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Wind energy is a type of clean energy that can address global energy shortages and environmental issues. Wind turbine blades are a critical component in capturing wind energy. Carbon fiber composites have been widely recognized for their excellent overall performance in large-scale wind turbine blades. However, in China, the wide application of carbon fiber composites in wind turbine blades still faces many problems and challenges. This paper examines the current state of carbon fiber composites for wind turbine blades and the geographical distribution characteristics of wind resources in China. The economic revenues from increasing the length of wind turbine blades in four typical wind farms, including offshore wind farms, are compared. Using a mathematical model, the energy efficiency of carbon fiber composites in the application of large wind turbine blades is evaluated from the aspects of cost, embedded energy, and carbon footprint. Further, the current relationship between supply and demand for the industrial structure of carbon fiber in China is revealed. The manufacturing technologies for carbon fiber composite wind turbine blades are analyzed, and corresponding countermeasures are proposed. Finally, the incentive policy for applying carbon fiber composites to wind turbine blades is explained, and the development prospects are explored. In this paper, the economics and energy efficiency of the application of carbon fiber composite materials in large wind turbine blades are analyzed and comprehensively evaluated by using mathematical models, which will provide a valuable reference for China's wind turbine blade industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China and the United States are both major countries in the world in the production of and trade in wind energy products, and they are also important trading partners. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to analyze and evaluate the Sino-US bilateral wind power complementarity for re-examining their respective comparative advantages and re-understanding the benefits that trade liberalization brings to both countries, in an attempt to strengthen the trade relations between China and the United States and enhance trade complementarities in wind energy products under the global circumstances of fierce competition. In this paper, based on the trade data from the UN Comtrade database in 2007-2016, a quantitative analysis was conducted on the complementarity of Sino-US wind energy products, by adopting the quantitative research methods of trade combination degree index (TCD), export similarity index (SI) and trade complementarity index (TCI). The results shows that: i) the total trade volume of wind energy products between China and the United States has increased rapidly, and the trade surplus between China and the United States has been expanding year by year; ii) the overall trade balance of wind energy products trade between the two countries is generally stable, and the dependence of China's wind energy products on the United States is much higher than that of the U.S wind energy products on China; iii) the Sino-US wind energy products between China and the United States are highly competitive in the international market; iv) Sino-US wind energy products have different degrees of complementarity in bilateral trade. Finally, this paper proposed policy implications based on the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of carbon neutrality target, renewable energy sources have been transforming from "supplementary energy" to "main energy", which have promoted the green and low-carbon transition of global energy supply system. In-depth analyzing the spatial patterns and driving mechanisms of renewable energy expansion are of significance for optimizing the spatial layout of clean power, and avoiding the phenomenon of wind and solar power curtailment. In this paper, we proposed an ensemble learning model to examine the nonlinear effects of physical geography, resource endowment, and socio-economic factors on solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity at the prefecture-level city scale in China. Using the city-level multi-sources geospatial big data, we extensively collected a total of 175 related explanatory variables and cumulative installed capacity of solar PV power for 295 prefecture-level cities of China. The recursive feature elimination algorithm (SVM-REF) is firstly used to extract the optimal feature subset of urban PV capacity from multi-dimensional features variables. Furthermore, three advanced machine learning models (random forest, decision tree, extreme gradient boosting) are developed to identify the key influencing factors and nonlinear driving effect of urban solar PV power expansion in China. The results show that China's PV installation capacity is highly concentrated in Northern and Northwest parts of China, with the occupancy over 70% in 2019. Moreover, the XGBoost model has the best prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.97) among three methods. We also found that total amount of urban water resources, average solar radiation, and population density are the most important controlling factors for urban solar PV capacity expansion in China, with contribution of 35.6%, 17.7%, and 13.3%, respectively. We suggested that urban solar PV layout mode in China is recommended to gradually shift from resource orientation to the "resource-environment-demand" comprehensive orientation. The paper provides a replicable, scalable machine learning models for simulating solar PV power capacity at the prefecture-level city scale, and serves as a motivation for decision-making reference of the macro siting optimization and sustainable development of China's green power industry. • This study examines the impact of high-dimensional features variables on urban solar energy development. • Over 70% of solar PV installation capacity is concentrated in Northern and Northwest parts of