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The main purpose of this study is to investigate mathematics teachers' mathematical thinking process while they are constructing the length of [cube root of 2] by paper folding. To carry out this aim, two teachers--who are PhD. students--were interviewed one by one. During the construction, it was possible to observe the consolidation process of Pythagorean and Thales Theorem. All interviews were videotaped and analyzed through descriptive methods, according to abstraction in context, characteristics of consolidation and mathematical habits of mind. It was found that both two teachers constructed the knowledge of Pythagorean and Thales Theorems before the study and also these knowledges were consolidated. In addition, it was determined that these two approaches (abstraction in context and mathematical habits of mind) were close and corroborated each other. Moreover, consolidation process corroborated mathematical habits of mind.

Automatic test paper design is critical in education to reduce workloads for educators and facilitate an efficient teaching process. However, current designs fail to satisfy the realistic teaching requirements of educators, including the consideration of both test quality and efficiency. This is the main reason why teachers still manually construct tests in most teaching environments. In this paper, the quality of tests is quantitatively defined while considering multiple objectives, including a flexible coverage of knowledge points, cognitive levels, and question difficulty. Then, a model based on the technique of linear programming is delicately designed to explore the optimal results for this newly defined problem. However, this technique is not efficient enough, which cannot obtain results in polynomial time. With the consideration of both test quality and generation efficiency, this paper proposes a genetic algorithm (GA) based method, named dynamic programming guided genetic algorithm with adaptive selection (DPGA-AS). In this method, a dynamic programming method is proposed in the population initialization part to improve the efficiency of the genetic algorithm. An adaptive selection method for the GA is designed to avoid prematurely falling into the local optimal for better test quality. The question bank used in our experiments is assembled based on college-level calculus questions from well-known textbooks. The experimental results show that the proposed techniques can construct test papers with both high effectiveness and efficiency. The computation time of the test assembly problem is reduced from 3 hours to 2 seconds for a 5000-size question bank as compared to a linear programming model with similar test quality. The test quality of the proposed method is better than the other baselines.

Background:Understanding fractions in mathematics often poses greater complexity compared to integral numbers. The primary difficulty lies in students' inadequate grasp of fractional basics, notably in comparing and sequencing fractions. Aim: This research seeks to create and evaluate a learning pathway's effect on fourth graders' comprehension of fractions, with a focus on their comparison and sequencing. Method: Employing a design research validation study approach, the research progresses through preliminary design, experimental design, and retrospective analysis. Conducted in a Palembang school involving six fourth graders recommended by their teacher, data collection encompassed essay-based pre and post-tests, Student Activity Sheets, observations, interviews, and documentations. The data analysis was retrospectively carried out, anchored on HLT as the benchmark. Result: Findings reveal a student learning trajectory encompassing three principal activities. Initially, students used folding and gluing of paper to discern fraction values. Subsequently, they engaged in coloring and illustrating folds for fraction comparison. The final activity involved drawing, coloring boxes, and fraction comparison and sequencing. Overall, students showed proficiency in understanding and determining fraction values and comparing them, yet struggled with ordering certain fractions. Conclusion: The structured learning path facilitated students' understanding of basic fraction concepts, especially in comparing them. Nevertheless, reinforcing methods or approaches for teaching fraction ordering is essential.

To deeply analyze the performance of paper-cutting elements in interior space design, this paper explores the artistic expression of paper-cutting elements. The BIM model is constructed based on the TVL algorithm, and a noise-reducing style migration method with an additional total variable loss function is used to fuse the texture features of a specific paper-cutting style so that the paper-cutting texture is generated in the target object area more intensively. The algorithm is supplemented with a U-shaped network structure to obtain the mask map of the target object, modify and expand the ScanNet training data set, and input a content map and a style map to generate the stylized paper cutout image automatically. The results show that compared with other elements, the stability of paper-cut elements reaches 96.31%, the image smoothness reaches 89.34%, and the retention of significant regions reaches 93.26%. In modern design, the peak signal-noise of paper-cut elements improved by 13.418d on average, the structural similarity also improved by 0.34807, and the recognition rate of paper-cut elements in the furnishing category reached 95%. Applying paper-cut art in interior space design can give interior furnishing design better visual effects, provide inspiration and ideas for interior space design innovation, and contribute to improving aesthetics.

