5,452 results
Search Results
2. Bacterial and fungal gut microbiota of supralittoral talitrid amphipods feeding on brown macroalgae and paper.
- Author
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Nakamura, Seiichiro, Yumioka, Junya, Kachi, Seishu, Baba, Yasunori, and Kawai, Shigeyuki
- Subjects
- *
AMPHIPODA , *GUT microbiome , *MARINE algae , *BROWN algae , *CARBON cycle , *VIBRIO - Abstract
Some macroalgae drift on the ocean and are stranded on coasts, and these stranded brown macroalgae are regarded to be degraded by organisms. Alginate is a major component of brown macroalgae. An uncovering of how carbon is cycled through brown macroalgae is needed to deeply understand coastal ecosystems. In this study, to gain insights into metabolism of brown macroalgae and alginate in the organisms, we initially confirmed that supralittoral talitrid amphipods (beach fleas or sandhoppers collected on the Shibagaki coast in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan) fed on the brown macroalgae. We then isolated bacteria such as Vibrio sp. with alginate-assimilating capability from the gut of the amphipods. Metagenomic analysis of the gut of amphipods housed in several conditions (e.g. macroalgae or paper as feed, non-sterilized or sterilized environment) showed no condition-dependent compositions of bacteria and fungi, but Vibrio sp. were detected at high frequency, in good agreement with the isolation of Vibrio sp. An intervention study using antibiotics showed that amphipods fed on algae or paper at about the same rate in the presence or absence of antibiotics, and that the antibiotics had no effects on the life span. Moreover, intervention with antibiotics completely killed Vibrio sp. and some other bacteria, and had significant effects on the composition of the flora in the gut, with elimination of the variations observed in the guts of amphipods housed without antibiotics. These data suggest that microbes that were killed by antibiotics, including Vibrio sp., in the gut of talitrid amphipods are not essential for assimilation of brown macroalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Special Paper: A Global Biome Model Based on Plant Physiology and Dominance, Soil Properties and Climate
- Author
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Prentice, I. Colin, Cramer, Wolfgang, Harrison, Sandy P., Leemans, Rik, Monserud, Robert A., and Solomon, Allen M.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Modeling the role of papermill sludge in the organic carbon cycle of paper products.
- Author
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Mabee, Warren and Roy, D.N.
- Subjects
- *
WASTE recycling , *PAPER products , *CARBON cycle , *FORESTS & forestry , *WASTE management , *ORGANIC compounds - Abstract
Presents a study that examined the role of papermill sludge in the organic forest carbon cycle of paper products. Prediction on the global production of papermill sludge; Impact of paper production and wastepaper recycling trends on the woody carbon components of sludge; Implications of the organic content and carbon content of sludge for dealing with disposal policy and problems.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition.
- Author
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Seibold S, Rammer W, Hothorn T, Seidl R, Ulyshen MD, Lorz J, Cadotte MW, Lindenmayer DB, Adhikari YP, Aragón R, Bae S, Baldrian P, Barimani Varandi H, Barlow J, Bässler C, Beauchêne J, Berenguer E, Bergamin RS, Birkemoe T, Boros G, Brandl R, Brustel H, Burton PJ, Cakpo-Tossou YT, Castro J, Cateau E, Cobb TP, Farwig N, Fernández RD, Firn J, Gan KS, González G, Gossner MM, Habel JC, Hébert C, Heibl C, Heikkala O, Hemp A, Hemp C, Hjältén J, Hotes S, Kouki J, Lachat T, Liu J, Liu Y, Luo YH, Macandog DM, Martina PE, Mukul SA, Nachin B, Nisbet K, O'Halloran J, Oxbrough A, Pandey JN, Pavlíček T, Pawson SM, Rakotondranary JS, Ramanamanjato JB, Rossi L, Schmidl J, Schulze M, Seaton S, Stone MJ, Stork NE, Suran B, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Thorn S, Thyagarajan G, Wardlaw TJ, Weisser WW, Yoon S, Zhang N, and Müller J
- Subjects
- Animals, Carbon Sequestration, Climate, Ecosystem, Geographic Mapping, International Cooperation, Carbon Cycle, Forests, Insecta metabolism, Trees metabolism
- Abstract
The amount of carbon stored in deadwood is equivalent to about 8 per cent of the global forest carbon stocks
1 . The decomposition of deadwood is largely governed by climate2-5 with decomposer groups-such as microorganisms and insects-contributing to variations in the decomposition rates2,6,7 . At the global scale, the contribution of insects to the decomposition of deadwood and carbon release remains poorly understood7 . Here we present a field experiment of wood decomposition across 55 forest sites and 6 continents. We find that the deadwood decomposition rates increase with temperature, and the strongest temperature effect is found at high precipitation levels. Precipitation affects the decomposition rates negatively at low temperatures and positively at high temperatures. As a net effect-including the direct consumption by insects and indirect effects through interactions with microorganisms-insects accelerate the decomposition in tropical forests (3.9% median mass loss per year). In temperate and boreal forests, we find weak positive and negative effects with a median mass loss of 0.9 per cent and -0.1 per cent per year, respectively. Furthermore, we apply the experimentally derived decomposition function to a global map of deadwood carbon synthesized from empirical and remote-sensing data, obtaining an estimate of 10.9 ± 3.2 petagram of carbon per year released from deadwood globally, with 93 per cent originating from tropical forests. Globally, the net effect of insects may account for 29 per cent of the carbon flux from deadwood, which suggests a functional importance of insects in the decomposition of deadwood and the carbon cycle., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2021
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6. A Study of Forest Carbon Sink Increment from the Perspective of Efficiency Evaluation Based on an Inverse DEA Model.