China. • Water resources, solar radiation, population density have significant impact on solar PV distribution. • Solar PV distribution in China should shift from resource orientation to the comprehensive orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is taking initiative in energy transition to cope with the long-term controversy of its enormous energy consumption, aiming to use less carbon. Wind power, especially offshore wind energy, has become a prevailing alternative due to its low carbon emissions, renewability, competitiveness, and operation security. The layout of a transmission channel is a key consideration in marine project implementation. This paper investigates the technical characteristics, application status, and viable advantages of a conventional AC transmission, voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission, gas-insulated line (GIL) transmission, and hybrid HVDC transmission. A component-resolved evaluation model was proposed to estimate the costs to be incurred of four electrical transmission options for offshore wind power along the coast of Eastern China, with technical feasibility and economical considerations. Cost comparisons and component sensitivity analyses were developed with different transmission distances and capacities. Results suggest HVAC transmission and VSC-HVDC are the preferable solutions for present offshore wind farm development in Eastern China, and the economic potential of the hybrid HVDC makes it feasible for future deployment. Some conclusions can be applied in disparate regions across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the development of China's wind turbine industry, shedding light on the Chinese mode of disruptive industrial upgrading through policy pragmatism and fragmented, experimental governance. Based on a historical analysis of China's wind turbine industry, the paper highlights three distinct phases, which are all marked by their own inbuilt and potentially self-disruptive impasses and associated crises. In turn, these impasses have forced the Chinese government into radical and flexible interventions, which have spurred on Chinese companies to creatively find new ways to develop and upgrade. The paper illustrates the transformation of Sino-foreign relations by China's non-linear upgrading approach, particularly during the Chinese wind power industry's quality crisis, and its development model. It also discusses the implications this examination of China's approach has for the literatures on China, upgrading, and catch-up. Finally, the paper calls on future studies to enquire further into China's distinct mode of industrial upgrading and its embeddedness in China's institutional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affected by user demand and policy, the technological innovation speed and economic efficiency of different power technologies will change internally. By setting different policy scenarios, based on the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model, the paper comprehensively compared the impact of different policy portfolios and policy input intensity on the economics and stage of power technologies, and the market competitiveness evolution of coal power and renewable energy power is mainly analyzed. After 2020, with the increase in coal fuel prices and the acceleration of nuclear power technology learning, the LCOE of coal power has shown an upward trend, while the LCOE of nuclear power has shown the declining year by year. With the positive effects of technological innovation and diffusion, the LCOE of solar photovoltaic power (PV), and centralized solar power (CSP) technologies has also shown a downward trend year by year. In Scenario 1, continuing the existing energy policies, the LCOE of wind power, solar PV and CSP was significantly lower than coal power in 2040. In Scenario 2, implementing low-level coal resource tax, environmental tax, carbon tax and PV price subsidy, the LCOE of wind power and solar PV power was lower than coal power in 2030, and the LCOE of CSP was lower than coal power in 2040. In Scenario 3, implementing more rigorous energy policies, with the obvious economic advantages, the alternative of new energy power sources such as wind power and solar PV power is stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Currently, wind and solar energy have not been well utilized in China, and the rate of abandoned wind and solar facilities in China is increasing annually. Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) are an effective system for promoting large-scale renewable energy integration and consumption and realizing the goal of renewable energy development. To clarify the interactive relationship between the different levels and multiple actors in RPS, this paper uses policy network theory to analyze the interactive relationship of stakeholders from the three aspects of network subject, network structure and network interaction. The policy network of the RPS consists of the policy community, professional network, intergovernmental network, producer network and issue network. Under the RPS, to meet their own needs, participants affect the formulation and implementation of the RPS through the actions of confrontation, alliance, competition and cooperation. In different stages of developing the RPS, the openness and integration of policy networks change accordingly. This study overcomes the limitations of past simple analyses of the actor relationship in the policy process and thereby offers certain reference significance. Highlights • The actors of RPS policy networks are analyzed. • This paper analyze the game relationship of the stakeholders from three aspects. • This research reveals the network relationship between multiple stakeholders. • This study breaks through the limitations of past analysis of actor relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstruction models of hourly 10‐m wind speeds were developed for each of 2384 stations over China using stepwise regression, random