Paper-cut elements in the design of boat space can effectively improve the homogenisation tendency of existing boat space design, effectively enhance the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture and enrich the development ideas of boat space design. Therefore, based on the Chinese folk art of paper cutting, this paper combines theoretical analysis and empirical research to deeply analyse the artistic expression of paper-cut elements in the spatial design of boats. This paper mainly studies the artistic integration of paper-cut elements in the decorative design of boats and the artistic integration of paper-cut elements in the practical design of boats. Through the calculation and analysis of the sparse autoencoder algorithm model, it can be seen that the decorative integration of paper-cut elements in wallpaper is 82%, which is higher than that of traditional materials (24%). The integration of paper-cut elements in the space design of cabins and guest rooms is as high as 97% and 94%, respectively, which is far better than the integration of traditional materials in the space design of cabins and guest rooms. This shows that the application of folk paper-cut elements to the space design of boats not only highlights the theme of boats but also enhances the cultural value of boats.

English is a universal language and is widely used. In order to deepen the cognition of language, this paper proposes to analyse the variation of metadiscourse verb patterns in English academic papers from within and between disciplines. By comparing the metadiscourse chunks used in various disciplines, it is concluded that there are obvious differences in the verb types of the subject papers. Analysing various identification algorithms of verb types, it is obtained that the combination of the word movement distance (WMD) model and the R&L density peak clustering algorithm is the best. Using the R&L density peak clustering, identification parameters are easy to determine, and when combined with the WMD model to calculate the similarity of words, it improve the accuracy of verb pattern clustering. By comparison, it is proved that the accuracy of the algorithm combining the WMD model and R&L density peak clustering reaches 30.06%, and the effect of identifying verb pattern variation is the best.

In this article, the author presents a paper folding activity that can be used for teaching fractions. This activity can be used to describe areas of folded polygons in terms of a standard unit of measure. A paper folding fractions worksheet and its corresponding solutions are also presented in this article. (Contains 2 figures.)

Several researchers have noted how children's whole number schemes can interfere with their efforts to learn fractions. An Australian study found that children who were successful with the solution of rational number tasks exhibited greater whole number knowledge and more flexible solution strategies. Behr and Post (1988) indicated that children needed to be competent in the four operations of whole numbers, along with an understanding of measurement, for them to understand rational numbers. This paper describes a "hands on" approach developed by researchers that focuses on the use of paper folding, fraction walls and number lines to develop an understanding of fractions using a measurement model. (Contains 8 figures.)

In 1921 Mellin published a Comptes Rendu paper computing the principal solution of a polynomial using generalized hypergeometric functions of its coefficients. He used an integral transform nowadays bearing his name. Slightly over three pages, the paper is written in French in a terse style befitting the language. This article makes Mellin’s landmark result accessible to people who are not experts in hypergeometric functions and complex analysis by deriving detailed proofs that were omitted in Mellin’s paper.

In this paper we extend the SuperHyperAlgebra, SuperHyperGraph, SuperHyperTopology, SuperHyperSoft Set, endowed with SuperHyperOperations, SuperHyperAxioms, and SuperHyperFunctions, to the most general form of structure, from our real world, called SuperHyperStructure in any field of knowledge. A practical application of the SuperHyperStructure is presented at the end. The prefix “Hyper” [Marty, 1934] stand for the codomain of the functions and operations to be P(H), or the powerset of the set H. While the prefix “Super” [Smarandache, 2016] stands for using the Pn (H), n ≥ 2, or the n-th PowerSet of the Set H {because the set (or system) 𝐻 (that may be a set of items, a company, institution, country, region, etc.) is organized in sub-systems, which in their turn are organized in sub-sub-systems, and so on} in the domain and/or codomain of the functions and operations.