- Author
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He, Xiao, Chen, Liye, and Huang, Yan
- Subjects
CARBON cycle ,DATA envelopment analysis ,RESOURCE allocation ,CARBON paper ,RF values (Chromatography) - Abstract
Forest carbon sink efficiency refers to the efficiency of input-output indicators related to carbon sinks. This paper studies carbon sink efficiency from the perspective of resource allocation; guides the optimal allocation of resources; and selects forestry employees, forestry investment amount and afforestation area as input indicators; the forest carbon sink efficiency in China is calculated and analyzed based on a data envelopment analysis model by converting the forest volume into the forest carbon sink through the volume expansion factor method. The grey prediction model is used to estimate the change in the input indicator, and the production possibility set is constructed with the input indicator before and after the change and the current output indicator. The efficiency of the decision units before the change is calculated, and through the comparison of efficiency, the conditions of forest carbon sink increase in 15 provinces are obtained. The optimal allocation of the output indicator is calculated based on the inverse data envelopment analysis model. The largest increase in forestry carbon sink is 169,362 megatons in Guangdong, and the smallest is 619 megatons in Tianjin. Finally, some suggestions for the path of forest carbon sink increment are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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7. River ecosystem metabolism and carbon biogeochemistry in a changing world.
- Author
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Battin TJ, Lauerwald R, Bernhardt ES, Bertuzzo E, Gener LG, Hall RO Jr, Hotchkiss ER, Maavara T, Pavelsky TM, Ran L, Raymond P, Rosentreter JA, and Regnier P
- Subjects
- Carbon Sequestration, Greenhouse Gases analysis, Carbon Cycle, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Ecosystem, Rivers
- Abstract
River networks represent the largest biogeochemical nexus between the continents, ocean and atmosphere. Our current understanding of the role of rivers in the global carbon cycle remains limited, which makes it difficult to predict how global change may alter the timing and spatial distribution of riverine carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions. Here we review the state of river ecosystem metabolism research and synthesize the current best available estimates of river ecosystem metabolism. We quantify the organic and inorganic carbon flux from land to global rivers and show that their net ecosystem production and carbon dioxide emissions shift the organic to inorganic carbon balance en route from land to the coastal ocean. Furthermore, we discuss how global change may affect river ecosystem metabolism and related carbon fluxes and identify research directions that can help to develop better predictions of the effects of global change on riverine ecosystem processes. We argue that a global river observing system will play a key role in understanding river networks and their future evolution in the context of the global carbon budget., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Subducting carbon.
- Author
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Plank T and Manning CE
- Subjects
- Carbon chemistry, Geological Phenomena, Volcanic Eruptions, Carbon Cycle, Earth, Planet
- Abstract
A hidden carbon cycle exists inside Earth. Every year, megatons of carbon disappear into subduction zones, affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen over Earth's history. Here we discuss the processes that move carbon towards subduction zones and transform it into fluids, magmas, volcanic gases and diamonds. The carbon dioxide emitted from arc volcanoes is largely recycled from subducted microfossils, organic remains and carbonate precipitates. The type of carbon input and the efficiency with which carbon is remobilized in the subduction zone vary greatly around the globe, with every convergent margin providing a natural laboratory for tracing subducting carbon.
- Published
- 2019
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9. Global and regional carbon budget for 2015–2020 inferred from OCO-2 based on an ensemble Kalman filter coupled with GEOS-Chem.
- Author
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Kong, Yawen, Zheng, Bo, Zhang, Qiang, and He, Kebin
- Subjects
KALMAN filtering ,INVERSION (Geophysics) ,CARBON cycle ,ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide ,SURFACE of the earth ,CLIMATOLOGY ,CARBON paper - Abstract
Understanding carbon sources and sinks across the Earth's surface is fundamental in climate science and policy; thus, these topics have been extensively studied but have yet to be fully resolved and are associated with massive debate regarding the sign and magnitude of the carbon budget from global to regional scales. Developing new models and estimates based on state-of-the-art algorithms and data constraints can provide valuable knowledge and contribute to a final ensemble model in which various optimal carbon budget estimates are integrated, such as the annual global carbon budget paper. Here, we develop a new atmospheric inversion system based on the 4D local ensemble transform Kalman filter (4D-LETKF) coupled with the GEOS-Chem global transport model to infer surface-to-atmosphere net carbon fluxes from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) V10r XCO 2 retrievals. The 4D-LETKF algorithm is adapted to an OCO-2-based global carbon inversion system for the first time in this work. On average, the mean annual terrestrial and oceanic fluxes between 2015 and 2020 are estimated as - 2.02 and - 2.34 GtC yr -1 , respectively, compensating for 21 % and 24 %, respectively, of global fossil carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions (9.80 GtC yr -1). Our inversion results agree with the CO 2 atmospheric growth rates reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and reduce the modeled CO 2 concentration biases relative to the prior fluxes against surface and aircraft measurements. Our inversion-based carbon fluxes are broadly consistent with those provided by other global atmospheric inversion models, although discrepancies still occur in the land–ocean flux partitioning schemes and seasonal flux amplitudes over boreal and tropical regions, possibly due to the sparse observational constraints of the OCO-2 satellite and the divergent prior fluxes used in different inversion models. Four sensitivity experiments are performed herein to vary the prior fluxes and uncertainties in our inversion system, suggesting that regions that lack OCO-2 coverage are sensitive to the priors, especially over the tropics and high latitudes. In the further development of our inversion system, we will optimize the data-assimilation configuration to fully utilize current observations and increase the spatial and seasonal representativeness of the prior fluxes over regions that lack observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Response to Editor to the comment by Delarue (2016) to our paper entitled ‘Persistent high temperature and low precipitation reduce peat carbon accumulation’
- Author
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Alexandre Buttler, Luca Bragazza, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Constant Signarbieux, Claudio Zaccone, Remy Albrecht, Bjorn J. M. Robroek, Laboratoire des systèmes écologiques (ECOS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), University of Southampton, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Peat ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Web of science ,Earth science ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,chemistry.chemical_element ,01 natural sciences ,Carbon Cycle ,Soil ,Environmental Chemistry ,Precipitation ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Temperature ,Carbon ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Wetlands ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Environmental science - Abstract
Reference EPFL-ARTICLE-226456doi:10.1111/gcb.13559View record in Web of Science Record created on 2017-03-13, modified on 2017-11-20