forest and XGBoost machine learning approaches based on hourly observed and ERA5 reanalysis data from 2005 to 2021. The reconstruction procedures applied observed hourly data to reduce the systematic biases of reanalysis data sets. Furthermore, the procedures employed the past dynamically consistent states of the atmosphere simulated by ERA5 reanalysis techniques to reduce/remove wind‐observed data impacts of long‐term non‐meteorological condition changes over time (e.g., urbanization around weather stations), which provide homogenous hourly wind speed data sets from 1959 to 2021. The systematic errors of the models' simulations derived from three approaches are similarly small, with almost two orders of magnitude smaller than ERA5 original data sets. The systematic errors of reconstructed data sets derived from stepwise regression are similar to its simulation; however, the biases from two machine learning methods are even much greater than ERA5 original data sets. This result implies that machine learning methods are not suitable for such typical time‐series predictions using the previous‐hour wind speed as a predictor to reconstruct wind speed data for the next hour. Therefore, stepwise regression was selected to reconstruct hourly wind speed data sets, which have much better quality than ERA5 reanalysis data with the median correctness increased by >50% and the median rRMSE decreased by 25%–50%. Consequently, the reconstructed wind speed data sets have great potential to be useful for more precisely assessing the characteristics/trends of wind energy resources in the past 60 years over China. Plain Language Summary: The reliable wind speed data with great spatial and temporal coverages are essential meteorological information for more accurately evaluating and forecasting wind power characteristics and variabilities. The observed historical wind speed data sets have various limitations: insufficient spatial/temporal coverages, non‐meteorological condition changes over time (e.g., urbanization around weather stations, measurement instruments, station locations). The reanalysis products cannot accurately reproduce surface wind fields since the systematic biases are usually caused by the reanalysis data assimilation processing/modeling. To overcome the limitations of both data sets, the reconstruction models of hourly wind speeds were developed based on hourly observed and reanalysis data from 2005 to 2021. The reconstruction procedures applied observed hourly data to reduce the systematic biases of reanalysis data sets and employed the past dynamically consistent states of the atmosphere simulated by reanalysis techniques to reduce/remove wind‐observed data impacts of non‐meteorological condition changes over time. Therefore, the reconstruction models are able to provide homogenous hourly wind speed data sets from 1959 to 2021 for available stations over China, which have much better quality than the reanalysis data. Consequently, the reconstructed wind speed data sets have great potential to be useful for more precisely assessing the characteristics/trends of wind energy resources in the past 60 years over China. Key Points: The reconstruction models of hourly wind speed data sets for available stations over China were developed using three different approachesThe hourly wind speed data from 1959 to 2021 for 2384 stations over China were reconstructed based on ERA5 reanalysis/observed data setsThe reconstructed historical homogeneous hourly wind speed data have advantages of being better quality than reanalysis data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to assess the viability of wind energy projects in China, this paper takes a real options approach by accounting for flexibility over deployment of the technology in response to a stochastic non-renewable energy cost. The difference between the latter and the R&D-enhanced cost of renewable energy operation may be thought of as a benefit from using wind. On the other hand, the Chinese government provides feed-in tariffs to encourage further adoption of wind, which should be included as a cost. This work, thus, shows that there is substantial options value to China's wind energy program, which is bolstered if the cost of carbon dioxide emissions is internalized. Moreover, by varying the rate of feed-in tariffs, the model may be used to show plausible ranges for the feed-in tariffs, which could be a useful policy insight. Furthermore, the study hypothesizes that with the likelihood of renewable energy to replace non-renewable energy, wind power in China can potentially reduce CO 2 emissions by approximately 6.4% by 2020 comparing to the 2005 level and highlights the significant role of wind power in China's emission targets and energy security. This is a relevant paper, especially given the importance of a sustainable energy transition for China. More generally, using the real options approach from a policy perspective could provide insights about the viability of renewable energy programs and robustness of feed-in tariffs rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of its energy transition strategy, China has set ambitious targets for increasing the contribution of renewable energy and, in particular, of wind power. However, the Chinese power sector has not undergone the necessary reforms to facilitate the integration and absorption of a larger share of variable renewable energy. This is evident from the difficulties in absorbing wind power from already commissioned wind farms and the resultant curtailment of wind power. Pumped storage hydroelectricity (PSH) is a flexible power source that can facilitate higher penetration levels of wind power as well as complement China’s growing nuclear power capacity. However, regulatory policy constraints have restricted the effective utilization of existing PSH capacity and discouraged investment in new PSH capacity. This paper examines these constraints and assesses the likely impact of new policies designed to address them. Finally, policy