29,152 results
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2. Optimization of Tensile Strength in the Paper Material Cutting Process Based on CO 2 Laser Process Parameters.
- Author
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Pincjer, Ivan, Miketic, Nada, Gvoic, Vesna, Maricic, Katarina, Vukelic, Djordje, and Prica, Miljana
- Subjects
- *
TENSILE strength , *STRENGTH of materials , *PAPER arts , *MANUFACTURING processes , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
This paper examines the impact of the CO2 laser parameters on the tensile strength, which is one of the most important properties of paper packaging in the process of cutting paper material. The study was performed on a paper material sample Fbb Board/Ningbo Spark C1S Ivory Board by examination of the influence of four independent variables: paper material grammage, cutting speed, laser power, and resolution on the tensile strength by using definitive screening design. Optimum process conditions of four variables that maximize the tensile strength were predicted and validated accordingly. Results confirm that laser power, paper material grammage, and cutting speed are the main process parameters that mostly affect the tensile strength. Besides individual parameters, two statistically significant interactions were obtained: laser power and cutting speed, and cutting speed and laser resolution. Maximum tensile strength values (20.37 N/mm) were achieved using the laser power of 60.6%, cutting speed of 3.24%, resolution of 2500 Hz, and a paper material grammage of 326.85 g/m2. With laser power at middle values and at a lower speed, a maximum tensile strength value can be obtained. Increasing the laser power and cutting speed will produce a slight lowering of tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Reactivity of carbon dioxide during pyrolysis of paper-plastic composite.
- Author
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Kim, Jung-Hun, Lee, Dong-Jun, Lee, Taewoo, Kim, Jee Young, Tsang, Yiu Fai, and Kwon, Eilhann E.
- Subjects
CARBON dioxide ,PYROLYSIS ,WASTE paper ,WASTE recycling ,RAW materials - Abstract
Composite materials have been widely used because of their superior properties compared to those of the original material. Separation of the constituent materials is not easy in the recycling process, and such an effort lowers economic viability. As such, this study employed a pyrolysis as a valorizing method for the composite material. Disposable paper cup waste (DPCW) was chosen as the model compound for paper-plastic composites. To offer green/sustainable features, CO
2 was employed as a raw and reactive material in the pyrolysis process. It was proved that DPCW primarily composed of cellulose (outer layer) and polyethylene (inner layer). In the single-stage and multistage pyrolysis of DPCW, the CO2 reactivity in the homogeneous reaction of CO2 and DPCW-derived volatiles was not rapid. To accelerate the reaction kinetics governing the reactivity of CO2 , the catalytic pyrolysis of DPCW over Ni/SiO2 was performed. The formation of syngas increases significantly, suggesting that CO2 reactivity was catalytically enhanced. The generation of syngas (enhanced by CO2 ) was inversely related to the DPCW oil generation, indicating that more carbon was assigned from the oil to the gaseous pyrogenic products. The study results would offer a strategic means to valorize paper-plastic composites and CO2 into energy through pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Calcium Extraction from Paper Sludge Ash using Various Solvents to Store Carbon Dioxide
- Author
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Kim, Dami and Kim, Myoung-Jin
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Tropospheric O3 Compromises Net Primary Production in Young Stands of Trembling Aspen, Paper Birch and Sugar Maple in Response to Elevated Atmospheric CO2
- Author
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King, John S., Kubiske, Mark E., Pregitzer, Kurt S., Hendrey, George R., McDonald, Evan P., Giardina, Christian P., Quinn, Vanessa S., and Karnosky, David F.
- Published
- 2005
6. Paper and Global Warming
- Author
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Williams, Adam T.
- Published
- 1998
7. Preparation of Flexible Calcium Carbonate by In Situ Carbonation of the Chitin Fibrils and Its Use for Producing High Loaded Paper.
- Author
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Kim, Sang Yun, Jung, Sun Young, Seo, Yung Bum, and Han, Jung Soo
- Subjects
CALCIUM carbonate ,CARBONATION (Chemistry) ,CHITIN ,LIME (Minerals) ,CARBON dioxide ,WOOD ,TENSILE strength - Abstract
Flexible calcium carbonate (FCC) was developed as a functional papermaking filler for high loaded paper, which was a fiber-like shaped calcium carbonate produced from the in situ carbonation process on the cellulose micro-or nanofibril surface. Chitin is the second most abundant renewable material after cellulose. In this study, a chitin microfibril was utilized as the fibril core for making the FCC. Cellulose fibrils for the preparation of FCC were obtained by fibrillation of the TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) treated wood fibers. The chitin fibril was obtained from the β-chitin from the born of squid fibrillated in water by grinding. Both fibrils were mixed with calcium oxide and underwent a carbonation process by the addition of carbon dioxide, thus the calcium carbonate attached on the fibrils to make FCC. When used in papermaking, both the FCC from chitin and cellulose gave a much higher bulk and tensile strength simultaneously than the conventional papermaking filler of ground calcium carbonate, while maintaining the other essential properties of paper. The FCC from chitin caused an even higher bulk and higher tensile strength than those of the FCC from cellulose in paper materials. Furthermore, the simple preparation method of the chitin FCC in comparison with the cellulose FCC may enable a reduction in the use of wood fibers, process energy, and the production cost of paper materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Nitrogen-rich hierarchical porous carbon paper for a free-standing cathode of lithium sulfur battery.
- Author
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Park, Jae Hyun, Choi, Won Yeong, Yang, Jeongwoo, Kim, Dohyeun, Gim, Hyeonseo, and Lee, Jae W.
- Subjects
- *
LITHIUM sulfur batteries , *CARBON paper , *CARBON dioxide , *CARBON foams , *CATHODES , *HEAT treatment - Abstract
A free-standing cathode without any binder, conductor, and current collector is attractive due to its reduced weight and cost. This study introduces nitrogen-rich and hierarchical porous carbon fibers in the form of a free-standing carbon paper synthesized by NaBH 4 -aided electrospinning and subsequent CO 2 annealing. This modified process leads to a large mesopore volume of 1.007 cm3 g−1 and exposes the nitrogen inside the polymer to the surface of the fiber, resulting in the outstanding surface nitrogen content of 19.38 wt% with abundant pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N of 16.24 wt% in total surface atoms, while eliminating any further treatment for increasing porosity or coating the polar active sites. The resultant material impregnated by sulfur and filtered by a graphene solution is directly employed as a cathode without any additives. As a result, the capacity is maintained at 696 mAh g−1 up to the 500th cycle at 0.2 C, and 645 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 5.0 C. Even with a high sulfur loading of 6.11 mg cm−2, a remarkable areal capacity of 3.09 mAh cm−2 is recorded after 500 cycles at 0.2 C with the free-standing form preserved. Image 1 • NaBH 4 -added electrospinning and subsequent heat treatment under CO 2 atmosphere. • High meso pore volume of 1.007 cm3 g−1, and surface nitrogen contents of 19.38 wt%. • Employed as a cathode without any additives due to a free-standing paper form. • High sulfur amount of 6.11 mg cm−2, and capacity of 3.09 mAh cm−2 for 500 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. In-situ CVD synthesis of Ni@N-CNTs/carbon paper electrode for electro-reduction of CO2.