- Published
- 2017
11. The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change.
- Author
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Mitchard ETA
- Subjects
- Animals, Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Policy, Sustainable Development, Carbon Cycle, Forests, Global Warming prevention & control, Trees metabolism, Tropical Climate
- Abstract
Tropical forests make an approximately neutral contribution to the global carbon cycle, with intact and recovering forests taking in as much carbon as is released through deforestation and degradation. In the near future, tropical forests are likely to become a carbon source, owing to continued forest loss and the effect of climate change on the ability of the remaining forests to capture excess atmospheric carbon dioxide. This will make it harder to limit global warming to below 2 °C. Encouragingly, recent international agreements commit to halting deforestation and degradation, but a lack of fundamental data for use in monitoring and model design makes policy action difficult.
- Published
- 2018
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12. Bacterial community structure and carbon turnover in permafrost-affected soils of the Lena Delta, northeastern SiberiaThis article is one of a selection of papers in the Special Issue on Polar and Alpine Microbiology
- Author
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Susanne Liebner, Dirk Wagner, and Svenja Kobabe
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Total organic carbon ,0303 health sciences ,030306 microbiology ,Ecology ,Soil organic matter ,Immunology ,Soil classification ,General Medicine ,Soil carbon ,15. Life on land ,Permafrost ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Microbiology ,Carbon cycle ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Genetics ,Environmental science ,Soil horizon ,Organic matter ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Arctic permafrost environments store large amounts of organic carbon. As a result of global warming, intensified permafrost degradation and release of significant quantities of the currently conserved organic matter is predicted for high latitudes. To improve our understanding of the present and future carbon dynamics in climate sensitive permafrost ecosystems, the present study investigates structure and carbon turnover of the bacterial community in a permafrost-affected soil of the Lena Delta (72°22′N, 126°28′E) in northeastern Siberia. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed the presence of all major soil bacterial groups and of the canditate divisions OD1 and OP11. A shift within the bacterial community was observed along the soil profile indicated by the absence of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria and a simultaneous increase in abundance and diversity of fermenting bacteria like Firmicutes and Actinobacteria near the permafrost table. BIOLOG EcoPlates were used to describe the spectrum of utilized carbon sources of the bacterial community in different horizons under in situ temperature conditions in the presence and absence of oxygen. The results revealed distinct qualitative differences in the substrates used and the turnover rates under oxic and anoxic conditions. It can be concluded that constantly negative redox potentials as characteristic for the near permafrost table horizons of the investigated soil did effectively shape the structure of the indigenous bacterial community limiting its phylum-level diversity and carbon turnover capacity.
- Published
- 2009
13. Fine-root biomass and fluxes of soil carbon in young stands of paper birch and trembling aspen as affected by elevated atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3
- Author
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Donald R. Zak, John S. King, Jaak Sober, Richard E. Dickson, Kurt S. Pregitzer, David F. Karnosky, J. G. Isebrands, and George R. Hendrey
- Subjects
Soil respiration ,Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere ,Soil gas ,Lysimeter ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil organic matter ,Botany ,Soil carbon ,Leaching (agriculture) ,Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Carbon cycle - Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO 2 may stimulate future forest productivity, possibly increasing carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, but how tropospheric ozone will modify this response is unknown. Because of the importance of fine roots to the belowground C cycle, we monitored fine-root biomass and associated C fluxes in regenerating stands of trembling aspen, and mixed stands of trembling aspen and paper birch at FACTS-II, the Aspen FACE project in Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) was used to elevate concentrations of CO2 (average enrichment concentra- tion 535 µl l -1 ) and O 3 (53 nl l -1 ) in developing forest stands in 1998 and 1999. Soil respiration, soil pCO 2 , and dissolved organic carbon in soil solution (DOC) were monitored biweekly. Soil respiration was measured with a portable infrared gas analyzer. Soil pCO 2 and DOC samples were collected from soil gas wells and tension lysimeters, respectively, at depths of 15, 30, and 125 cm. Fine-root biomass averaged 263 g m-2 in con- trol plots and increased 96% under elevated CO 2. The increased root biomass was accompanied by a 39% in- crease in soil respiration and a 27% increase in soil pCO 2 . Both soil respiration and pCO 2 exhibited a strong seasonal signal, which was positively correlated with soil temperature. DOC concentrations in soil solution averaged ~12 mg l -1 in surface horizons, declined with depth, and were little affected by the treatments. A sim- plified belowground C budget for the site indicated that native soil organic matter still dominated the system, and that soil respiration was by far the largest flux. Ozone decreased the above responses to elevated CO2, but effects were rarely statistically significant. We con- clude that regenerating stands of northern hardwoods have the potential for substantially greater C input to soil due to greater fine-root production under elevated CO 2 . Greater fine-root biomass will be accompanied by greater soil C efflux as soil respiration, but leaching losses of C will probably be unaffected.