recommendations and concluding remarks are provided. This paper contributes to the literature on renewable energy integration from a new perspective. The lessons from China are relevant to other countries going through the energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009, the implementation of feed-in tariff (FIT) and attractive public subsidies for onshore wind farms aroused great investment enthusiasm and spurred remarkable development of wind power in China. Meanwhile, rapid learning-by-doing has significantly cut down the cost of wind turbines and the capital cost of wind farms as well. Therefore, it is the right time to examine the appropriateness of the existing FIT policy for wind power in China. In this paper, we employ the analytical framework for levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) to model the generation cost of wind power. Results show that the existing FIT policy is attractive to investors, but serious curtailment and turbine quality issues could make wind power unprofitable. Meanwhile, rapid substantial decreases in the cost of wind power have made it competitive to coal power in 2013, implying that it is possible and necessary to reform the FIT policy for new wind farms. In the future, energy policies for onshore wind power in China could be concentrated on reducing the integration cost, so as to reduce the overall system cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the depletion of oil, coal, gas and other fossil energy, and the increasingly serious environmental pollution, all countries in the world are developing clean and renewable energy, such as wind energy, water energy, solar energy, etc., to alleviate the current energy crisis. Tidal current energy belongs to the marine renewable energy. It is clean, pollution-free, and abundant, with a good prospect of development due to its similarity with wind energy. This paper firstly analyses the reserves and distribution of tidal current energy in China. Then the early exploration of Tidal Current Power Generation System (TCPGS) in China is briefly introduced. Subsequently, it gives the details of the devices and experimental platforms of TCPGS that were researched and developed by various universities, research institutes and enterprises in China. The information mainly includes: the size and the capacity of the system, the support structure, turbine type, the selection of generator, and some river and offshore test information, etc. Finally, it discusses the similarities and differences between China and other countries in tidal current power generation technology, and summaries the current development status and gives the prospect of the TCPGS technology in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An energy storage value estimation model in monopoly power markets is put forward. • Ancillary services model in the monopolized electricity market is proposed. • A novel value-drive policy is introduced and compared with two other mechanisms. • Energy storage value under different energy storage configurations is analyzed. Recent trend in increasing the penetration level of renewable energy challenges safety and stability of the power grid. Electrical energy storage (EES) has been deemed as one of the key elements needed to mitigate the fluctuant and intermittent nature of renewables, and is undergoing rapid development nowadays. However, there are still many questions regarding the benefits and drawbacks that EES technologies will present to society, as well as the economic feasibility of EES in monopoly power markets. Given this, this paper presents a grid-scale production cost model for monopoly power markets in which EES generates profits by offering both energy and ancillary services. The production costs of the power system with and without an EES power plant was compared in order to generate a value estimation. Results indicate that the value of EES is related to the unit fuel price and the start-up cost of thermal power units, the penetration level of wind power and size of the EES system. Based on these variables, a value-driven pricing mechanism for EES was put forward and compared with other policies. Economic viability analysis revealed that the pricing mechanism currently used in monopoly power markets are highly inaccurate in capturing the value generated by EES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy is important for China and for the whole world. Previously, the huge investment in energy-related research and commercialisation made it possible for China to cooperate with its international partners in various channels, and programs involving international cooperation and co-published papers increased annually. In this paper, through the review of intergovernmental cooperation programs and bibliometric analysis of the top energy journals, it was found that: (1) intergovernmental cooperation and non-governmental cooperation are two effective channels for energy R&D. (2) In these two channels, most participants of international cooperation are universities and institutes, and the most important partner countries are the US, Japan, and European Countries. (3) Industries began to be involved in international cooperation gradually. (4) For different areas, the degree of cooperation is not the same. Some areas have been more fruitful in cooperation, some are just beginning hydrogen energy, fuel energy and applied energy are the main co-publication areas with Chinese involvement; while wind energy, solar energy, fuel cells and bio-energy are new areas for China and there has not been so much co-publication until now. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract There is much discussion about whether the rapid expansion of onshore wind power in China is sustainable, given the decrease in feed-in tariffs (FIT). It is unclear whether the recently launched nationwide carbon pricing system, which will include 1700 power companies, can compensate for decreasing FITs and possibly provide new incentives for wind power developments. This paper investigates the ability of carbon pricing policies to compensate for declining FITs in support of onshore wind power investment in China. First, we constructed a dataset of 2059 onshore wind power projects from China's thirty provinces between 2006 and 2015 to estimate the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE). This dataset was used to assess the profitability of each wind project for different carbon prices, varying levels of FITs, curtailment rate, and discount rate. Our findings suggest that the carbon price can compensate partially for the revenue loss caused by declining FITs as well as improving the profitability of projects. However, current carbon prices in China's carbon emission trading pilots are not sufficiently high to compensate for the revenue losses, especially under the grid parity scenario. Consequently, without FITs, the sustainable development of onshore wind power in China is uncertain. A sensitivity analysis of the effect of the carbon pricing policy demonstrates that in the case of higher investment risk and more serious curtailment, the effect of carbon pricing policy on promoting the wind power investment seems to be more significant. Highlights • A dataset of 2059 onshore wind power projects in China is constructed. • The LCOEs are estimated and the profitability is assessed with carbon pricing. • The carbon pricing policy can improve the profitability of the wind power projects. • The effect of current carbon price is limited under the grid parity scenario. • The effect becomes more significant in case of higher risk and curtailment rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green bonds have increasingly been utilized around the world as a source of financing for renewable energy development, designed with compliance requirements and measurable economic returns to investors, while mitigating climate change. However, the efficacy of green bond arranged in the emerging economies for financing renewable energy assets and how the underlying risks are managed have remained to be explored. The paper aims to examine the evolving green financial system sponsored by both public and private institutions in managing such risks within China's emerging economy. A case study of green financing for a bundle of wind power assets led by a state-owned enterprise (SOE) reveals an alternative approach by structuring public–private collaboration while stipulating market-based financial incentives to institutional stakeholders under a political economy. This institutional consortium is composed of a state development bank, a commercial bank, credit rating agencies, institutional and private investors, regional power purchasers, and carbon trading entities. Financial stakeholders' risk in such emerging sustainable investment is moderated by these participating institutions and structured "upsides" from carbon trading aligned with the framework of green finance and standards for green bond development. The results reveal the potentials of scaling up the development of renewable energy by adequately managing and sharing key risks, while allocating substantial funding into renewable energy projects under such a green financial system that is to be complementary with a scalable post COVID-19 economic recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has been very successful in creating conditions for industry localization in solar and wind energy manufacturing. In terms of their competitiveness in foreign markets, however, Chinese solar photovoltaics firms have shown significantly greater achievements than their counterparts in the wind energy sector. Moreover, the success of China’s solar photovoltaics industry has come in spite of significantly lower levels of domestic market support. The paper argues that technology-related factors and their implications for international technology transfer are critical for explaining the different speeds with which Chinese firms have been able to catch up in the two sectors. This is supported by a comparative analysis of technology transfer in the two sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has the largest wind power installation across the world due to the tremendous inland wind capacity and the government has begun to pay much more attention to develop offshore wind power in recent years. During the shift from inland to offshore, it is very important to identify the difference of energy performance between them. This paper establishes 4 indicators; energy consumption intensity (EI), energy payback time (EPT), energy payback ratio (EPR) and energy return intensity (ERI) to measure the energy performance of wind farms. Meanwhile, coastal wind farms are introduced as a smooth transition cases from inland to offshore wind farms. Each of the 8 farms for inland, coastal and offshore wind are taken as the examples to assess. The results show that inland and coastal wind farms have the similar energy performance, which pose significant difference with that of offshore wind farms. Based on the relatively lower EI, EPT and higher EPR, land-based inland and coastal wind farms are better for energy efficiency. From the energy performance route of wind farms, the energy performance strength of offshore wind farms only appear after 9.2 years of operation when compared to the land-based wind farms. Therefore, it is wise to set a long-term moderate target for offshore wind power development in China, just as the highest ERI of offshore wind farms can only be obtained in a long-term period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the rising importance of the climate agenda, many countries have restructured their electricity markets to facilitate the utilization of renewable energy. China is an interesting case because it has expanded its utilization of wind and solar energy with unmatched speed. This review starts with an analysis of the 2002 reforms that uncoupled electricity production from transmission. The investigation covers the period leading