- Author
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Miao, Zhichao, Meng, Jian, Liang, Manfen, Li, Zhenbin, Zhao, Yuzhen, Wang, Fangyuan, Xu, Leilei, Mu, Jinglin, Zhuo, Shuping, and Zhou, Jin
- Subjects
- *
CARBON electrodes , *CARBON paper , *CARBON dioxide , *CHEMICAL vapor deposition , *CARBON nanotubes - Abstract
For the electro-reduction of CO 2 to syngas, the fabrication of electrodes with excellent and adjustable catalytic performance is a critical step. In this work, Ni particles encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanotubes on carbon paper (Ni@N-CNTs/CP) composites were designed and prepared via an in-situ chemical vapor deposition method. As confirmed by different characterization techniques, the Ni@N-CNTs are successfully synthesized, and the surface of the CP is evenly covered by the Ni@N-CNTs. The effects of Ni content and treating temperature on the textural properties of composites are carefully investigated. The Ni@N-CNTs/CP composites are directly employed as the electrode for electro-reduction of CO 2 , and the action mechanisms of the N species, Ni particles, and N-CNTs structure are explored as well. The electrode exhibits excellent catalytic activity and high stability, reaching a specific current of 10 mA cm−2. The H 2 /CO ratio in the achieved syngas can be tuned in the range of 5/1 to 1/1.5. Image 1 • A in-situ CVD method was employed to fabricate an electrode for electro-reduction of CO 2. • The as-synthesized Ni@N-CNTs evenly cover on the whole surface of CP. • The Ni@N-CNTs/CP electrode exhibits high CO 2 reduction activity and stability. • The ratio of H 2 /CO can be adjusted in the range of 5/1 to 1/1.5. • The action mechanism of different components are detailedly investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Kinetic analysis about the CO2 capture capacity of lime mud from paper mill in calcium looping process.
- Author
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Sun, Rongyue, Xiao, Rui, and Ye, Jiangming
- Subjects
- *
PAPER mills , *MUD , *CALCIUM , *CARBON dioxide , *INDUSTRIAL wastes - Abstract
Lime mud, a kind of industrial waste that produced in paper mill, was proposed as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process. The carbonation performance of the lime mud was investigated in a dual‐fixed bed reactor (DFR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The carbonation kinetics of the lime mud in the chemical reaction controlled stage was analyzed by a surface reaction‐controlled kinetic model. The results show that the lime mud presents much poorer carbonation performance during the chemical reaction controlled stage compared with the limestone, mainly due to the high content of chlorine in the lime mud. A prewash treatment process was used to decrease the chlorine content to mitigate the sintering of the lime mud when calcined at high temperature. After prewash treatment, the prewashed lime mud shows much higher CO2 capture capacity during the chemical reaction controlled stage compared with the lime mud. A prolonged carbonation process successfully further enhances the microstructure and improves the carbonation performance of the prewashed lime mud in the chemical reaction controlled stage. The lime mud can be effectively used as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process after prewash treatment and the following prolonged carbonation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Paper Versus Polystyrene: Environmental Impact
- Author
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Wells,, Henry A., McCubbin, Neil, Cavaney, Red, Camo, Bonnie, and Hocking, M. B.
- Published
- 1991
12. Highly efficient zinc electrode prepared by electro-deposition in a salt-induced pre-phase separation region solution.
- Author
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Yin, Yaoyu, Peng, Yaguang, Zhou, Meng, Zhang, Pei, Cheng, Yingying, Chen, Peng, Xing, Xueqing, Ma, Xiaoxue, Zhu, Qinggong, Sun, Xiaofu, Qian, Qingli, Kang, Xinchen, and Han, Buxing
- Subjects
- *
ZINC electrodes , *CARBON paper , *ELECTROLYTIC reduction , *CARBON dioxide , *TRANSITION metals , *TERNARY system - Abstract
Zinc nanoparticles were electro-deposited along the fibres of carbon paper (CP) substrate uniformly in a salt-induced pre-phase separation region solution. The as-prepared Zn/CP electrode was used for electro-reduction of CO 2 and exhibited a Faradaic efficiency towards CO of 97.6% with a current density of 340 mA cm−2 in an H-type cell, which is the best result to date. [Display omitted] Efficient electrode design is crucial for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to produce valuable chemicals. The solution used for the preparation of electrodes can affect their overall properties, which in turn determine the reaction efficiency. In this work, we report that transition metal salts could induce the change of two-phase ionic liquid/ethanol mixture into miscible one phase. Pre-phase separation region near the phase boundary of the ternary system was observed. Zinc nanoparticles were electro-deposited along the fibres of carbon paper (CP) substrate uniformly in the salt-induced pre-phase separation region solution. The as-prepared Zn(1)/CP electrode exhibits super-wettability to the electrolyte, rendering very high catalytic performance for CO 2 electro-reduction, and the Faradaic efficiency towards CO is 97.6% with a current density of 340 mA cm −2, which is the best result to date in an H-type cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. PAPERS OF NOTE
- Published
- 2010
14. Development of technology for large-batch treatment of paper-based information carriers with carbon dioxide ensuring their long-term preservation
- Author
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Ikonnikov, V. K., Dobrodskaya, T. V., Romaschenkova, N. D., Sirotin, S. A., Dobrusina, S. A., and Podgornaya, N. I.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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15. Properties of superhydrophobic paper treated with rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 containing a crystallizing wax
- Author
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Werner, Oskar, Quan, Can, Turner, Charlotta, Pettersson, Bert, and Wågberg, Lars
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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16. Elevated CO₂ and O₃ Alter Soil Nitrogen Transformations beneath Trembling Aspen, Paper Birch, and Sugar Maple
- Author
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Holmes, William E., Zak, Donald R., Pregitzer, Kurt S., and King, John S.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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17. Depth-dependency of trembling aspen and paper birch small-root responses to eCO2 and eO3
- Author
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Rhea, L. K. and King, J. S.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Greenhouse gas emissions following land application of pulp and paper mill sludge on a clay loam soil.
- Author
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Faubert, Patrick, Lemay-Bélisle, Catherine, Bertrand, Normand, Bouchard, Sylvie, Chantigny, Martin H., Durocher, Simon, Paré, Maxime C., Rochette, Philippe, Tremblay, Pascal, Ziadi, Noura, and Villeneuve, Claude
- Subjects
- *
PAPER mill waste , *CLAY loam soils , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *ORGANIC fertilizers , *PLANT fertilization - Abstract
Pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) is applied on agricultural soils as an organic fertilizer. Although it is well accepted that land application of PPMS has benefits for soils and crops, information on PPMS-induced soil N 2 O emissions is still limited. We assessed the effect of substituting mineral N fertilizer for PPMS on soil N 2 O emissions after a single application at planting on a clay loam cropped to wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) over two snow-free seasons in eastern Canada. Fertilization treatments consisted of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of crop N requirements derived from N supplied by PPMS, the remaining N being supplied as urea-N. Soil CO 2 and CH 4 emissions were also measured and not affected by the fertilizer addition; a slight CH 4 oxidation occurred. Area-based N 2 O emissions from PPMS fertilization (4.4 to 12.1 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 ) were similar or higher than from urea alone (3.4 and 6.2 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 ). Although crop yields were not affected by the type of fertilizer, yield-based N 2 O emissions, N uptake efficiency and N surplus (applied N minus aboveground N uptake in crop biomass) indicated that N availability from the mineral fertilizer was higher than from PPMS for the wheat crop. However, treatments with PPMS had fertilizer-induced N 2 O emission factors (FIEF, applied N lost as N 2 O-N; 0.8 to 3.1%) similar to urea alone (−0.3 and 4.5%). Although substituting urea-N with PPMS in agricultural fields might reduce N 2 O emissions under moderate soil moisture conditions, PPMS land application produced greater N 2 O emissions under high soil moisture conditions. Further research on a variety of agricultural practices is needed before concluding that including PPMS in the fertilization plan could result in a global GHG abatement as compared to mineral fertilizers under the cool climate of eastern Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Responses of Three Saturniid Species to Paper Birch Grown Under Enriched CO2 Atmospheres
- Author
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Lindroth, R. L., Arteel, G. E., and Kinney, K. K.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Upgrading waste paper by in-situ calcium carbonate formation.
