Search

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites can provide over 40 years of global remote sensing observations, which can be used to retrieve long-term aerosol optical depth (AOD). This is of great significance to the study of global climate change. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm to jointly calculate AOD and land surface properties from AVHRR observations. With assumptions that AOD doesn't vary in adjacent space and earth surface property doesn't vary in two days, the algorithm considered non-Lambertian surface reflection based on the shape of bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF shape) and obtained AOD and surface property by optimal estimation (OE) method. The algorithm has been applied to NOAA-7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, and 19 satellites and AVHRR-retrieved AOD with 5 × 10 km over China (15°–60° N, 70°–140°E) has been obtained from 1982 to 2016. Comparisons of AVHRR-retrieved AOD against AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) (in and around China) and China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) AOD show good consistency with 62.62% points within the uncertainty of Δτ = ± (0.05 + 0.25τ) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.26. Further comparison of the monthly mean AOD of multiple AOD datasets in the 'Beijing', 'Dalanzadgad', 'NCU_Taiwan' and 'Kanpur' stations shows that the results of the algorithm are stable. The yearly averaged AOD data also has similar agreements with MERRA-2 (The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2) and AVHRRDB data (AVHRR 'Deep Blue' aerosol data set). The multi-year mean correlation coefficient is 0.70 and 0.61 and the percentages within the uncertainty are 80.01% and 67.29% compared with MERRA-2 AOD and AVHRRDB AOD respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topic 3 of the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) Phase III examines how online coupled air quality models perform in simulating wintertime haze events in the North China Plain region and evaluates the importance of aerosol radiative feedbacks. This paper discusses the estimates of aerosol radiative forcing, aerosol feedbacks, and possible causes for the differences among the participating models. Over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, the ensemble mean of estimated aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) at the top of atmosphere, inside the atmosphere, and at the surface are -1.1 , 7.7, and -8.8 W m -2 during January 2010, respectively. Subdivisions of direct and indirect aerosol radiative forcing confirm the dominant role of direct forcing. During severe haze days (17–19 January 2010), the averaged reduction in near-surface temperature for the BTH region can reach 0.3–1.6 ∘ C. The responses of wind speeds at 10 m (WS10) inferred from different models show consistent declines in eastern China. For the BTH region, aerosol–radiation feedback-induced daytime changes in PM 2.5 concentrations during severe haze days range from 6.0 to 12.9 µ g m -3 (<6 %). Sensitivity simulations indicate the important effect of aerosol mixing states on the estimates of ADRF and aerosol feedbacks. Besides, black carbon (BC) exhibits a large contribution to atmospheric heating and feedbacks although it accounts for a small share of mass concentration of PM 2.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, to improve air quality, significant efforts have been made to reduce regional aerosols including China, Europe and North America, which have potential impacts on climate. In this study, fast and slow climate responses in China to changes in domestic and foreign anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and precursors from 2013 to 2019 are investigated using the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). Aerosol emissions changes, especially reductions in China, North America and Europe, during 2013–2019 resulted in surface air temperature increases across the Northern Hemisphere. Global aerosol changes induce a regional warming of 0.2 °C in China, equally contributed by domestic and foreign emissions changes. China's domestic emission reductions lead to a regional average temperature rise of 0.1°C, primarily driven by rapid atmospheric adjustments over eastern China. Foreign aerosol changes, particularly reductions in North America and Europe, also contributed to a 0.1°C warming in China through slow oceanic processes. This warming in China induced by foreign aerosol changes is due to a teleconnection between the aerosol-induced anomalous regional warming in Eastern U.S.-North Atlantic Ocean-Europe and the downstream East Asian climate through anomalous wave trains propagation. The comparable influence of domestic and foreign aerosol changes on climate in China underscores the importance of international collaboration in climate mitigation endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol spatial distribution obtained from satellite sensors is critical for understanding regional aerosol environments, anthropogenic aerosol emissions, and global climate change. The Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) is the first generation of multi-angle polarized sensor developed by China. It is on-board the GaoFen-5 satellite, running in 705 km sun-synchronous orbit with a 13:30 LT (local time) ascending node. The sensor has three polarized channels at 490, 670, and 865 nm and ∼ 9 viewing angles, mainly used for observing aerosols. The spatial resolution is ∼ 3.3 km at nadir, and global coverage is ∼ 2 d. In this study, the performance of aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from the DPC/GaoFen-5 using the Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties (GRASP) algorithm were evaluated on a global basis for the first time. The results showed that the DPC GRASP/Model scheme, which used several forms of aerosol-type mixing, achieved good performance. By comparing with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations, the correlation coefficient (R), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and