up to the 2022 proposal, which aimed to build a nationally integrated electricity market. The analysis suggests that a careful alignment of incentives for key market players to produce and consume renewable energy is vital during the process of energy transition. The introduction of feed-in tariffs in 2009 for wind energy, which were subsequently extended to solar energy, stimulated a high growth in installed capacity. However, a high electricity curtailment rate resulted. Since 2018, the Chinese government has resorted to curtailment caps and renewable portfolio standards to increase the utilization of renewable electricity. After the announcement of the "dual carbon goals" in 2020, the Chinese government launched a series of reforms that aimed to nurture growth in the green electricity market and the formation of a nationally integrated electricity market. The removal of interregional trade barriers is a key element of China's current electricity market reforms and will be crucial to determining whether China can achieve its climate goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China has successively issued relevant policies to support the development of distributed renewable energy sources such as dispersed wind power (DWP) and distributed photovoltaic (DPV). The capacity of DPV grows fast, but the progress of DWP deployment is limited. In this paper, the improved levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model and the internal rate of return (IRR) are employed to evaluate the economics of DWP and DPV for case regions. We find that, under current market regime, the IRR of DWP in eastern and central regions is 8.81%–10.34% for the grid side, and which of DPV is 9.08%–12.8% for the user side. When the power market is restructured, the IRR of DWP for industrial and commercial user side increases to 12.73%–14.86%, higher than that the return of DPV. Policy implications on grid-connection, land expropriation, and financial support, planning and approval procedure are proposed to promote the development of DWP. Overall, this paper covers the research gap on the development of DWP in China with a technical/institutional economics perspective and a comparison with DPV. Furthermore, our efforts make a significant contribution to DWP policy by identifying the institutional factors that hinder the development of DWP. • Explore the technical & institutional factors around DWP deployment in China. • DWP and DPV gain comparable economic returns under current planning regime. • DWP can have better economic returns than DPV with electricity market reform. • Identify institutional factors that hinder DWP and propose policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is rich in wind- and solar-energy resources. In recent years, under the auspices of the "double carbon target," the government has significantly increased funding for the development of wind and solar resources. However, because wind and solar energy are intermittent and their spatial distribution is uneven, the profits obtained by the developers of wind- and solar-energy resources are unstable and relatively low. For this reason, we analyze in this article the spatiotemporal variations in wind and solar energy resources in China and the temporal complementarity of wind and solar energy by applying a Spearman correlation coefficient based on the Daily Value Dataset of China Surface Climate Data V3.0. Finally, we also strive to harmonize regions where wind and solar resources are less complementary by introducing hydro-energy resources. The results reveal that wind energy and solar energy resources in China undergo large interannual fluctuations and show significant spatial heterogeneity. At the same time, according to the complementarity of wind and solar resources, over half of China's regions are suitable for the complementary development of resources. Further research shows that the introduction of hydro-energy resources makes it feasible to coordinate and complement the development of wind- and solar-energy resources in areas where the complementarity advantage is not significant. This has a significant effect on increasing the profit generated by the complementary development of two or more renewable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many promising renewable energy (RE) technologies that could help increase the contribution of RE in energy supply but which are not yet commercially available. The development rate of new RE technologies depends on many factors, such as Research and Development (R&D) efforts and policies. This study focuses on comparing China's efforts regarding the development of new RE technologies (e.g., wave and tidal, binary geothermal power, floating solar, micro hydro, osmotic energy, floating offshore wind and vertical axis wind turbines) with those of the European Union (EU). For this purpose, we collected data from publications and databases and analysed several indicators: e.g., the development of renewable electricity generation and capacity, demonstration projects, investments in R&D and patent applications. The results show that China has become a big player globally for mainstream renewable electricity (hydropower, wind and solar PV). This development is due to China's industrial policy and prioritization of effectiveness over cost efficiency. The main developments in China occurred in the 2010s, while the EU was a frontrunner in the 2000s. For the newer or less mainstream technologies, the application in China is still low, compared to the EU, except for floating solar, where China is a lead player. Regarding patent applications, China has shown a higher application amount compared to the EU since 2006. However, only a small share of China's patents are valid internationally. We conclude that China has emerged as a big player in mainstream renewable energy technologies over the last decade. In regard to new renewable energy technologies, China is predominantly involved in solar energy and, in comparison to the EU, less in other