- Published
- 2001
14. Simulating the growth response of aspen to elevated ozone: a mechanistic approach to scaling a leaf-level model of ozone effects on photosynthesis to a complex canopy architecture☆☆This paper was presented at the IUFRO 19th International Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems, held in Houghton, Michigan, 28–31 May 2000
- Author
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Kathryn E. Lenz, George E Host, M. J. Martin, and J.G. Isebrands
- Subjects
Ozone ,biology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Growing season ,Carbon sink ,General Medicine ,Carbon sequestration ,Toxicology ,biology.organism_classification ,Atmospheric sciences ,Photosynthesis ,Pollution ,Carbon cycle ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Salicaceae ,Botany ,Environmental science ,Tropospheric ozone - Abstract
Predicting ozone-induced reduction of carbon sequestration of forests under elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations requires robust mechanistic leaf-level models, scaled up to whole tree and stand level. As ozone effects depend on genotype, the ability to predict these effects on forest carbon cycling via competitive response between genotypes will also be required. This study tests a process-based model that predicts the relative effects of ozone on the photosynthetic rate and growth of an ozone-sensitive aspen clone, as a first step in simulating the competitive response of genotypes to atmospheric and climate change. The resulting composite model simulated the relative above ground growth response of ozone-sensitive aspen clone 259 exposed to square wave variation in ozone concentration. This included a greater effect on stem diameter than on stem height, earlier leaf abscission, and reduced stem and leaf dry matter production at the end of the growing season. Further development of the model to reduce predictive uncertainty is discussed.
- Published
- 2001
15. Editorial for Special Issue "Geochemistry of Travertines and Calcareous Tufas".
- Author
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Giustini, Francesca and Brilli, Mauro
- Subjects
TUFAS ,TRAVERTINE ,GEOCHEMISTRY ,EARTHQUAKE zones ,CARBON cycle - Abstract
Travertine and calcareous tufa are types of continental carbonates that form in subaerial environments near groundwater seepages, springs, and rivers. These deposits exist on all continents and can provide valuable information about past climates, environmental changes, and geological activity. A recent special issue of the journal Minerals focuses on the geochemistry of travertines and calcareous tufas, with contributions from researchers studying deposits in various locations around the world. The articles cover topics such as the formation processes, depositional environments, and diagenesis of these carbonate deposits, as well as their use as paleoclimate records and indicators of geothermal resources. The studies employ a multidisciplinary approach, combining techniques such as geochemistry, mineralogy, petrography, and isotopic analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of these complex systems. Overall, the contributions highlight the importance of geochemical tracers in enhancing our knowledge of travertines and calcareous tufas. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Introducing the Anthropocene: The human epoch: This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Anthropocene.
- Author
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Steffen, Will
- Subjects
EARTH system science ,SOLAR radiation management ,CARBON cycle ,GEOLOGICAL time scales ,ANTHROPOCENE Epoch ,GLOBAL environmental change ,BIOSPHERE - Abstract
One was the Planetary Boundaries framework, introduced by Johan Rockström and colleagues in 2009, which aims to provide a natural-science based framework for describing a Holocene-like state of the Earth System and the intrinsic boundaries of the Earth System that should not be transgressed if such a stable state is to be maintained (Rockström et al. [10]). Introducing the Anthropocene: The human epoch: This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. The other is the polycentric governance systems approach introduced by the late Elinor Ostrom ([9]), which, in the context of the S et al. paper, was proposed as a more appropriate governance system for the Anthropocene than the present governance systems that are driving us deeper towards a planetary crisis. The SCM paper foreshadowed the debate on the start date for the Anthropocene, which became prominent from 2009 with the formation then of the Anthropocene Working Group to explore the Anthropocene as a potential new interval in the Geologic Time Scale (AWG [1]). [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Future wood supply from European forests; implications for the pulp and paper industry
- Subjects
supply ,koolstofcyclus ,forest management ,biobased economy ,bioenergy ,bio-energie ,hout ,Centrum Ecosystemen ,Centre for Ecosystem Studies ,europa ,bosstatistieken ,aanbod ,carbon cycle ,Wageningen Environmental Research ,bosbedrijfsvoering ,europe ,forest statistics ,wood - Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide quantitative insight into future actual supply of wood as a raw material (between 2005 and 2060) from European forests (36 countries). To do so, the degree to which apparent demand can be met is quantified with a forest resource model (resulting in the actual supply). This actual supply is tested for two sets of management regimes: ‘projection of historical management’ and ‘new management trends’. The results indicate that if new trends in forest management and supply behaviour continue to develop as in the recent past, an additional theoretical shortfall of 195 million m3 roundwood per year can be expected by 2060 in 36 European countries. The European part of Russia is not able to reduce the shortfall, because of its own demand developing. These shortfalls have to be understood as theoretical shortfalls; they visualise what may happen if no market adaptations occur in the future. Under this projected shortfall, the total growing stock in European forests (incl. European part of Russia) still increases from 51 billion m3 in 2005 to 62 billion m3 in 2060
- Published
- 2003
18. Future wood supply from European forests; implications for the pulp and paper industry
- Author
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Nabuurs, G.J., Schelhaas, M.J., Ouwehand, A., Pussinen, A., van Brusselen, J., Pesonen, E., Schurck, A., Jans, M.F.F.W., and Kuiper, L.