- Author
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Seo, Yung Bum, Ahn, Ji Hwan, and Lee, Hak Lae
- Subjects
- *
PAPER recycling , *CALCIUM carbonate , *CARBON dioxide , *PAPERMAKING , *RECYCLED newspapers - Abstract
Utilization of the quality-upgraded waste paper in the manufacture of paper and board will reduce the wood consumption and pulping energy. While the optical property of the fibers from recycled old newspaper is very poor, in-situ calcium carbonate formation on those fibers by injecting carbon dioxide to the mixed slurry of those pulp and calcium oxide improved their brightness. Upgrading recycled old newspaper to substitute more expensive wood furnish, such as recycled old magazine, was successfully demonstrated in the present study. This study showed that the in-situ calcium carbonate formation process improved the optical quality of the recycled old newspaper by covering colored impurities with newly formed calcium carbonate, and improved calcium carbonate retention in papermaking process by attaching them to fibers. The strength reduction by the presence of newly formed calcium carbonate in the paper was recovered by adding strength agent. High ash retention at high ash content under the strong turbulence in the modern paper mill was achieved by the application of the in-situ calcium carbonate formation method. The quality-upgrade of recycled fibers and cost saving in the manufacture of duplex paperboard were demonstrated in the mill trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Sizing of paper with sucrose octaacetate using liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide as a green alternative medium.
- Author
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Antony, Anu, Ramachandran, Jyothi P., Ramakrishnan, Resmi M., and Raveendran, Poovathinthodiyil
- Subjects
SUPERCRITICAL carbon dioxide ,SUCROSE ,GREEN technology - Abstract
Highlights • Sizing of paper is carried out using liquid CO 2 as an alternative medium. • Sucrose Octaacetate (SOA) is used as a CO 2 -philic and renewable size compound. • The method is inherently dry and industrially viable. • The SOA-coated surface shows reduced optical reflectance. • The sized paper shows enhanced non-wetting nature and improved mechanical properties. Abstract The development of low cost, non-fluorous, CO 2 -philic materials such as sugar acetates have opened up new opportunities for enabling the utilization of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) as a green solvent platform for industrial processes by virtue of the high solubility of these materials in CO 2. In the present work, we report the sizing of paper surface with sucrose octaacetate (SOA) using this alternative solvent system. Characterization of the bare and sized paper samples has been carried out using spectroscopic and surface imaging techniques. The studies reveal a smooth and uniform coating of the surface with SOA. Contact angle measurements and sorption studies show that the SOA-coated paper surface is hydrophobic. The mechanical properties of the SOA-coated paper are observed to be superior to that of the uncoated one. Since the solvent and the size can be completely recycled, this can be developed into an industrially viable green technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Phosphorylated/amine-impregnated cellulosic paper for direct CO2 capture.
- Author
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Lamnini, Soukaina, Jabor Tlemcani, Sif eddine, Akaya, Hicham, Hanani, Zouhair, El Achaby, Mounir, Sehaqui, Houssine, and Jacquemin, Johan
- Subjects
- *
CARBON sequestration , *POLYETHYLENEIMINE , *MICROFIBERS , *CARBON dioxide , *ADSORPTION capacity , *PAPERMAKING , *PHOSPHORYLATION - Abstract
A scalable papermaking process was employed herein to manufacture cellulosic papers from native and phosphorylated cellulose microfibers (referred to as CMF and PCMF, respectively) impregnated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) for Direct Air Capture (DAC) applications. These papers were analyzed in terms of their physico-chemical properties using several techniques. The impact of PEI content on desorbing the co-adsorbed H 2 O and CO 2 from the air, as well as on the anisotropic microporous network, was explicitly analyzed. The results indicated that phosphorylation promotes the uptake of both CO 2 and H 2 O in the corresponding neat and PEI-loaded papers, reaching a superior CO 2 adsorption capacity of ∼0.7–0.9 mmol.g−1 for PCMF papers versus 0.07–0.3 mmol.g−1 for CMF papers. Furthermore, the CMF and PCMF papers exhibited H 2 O adsorption capacities in the range of 1.5–1.8 mmol.g−1 and 2.2–3.8 mmol.g−1, respectively. This work further highlights the combined role of phosphorylation and favorable PEI impregnation in tuning the cellulose CO 2 adsorption properties under humid conditions, facilitating the rapid release of the adsorbed CO 2 under mid conditions. [Display omitted] • Manufacturing of scalable solid cellulosic papers with amine functionalities and enhanced carbon capture. • Microstructural and chemical characterization of amine functionalized paper with various amine ratios. • Valorization of Alfa biomass in Carbon capture applications. • The combined role of phosphorylation and PEI impregnation in tuning the H 2 O and CO 2 co-adsorption properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Energy Saving in Papermaking by Application of Hybrid Calcium Carbonate.
- Author
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Min Woo Lee, Sun Young Jung, and Yung Bum Seo
- Subjects
PAPERMAKING ,CALCIUM carbonate ,CONDUCTING polymers ,CARBON dioxide ,TENSILE strength ,GREENHOUSE gases ,LIME (Minerals) - Abstract
Hybrid calcium carbonate (HCC) is prepared by pre-flocculating calcium oxide and ground calcium carbonate (GCC) with ionic polymers, and by injecting carbon dioxide to the pre-flocculated flocs until termination of the reaction at neutral pH. When used in papermaking, HCC gave higher bulk, higher stiffness, and higher tensile strength than GCC did. Furthermore, when higher wet pressing pressure was applied to the paper containing HCC, higher solid content was achieved with still better stiffness, smoothness, and tensile strength in comparison with the paper containing GCC. Actually, very high bulk of the HCC containing paper was compromisingly reduced to obtain high solid content by applying higher wet pressing pressure. Higher solid content achieved by combination of HCC technology and higher wet pressing pressure resulted in paper drying energy savings of more than 10%, while a high quality of all the essential printing paper properties was maintained. Drying energy savings may contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and lowering of the paper production cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
24. Simultaneous production of syngas and magnetic biochar via pyrolysis of paper mill sludge using CO2 as reaction medium.
- Author
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Cho, Dong-Wan, Kwon, Gihoon, Yoon, Kwangsuk, Tsang, Yiu Fai, Ok, Yong Sik, Kwon, Eilhann E., and Song, Hocheol
- Subjects
- *
PAPER mill waste , *PYROLYSIS , *X-ray diffraction , *ENERGY conversion , *SOLID phase extraction - Abstract
Pyrolysis of paper mill sludge (PMS) was conducted to produce syngas (H 2 and CO) and fabricate magnetic biochar (PMS biochar) for use as an adsorbent for As(V). The enhanced generation of CO was observed in the CO 2 atmosphere due to reactions triggered by CO 2 . Particularly, the generation of syngas from pyrolysis of PMS in CO 2 (9.6 mol% at 720 °C) was superior to the cases of pyrolysis of acid-washed PMS ( i.e. , minerals-eliminated PMS) in CO 2 (2.9 mol% at 720 °C), which evidences catalytic effects attributed by Fe and Ca species contained in PMS. Based on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), pyrolysis of PMS in CO 2 led to the conversion of Fe species into magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) solid phase that imparted the magnetic property to the biochar (saturation magnetization: 28.4 emu g −1 ). The PMS biochar exhibited high As(V) adsorption capacity of 34.1 mg g −1 in a given condition, which could be attributed to the great adsorption affinity of Fe 3 O 4 /CaCO 3 mixture toward As(V). The integrated approach for the utilization of PMS could satisfy growing demand for renewable energy and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. A review on engineering of cellulosic cigarette paper to reduce carbon monoxide delivery of cigarettes.