new technologies (e.g., binary geothermal systems and ocean energy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the 'catching-up' process of China's emerging wind turbine manufacturing ecosystem, and analyses the dynamics of the shifting collaborative innovation network for the period 1980-2011. We have focused on the leading wind turbine manufacturers [i.e., manufacturers of entire wind turbine system integrators (EWSIs)], as well as manufacturers of the turbines' sub-ecosystems (i.e., four key component provider manufacturers: blade, gearbox, generator and control system). A network analysis method was adopted to depict the evolutionary process of the wind turbine manufacturing ecosystem. In summary, this research explores: 1) the different technology accumulation/localisation patterns in four different phases of the manufacturing ecosystem, and the collaborative innovation network; 2) the different roles and their interactions in the wind turbine manufacturing ecosystem in China; 3) the driving forces of the evolution of the wind turbine manufacturing ecosystem. The findings aim to demonstrate the evolutionary trajectory of China in terms of the 'catching-up' of this industry, and contribute to theories of the business ecosystem lifecycle and complementary assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Renewable energy is one of the possible solutions when addressing climate change. Today, large-scale renewable energy integration needs to include the experience to balance the discrepancy between electricity demand and supply. The electrification of transportation may have the potential to deal with this imbalance and to reduce its high dependence on oil production. For this reason, it is interesting to analyse the extent to which transport electrification can further the renewable energy integration. This paper quantifies this issue in Inner Mongolia, where the share of wind power in the electricity supply was 6.5% in 2009 and which has the plan to develop large-scale wind power. The results show that electric vehicles (EVs) have the ability to balance the electricity demand and supply and to further the wind power integration. In the best case, the energy system with EV can increase wind power integration by 8%. The application of EVs benefits from saving both energy system cost and fuel cost. However, the negative consequences of decreasing energy system efficiency and increasing the CO2 emission should be noted when applying the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV). The results also indicate that developing renewable energy is crucial for transportation electrification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Chinese energy transition, as a shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, involves the dynamic growth of wind power's importance in a national energy mix. The development of the wind power industry in this country is intertwined with the implemented policies that translated to the significant increase in energy generation from this power source and the growth of trade volumes of wind power products. This research aims to review and analyse the China's policy that impacted wind power development in 2000-2019. The author aims to evaluate the efficiency of implemented policies and strategies from the perspective of the new structural economics assumptions and the revealed comparative advantage of the Chinese wind energy products. In addition to the review of scientific literature and policy documents, as well as analysis of the relevant trade and energy indicators, the method applied in this research is a calculation of the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index. The results provide pieces of evidence that despite the substantial development of the Chinese wind power industry on a national scale, this country still has not revealed a comparative advantage globally. However, the results also suggest that the Chinese wind power industry is on the right track to achieve export specialisation soon. Furthermore, the China's policy for wind power development matches the new structural economics assumptions. The presented insight into studied industry blazes the trail for other countries, which consider following the Chinese development path by shaping the growth of leading-edge industries and the energy transition process throughout various state interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Potential scenarios of adopting UHS in different parts of China were reviewed. • Planning schemes for HPES in three different regions of China were presented. • Peak shaving and renewable energy consumption capabilities of HPES were discussed. • Application prospect of applying UHS in different parts of China was analysed. Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) is regarded as a promising approach to achieve seasonal energy storage in the future, due to its synergy with surplus renewable energy generation. This paper proposes the idea of implementing an Integrated Energy System (IES) with UHS and other hydrogen related technologies, called Hydrogen Penetrated Energy System (HPES), and presents an intelligent planning procedure applicable to the HPES. Depleted oil/gas fields and salt caverns are selected as the study objects to explore the ability of UHS to achieve seasonal peak shaving, facilitate the renewable energy, and improve the energy system efficiency. Firstly, three regions in China are analysed in terms of geological conditions, resource endowment and load characteristics, to illustrate the feasibility of building a HPES in each of the analysed region. A two-stage planning method for the HPES is proposed and a detailed UHS model is established where the process of cushion gas accumulation is emulated and the influence of the diurnal temperature range is considered. Comprehensive case studies are subsequently carried out for typical cities or regions in Eastern, Northern and North-eastern China and the results demonstrate that the HPES can lower the