- Subjects
supply ,koolstofcyclus ,forest management ,biobased economy ,bioenergy ,bio-energie ,hout ,Centrum Ecosystemen ,Centre for Ecosystem Studies ,europa ,bosstatistieken ,aanbod ,carbon cycle ,Wageningen Environmental Research ,bosbedrijfsvoering ,europe ,forest statistics ,wood - Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide quantitative insight into future actual supply of wood as a raw material (between 2005 and 2060) from European forests (36 countries). To do so, the degree to which apparent demand can be met is quantified with a forest resource model (resulting in the actual supply). This actual supply is tested for two sets of management regimes: ‘projection of historical management’ and ‘new management trends’. The results indicate that if new trends in forest management and supply behaviour continue to develop as in the recent past, an additional theoretical shortfall of 195 million m3 roundwood per year can be expected by 2060 in 36 European countries. The European part of Russia is not able to reduce the shortfall, because of its own demand developing. These shortfalls have to be understood as theoretical shortfalls; they visualise what may happen if no market adaptations occur in the future. Under this projected shortfall, the total growing stock in European forests (incl. European part of Russia) still increases from 51 billion m3 in 2005 to 62 billion m3 in 2060
- Published
- 2003
19. The carbon cycle in the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS-ESM1) -- Part 1: Model description and pre-industrial simulation.
- Author
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Law, R. M., Ziehn, T., Matear, R. J., Lenton, A., Chamberlain, M. A., Stevens, L. E., Wang, Y. P., Srbinovsky, J., Bi, D., Yan, H., and Vohralik, P. F.
- Subjects
CARBON cycle ,EARTH system science ,COMPUTER simulation - Abstract
Earth System Models (ESMs) that incorporate carbon-climate feedbacks represent the present state of the art in climate modelling. Here, we describe the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS)-ESM1 that combines existing ocean and land carbon models into the physical climate model to simulate exchanges of carbon between the land, atmosphere and ocean. The land carbon model can optionally include both nitrogen and phosphorous limitation on the land carbon uptake. The ocean carbon model simulates the evolution of nitrate, oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity and iron with one class of phytoplankton and zooplankton. From two multi-centennial simulations of the pre-industrial period with different land carbon model configurations, we evaluate the equilibration of the carbon cycle and present the spatial and temporal variability in key carbon exchanges. For the land carbon cycle, leaf area index is simulated reasonably, and seasonal carbon exchange is well represented. Interannual variations of land carbon exchange are relatively large, driven by variability in precipitation and temperature. We find that the response of the ocean carbon cycle shows reasonable agreement with observations and very good agreement with existing Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. While our model over estimates surface nitrate values, the primary productivity agrees well with observations. Our analysis highlights some deficiencies inherent in the carbon models and where the carbon simulation is negatively impacted by known biases in the underlying physical model. We conclude the study with a brief discussion of key developments required to further improve the realism of our model simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Environmental hotspots, frontiers and analytical framework of Blue Carbon research: a quantitative analysis of knowledge map based on CiteSpace.
- Author
-
Lipai Zhang
- Subjects
QUANTITATIVE research ,SCIENCE publishing ,CARBON offsetting ,CIRCULAR economy ,CARBON cycle ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
Blue Carbon is increasingly popular worldwide, and it also belongs to circular economy field which would last a long period in academy. To further understand the development and characteristics of Blue Carbon, this study uses CiteSpace software to perform quantitative analysis on literature published on Web of Science and Chinese CNKI database with the main topic of "Blue Carbon." The results show that: (1) Since 2009, increasing attention has been paid to Blue Carbon research, among which the United States, Australia and China are the leading countries. (2) Keywords such as "Blue Carbon," "mangrove," "carbon sequestration" and "carbon neutrality" are the high-frequency keywords appearing both in China and the World in recent years. (3) Spartina alterniflora, soil organic carbon, livestock, trophic cascade, biodiversity and seagrass ecosystem clustering are hot topics related to international Blue Carbon research, while organic carbon, seagrass-conservation, methodology, sustainable development, climate change, carbon neutralization, coastal zone and carbon storage are hot topics related to Chinese Blue Carbon research. In addition, based on the research trends of Blue Carbon, this paper attempts to sort out the research framework from three levels: core characteristics, theoretical basis and research methods, respectively. Facing a series of challenges brought by climate change, Blue Carbon research should strengthen the accurate estimations of Blue Carbon sink and its market potential, and explore the reasonable market mechanism and protection mechanism, to respond to realistic demands, solve major concerns and promote new progress in Blue Carbon theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Land Use Carbon Emissions or Sink: Research Characteristics, Hotspots and Future Perspectives.