- Author
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Shen, Jing, Li, Jinsong, Qian, Xueren, Ren, Wanshan, and Fatehi, Pedram
- Subjects
- *
CELLULOSE , *CIGARETTE paper , *CARBON monoxide , *CIGARETTE smoke , *CHEMICAL engineering , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
Highlights: [•] Carbon monoxide is one of the key toxic components in cigarette mainstream smoke. [•] Carbon dioxide delivery can be discouraged by engineering of cigarette paper. [•] The relevant concepts on engineering of cigarette paper are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Metabolite Composition of Paper Birch Buds after Eleven Growing Seasons of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and O3
- Author
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Johanna Riikonen, Minna Kivimäenpää, Vladimir Ossipov, Amelie Saunier, and Paula Marquardt
- Subjects
betula papyrifera ,bud ,carbon dioxide ,frost hardiness ,global change ,metabolome ,over-wintering ,ozone ,Plant ecology ,QK900-989 - Abstract
Research Highlights: Long-term exposure of paper birch to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) modified metabolite content of over-wintering buds, but no evidence of reduced freezing tolerance was found. Background and Objectives: Atmospheric change may affect the metabolite composition of over-wintering buds and, in turn, impact growth onset and stress tolerance of perennial plant species in spring. Materials and Methods: Low molecular weight compounds of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) buds, including lipophilic, polar and phenolic compounds were analyzed, and freezing tolerance (FT) of the buds was determined prior to bud break after 11 growing seasons exposure of saplings to elevated concentrations of CO2 (target concentration 560 µL L−1) and O3 (target concentration 1.5 × ambient) at the Aspen FACE (Free-Air CO2 and O3 Enrichment) facility. Results: The contents of lipophilic and phenolic compounds (but not polar compounds) were affected by elevated CO2 and elevated O3 in an interactive manner. Elevated O3 reduced the content of lipids and increased that of phenolic compounds under ambient CO2 by reallocating carbon from biosynthesis of terpenoids to that of phenolic acids. In comparison, elevated CO2 had only a minor effect on lipophilic and polar compounds, but it increased the content of phenolic compounds under ambient O3 by increasing the content of phenolic acids, while the content of flavonols was reduced. Conclusions: Based on the freezing test and metabolite data, there was no evidence of altered FT in the over-wintering buds. The impacts of the alterations of bud metabolite contents on the growth and defense responses of birches during early growth in spring need to be uncovered in future experiments.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Cd/Cd(OH)2 Nanosheets Enhancing the Electrocatalytic Activity of CO2 Reduction to CO.
- Author
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Jia, Xiaoyan, Qi, Kongsheng, Yang, Jie, Fan, Zixi, Hua, Zhixin, Wan, Xiaoqi, Zhao, Yuhua, Mao, Yidan, and Yang, Dexin
- Subjects
NANOSTRUCTURED materials ,ELECTROLYTIC reduction ,GREENHOUSE effect ,CARBON dioxide ,CARBON paper ,ENERGY shortages ,ELECTRIC charge - Abstract
Electric‐driven conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) under mild reaction conditions offers a promising approach to mitigate the greenhouse effect and the energy crisis. Surface engineering is believed to be one of the prospective methods for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction. Herein, hydroxyl (OH) groups were successfully introduced to cadmium nanosheets to form cadmium and cadmium hydroxide nanocomposites (i. e. Cd/Cd(OH)2 nanosheets) via a facile two‐step method. The as‐prepared Cd/Cd(OH)2/CP (CP indicates carbon paper) electrode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction to produce CO. The Faradaic efficiency of CO reaches 98.3 % and the current density achieves 23.8 mA cm−2 at −2.0 V vs. Ag/Ag+ in a CO2‐saturated 30 wt% 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6)‐65 wt% acetonitrile (CH3CN)‐5 wt% water (H2O) electrolyte. And the CO partial current density can reach up to 71.6 mA cm−2 with the CO Faradaic efficiency of more than 85 % at −2.3 V vs. Ag/Ag+, which stands out against Cd/CP, Cd(OH)2/CP, and Cd/CdO/CP electrodes. The excellent electrocatalytic performance of the Cd/Cd(OH)2/CP electrode can be attributed to its unique structural properties, suitable OH groups, perfect interaction with electrolyte, abundant active sites and fast electron transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Paper and Paperboard Demand and Associated Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Asia Through 2050.
- Author
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Kayo, Chihiro, Hashimoto, Seiji, and Moriguchi, Yuichi
- Subjects
PAPER ,CARDBOARD ,ECONOMIC demand ,CARBON dioxide ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,SULFATE waste liquor ,INDUSTRIAL ecology ,WASTE paper - Abstract
This study estimated paper and paperboard demand, pulpwood demand, and carbon dioxide (CO
2 ) emissions from production of paper and paperboard through 2050 in ten Asian countries. Under scenarios of varying population, gross domestic product (GDP), and per capita paper and paperboard demand, we analyzed the relationship between economic growth and consumption of paper and paperboard. We also evaluated options to reduce CO2 emissions through increased use of black liquor, waste paper pulping, and wood chemical pulping, as well as improvements in pulp, paper, and paperboard production technology. The quadratic curve model (inverted U) for per capita consumption of paper and paperboard against per capita GDP resulted in significant regression coefficients and higher adjusted R2 values than linear and logarithmic curve models for all uses of paper and paperboard. The estimated paper and paperboard demand in the ten countries in 2050 ranged from 112% (328%) to 156% (454%) of total 2005 consumption for the world (for the ten Asian countries). Of this estimated paper and paperboard demand, China accounted for about 50% and India 20%. The estimated pulpwood demand in these ten countries in 2050 ranged from 13% (48%) to 21% (84%) of global (ten country) 2005 wood supply potential. The introduction or increase of the use of black liquor, waste paper pulping, the combination of wood chemical pulping and black liquor, and technological improvements produced CO2 reductions of 24%, 5%, 32%, and 25%, respectively, compared to 2050 emission levels in the no-measure (unadjusted) option, assuming sustainable forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Responses to comments on the paper "two-dimensional Sc2C: A reversible and high capacity hydrogen storage material predicted by first-principles calculations".
- Author
-
Hu, Qianku, Wu, Qinghua, Wang, Libo, and Zhou, Aiguo
- Subjects
- *
HYDROGEN storage , *HYDROGEN as fuel , *BINDING energy , *PHYSISORPTION , *CARBON dioxide , *FUNCTIONALS - Abstract
A recent commentary by Santhosh and Ravindran on our paper (Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39:10,606) demonstrated that the interaction between H 2 and MXene (Sc 2 C and Ti 2 C) phases are not Kubas-type and should be of weak physisorption, and thus made a conclusion that 2D Sc 2 C and Ti 2 C are not suitable for practical hydrogen storage applications. In this responses, we recalculated hydrogen adsorption on 2D Sc 2 C and Ti 2 C by using different exchange-correlation functionals. And based on the calculated results, bare MXenes (especially the Ti 2 C) are suitable as hydrogen storage materials at temperatures of several tens degrees lower than room temperature. And the hydrogen adsorptions on the MXenes terminated with oxygen group were also investigated. Among the Ti 2 C, Sc 2 C and their oxygen-functional counterparts, the binding energy of H 2 on Sc 2 CO 2 surface is the closest to the ideal range of 0.16–0.42 eV/H 2 at ambient conditions, and thus the Sc 2 C with oxygen group is expected to be more suitable as hydrogen storage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Trends in energy performance of the Swedish pulp and paper industry: 1984-2011.
- Author
-
Stenqvist, Christian
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *INDUSTRIAL energy consumption , *DECOMPOSITION method , *CARBON dioxide , *ENERGY policy , *CARBONIZATION - Abstract
The Swedish pulp and paper industry accounts for half of industrial final energy use in Sweden and 2.3 % in EU-27. On the basis of a disaggregated set of physical production data, a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposition method is applied to disentangle the influence from activity, structure and energy efficiency improvement (EEI) on its fuel, electricity and primary energy use. An extended analysis tracks the fossil energy use and carbon dioxide (CO) emissions to discern past and present developments of industrial decarbonisation. In 1984-2011, the total production output increased by 49 %, whereas growth in primary energy use was limited to 26 %. Compared with an activity-based scenario, 50 PJ of primary energy use has been avoided through EEI and 6 PJ through structural change. The production has become oriented towards more electricity-intensive but less fuel-intensive segments. The electricity use EEI was negligible until year 2000 but sizeable thereafter as it started to outpace the counteracting impact from structural change. Results are consistent with previous bottom-up evaluations, and the policy context is further elaborated in a discussion about the role of relevant energy and climate policies in facilitating the enhanced EEI observed over the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Contactless conductivity sensor employing moist paper as absorbent for in-situ detection of generated carbon dioxide gas.