expected error (EE%, ± (0.05+0.15×AOD)) were 0.9007 %, 0.0662 %, and 82.54 %, respectively. The scattering angle, number of averaged pixels, length of time steps, and radiative and polarized fitting residuals showed impacts on the results of AOD retrieval in the DPC GRASP/Model scheme. From the most AERONET sites, the R and EE% were larger than ∼ 0.9 % and ∼ 80%. Compared with Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products, the spatial and temporal variations of aerosol could be caught by the DPC with the GRASP/Model scheme, showing a good performance. However, values of AOD were also underestimated by DPC, probably due to an overly strict cloud mask. The above findings validated the ability of the DPC sensor to monitor aerosols. It should contribute to the development of aerosol parameter retrieval from multi-angle polarized sensors in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the results and analysis of a recent field campaign in August 2007 investigating the impacts of emissions from transportation on air quality and community concentrations in Beijing, China. We conducted measurements in three different environments, on-road, roadside and ambient. The carbon monoxide, black carbon and ultrafine particle number emission factors for on-road light-duty vehicles are derived to be 95gkg−1-fuel, 0.3gkg−1-fuel and 1.8×1015 particleskg−1-fuel, respectively. The emission factors for on-road heavy-duty vehicles are 50gkg−1-fuel, 1.3gkg−1-fuel and 1.1×1016 particleskg−1-fuel, respectively. The carbon monoxide emission factors from this study agree with those derived from remote sensing and on-board vehicle emission testing systems in China. The on-road black carbon and particle number emission factors for Chinese vehicles are reported for the first time in the literature. Strong traffic impacts can be observed from the concentrations measured in these different environments. Most clear is a reflection of diesel truck traffic activity in black carbon concentrations. The comparison of the particle size distributions measured at the three environments suggests that the traffic is a major source of ultrafine particles. A four-day traffic control experiment conducted by the Beijing Government as a pilot to test the effectiveness of proposed controls was found to be effective in reducing extreme concentrations that occurred at both on-road and ambient environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Atmospheric aerosols play a crucial role in regional radiative budgets. Previous studies on clear-sky aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) have mainly been limited to site-scale observations or model simulations for short-term cases, and long-term distributions of ADRF in China have not been portrayed yet. In this study, an accurate fine-resolution ADRF estimate at the surface was proposed. Multiplatform datasets, including satellite (MODIS aboard Terra and Aqua) and reanalysis datasets, served as inputs to the Santa Barbara Discrete Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model for ADRF simulation with consideration of the aerosol vertical profile over eastern China during 2000–2016. Specifically, single-scattering albedo (SSA) from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, Version 2 (MERRA-2) was validated with sun photometers over eastern China. The gridded asymmetry parameter (ASY) was then simulated by matching the calculated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes from the radiative transfer model with satellite observations (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System, CERES). The high correlation and small discrepancy (6–8 W m -2) between simulated and observed radiative fluxes at three sites (Baoshan, Fuzhou, and Yong'an) indicated that ADRF retrieval is feasible and has high accuracy over eastern China. Then this method was applied in each grid of eastern China, and the overall picture of ADRF distributions over eastern China during 2000–2016 was displayed. ADRF ranges from -220 to -20 W m -2 , and annual mean ADRF is -100.21 W m -2 , implying that aerosols have a strong cooling effect at the surface in eastern China. With the economic development and rapid urbanization, the spatiotemporal changes of ADRF during the past 17 years are mainly attributed to the changes of anthropogenic emissions in eastern China. Our method provides the long-term ADRF distribution over eastern China for the first time, highlighting the importance of aerosol radiative impact under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) has become a crucial metric for assessing global climate change. Although global and regional AOD trends have been studied extensively, it remains unclear what factors are driving the inter-decadal variations in regional AOD and how to quantify the relative contribution of each dominant factor. This study used a long-term (1980–2016) aerosol dataset from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis, along with two satellite-based AOD datasets (MODIS/Terra and MISR) from 2001 to 2016, to investigate the long-term trends in global and regional aerosol loading. Statistical models based on emission factors and meteorological parameters were developed to identify the main factors driving the inter-decadal changes of regional AOD and to quantify their contribution. Evaluation of the MERRA-2 AOD with the ground-based measurements of AERONET indicated significant spatial agreement on the global scale (r= 0.85, root-mean-square error = 0.12, mean fractional error = 38.7 %, fractional gross error = 9.86 % and index of agreement = 0.94). However, when AOD observations from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) were employed for independent verification, the results showed that MERRA-2 AODs generally underestimated CARSNET AODs in China (relative mean bias = 0.72 and fractional gross error =-34.3 %). In general, MERRA-2 was able to quantitatively reproduce the annual and seasonal AOD trends on both regional and global scales, as observed by MODIS/Terra, although some differences were found when compared