cost, improve the energy efficiency and reduce the level of carbon dioxide emission to some extent. A lateral comparison also shows that the combination of salt cavern UHS and offshore wind power has a broad application prospect in the east coast of China, and the investment in the HPES scheme for Jintan can be recovered within 8 to 9 years. In addition, compared with the benchmark scheme without UHS and large penetration of renewables, the HPES scheme for Jintan can improve the primary energy efficiency by 22.26% and 27.75% in the first decade and second decade, reduce the carbon dioxide emission by more than 96%, and consume an average level of 95.85% of the offshore wind power. Although the investment payback period of HPES cases in north and northwest China is relatively long (20 years or more), significant return and benefits can be obtained in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents an industry level gap analysis for Chinese offshore wind, which serves as a way to illuminate how China may fast track industry evolution. The research findings provide insight into how the Chinese government strongly and systematically decrees state-owned Chinese firms to expand into overseas markets to speed up learning efforts. Insights are offered regarding the nation-level strategic plans and institutional support policies mobilized by China in order to be able to conquer market shares internationally by building a strong home market and then facilitating an end-to-end and fully financed export solution. This is interesting in itself and in particular so because it now also includes complex billion-dollar megaprojects such as turnkey offshore wind farm assets with an expected lifespan of 30+ years. Research findings are provided on how European and Chinese firms may successfully forge long-term alliances also for future Chinese wind energy export projects. Examples of past efforts of collaboration not yielding desired results have been included as well. At policy level, recommendations are provided on how the evolution of the Chinese offshore wind power industry can be fast-tracked to mirror the revolutionary pace, volume, and velocity which the Chinese onshore wind power industry has mustered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China imposes maximum prices by plant type and region on the electricity that generators sell to utilities. We show that these price caps create a need for subsidies and cross-subsidies, and affect the economics of wind power. We model the price caps using a mixed complementarity formulation, calibrated to 2012 data. We find that the caps impose an annual cost of 45 billion RMB, alter the generation and fuel mixes, require subsidies for the market to clear, and do not incentivize adding capacity for a reserve margin. They incentivize market concentration so that generators can cross-subsidize power plants. Depending on the regulatory response, increasing wind capacity can alleviate the distortions due to the price caps. The added wind capacity, however, does not have a significant impact on the amount of coal consumed. We also find that the feed-in tariff was priced slightly higher than necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of near-surface wind speed (NWS) are important to the study of dust storms, evapotranspiration, heavy rainfall, air pollution, and wind energy development. This study evaluated the performance of 30 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) through comparison with observational NWS data acquired in China during a historical period (1975–2014), and projected future changes in NWS under three scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) based on an optimal multi-model ensemble. Results showed that most models reproduced the spatial pattern of NWS for all seasons and the annual mean, although the models generally overestimated NWS magnitude. All models tended to underestimate the trends of decline of NWS for all seasons and the annual mean. On the basis of a comprehensive ranking index, the KIOST-ESM, CNRM-ESM2-1, HadGEM3-GC31-LL, CMCC-CM2-SR5, and KACE-1-0-G models were ranked as the five best-performing models. In the projections of future change, nationally averaged NWS for all months was weaker than in the historical period, and the trends decreased markedly under all the different scenarios except the winter time series under SSP2-4.5. Additionally, the projected NWS over most regions of China weakened in both the early period (2021–2060) and the later period (2061–2100). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies concerning the life cycle assessment of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have been conducted. However, little attention has been paid to the life cycle assessment of an FCV from the perspective of the detailed vehicle components. This work conducts the life cycle assessment of Toyota Mirai with all major components considered in a Chinese context. Both the vehicle cycle and the fuel cycle are included. Both comprehensive resources and energy consumption and comprehensive environmental emissions of the life cycles are investigated. Potential environmental impacts are further explored based on CML 2001 method. Then different hydrogen production schemes are compared to obtain the most favorable solution. To explore the potential of the electrolysis, the scenario analysis of the power structure is conducted. The results show that the most mineral resources are consumed in the raw material acquisition stage, the most fossil energy is consumed in the use stage and global warming potential (GWP) value is fairly high in all life cycle stages of Toyota Mirai using electrolyzed hydrogen. For hydrogen production schemes, the scenario analysis indicates that simply by optimizing the power structure, the environmental impact of the electrolysis remains higher than other schemes. When using the electricity from hydropower or wind power, the best choice will be the electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]