- Author
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Sonsa-ard, Thitaporn, Chantipmanee, Nattapong, Fukana, Nutnaree, Hauser, Peter C., Wilairat, Prapin, and Nacapricha, Duangjai
- Subjects
- *
GAS absorption & adsorption , *CARBON dioxide , *ANALYTICAL chemistry , *DEIONIZATION of water , *FILTER paper - Abstract
This work presents an unconventional use of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D) for detection of gas absorption by moist paper with potential application for chemical analysis. To be suitable for measuring conductivity of moist paper absorbent, the C4D sensor was therefore designed in planar configuration. A layer of dry filter paper, only 20 mm × 25 mm in size, was placed on the C4D sensor and the device installed inside a specifically designed vaporization chamber. A vial (16 mm i.d., 8 mm high) containing a 150-μL solution of sodium bicarbonate was placed alongside. The filter paper was loaded with 110 μL of deionized water through an injection hole in the cover lid. A 100-μL aliquot of 2 M hydrochloric acid solution was directly dispensed into the vial through a second hole in the lid to generate CO 2 gas from the bicarbonate solution. It was observed that the C4D sensor gave real-time response that corresponded to the absorption of the gas and subsequent production of H+ and HCO 3 − in the moist paper. The monitored signal reached a constant value at 160 s after the addition of the acid. Chemistry of the absorption process and equivalent circuit for the C4D are proposed. Direct measurement of cement powder was chosen to demonstrate the potential use of this device for quantifying the CaCO 3 content of the cement. The calibration curve for 0.5–3 mg CaCO 3 was linear for signals recorded at 160 s: V dc = (0.172 ± 0.005) · (mg CaCO 3) + (0.016 ± 0.009), with coefficient of determination of 0.9965. Linear calibrations were also observed when the signals were monitored at various time less than 160 s. The limit of quantitation (3 SD of intercept/slope) was 0.17 mg CaCO 3. The method provided acceptable precision with %RSD of 4.6 (2 mg CaCO 3 , n = 10). Image 1 • Unconventional use of planar contactless conductivity detector is presented. • Real-time in-situ detection of CO 2 absorption by moist paper was demonstrated. • The absorption chemistry by moist paper and C4D equivalent circuit are proposed. • Potential application in direct measurement of cement powder is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Black liquor gasification with calcium looping for carbon-negative pulp and paper industry.
- Author
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Santos, Mónica P.S., Manovic, Vasilije, and Hanak, Dawid P.
- Subjects
SULFATE waste liquor ,PAPER industry ,SOLID oxide fuel cells ,CARBON sequestration ,CARBON dioxide ,CARBON nanofibers - Abstract
• Black liquor gasification was coupled with calcium looping. • Calcium looping for CO 2 capture and H 2 production was compared. • CO 2 capture route (39 €/t) was less expensive than H 2 production route (48.8 €/t). • CO 2 avoided cost was highly dependent on capital cost of black liquor gasification. • Export of H 2 had the lowest CO 2 avoided cost among black liquor gasification cases. Although considered one of the major energy-intensive industries (EIIs), the pulp and paper industry has also the potential for energy production from an industrial waste, black liquor. This study proposes black liquor gasification (BLG) coupled with calcium looping (CaL) as a CO 2 capture route for the pulp and paper industry. BLG with H 2 production (BLG-CaL-H 2), BLG with gas turbine combined cycle (BLG-CaL-GT) or with solid oxide fuel cell (BLG-CaL-SOFC) were considered. The dependence of carbon capture and storage (CCS) cost on the natural gas, limestone, electricity imported and H 2 sale prices aside the expenditures related with BLG-CaL were evaluated. The CCS route, based on CaL retrofitted to the pulp and paper plant, was found to have a lower cost of CO 2 avoided (39.0 €/tCO 2) when compared with BLG-CaL (48.8–57.1 €/tCO 2). Between the BLG-CaL scenarios, BLG-CaL-H 2 presented the lowest cost of CO 2 avoided (48.8 €/tCO 2) but the highest energy penalty. Based on the thermodynamic performance, it was shown that CaL retrofit and BLG-CaL-SOFC presented the best overall performance, turning the electricity importer reference plant into electricity exporter. The economic sensitivity showed that the capital requirement of BLG-CaL has a strong effect on the cost of CO 2 avoided for all alternatives. The H 2 production is also strongly affected by the H 2 sale price while BLG-CaL-SOFC and BLG-CaL-GT are strongly dependent on natural gas price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. A Representative Study of CO2 Emissions and Carbon Intensity Based on a Case of a Pulp and Paper Mill in China: Calculation and Analysis.
- Author
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Xin Zhang, Fang Zhang, Hui Cai, and Hui Zhang
- Subjects
EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,CARBON dioxide ,PULP mills ,PAPER mills ,NUMERICAL calculations - Abstract
In 2017, a carbon emissions trading market will be launched nationwide by the China government. Calculating the enterprise carbon emissions is an important prerequisite and basis for trading. This paper discussed types of greenhouse gases, calculation boundaries and methods, energy consumption, carbon emissions, and intensity of a representative integrated pulp and paper mill in China based on China Guidance and Greenhouse Gas Protocol Tools. The results showed that there were 435,000 tonnes (t) of CO
2 emissions from that mill in 2014 that did not contain emissions of biomass energy, which was 8 times higher than that of fossil energy. The pulp carbon intensity based on the mill was 0.230 t CO2 /Adt, which accounted for 7.50% to 57.4% in other pulps' based on the product. Intensity based on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 1.090 t CO2 e/1000 USD and accounted for 56.8% intensity in the China paper industry. The intensity based on sales accounted for 52.6% in the firstclass enterprise in the developed country. It also showed that intensity was influenced by the species of raw material, energy, and products, which provided the mill with measures for energy saving and emissions reduction to obtain the redundant carbon emissions in the trading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Manufacture and characterization of carbonated lightweight aggregates from waste paper fly ash.
- Author
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Bouzar, Bader and Mamindy-Pajany, Yannick
- Subjects
- *
WASTE paper , *MORTAR , *INCINERATION , *BIOMASS burning , *CARBON dioxide , *TRACE elements - Abstract
The combustion of biomass and waste paper sludge in a fluidized bed is ecologically profitable. However, a large amount of by-product with high hydraulic reactivity is produced and is considered as wastes. Most of the time the waste paper fly ash (WPFA) goes to landfills, therefore new utilization methods are necessary. In some countries, the high content of metallic and metalloids trace elements (MMTE) in WPFA, more specifically Barium (Ba) and Lead (Pb) makes its valorization difficult. In this paper, the Lightweight Aggregates (LWA) was produced from WPFA by granulating with water in high-intensity granulator. Since WPFA is rich in CaO, the addition of water promotes rapid setting and hydration compared to other types of ash. In this study, different granulation parameters were investigated, such as the rotation modes between the steel pan and the impeller, the rotation speed of the steel pan, the granulation time, in order to improve the mass percentage of the targeted LWA (2–16 mm). In order to evolve the immobilization potential of Ba and Pb, a carbonation process was performed, exposing the manufactured LWA to pure carbon dioxide (CO 2) gas at laboratory scale. The physical, morphological, thermal and mechanical characterizations were performed on LWA for use in mortars, concretes or civil engineering constructions. Results have demonstrated the influence of the rotation mode between the steel pan and the on the distribution of WPFA inside the steel pan and the change in the growth rate of the granules can be observed. Increased density and improved compressive strength with low porosity and water absorption were also found in LWA after carbonation. This was due to the occurrence of both a carbonation reaction and a hydration reaction. Furthermore, the results of thermogravimetry and SEM-EDS confirmed the formation of hydrated phases (ettringite, carboaluminates), also the formation of calcite in the pores and the external surface of the LWA. Regarding environmental aspects, the results have revealed that Ba and Pb were well immobilized in the solid matrix after carbonation. [Display omitted] • LWA was manufactured from WPA without any agglomerating agents. • The physical-chemical properties of LWA were improved after carbonation. • The resulted LWA meet the requirements of NF EN -13,055-1. • The microstructure of LWA was studied before and after carbonation. • Influence of time, mode and rotation speed on the size of the manufactured LWA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Integrated paper/graphene 3D pop-up device for the quantitative sensing of carbaryl.