to MISR. Over the 37-year period in this study, significant decreasing trends were observed over Europe and the eastern United States. In contrast, eastern China and southern Asia showed AOD increases, but the increasing trend of the former reversed sharply in the most recent decade. The statistical analyses suggested that the meteorological parameters explained a larger proportion of the AOD variability (20.4 %–72.8 %) over almost all regions of interest (ROIs) during 1980–2014 when compared with emission factors (0 %–56 %). Further analysis also showed that SO2 was the dominant emission factor, explaining 12.7 %–32.6 % of the variation in AOD over anthropogenic-aerosol-dominant regions, while black carbon or organic carbon was the leading factor over the biomass-burning-dominant (BBD) regions, contributing 24.0 %–27.7 % of the variation. Additionally, wind speed was found to be the leading meteorological parameter, explaining 11.8 %–30.3 % of the variance over the mineral-dust-dominant regions, while ambient humidity (including soil moisture and relative humidity) was the top meteorological parameter over the BBD regions, accounting for 11.7 %–35.5 % of the variation. The results of this study indicate that the variation in meteorological parameters is a key factor in determining the inter-decadal change in regional AOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Air pollution caused by biomass burning has been a major concern over east China in recent decades. The distinct radiative effects of biomass burning aerosol due to its strong absorption also bring great uncertainty to the regional climate change. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate the spatial, temporal and vertical distribution of biomass burning aerosols over eastern China. In this paper, machine learning and multi-threshold method were used to identify biomass burning aerosol. We used a random forests model to identify biomass burning aerosols based on multi-source data includes Himawari-8 with high temporal resolution. The validated method would provide a basis for the study of aerosol radiation effect in China. This study is also useful to monitor smoke pollution in eastern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct radiative effect (DRE) of multiple aerosol species [sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and mineral aerosol] and their spatiotemporal variations over China were investigated using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry model [Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem)] for the entire year of 2006. This study made modifications to improve the model performance, including updating land surface parameters, improving the calculation of transition-metal-catalyzed oxidation of SO2, and adding heterogeneous reactions between mineral dust aerosol and acid gases. The modified model generally reproduced the magnitude, seasonal pattern, and spatial distribution of the measured meteorological conditions, concentrations of PM10 and its components, and aerosol optical depth (AOD), although some low biases existed in modeled aerosol concentrations. A diagnostic iteration method was used to estimate the overall DRE of aerosols and contributions from different components. At the land surface, the incident net radiation flux was reduced by 10.2 W m−2 over China. Aerosols significantly warmed the atmosphere with the national mean DRE of +10.8 W m−2. BC was the leading radiative heating component (+8.7 W m−2), followed by mineral aerosol (+1.1 W m−2). At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), BC introduced the largest radiative perturbation (+4.5 W m−2), followed by sulfate (−1.4 W m−2). The overall perturbation of aerosols on radiation transfer is quite small over China, demonstrating the counterbalancing effect between scattering and adsorbing aerosols. Aerosol DRE at the TOA had distinct seasonality, generally with a summer maximum and winter minimum, mainly determined by mass loadings, hygroscopic growth, and incident radiation flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) is widely used as an advanced model dataset for the understanding of global climate change. However, independent validation and comparison of MERRA-2 are both insufficient and always desired. Therefore, in this study, the quantitative evaluation of MERRA-2 aerosol products was conducted over China for Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Angstrom exponent (AE), absorbing AOD (AAOD) and chemical components (black carbon (BC) and dust (DU)) using Sun sky radiometer Observation NETwork (SONET) ground-based measurements and POLDER-3/PARASOL satellite products generated by the GRASP algorithm. The available MERRA-2 monthly dataset and PARASOL/GRASP monthly and seasonal products were intercompared over China. MERRA-2 AOD (550 nm) show general good agreement with SONET and PARASOL/GRASP. For example, the correlation coefficients are usually 0.6–0.85 with SONET and 0.75–0.85 with PARASOL/GRASP, the bias is usually −0.293 to +0.008 with SONET. For AE and AAOD, the agreement is still reasonable. MERRA-2 is found to overestimate fine mode AE and to display a general underestimation of aerosol absorption over China. In addition, MERRA-2 BC and DU mass concentrations show spatial and quantitative consistency with PARASOL/GRASP components climatological products. The relatively high columnar BC mass concentration is observed around 1.5–2 mg/m3 over the East China industrial region and high DU mass concentration is around 150 mg/m3 near Taklimakan desert. MERRA-2 shows slightly higher BC and lower DU concentration than PARASOL/GRASP over East China. The evaluations with in situ BC measurements near surface verify the overestimation (MAE = +0.44 µg/m2) of MERRA-2 and underestimation (MAE = −0.38 µg/m2) of PARASOL/GRASP. The analysis demonstrates multi-source datasets, such as ground-based, space-borne remote sensing, in situ measurements, model simulation as well as reanalysis data, complement each other and can be used to refine aerosol characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]