental problems that need to be noticed for shale gas development were summarized, and the supplement to the technical guideline for environmental impact assessment of shale gas development was discussed to improve the environmental impact assessment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the newly revised Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China that has been implemented since January 1, 2015, there is a lot of emphasis on environmental economic policies. In this paper, according to the current situation of environmental pollution and protection in thermal power industry, it is proposed that based on the new environmental protection law, it is neeoed to study various environmental economic policies on thermal power industry and analyze the effects on environmental cost of thermal power enterprises at the macro level. At the micro level, it is necessary to control environmental cost of thermal power enterprises effectively, and establish a suitable environmental management system for environmental economic policies including environmental cost accounting and trading of emission rights, thereby improving environmental management level of thermal power enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become the hot topic of new normal for environmental protection to " impel ecological civilization and create new way of environmental protection". In this paper, based on current severe environmental protection situation, new idea of " government taking the stage, research department writing a play. enttrprise acting in an opera and the masses supervising" and action plan of" government having the right but can not be impulsive, research depaVment having the talent and should discharge their duties, enterprise having the money but should keep law, and the masses having the enthusiasm to strengthen supevision" for environmental protection are proposed, which aims to contribute ideas and exeV effoVs for impelling ecological civilization and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine ecological civilization is an important part of the socialist ecological civilization, and marine ecological civilization construction is the fundamental way to realize the sustainable development of coastal economy and society. Moreover, it has great theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, from the perspective of marine ecological culture, the important significance of building marine ecological civilization was explored, and the problems existing in marine ecological civilization construction were analyzed from four aspects of management system, marine industry, ecological action and marine culture. According to the problems, a series of measures to build marine ecological civilization were put forward, such as improving marine management system, optimizing marine industrial structure, strengthening infrastructure construction in coastal areas, and speeding up the development of marine cultural creative industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial flocculant (MBF) is a kind of novel flocculant, which is widely used for the food industry, highly concentrated organic waste wafer treatment and the urban wafer supply technology. Due to its characteristics of superior flocculation effect, without secondary pollution to the environment and being easily degraded , MBF has been emerging as a hotspot of wafer treatment research in recent years. In this paper , the latest progress of the preparation of MBFs and the flocculating mechanism were presented. The practical application research of MBFs tor wafer treatment was reviewed. Finally , suggestions and development prospect of research on MBFs were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly introduced major manifestations of corruption of rural cadres in China, and analyzed causes of "micro-corruption" in rural areas. On the basis of analysis, it came up with pertinent recommendations for regulating "micro-corruption" of rural cadres, including improving the overal quality of viilage cadres, improving treatment of rural grass-roots cadres, improving grass-roots supervision system, activating the functions of rural discipline inspection commissioners, and reinforcing the punishment of "micro-corruption". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, institutional factors for the land corruption include; (i) implementation of land policy lacking proper security mechanism; (ii) weak supervision system; (iii) vacancy in supervision due to dual land management system; (iv) corruption of land finance resulted from system of tax allocation; (v) imperfect land management system; (vi) poor coordination between central and local government in land policy; (vii) unreasonable land allocation system; (viii) vacancy in unified procedure and standard of land transfer. In view of these factors, this paper came up with pertinent countermeasures; (i) improving land operation mechanism and establishing sunshine land market; (ii) improving corresponding supervision mechanism and verification system; (iii) taking advantage of the audit system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture is a fascinating and complex mixture of cultural practices. Different cultures are intertwined to form a new system. The relationship between Chinese native architecture and Western construction methods in the development of Chinese construction from 1840 to 1937 is inspected. Based on Chinese and British sources, special attention is paid to building materials and different aspects of the building process. The research shows that the complex interaction in shaping Chinese architecture has led to a new style and a new construction method, which combines the characteristics of two systems in material supply and use, construction technology, builder organization, tools used and the education received. In the construction and protection related to integration and confl ict, the development of contemporary China's emerging construction protection industry is similar to the history of modern Chinese architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the distribution and taxonomy of the subtribe Lagriina in different provinces and regions of China was summarized. According to related data, different species of the subtribe Lagriina mainly distribute in the south of China. To be specific, Yunnan Province owns the greatest number of