- Author
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Fiori, Selene, Scroccarello, Annalisa, Della Pelle, Flavio, Del Carlo, Michele, and Compagnone, Dario
- Subjects
- *
CARBARYL , *GRAPHENE , *DURUM wheat , *GRAPHENE oxide , *AGRICULTURAL productivity , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
A completely lab-made paper/graphene-based 3D pop-up device (3D-PP) for the analysis of carbaryl (CBR), a pesticide widely used in crop production, is proposed. The device is composed of a nitrocellulose sensor equipped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a foldable 3D paper pop-up. The rationale of the device is based on 3D and 2D configurations to allow the whole analytical procedure. In the 3D arrangement sample pre-concentration and hydrolysis occur; after folding (2D), contact with the complementary nitrocellulose-based sensor is ensured. The sensor, constituted by nanostructured graphene film, allows to obtain the necessary electroanalytical performance. 3D-PP has been shaped and nanostructured using a CO 2 -laser plotter and finished using low-cost benchtop instruments, ensuring in-series manufacturing of the device modules. 3D-PP includes the main steps required for CBR determination, i.e. (i) pre-concentration/purification, (ii) hydrolysis, (iii) medium neutralization, and (iv) electrochemical detection. 3D-PP was challenged for CBR quantification in model solutions and different grain samples. The response linearity (1.5–33 μM) and LOD (0.4 μM) obtained ensures CBR determination at the European-law admitted maximum residue levels (MRL). As proof of applicability, to simulate contaminates samples, different grains (i.e. soft and durum wheat, kamut, and barley) were spiked, before extraction, with CBR at three concentration levels corresponding to 0.5x, 1x, and 1.5x MRL; in all cases, quantitative and reproducible recoveries were obtained (93–109%; RSD ≤ 6%, n = 3). 3D-PP is produced using cellulosic components and solvent-free approaches, includes all CBR analysis steps, and returns reliable results in 15 min, resulting portable and usable with a smartphone [Display omitted] • A paper/graphene-based device for integrated carbaryl (CBR) analysis is proposed. • CO 2 -laser was used to shape and nanostructure the paper-based platform. • Complete CBR analysis is strategically enclosed in a 3D foldable paper pop-up (3D-PP). • 3D-PP design and sensing ability allow CBR residues analysis at EU-law limits. • 3D-PP analysis ability was proven in soft and durum wheat, kamut, and barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Energy conversion strategies in the European paper industry – A case study in three countries
- Author
-
Laurijssen, Jobien, Faaij, André, and Worrell, Ernst
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY conversion , *PAPER industry , *BIOMASS , *NATURAL gas , *CALORIC expenditure , *CARBON dioxide , *REDUCTION potential - Abstract
Abstract: The pulp and paper industry both uses and produces large amounts of energy and rising fuel prices bring along significant challenges to the sector. Several strategies can be applied in order to remain competitive e.g. an increase in energy efficiency, a switch in fuel and/or a novel energy conversion technology. In this study, we investigate if improved energy conversion strategies can reduce energy costs, primary energy use and CO2 emissions of paper mills within different European countries (The Netherlands, Poland and Sweden). Our results show that differences in history and availability of resources has led to different conversion strategies in the three countries. We found that a natural gas combined cycle, which is largely implemented in The Netherlands due to long term domestic availability of natural gas, has the lowest primary energy demand. Due to a long history of low electricity prices, CHP has not been common in Sweden. Many Swedish mills use biomass as an energy source and due to low CO2 emissions of the national grid the CO2 emission profile of the Swedish paper industry is very low. Our results imply that future conversion routes for the Swedish paper and board industry are again wood based; in case of increasing electricity prices these would be biomass gasification based CHP solutions. With a reduction of 800kg CO2/ton paper on average, a switch from coal to biomass would reduce CO2 emissions in the Polish pulp and paper industry with approximately 0.6Mton/year. A carbon price of 20–25€/ton would, according to our results, be enough to provoke this switch. Due to the high share of natural gas, the CO2 emission reduction potential of the Dutch paper industry (1.5Mton/year) is even larger than in Poland. Due to high biomass prices and relative low CO2 emission profile of natural gas, a carbon prices of more than 60€/ton CO2 would be needed to provoke a switch in The Netherlands. Provided with few alternatives, the most effective strategy in The Netherlands would be an increase in energy efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Analysing the potential for implementation of CCS within the European pulp and paper industry
- Author
-
Jönsson, Johanna and Berntsson, Thore
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *ENERGY levels (Quantum mechanics) , *POTENTIAL energy , *PULP mills , *BIOMASS , *CARBON sequestration , *CARBON dioxide , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *EMISSIONS trading , *SULFATE waste liquor , *BIOMASS gasification - Abstract
In this paper an approach for analysing the potential for implementation of different technology pathways for the European pulp and paper industry (PPI) is presented. The approach is based on detailed technical research and aggregates the knowledge from previous studies to incorporate the whole European PPI. Thus, the potential for different technology pathways can be estimated on a European level whilst still considering important characteristics of individual mills. The usefulness of the approach was exemplified by applying it to a case study of the potential for introduction of carbon capture and storage (CCS) within the European PPI. The results from the case study show that for the European PPI, CCS has an up-hill road in order to be a viable, large scale alternative for reduction of CO2 emissions. If CCS is to be introduced in large scale within the European PPI, large biomass-based point sources of CO2 emissions need to be included when planning for CCS infrastructure and also the infrastructure needs to be built out for clusters emitting <20 MtCO2/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Influence of hygiene tissue paper used as an additive on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of CO2-cured belite-rich cement paste.
- Author
-
Das, Kunal Krishna, Sharma, Raju, Wu, Xuanru, and Jang, Jeong Gook
- Subjects
- *
CARBON dioxide , *HYGIENE , *POROSITY , *CEMENT , *HYDROTHERAPY , *PASTE - Abstract
The present study investigated the fresh, hardened, and physicochemical properties of CO 2 -cured belite-rich cement (BRC) paste incorporating hygiene tissue paper (HTP) as an additive. HTP was added at 0.5% and 1.0% by wt. of BRC paste. The BRC paste was prepared at a water-to-cement ratio of 0.4 and cured under water and carbonation. The results demonstrated that upon carbonation, the incorporation of HTP at 1.0% increases the CO 2 uptake and compressive strength of specimens by 18.60% and 22.29%, respectively. A pore structure analysis shows a decrease in the threshold pore size diameter with an increase in the HTP content for CO 2 -cured samples. An SEM analysis revealed precipitation and impregnation of calcites in and around the HTP microfiber particles. The incorporation of HTP under water curing on the other hand did not significantly influence the strength or the physicochemical properties. It was observed that HTP contributes to improving the properties of CO 2 -cured BRC paste in two ways; the porous structure of HTP provides pathways for the deep permeation of CO 2 into the matrix, and the surface of HTP offers an additional area for calcite precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Consequences of lignin precipitation in the pulp and paper industry.