- Author
-
Liu, Lina, Qu, Jiansheng, Gao, Feng, Maraseni, Tek Narayan, Wang, Shaojian, Aryal, Suman, Zhang, Zhenhua, and Wu, Rong
- Subjects
CARBON emissions ,CARBON cycle ,LAND use ,ATMOSPHERIC sciences ,CARBON offsetting ,BIBLIOMETRICS - Abstract
The land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, as a source and a sink of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is critical for achieving carbon neutrality. Many academic journals have published papers on land use carbon emission or sink (LUCES), but LUCES reviews are relatively rare, which poses great challenges in accurately understanding the research progress and future prospects. This work analyzes the research characteristics, hotspots and future perspectives of LUCES research by using a bibliometric analysis (such as DDA, VOSviewer, CiteSpace software) and a review based on the data (6115 scientific papers) during 1991–2023 from the Web of Science (WoS) platform. We found that (1) over the past 33 years, it first presented a steady growth, then fluctuating growth, and finally a rapid growth trend in the yearly number of publications in LUCES research. The USA (17.31%), China (14.96%), and the UK (7.37%) occupy a dominant position in this research field. (2) The related LUCES research is interdisciplinary, which mainly cover science and technology, meteorology and atmospheric sciences, geology, and environmental sciences and ecology disciplines. (3) The research hotspot analysis on LUCES shows that these articles mostly covered the follow three aspects: ecosystem services, climate change, and carbon neutrality. (4) A review of the past LUCES literature suggests that it is mainly focused on exploring the forefront issues in terms of the definition and boundaries, evaluation method and influencing factors, etc. This work suggests that further research could explore the main scientific problems on quantification of land-based carbon neutrality, quantitative analysis of the impact mechanisms, as well as interdisciplinary research and collaborative governance needed for carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Carbon budget concept and its deviation through the pulse response lens.
- Author
-
Avakumović, Vito
- Subjects
GREEN'S functions ,CARBON emissions ,CLIMATE feedbacks ,CLIMATE change ,CARBON cycle - Abstract
The carbon budget concept states that the global mean temperature (GMT) increase is roughly linearly dependent on cumulative emissions of CO 2. The proportionality is measured as the transient climate response to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (TCRE). In this paper, the deviations of the carbon budget from the strict linear relationship implied by the TCRE are examined through the lens of a temperature response to an emission pulse (i.e., pulse response) and its relationship with a nonlinear TCRE. Hereby, two sources of deviation are distinguished: emission scenario and climate state dependence. The former stems from the scenario choice, i.e., the specific emission pathway for a given level of cumulative emissions and the latter from the change in TCRE with changing climatic conditions. Previous literature argues for scenario independence using a stylized set of emission scenarios, and offers a way to fit a nonlinear carbon budget equation. This paper shows how the pulse response, viewed as a Green's function, gives a unifying perspective on both scenario and state dependence. Moreover, it provides an optimization program that tests the scenario independence under the full range of emission pathways for a given set of constraints. In a setup chosen in this paper, the deviations stemming from emission pathway choices are less than 10 % of the overall temperature increase and gradually diminish. Moreover, using the pulse response as a Green's function, the scenario-dependent effects of a reduced-complexity climate model were replicated to a high degree, confirming that the behavior of scenario-dependent deviations can be explained and predicted by the shape of the pulse response. Additionally, it is shown that the pulse response changes with climatic conditions, through which the carbon budget state dependency is explained. Using a pulse response as an approximation for a state-dependent TCRE, an alternative method to derive a nonlinear carbon budget equation is provided. Finally, it is shown how different calibrations of a model can lead to different degrees of carbon budget nonlinearities. The analysis is done using FaIRv2.0.0, a simple climate emulator model that includes climate feedback modifying the carbon cycle, along with a one-box model used for comparison purposes. The Green's function approach can be used to diagnose both models' carbon budget scenario dependency, paving the way for future investigations and applications with other and more complex models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. The driving factors of spatial differences on the whole life cycle carbon emissions of the construction industry: from the analysis perspective of total factor productivity.
- Author
-
Zhang, Zhengyan, Wu, Zhaoqi, Yang, Xiaolu, Cai, Binqing, and Lin, Zhensi
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL productivity ,CARBON emissions ,CARBON cycle ,CONSTRUCTION industry ,CARBON offsetting ,SUSTAINABLE development - Abstract
The energy saving and emissions reduction of the construction industry are crucial for China to achieve the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals. In order to promote the green development of the life cycle of the construction industry and improve the efficiency of emissions reduction. This paper examines the spatial-temporal distribution of life cycle carbon emissions in China's construction industry (LCCECI) from 2004 to 2018. It uses the SBM-Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index to measure technological progress and establishes the spatial econometric model based on the STIRPAT model. The study investigates the driving factors of the LCCECI at the provincial and regional levels, aiming to provide suggestions for low-carbon development in the construction industry. The research results are as follows. © The growth in the SBM-Malmquist TFP index of the construction industry distinctly curbs the LCCECI. © Total population and urbanization level are not the primary driving factors for the LCCECI. The growth of per capita GDP significantly induces the LCCECI, while concurrently exhibiting a notable inhibitory effect on the LCCECI of neighboring regions. © The improvement of the SBM-Malmquist TFP index is conducive to the reduction of the LCCECI in the three major regions. The per capita GDP has the largest positive driving effect of the LCCECI in the eastern region, and the urbanization level the urbanization rate only significantly inhibits the growth of the LCCECI in the central region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Bibliometric Analysis of the Research (2000–2020) on Land-Use Carbon Emissions Based on CiteSpace.