species, followed by Fujian Province and Sichuan Province. This study laid the theoretical foundation for further investigation of the evolutionary process of the subtribe Lagriina in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to answer the question that whether farmers can adjust better to climate change in the short-term than in long-term by using panel data models and long difference models respectively. We find that short term weather shocks are less detrimental to maize yield than the long-term climate changes, which can be seen as the evidences of adaptations. For adaptation options, we find farmers choose to decrease maize planting area or enlarge the irrigation inputs to cope with the increase of extreme heat days; when there are more precipitations, farmers will increase the input of fertilizer or labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater after chemical flooding is difficult to be treated by biological methods due to the residual chemicals in the wastewater. Fenton oxidation, which has been widely applied to detoxifying hazardous organic compounds and improving the biodegradability of these compounds, can solve this problem. So, in this paper, Fenton oxidation was used to enhance the biodegradability of the wastewater after chemical flooding. The optimum operating conditions tor the Fenton oxidation process were 2.5 g/L Fe2+, 600 mg/L H2O2 and 30 min of treatment time. The wastewater pretreated by Fenton oxidation was treated by aerobic activated sludge. It was found that a small amount of H2O2 can significantly increase both the biodegradation rate and extent of the wastewater. The effluent CODCr and HPAM contents were 260 and 94 mg/L respectively after the aerobic biological process with the biodegradation time of 24 h. After Fenton oxidation combining with biodegradation, the total CODCr removal efficiency was up to 90%, and polymer and oil degrading efficiencies were 95% and 92% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper fakes the Tongyu County as an example, based on the evaluation indicator system of eco-environmental stress, using the method of the entropy -GM(1,1), the eco-environmental stress is evaluated and forecasted. Results show that the shortage of wafer resources, the desertification, the salinization, the grassland degeneration and the population increase are major stress factors of eco-environmenf worsening in the Tongyu County; eco-environmental stress coefficient from 1994 to 2013 in the region was increasing year by year, and the stress degree jumped from level-ill to level-IV. The forecast results show that it the measures don't be taken to protect eco-environment, the stress coefficient still grows, and the stress degree aggravates. In view of the above situation, we fake the measures to lighten eco-environmenf stress, and promote the coordinated development of resources, environment and social economy, which is linking rivers and lakes, wafer resources optimization, preventing and controlling the deseritication and the salinization, improving the degenerated grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrograph separation is a fundamental catchment descriptor, revealing information about sources of wafer in runoff generation processes. The wafer isotopes are ideal tracers in studying hydrological processes since the isotope fractionation produces a natural labeling effect within the hydrologic cycle. The wafer isotope technique has become one of effective means tor investigating complex hydrologic system on a catchment scale. This paper reviews the progress on the use of stable wafer isotope techniques in catchment hydrograph separation in last decades. Also, the isotope mixing model tor hydrograph separation and its uncertainties are explained in detail. In future research, there are three hot issues in the use of isotopic hydrograph separation (IHS): integrating new approaches info IHS, calibration and verification of IHS model and IHS application in large river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using concentration data of PM2.5 in 2013 in China and referring to a lot of literature, we preliminary studied the pollution of fine particulate matter and suImnaazed PM2.5 source apportionment in the key cities in China. Our results showed that PM2.5 showed significant spatial and temporal distribution; high surface concentrations of PM2.5 concentrated mainly in the North China Plain, the Sichuan Basin, Yangtze River Delta and other regions; the average annual concentration of PM2.5 was about 80μg/m3 in North China Plain; Seasonal changes in the concentraton of PM2.5 was winter > spring > autumn > summer; fired sources, industrial sources, vehicle exhaust were the major sources of PM2.5 ; motor vehicle exhaust mostly contributed 10% - 30% to PM2.5. This review provides a fundamental undertanding of PM2.5 source apportionment and serves as an important reference for future source apportionment studies to be widely conducted in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, T639 global spectral model numerical forecast products issued by numerical prediction center of China Meteorological Administration and precipitation data at 676 regional stations of Gansu during flood season were used firstly for interpretation. Then, through the establishment of multiple linear stepwise regression equation, daily precipitation forecast with the time interval of 6 h during 0 – 72 h in May, 2013 in Gansu Province was obtained. By precipitation forecast verification analysis, it was found that the precipitation forecast in Hexi region and central Gansu Province had best effect; forecast in some places of east Hedong region had relatively good effect; part of the city or state forecast effect in the plateau slope zone was relatively lower. The refined precipitation forecast had certain reference and use value in the post-production Gansu Province highway forecasting during flood season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the development conditions of the trades of merchandises among APEC countries, which were based on the APEC environmental goods are retrospected and summarized. Considering the commitments to reduce tariff rates on the 54 types of goods in 2015, the international tariff revenue of each country on this kind of goods will be influenced to different extents. This article quantifies the potential loss of each country from the