- Author
-
Wising, Ulrika, Algehed, Jessica, Berntsson, Thore, and Delin, Lennart
- Subjects
PULP mills ,PAPER industry ,LIGNINS ,WOOD pulp industry ,CARBON dioxide ,INDUSTRIAL wastes ,FLUE gases ,INDUSTRIAL chemistry - Abstract
We evaluated the overall economic and energy consequences of the lignin precipitation process proposed by the Swedish national Eco-Cyclic Pulp Mill research program. The study compared four different bleached kraft pulp model mills, representing greenfield mills with different steam demands and varying surpluses of thermal energy that can be precipitated as lignin. The results suggest that 37%-50% of the lignin in the black liquor must be removed if the thermal energy surplus generated by the model mills is to be exported as lignin. From an energy savings perspective, the most important consequence is that the power balance changes significantly when precipitating lignin, in some cases even leading to a power deficiency in the mill. Other important consequences include an increased live steam demand for evaporation and a decreased load in the recovery boiler. We concluded that it is reasonable from an energy perspective to precipitate lignin in the evaluated model mills. At the given economic conditions, the model mills with lignin precipitation have similar total costs as the model mill without lignin precipitation, if the lignin price is approximately US$ 12/MWh. At today's pricing of biomass fuel, this means that it must be possible to sell the lignin at a higher price than bark to make lignin precipitation interesting from an economic perspective. The lignin price at which the model mills with lignin precipitation have similar total costs as the model mill without lignin precipitation changes with changing economic conditions; the most important parameters are the electricity price and the cost for carbon dioxide (CO
2 ). If the cost for CO2 is eliminated, the lignin price necessary decreases to below US$ 9/MWh, and the possibility to use flue gases instead of pure CO2 for the precipitation must therefore be studied further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2006
40. N-doped porous carbon prepared from filter paper for CO2 capture.
- Author
-
Li, Wuhui, Cui, Hongmin, Xu, Jianguo, and Shi, Jinsong
- Subjects
- *
CARBON nanofibers , *FILTER paper , *CARBON dioxide , *CARBON , *SURFACE area - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Filter paper is used as carbon source to prepare highly porous N-doped carbon. • KHCO 3 is chosen as the activator because it is safe and non-corrosive. • Addition of urea at the activation step significantly improves the surface area. • At 0 °C and 20 bar, the carbon shows high CO 2 uptake of 19.65 mmol/g. Herein, we presented the preparation of N-doped porous carbon from lab used filter paper. Filter paper was first carbonized at 500 °C. The obtained carbon was then pyrolyzed with KHCO 3 and urea. Effects of KHCO 3 activation on the carbons' physicochemical properties were thoroughly investigated. The derived carbon materials were also tested for CO 2 adsorption with pressure up to 20 bar. The carbons exhibited very high CO 2 uptake of 19.65 mmol/g at 0 °C and 20 bar. The correlations between adsorption performances and the carbons' physicochemical properties at 1/20 bar were analyzed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Processing of Particulate Organic Carbon Associated with Secondary-Treated Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent in Intertidal Sediments: A 13C Pulse-chase Experiment.
- Author
-
Oakes, Joanne M., Ross, Donald J., and Eyre, Bradley D.
- Subjects
- *
CARBON , *PAPER mills , *BIOMASS , *PHYTOPLANKTON , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
To determine the benthic transformation pathways and fate of carbon associated with secondary-treated pulp and paper mill (PPM) effluent, 13C-labeled activated sludge biomass (ASB) and phytoplankton (PHY) were added, separately, to estuarine intertidal sediments. Over 28 days, 13C was traced into sediment organic carbon, fauna, seagrass, bacteria, and microphytobenthos and into fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from inundated sediments, and carbon dioxide (CO2(g)) from exposed sediments. There was greater removal of PHY carbon from sediments (∼85% over 28 days) compared to ASB (∼75%). Although there was similar 13C loss from PHY and ASB plots via DIC (58% and 56%, respectively) and CO2(g) fluxes (<1%), DOC fluxes were more important for PHY (41%) than ASB (12%). Faster downward transport and loss suggest that tauna prefer PHY, due to its lability and/or toxins associated with ASB; this may account for different carbon pathways. Secondary-treated PPM effluent has lower oxygen demand than primary-treated effluent, but ASB accumulation may contribute to sediment anoxia, and respiration of ASB and PHY-derived DOC may make the water column more heterotrophic. This highlights the need to optimize secondary-treatment processes to control the quality and quantity of organic carbon associated with PPM effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Effect of beating degree of fiber on the development of porosity in polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fiber paper.
- Author
-
Du, Chao, Li, Hailong, Liu, Bo, Chen, Junjun, Hu, Jian, and Zeng, Jingshan
- Subjects
- *
ACTIVATED carbon , *CARBON fibers , *CARBON paper , *POROSITY , *FIBERS , *CARBON dioxide , *MICROPOROSITY - Abstract
Activated carbon fiber paper (ACFP) has the potential for adsorption due to their high surface area and low through resistance. In this work, free-standing ACFP was developed from fibrillated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber through wet forming process combined with subsequent pre-oxidation, carbonization and CO 2 activation. A PFI refiner was used to prepare fibrillated PAN fibers with a beating degree of 7, 11, 25 and 60 oSR, respectively. As expected, PAN fibers with high beating degree improved surface area and fine fiber content, which resulted in the dense structure and low porosity of paper, thus influencing later stabilization and pyrolysis, as well as final properties of ACFP. With the increase of beating degree, the oxygen content of pre-oxidized PAN paper increased, but the cyclization index first decreased and then increased. ACFP with higher beating degree possessed higher BET surface area, pore volume and CO 2 uptake capacity. ACFP, prepared from freeze-dried PAN paper, performed better in physicochemical properties than that from plate-press drier under the same beating degree. This study exhibited that ACFP can be a special material featured by scale production, lightweight, and high microporosity of chemical adsorption and separation. [Display omitted] • ACFPs were prepared from fibrillated PAN fiber through wet forming process. • Effects of pore structure of PAN papers on physicochemical properties of ACFPs • CO 2 adsorption on ACFPs was a combined effects of physisorption and chemisorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The Nonlinear Relationship between Paper Recycling and Primary Pulp Requirements - Modeling Paper Production and Recycling in Europe.
- Author
-
Schenk, Niels J., Moll, Henri C., and Potting, José
- Subjects
- *
PAPER recycling , *CARBON dioxide , *MATHEMATICAL models , *HUMAN ecology education , *ECOLOGY - Abstract
Waste paper is suitable for recycling back into paper or for incineration for energy recovery. If waste paper is used for recycling, secondary pulp replaces virgin pulp. Fiber recycling is limited, however, because of physical constraints—particularly the breakage of fiber in the recycling process—and a permanent input of virgin fiber to the system is required. Therefore one can expect that the relationship between recycling rates and resource requirements is represented by a curved line rather than a straight one. In this article, we present a mathematical model which confirms that the relationship between recycling rates and primary pulp requirements can be described as nonlinear. Furthermore, we show that this nonlinear relationship leads to an optimal recycling rate with regard to energy consumption: 93% for paper produced from chemical pulp, and 81% for paper produced from mechanical pulp. Sensitivity testing additionally reveals that at low recycling rates increasing waste paper recycling is energy efficient, but it becomes less efficient at higher recycling rates. Close to the optimum recycling rates (within 10%), increasing or decreasing the rate affects the total energy requirement less than 0.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Generation of superhydrophobic paper surfaces by a rapidly expanding supercritical carbon dioxide–alkyl ketene dimer solution
- Author
-
Quan, Can, Werner, Oskar, Wågberg, Lars, and Turner, Charlotta
- Subjects
- *
HYDROPHOBIC surfaces , *PAPER , *CARBON dioxide , *SOLUTION (Chemistry) , *SUPERCRITICAL fluids , *DIMERS , *KETENES - Abstract
Abstract: Superhydrophobic alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) layers were successfully produced on top of untreated paper surfaces by a rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 solution (RESS) process. The new method resulted in a degree of hydrophobicity, as measured by contact angles of water droplets on AKD surfaces, dramatically higher, up to 173°, compared to a conventional method consisting in melting AKD granules directly on the paper substrate, giving contact angles of around 109°. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying pre-expansion pressure (100–300bar), pre-expansion temperature (40 and 60°C) and spraying distance (10 and 50mm) on the properties of the treated surfaces. The surfaces were analyzed regarding AKD particle size, surface morphology and hydrophobicity with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurements. The average AKD particle size after RESS processing was between 1 and 2μm depending upon the experimental conditions used, being slightly smaller when using higher pre-expansion pressure and temperature as well as shorter spraying distance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Utilization of lime mud from paper mill as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process
- Author
-
Sun, Rongyue, Li, Yingjie, Liu, Changtian, Xie, Xin, and Lu, Chunmei
- Subjects
- *
LIME (Minerals) , *PAPER mills , *CARBON dioxide , *SORBENTS , *CALCIUM , *SOLID waste , *CHEMICAL reactions - Abstract
Abstract: Lime mud (LM), a solid waste that results from the causticization reaction in alkali recycling process of paper manufacture industry, was utilized as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process in this study. The carbonation behavior of LM in the calcination/carbonation cycles was investigated in a dual fixed-bed reactor and a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The results show that the carbonation conversions of LM are lower than those of limestone at the same reaction conditions. It attributes to the high chlorine content in LM which leads to more pronounced sintering and decreases the CO2 capture performance of LM. A pre-wash process was employed to decrease the chlorine content in LM. Based on an overall consideration of various factors, the pre-wash process is effective enough if the Cl/Ca molar ratio in LM is smaller than 1:100. Pre-washed lime mud (PLM) achieves higher carbonation rates and carbonation conversions, compared with LM. When calcined at 850°C and carbonated at 700°C, the carbonation conversion of PLM maintains at 36% after 100cycles, which is 1.8 and 4.8 times as high as LM and limestone after the same number of cycles, respectively. The pore volume and surface area of calcined PLM were greater than those of calcined LM after the same number of cycles, especially the volume of the pores in the range of 10–100nm in diameter. That is the reason why PLM exhibits higher CO2 capture capacity than LM in the multiple calcination/carbonation cycles. The carbonation conversions of LM and PLM are further enhanced by hydration of their calcines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The Behaviour of Paper Treated in a Carbon Dioxide Modified Atmosphere.