Multicultural or integrative art education helps students understand themselves and the diverse changing visual world around them. This article highlights the the tradition of Chinese joss paper and shows how it can be added to the repertoire of a multicultural art curriculum or an integrative art curriculum that enables the teacher to infuse social studies, math, and science by offering probable connections embedded in this artistic practice. Exploring the context and content of Chinese joss paper through both artistic and spiritual lenses, the authors first examine this tradition and its origins and discuss its visual characteristics and the associated meanings of both traditional and modern joss paper. Next, they suggest several classroom activities for high school students to give them a better understanding and appreciation of this cultural practice.

In the realm of Chinese traditional arts, paper-cutting symbols embody deep-seated aesthetic and cultural values. Within the framework of artificial intelligence, the fusion of these conventional symbols with contemporary pattern design through intelligent reconstruction processes promotes innovation in modern design. This paper introduces a novel pattern feature extraction algorithm specifically designed for identifying and extracting the essence of traditional paper-cutting art. Utilizing Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGAN), an automated method for generating woven patterns is developed, integrating conventional motifs with modern design elements. Additionally, a segmentation model based on DeepLabV3+ semantics is constructed to facilitate this integration. The study focuses on the fusion of traditional paper-cutting symbols with fabric patterns, providing a new direction for textile design research. The empirical evaluation involved seven experimenters who predominantly favored patterns that blended abstract and traditional styles, with the average style rating exceeding 3.2. Moreover, the color performance analysis of the reconstructed fabric patterns across five regions showed color difference values greater than 4, indicating superior color fidelity. These findings underscore the potential of combining AI-driven techniques with traditional art forms to enhance and revolutionize modern design practices.

The study of metadiscourse word resources is an important way to reveal academic knowledge constructs and genre features in English papers. This paper selects intra- and interdisciplinary English academic papers as data samples, and the text representation is based on the vector space model. The text similarity is calculated using the word movement distance model to complete the clustering based on the density peak, and then the semantic annotation of metadiscourse verb patterns is performed using the conditional random field. Then, the intra- and interdisciplinary metadiscourse annotations are compared to analyze the variation of verb patterns. The intra-disciplinary variation of metadiscourse verb patterns was mainly found using attitude markers, where the log-likelihood ratios of 48.56, 30.25, and 35.64 were obtained for affirmative, critical, and critical declarative attitudes, respectively. In interdisciplinary studies, basic disciplines preferred to use verb patterns as transitions, while applied disciplines preferred to express the author’s point of view. The study of metadiscourse verb patterns effectively enriches the linguistic resources in academic English teaching and deepens the understanding of the characteristics of disciplinary essay genres.

In this paper, we consider a robust combinatorial optimization problem with uncertain weights and propose an uncertainty set that generalizes interval uncertainty by imposing lower and upper bounds on deviations of subsets of items. We prove that if the number of such subsets is fixed and the family of these subsets is laminar, then the robust combinatorial optimization problem can be solved by solving a fixed number of nominal problems. This result generalizes a previous similar result for the case where the family of these subsets is a partition of the set of items.

In an era overwhelmed by academic big data, students grapple with identifying academic papers that resonate with their learning objectives and research interests, due to the sheer volume and complexity of available information. This study addresses the challenge by proposing a novel academic paper recommendation system designed to enhance personalized learning through the nuanced understanding of academic social networks. Utilizing the theory of social homogeneity, the research first constructs a sophisticated academic social network, capturing high-order social relationships, such as co-authorship and advisor–advisee connections, through hypergraph modeling and advanced network representation learning techniques. The methodology encompasses the development and integration of a hypergraph convolutional neural network and a contrastive learning framework to accurately model and recommend academic papers, focusing on aligning with students’ unique preferences and reducing reliance on sparse interaction data. The findings, validated across multiple real-world datasets, demonstrate a significant improvement in recommendation accuracy, particularly in addressing the cold-start problem and effectively mapping advisor–advisee relationships. The study concludes that leveraging complex academic social networks can substantially enhance the personalization and precision of academic paper recommendations, offering a promising avenue for addressing the challenges of academic information overload and fostering more effective personalized learning environments.