- Author
-
Li, Xiaoping, Hu, Sai, Jiang, Lifu, Han, Bing, Li, Jie, and Wei, Xuan
- Subjects
CARBON emissions ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,KEYWORDS ,CLIMATE change ,CARBON sequestration ,CARBON cycle ,AERIAL photography - Abstract
Carbon emissions are critical to climate change, and land-use change is an essential source of growth in carbon emissions. Research on land-use carbon emissions has become one of the hotspots in academic research. To explore the research hotspots and development trends of land-use carbon emissions in the last 20 years, CiteSpace software was used to conduct a quantitative analysis of relevant literature. This paper was based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WoS) database literature on land-use carbon emissions from 2001 to 2020. The scientific research cooperation network CiteSpace software, with keyword co-occurrence, clustering, and burst word detection, was used to systematically analyze the main research strengths, hotspots and frontiers and clarify the research progress. The research results are as follows: (1) the amount of literature and the depth of research on land-use carbon emissions have increased yearly. However, there is little cooperation between research institutions and scholars, and there is still a lack of large-scale and stable research teams. (2) At the research hotspot level, the English literature focuses on building models and theoretical frameworks to study the internal mechanisms and driving factors of carbon emissions and climate change. The Chinese literature focuses on achieving regional carbon emissions reductions and carbon cycle goals and optimizing a low-carbon economy, transportation and land-use structure. (3) Research frontiers and trends show that the English literature first explored carbon sequestration, organic carbon, and carbon accounting. In China, the research frontiers are gradually becoming focused on influencing factors, decoupling analysis, and the built environment. The study will strengthen the intensity and depth of global carbon emission research and provide a reference for improving global climate change, protecting ecology and balancing economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The Keck Carbon Cycle AMS laboratory, University of California, Irvine: Initial operation and a background surprise
- Author
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Southon, J., Santos, G., Druffel-Rodriguez, K., Druffel, E., Trumbore, S., Xu, X., Griffin, S., Ali, S., and Mazon, M.
- Subjects
carbon 14 ,accelerator mass spectrometry ,carbon cycle ,instrumentation ,carbon cycle ,computer ,conference paper ,energy transfer ,keck carbon cycle accelerator mass spectrometry ,laboratory ,magnetism ,mass spectrometry ,molecular mechanics ,performance ,radiation beam ,radiation scattering ,system analysis ,United States - Abstract
A new radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratory for carbon cycle studies has been established at the University of California, Irvine. The 0.5MV AMS system was installed in mid-2002 and has operated routinely since October of that year. This paper briefly describes the spectrometer and summarizes lessons learned during the first year of operation. In the process of setting up the system, we identified and largely suppressed a previously unreported C-14 AMS background: charge exchange tails from N-14 beams derived from nitrogen-containing molecular ions produced near the entrance of the accelerator.
- Published
- 2004
26. The re-imagining of a framework for agricultural land use: A pathway for integrating agricultural practices into ecosystem services, planetary boundaries and sustainable development goals: This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Agricultural land use
- Author
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Moore, John C.
- Subjects
FARMS ,LAND use ,SUSTAINABLE development ,SUSTAINABLE urban development ,NANOTECHNOLOGY ,ECOSYSTEM services ,REMOTE sensing - Abstract
This paper reflects on the legacy of the Ambio papers by Sombroek et al. (1993), Turner et al. (1994), and Brussaard et al. (1997) on the study of agricultural land use and its impacts on global carbon storage and nutrient dynamics. The papers were published at a time of transition in ecology that involved the integration of humans as components of ecosystems, the formulation of the ecosystem services, and emergence of sustainability science. The papers offered new frameworks to studying agricultural land use across multiple scales in a way that captured causality from interacting components of the system. Each paper argued for more comprehensive data sets; foreseeing the power of network-based science, the potential of molecular technologies to assess biodiversity, and advances in remote sensing. The papers have contributed both conceptual framings and methodological approaches to an ongoing movement to identify a pathway to study agricultural land use and environmental change that fit within the concepts of ecosystem services, planetary boundaries and sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Global sensitivity analysis, probabilistic calibration, and predictive assessment for the Data Assimilation Linked Ecosystem Carbon model.
- Author
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Safta, C., Ricciuto, D., Sargsyan, K., Debusschere, B., Najm, H. N., Williams, M., and Thornton, P.
- Subjects
CARBON cycle ,SENSITIVITY analysis ,BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles ,MATHEMATICAL models ,DATA - Abstract
In this paper we propose a probabilistic framework for an uncertainty quantification study of a carbon cycle model. A Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) study indicates the parameters and parameter couplings that are important at different times of the year for Quantities of Interest obtained with the Data Assimilation Linked Ecosystem Carbon (DALEC) model. We then employ a Bayesian approach to calibrate the parameters of DALEC using net ecosystem exchange observations at the Harvard Forest site. The calibration exercise is guided by GSA and by Fisher information matrix results that quantify the amount of information carried by the experimental data about specific model parameters. The calibration results are employed in the second part of the paper to assess the predictive skill of the model via posterior predictive checks. These checks show a better performance for the non-steady state model during the growing season compared to the one employing steady state assumptions. Overall, this study leads to a 40% improvement in the predictive skill of DALEC and highlights the importance of considering correlations in the model parameters as informed by the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Explaining the seasonal cycle of the globally averaged CO2 with a carbon cycle model.