- Author
-
Kobiakova, Valeria I. and Dobrusina, Svetlana A.
- Subjects
- *
PAPER , *CARBON dioxide , *ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide , *ATMOSPHERIC chemistry , *ATMOSPHERE - Abstract
Presents a study that investigated the influence of a modified, carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere on the properties of paper. Types of paper used in the experiment; Properties of the paper samples treated in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide; Behavior of paper treated in a carbon dioxide modified atmosphere.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Fast and practical synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose from office paper waste by ultrasonic-assisted technique at ambient temperature.
- Author
-
Wongvitvichot, Wasupon, Pithakratanayothin, Sakollaphat, Wongkasemjit, Sujitra, and Chaisuwan, Thanyalak
- Subjects
- *
WASTE paper , *CELLULOSE synthase , *OFFICES , *CARBON dioxide , *TEMPERATURE , *CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE , *CARBOXYMETHYL compounds - Abstract
• The CMC from office waste paper was synthesized completely within 30 min at ambient temperature by ultrasonic-assisted technique. • The degree of substitution of obtained CMC product was 0.75. This report demonstrates the fastest technique to successfully achieve carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from office paper waste, within 30 min at ambient temperature using ultrasonic-assisted method as a source of energy. The obtained CMC was characterized using FTIR, TGA, and NMR techniques to confirm its structure. The FTIR spectrum showed characteristic peaks of carboxymethyl groups and its salt at the wavenumbers of 1585 (C=O) and 1412 (C-O) cm−1. The TGA results of CMC exhibited the loss of carbon dioxide at ca. 260 – 300 °C. Moreover, a higher ash yield of the obtained CMC indicated the substitution of carboxymethyl in the structure. The CMC product structure was confirmed using 13C- and HMBC 2D-NMR. The HMBC 2D-NMR results indicated a correlation between carbonyl and methylene carbons of carboxymethyl groups and protons of pyranose ring, implying that pyranose ring was substituted successfully by monocholoroacetic acid (MCA). The optimal conditions were obtained by using 4.11 ml of 30%w/v NaOH and 1.4 g of MCA in 40 ml of isopropanol at ambient temperature. The resulting CMC showed 0.75 degree of substitution at 18.75 W/ml ultrasonic intensity. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. A simple template-free bioinspired route of 1D Bi2S3 nanorods synthesis for electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate.
- Author
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Chowdhury, Anirban, Bhan, Chandra, Rao Peela, Nageswara, and Kumar Golder, Animes
- Subjects
NANOROD synthesis ,ELECTROLYTIC reduction ,CARBON paper ,VITAMIN C ,NANORODS ,CARBON dioxide - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Development of a bioinspired process of template-free synthesis of 1D Bi 2 S 3 nanorods. • Mechanistic exploitation of Bi 2 S 3 nanorods formation mediated by plant-based analyte. • Bi 2 S 3 nanorods electrocatalyzed CO 2 conversion to HCOO
– with high Faradaic efficiency. • Oxidation of Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(bio) to Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 , could serve as active sites during ECO 2 RR. This work demonstrates a simple bioinspired route of synthesizing template-free 1D Bi 2 S 3 nanorods, Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(bio), using Sechium edule fruit. The morphology of nanorods was controlled via capping of ascorbic acid (AA), a major bio-analyte. The average length and diameter were reduced from 485 to 229.5 nm and 123 to 31 nm, respectively, compared with Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(control), Bi 2 S 3 nanorods synthesized in the absence of bio-extract/reducing agent. The XPS analysis confirmed that the formation of Bi 2 O 3 in Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(control), could be prevented in Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(bio) because of AA capping. A plausible mechanistic route of synthesis of Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(bio) is also proposed herein. The modified Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(bio)/Toray carbon paper (TCP) electrode exhibited selective HCOO– formation with FE of 92.3% against 50.9% for the Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(control)/TCP electrode at −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Higher FE exhibited by Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(bio) catalyst has resulted from its compositional and morphological attributes. In-situ electrochemical oxidation of Bi 2 S 3 -NRs(bio) to Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 also could act as active sites for enhanced and selective HCOO– formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. A paper-based device for the colorimetric determination of ammonia and carbon dioxide using thiomalic acid and maltol functionalized silver nanoparticles: application to the enzymatic determination of urea in saliva and blood.
- Author
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Sheini, Azarmidokht
- Subjects
- *
UREA , *CARBON dioxide , *SILVER nanoparticles , *SALIVA , *AMMONIA , *IMAGE analysis software , *NANOPARTICLES - Abstract
A colorimetric assay was developed which has the capability of determining urea in biological samples. It is an origami paper-based sensor consisting of silver nanoparticles that were synthesized by using two different capping agents: thiomalic acid and maltol. The function of the assay relied on hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide in the presence of urease. The products interacted with nanoparticles which caused aggregation. Interestingly, thiomalic acid capped with silver nanoparticles were selective to ammonia, and the other nanoparticles synthesized by maltol responded to carbon dioxide. These interactions turned the color of nanoparticles from yellow to brown and red, respectively. The resulting colorations were captured by a floatable scanner. A routine image analysis software was utilized to provide the response of the assays. The method was applied to individually determine ammonia, carbon dioxide, and urea. The linear range was 0.06 mg.dL−1-170.0 mg.dL−1 for ammonia, 0.08 mg.dL−1-220.0 mg.dL−1 for carbon dioxide, and 0.5 mg.dL−1-200.0 mg.dL−1 for urea. The respective limits of detection were 0.03 mg.dL−1, 0.06 mg.dL−1, and 0.18 mg.dL−1. No interferences were found in the detremination of urea. The method demonstrates a reliable performance for determination of urea in both saliva and blood samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Health impacts of climate change and geopolitics: a call for papers
- Author
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Phonsuk, Payao, Suphanchaimat, Rapeepong, Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn, Campbell-Lendrumb, Diarmid, and Tangcharoensathien, Viroj
- Subjects
Global warming ,Carbon dioxide ,Health ,United Nations ,Climate Action Network - Abstract
Despite the severe impacts of climate change on human health, socioeconomic development and the natural environment, the United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on Climate Change has failed to reach its [...]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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