This investigation delves into the evolving patterns and regional variances in industry-academia collaboration (IAC) within Functional Nucleic Acids (FNAs) research. Analyzing publications and patents from 1990 to 2021, we dissected IAC at individual and collective levels, documenting the count and share of IAC endeavors, key partners, and regional differences. Results indicate a rising trend in IAC publications and collaborating institutions, while patent trends display a mix of increases, decreases, and steady states. The United States leads in IAC activities, correlating with its prowess in scientific research and technological innovation. Notably, regional discrepancies in IAC are mainly due to intra-regional variations, with Asia and Europe experiencing the most pronounced disparities.

This paper focuses on the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education's (SAARMSTE's) role as a platform supporting research dissemination and connecting researchers in early grades mathematics (EGM) in the Southern African region. A review of the Long Papers in SAARMSTE over the last 20 years supports the finding of the other review papers in this Special Issue: that there has been substantial growth of attention to EGM since 2013. However, two distinctions are marked when looking at conference papers rather than journal papers. Firstly, there is a particularly large expansion of work in the last 5 years, with a broadening base of participation in this work. Second, looking across all the formats of conference presentations indicates SAARMSTE's role in supporting and building EGM as a key focus of research attention, and bringing together regional and international groups with interests in this area. Given that conference proceedings usually offer a broader picture of emerging interests than journal papers, we reflect on the range of foci of attention within EGM in the SAARMSTE Proceedings, and trends within this. These trends also help us to point to areas that are likely to be of key interest in the next decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on pattern generalisation as a way to introduce young students to early algebra. We build on research on patterning activities that feature, in their work with algebraic thinking, both looking for sameness recursively in a pattern (especially figural patterns, but also numerical ones) and conjecturing about function-based relationships that relate variables. We propose a new approach to pattern generalisation that seeks to help children (grades 2 and 3) work both recursively and functionally, and to see how these two modes are connected through the notion of variable. We argue that a crucial change must occur in order for young learners to develop a flexible algebraic discourse. We draw on Sfard's (2008) communication approach and on Châtelet's (2000) notion of the "virtual" in order to pursue this argument. We also root our analyses within a new materialist perspective that seeks to describe phenomena in terms of "material entanglement," which include, in our classroom research context, not just the children and the teacher, but also words, gestures, physical objects and arrangements, as well as numbers, operations and variables.

Predicting stock prices is contained in the basic approach is fundamental and technical analysis which is needed by entrepreneurs who invest their capital, this analysis is to determine the company's financial performance and must continue to be carried out, to carry out this analysis we use the help of several financial ratios where several types of ratios Return on Assets, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return on Equity, and Book Value per Share are some examples. The authors applied a quantitative descriptive approach to companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the Pulp & Paper sector for this study. According to the Correlation and Regression tables, all of the variables ROA, ROE, DER, and BVS have an effect on stock prices, but the stock session obtained on the variables ROA, ROE, and DER has a very significant effect on stock prices but has no significant effect on stock prices on the BVS variable. So in the long term the company must implement one of two policies, namely low solvency means using less debt than own capital and a low solvency policy will not cause high interest expenses to be borne by the company so that it will affect growth.

This study aims at understanding the role of the tools chosen throughout the processes of solving a non-routine mathematical problem and communicating its solution. In assuming that problem-solving is a synchronous activity of mathematization and expression of mathematical thinking we take our proposed Mathematical Problem Solving with Technology (MPST) model to analyze the processes of solving-and-expressing-problems. Resorting to qualitative methods for data collection and analysis, we report on the case of an 8th grader working on a covariation problem to examine the role that paper-and-pencil and digital tools play in the development of a conceptual model of the situation. We found that the resources used throughout the solving-and-expressing activity influenced the depth of the conceptual model developed, within a process of progressive mathematization. Whereas paper-and-pencil led to the emergence of a conceptual model based on exploring particular cases, the digital transformation of the solution was triggered by the process of communicating its mathematical justification and expanded the previous model. Moreover, the complexity of this activity is evidenced by its multiple sequences of processes. Finally, the integration process seems crucial as the concomitant use of technological and mathematical resources precedes major advancements in the expansion of the conceptual model.