perspective of the tariff revenue loss and contrasts the results,in order to offer related advice and suggestions from the standpoint of Chinese participation of tariff reduction among environmental goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, land surface observation data at semi-arid climate and environmental observation station (SACOL station) of Lanzhou University during 2006 -2012 and the data of Yuzhong meteorological station were used to analyze the responses of land surface radiation budget components to climate fluctuation, study the interannual variability of surface albedo, and discuss the feedback of various land surface process parameters on the interannual fluctuations of temperature and precipitation in Loess Plateau. According to the type of precipitation in Loess Plateau, the year was divided into winter and summer in order to get more significant interannual variability and correlation. The results showed that the trends of temperature and precipitation during 2006 -2012 were consistent with the warming and drying total trend in recent years in Loess Plateau. Shallow surface soil moisture and temperature showed a good response to temperature and precipitation, and the annual variation of summer half year had greater impact on the trend in the whole year. Incident solar radiation increase was major reason for climate warming in the Loess Plateau region. The combined effect of climatic factors was the reason for the change of surface albedo. Through the distinguish inquiry by winter and summer data, it was obtained that most correlations between summer radiation components and climatic factors have been improved, and partial correlations between winter radiation components and climatic factors have been increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of marine economy in coastal provinces and cities, there comes a series of environmental problems. Marine regional management, as a completely new marine management mode, transforms traditional management mode and can protect marine ecosystem. Thus, the marine regional management is feasible and applicable in China. This paper firstly discussed connotation and development of the marine regional management in China and pointed that the marine regional management is integrated management of a certain marine region. Next, it summarized characteristics of the marine regional management at current stage, for example, land-based pollution of trans-geographic system and marine management under regional government cooperative mechanism. Finally, it came up with recommendations including combining theory and practice of the marine regional management, and establishing marine regional management system as soon as possible, to realize benign interaction and sustainable development of marine economy and ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the current situation of agricultural environmental pollution caused by the increase of chemicals input in agriculture in China was analyzed, and it is found that agricultural pollution is related to aricultural industrial policies, urban-rural economic structure, funds input in pollution control, comprehensive environmental management, laws of pollution control, and so forth. To control aricultural pollution effectively, it is needed to implement integration of agricultural and environmental policies, establish environmentally friendly agricultural technology popularizing system, implement integrated planning and management of a bain, and set up and improve legislation to protect agricultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global concern about the safety of the environment and the increasing demands for carbon reduction, European countries have proposed to levy a carbon tax to reduce global carbon emissions. In the process of global trade, depending on advanced technology on carbon emissions, European and American countries raise the production cost of their competitors through a carbon tax to gain competitive advantage. The West's carbon tax will inevitably have serious implications for the export trade of China as a trading nation. As the central region, Hubei Province's export trade will also be affected. This paper first reviewed the background of carbon tariffs on the international market, then analyzed the impact of a carbon tax on exports of Hubei Province, and proposed relevant policies and countermeasures against trade barriers on a carbon tax at last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the practical experiences of Guangdong carbon emissions trading pilot, the key issues such as cap setting, allowance allocation, system defects, regulatory integration and MRV mechanisms were analyzed in this paper from the localization perspective. A number of solutions and policy recommendations were also proposed in this study in order to solve these barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the water quality standards in operation include the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) and Water Quality Standards for Seawater (GB3097-1997). However, these two standards are currently not suitable for the estuarial zones of China because of the unique properties of water environment in estuaries. We proposed preliminarily/ a basic idea and technical workflow in formulating water quality standards for the estuaries of China based on analyzing the water environment properties of estuaries comprehensively and comparing various parameters and their standard values mentioned in these two standards above. Issues pertinent to the formulation of the water quality standards for estuaries, e. g. nutrient, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are highly concerned. The objective of this paper is to provide technical support for the formulation of scientific water quality standards and the assessment of water quality of the estuaries of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent variations of the wastewater quality and quantity and other uncertain factors are the challenges faced by many wastewater treatment plants during the operation. Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) process provides a new idea for an effective solution to this problem. This paper introduces the basic processes and characteristics of the sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) process, and summarizes the research status of this process in wastewater treatment. Factors affecting the nitrogen and phosphorus removal effect of the SBBR process are also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planning environmental impact assessment (EIA) of transmission and transformation power grid at levels of 500 and 220 kV had been finished completely in the 13 municipalities of Jiangsu Province by the end of 2012, which played important roles in guiding and planning the following transmission and transformation projects in environmental protection. In this paper, through the detail analysis on the objective and significance of the planning EIA of transmission and transformation power grid, legal basis and planning EIA practices, some suggestions and thinking about the planning EIA of transmission and transformation power grid were put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on increasingly grim situation of carbon emissions in China, air pollution control and carbon emission reduction are very important. Therefore, combining with China's specific national conditions, we should explore the market mechanisms to control air pollution and reduce carbon emissions in China. The achievement of the carbon emission reduction purpose needs to establish the carbon trade market based on intensity emission reduction and suitable for China's national conditions. By setting the cross-industry, cross-region and cross-time carbon trade scenarios in China, this paper tries to study the market mechanism of carbon intensity trade among industries and regions and based on carbon finance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid economic and social development, China is in rapid development period of urbanization now. Urbanization is an inevitable trend of mankind development, and is also a necessary stage of a country moving toward modernization. The rapid development of urbanization has a major impact on urban hydrology. Urban hydrologic environment, hydrologic element, water resources and water quality were discussed in the paper. Based on the analysis of urban hydrological effect, from the angles of subject development and application, corresponding countermeasures and outlook of the urban hydrology problem were put forward. The research can provide support for reasonably planning and designing urban flood control and drainage systems to promote urban environment-friendly development, having certain practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DCS (distributed control system) plays a decisive role in the overall operation of a nuclear power plant. If DOS fails, it will seriously affect the normal production of nuclear power plant, causing great losses. So it is very important to take perfect lightning protection measures on DOS of the nuclear power plant. In this paper, according to the actual situation of DOS in a nuclear power plant, by controlling lightning point, securely booting lightning into the ground network, improving low-resistance ground network, eliminating ground loops, determining the safety space, surge protection of power and signal, a set of complete lightning protection design scheme was systematically put forward. Some specific lightning protection measures were highlighted, such as the DOS grounding, equipotential bonds and shields, and some specific considerations were put forward. All of these could offer reference in the practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickling waste liquid of the steel industry is included in National Hazardous Wastes Catalogue because of its high corrosion and large discharge. The techniques for treating pickling waste liquid (H2 SO4) in steel industry is summarized. The advantages, disadvantages and applied ranges of all kinds of control technologies are comparatively analysed. The research trends of techniques for treating pickling waste liquid (H2 SO4) are the resource reclamation technologies in future which is pointed out in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The research aimed to study relation between energy consumption and climate change in China. [Method] Climate change characteristics from 1951 to 2009 in China were summarized. Economic and social developments in China in recent 50 years were analyzed from production and consumption amounts of the energy,energy source composition and energy consumption of the GDP(ten-thousand yuan). Influences of the energy consumption and economic development on climate change were discussed. [Result] Annual average temperature of China increased obviously from 1951 to 2009,and regional difference was distinct. Increasing trend of the temperature in the north of 35° N was bigger than that in the south. Increasing trend of the temperature in northeast China and Inner Mongolia reached 0. 04 °C /a. The average temperature from 1981 to 2009 was higher than that from 1951 to 1980,and the biggest difference value was more than 2. 0 °C. Mutation of Chinese energy production and consumption happened in 1985,but average temperature of China had an obvious mutation in 1989,showing temperature mutation lagged behind energy production and consumption mutation. Energy consumption of the GDP(ten-thousand yuan) decreased evidently from 1978 to 1997. Beginning from 1998,the decreasing pace slowed down markedly,and there was a rebound in 2003. Chinese new energy amount was increasing year by year. Because the total energy consumption amount was also increasing,new energy proportion had been maintained about one quarter. The energy consumption increasing model with energy consumption coefficient and the model without energy consumption coefficient were set up in this paper. It was found that Chinese energy structure changed a little after considering energy consumption coefficient. Proportion of the coal decreased,while proportions of the oil,natural gas and electric power increased. Temperature changing trend was consistent with that of the economic development and energy consumption. Change trend of the average temperature basically presented good positive correlation with effective energy consumption amount,and the maximum correlation coefficient was 80%. [Conclusion] The research proved the importance of developing clean efficient energy and carrying out low-carbon economy to relieve climate change of China. It was urgent to carry out low-carbon economy and transform economic growth manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]