We construct a two discrete parameter family of compact minimal surfaces embedded in the Berger sphere which may be considered as the analogue of the helicoidal Karcher-Scherk surfaces.

Frank and Wolfe’s celebrated conditional gradient method is a well-known tool for solving smooth optimization problems for which minimizing a linear function over the feasible set is computationally cheap. However, when the objective function is nonsmooth, the method may fail to compute a stationary point. In this work, we show that the Frank–Wolfe algorithm can be employed to compute Clarke-stationary points for nonconvex and nonsmooth optimization problems consisting of minimizing upper-$C^{1,\alpha }$ functions over convex and compact sets. Furthermore, under more restrictive assumptions, we propose a new algorithm variant with stronger stationarity guarantees, namely directional stationarity and even local optimality.

The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the relevance of the use of history in mathematics education. This paper presents an experiment carried out in France with sixth-grade students (n=108) in which an ancient number system is used, an approach that is commonly suggested in French sixth-grade textbooks but has previously been unassessed. Based on the data of a pretest and a post-test surrounding an activity on an ancient Chinese numeration system, a statistical analysis using Rasch modeling shows a specific added value of the history of mathematics for students with low abilities in mathematics. For these students, a significant increase in observed abilities of +0.67 logit in mean is measured with a large effect size (Cliff delta +0.52). This effect is then weighted by considering the regression to the mean (RTM) effect, leading to a value around +0.14 logit in mean and a negligible effect size (Cliff delta +0.10). So, this pilot study shows the important effect of RTM, which suggests a very strong rebalancing of students' results. In the last part of the paper, we discuss how RTM can nonetheless be positively interpreted in this specific context where students' disorientation is one of the purposes of history in mathematics education.

Standards are a set of guidelines or criteria used to ensure consistency, quality, safety, and compatibility in products, services, and processes [...]

This contribution focuses on paper models of architectural surfaces, in particular on some roofing systems describable by developable ones. Drawing on an interdisciplinary approach, between Architecture and Mathematics, potentialities and criticalities of these models in explicitly conveying Geometry are investigated, in relation to educational and communicative tasks, both when they are used in a direct, tangible way, and when the use is mediated by images generated by them (thus indirect); we discuss on the possibility for models and images to communicate their explicit and implicit Geometries. The main issue discussed is that a material or analytical description unequivocally allows to grasp all the peculiarities of geometrical shapes, while other representations are subject to critical selection of data and are therefore affected by subjective interpretations; similarly, the translation of the physical model into images is the result of choices which emphasize certain object peculiarities over others and is thus less objective. Hence the importance of the physical model (as well as its digital counterparts) which, even if not used directly, can be complementary to a content that, alone, would be partial and/or misleading.

Abstract Very recently Jain et al. (J. Inequal. Appl. 2022:73, 2022) introduced the concept of multivalued F-contraction with altering distance function and investigated the existence of best proximity points for this class of mappings. In this article we prove that the existence of best proximity points for multivalued F-contraction non-self mappings can be obtained from the corresponding fixed point result for multivalued F-contraction self mappings, and so the main conclusion due to Jain et al. is not a real generalization of fixed point theory.

A scheme for the integration of $ \, {}^{C} \mathit{\boldsymbol{{D}}}^{(1/n)} $-type fractional differential equations (FDEs) is presented in this paper. The approach is based on the expansion of solutions to FDEs via fractional power series. It is proven that $ \, {}^{C} \mathit{\boldsymbol{{D}}}^{(1/n)} $-type FDEs can be transformed into equivalent $ \left(\, {}^{C} \mathit{\boldsymbol{{D}}}^{(1/n)}\right)^n $-type FDEs via operator calculus techniques. The efficacy of the scheme is demonstrated by integrating the fractional Riccati differential equation.

From time to time, we hear in the news about a breach or attack on some well-known companies as just news, but it is a serious problem because it is the privacy of citizens, their money in trade and managing their businesses and projects. In this paper, we offer a review of the honey encryption planner. Honey Encryption is the encryption system that ensures flexibility versus the brute-force attack through the provision of plain reasonable text, but false for each key is invalid utilized by a trespasser to decrypt a message, two key areas are open it is difficult to create a compelling message trap that's perfect enough to deceive the striker even when he believes that he has the message in its original form. The next problem, the typo issue, where a valid phony plain text seem to a lawful user when he accidentally enters the wrong key. Our goal is to have more satisfaction disguised tricks that are perfect enough to prevent a trespasser from getting the original message, We also need new security methods because the attackers are looking for new ways to attack the systems, so we proposed a new way to protect messages and passwords well and difficult to break and take all the possibilities of attack, including the brute-force, and then the data is hidden in an image with a public secret key.

Recently, the systems of e-learning are improved technologically and the led to the emergence of e-learning systems that reached the level of adaptation to students. Through which, it changed the entire education system during the Internet era. Nonetheless, the use of rule-based, assumption-based, and network-based method have some vital methodologies used to implement learner models across adaptive learning systems. The so common way to structure the learner models approaches rely on the personalization and user modelling. However, personalization and user modeling found out to be the best approaches-not only in developing students' talents but also in allowing students to take their own learning direction and making sure that they are using their potential to the fullest. The mismatching in viewpoints and perceptions between teachers and technicians along with a lack of appropriate technical knowledge have been identified as some of the major challenges affecting the learner model development. the main objective of this article is to show the use of different approaches through the recent scholars’ in implementing learner models within adaptive e-learning systems. Moreover, approaches and challenges in implementing learner models are also described

In school, at least in the US, we were taught to multiply by hand according to a standard algorithm. Most people find that algorithm difficult to use, and many children fail to learn it. We propose a new way to make sense of this difficulty: to treat explicit computation as perceptually supported physical and mental action. Based on recent work in neuroscience, we trace the flow of arithmetic information to emphasize demands on visual working memory and attention. We predict that algorithms that make moderate demands on memory and attention will work better than others that make stronger demands. We suggest that the judicious use of spatial schemas can reduce such cognitive demands. Experimental evidence from children in an inner-city school supports this claim. Our work suggests new ways to think about instruction. The goal should be to minimize demands that present obstacles and maximize instead what human eyes, bodies, and brains do well. (Contains 7 figures and 2 tables.)

We investigated the influence of mental imagery expertise in 15 pen and paper role-players as an expert group compared to the gender-matched control group of computer role-players in the difficult Vandenberg and Kuse mental rotation task. In this task, the participants have to decide which two of four rotated figures match the target figure. The dependent measures were performance speed and accuracy. In our exploratory investigation, we further examined midline frontal theta band activation, parietal alpha band activation, and parietal alpha band asymmetry in EEG as indicator for the chosen rotation strategy. Additionally, we explored the gender influence on performance and EEG activation, although a very small female sample section was given. The expected gender difference concerning performance accuracy was negated by expertise in pen and paper role-playing women, while the gender-specific difference in performance speed was preserved. Moreover, gender differences concerning electro-cortical measures revealed differences in rotation strategy, with women using top-down strategies compared to men, who were using top-down strategies and active inhibition of associative cortical areas. These strategy uses were further moderated by expertise, with higher expertise leading to more pronounced activation patters, especially during successful performance. However, due to the very limited sample size, the findings of this explorative study have to be interpreted cautiously.

Toilet paper (TP) composition and physical characteristics were used to model scientific investigations that combined several "National Science Education Standards." Experiments with TP permitted the integration of TP history, societal change resulting from invention, mathematics (including geometry and statistics), germ theory, and personal hygiene practices, along with microbiology techniques.

Let $ R $ be a ring with identity. The commuting graph of $ R $ is the graph associated to $ R $ whose vertices are non-central elements in $ R $, and distinct vertices $ A $ and $ B $ are adjacent if and only if $ AB = BA $. In this paper, we completely determine the automorphism group of the commuting graph of $ 2\times 2 $ matrix ring over $ \mathbb{Z}_{p^{s}} $, where $ \mathbb{Z}_{p^{s}} $ is the ring of integers modulo $ p^{s} $, $ p $ is a prime and $ s $ is a positive integer.