- Author
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Alexandrov, G. A.
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide ,CARBON cycle ,GLOBAL temperature changes ,METEOROLOGICAL observations ,SIMULATION methods & models ,MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
The discrepancy between simulated and observed globally averaged monthly atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide could be attributed either to deficiencies in the observation network or to inadequacies in the global carbon cycle models. This paper shows that model results could be brought closer to observations by improving model components that describe the seasonal changes in the storage of quickly decaying fractions of litter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. How Many Limnologists Does It Take to Fix the Plumbing? : The Arising Researcher
- Author
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Wilkinson, Grace
- Published
- 2017
30. Estimation methods of wetland carbon sink and factors influencing wetland carbon cycle: a review.
- Author
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Li, Lixin, Xu, Haibo, Zhang, Qian, Zhan, Zhaoshun, Liang, Xiongwei, and Xing, Jie
- Abstract
In the global ecosystem, wetlands are vital carbon sinks, playing a crucial role in absorbing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and mitigating global warming. Accurate estimation of wetland carbon content is essential for research on wetland carbon sinks. However, the carbon cycle of wetlands is complex, and the carbon sinking of wetlands is affected by climate, topography, water level conditions, vegetation types, soil types, and other factors. This has caused significant challenges in the estimation of wetland carbon sinks. In current studies, most research has focused on the impact of individual factors on wetland carbon sinks, often ignoring the interaction between various factors, which further leads to uncertainty in wetland carbon measurements. This paper aims to elucidate the process of the wetland carbon cycle, summarize the factors affecting wetland carbon sinks, and explore the interplay between various factors and their influence on wetland carbon sinks, aiming to provide theoretical support for the study of wetland carbon sinks. Additionally, this paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of current wetland carbon measurement methods, proposes research directions for combining machine learning methods, identifies existing difficulties in current wetland carbon measurement, and offers suggestions to serve as a reference for future wetland carbon sink estimation and wetland management.Highlights: The potential and significance of wetland carbon sinks are explained. The advantages and disadvantages of current wetland carbon measurement techniques are summarized. The prospective method for integrating machine learning into integrated wetland carbon measurement is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Multi-Objective Optimization with Active–Passive Technology Synergy for Rural Residences in Northern China.
- Author
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Zhang, Huan, Wang, Yajie, Liu, Xianze, Wan, Fujing, and Zheng, Wandong
- Subjects
LIFE cycles (Biology) ,CARBON emissions ,THERMAL comfort ,HEAT pumps ,CARBON cycle ,VENTILATION ,NATURAL ventilation - Abstract
Due to the serious problems with energy efficiency, carbon emissions, and thermal comfort of rural residences in northern China, an optimization of active and passive heating technologies for rural residences is necessary. In this paper, an optimization for rural residences in northern China is conducted with four objectives: the whole life cycle carbon emission; the annual energy consumption through heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems; the annual cost; and thermal comfort. In addition, the optimization model with active–passive heating technology synergy is resolved by NSGA-II genetic algorithm. The active and passive design variables, including the type of air source heat pump, orientation, the type and thickness of envelope insulation, the layer of window glass, the window-to-wall area ratio, as well as sunspace parameters are preferred to obtain the optimal solution. The results indicate that the optimal solution obtained by the ideal point method gives the most outstanding performance. Compared with the prototype, the optimized carbon emissions in severe cold and cold regions decreased by 56.1% and 54.6%, respectively. The annual energy consumption decreased by 59.7% and 62.2%. Finally, the roof insulation thickness is the most sensitive design variable in Pareto-optimal solution sets. This paper offers significant guidance in the application of the optimization method of active–passive technology synergy to the energy-saving design of buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Carbon flux dynamics and influencing factors in a semi-arid dune ecosystem of northern China.
- Author
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Li X, Liu T, Guan H, Batelaan O, Duan L, Tong X, and Wang G
- Subjects
- China, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Seasons, Ecosystem, Carbon Cycle, Carbon metabolism
- Abstract
The dune ecosystem plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle. The Horqin Sandy Land is a typical semi-arid fragile ecosystem in northern China. Understanding the magnitudes and dynamics of carbon dioxide fluxes within this region is essential for understanding the carbon balance. Used 6 years (2013-2018) measurements from an eddy-covariance system, we analyzed the dynamic patterns of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco) of the dune ecosystem in Horqin Sandy Land and examined their responses to climate factors with a focus on the precipitation. The results showed that the NEE of the dune ecosystem fluctuated from -166 to 100 gCO
2 ·m-2 ·year-1 across the 6 growing seasons, with an average of -56 gCO2 ·m-2 ·year-1 . The precipitation was not a key factor influencing the carbon flux variability. During the mid-growth stage, GPP was primarily affected by the effective precipitation frequency (R2 ranging from 0.65 to 0.85, P < 0.05), followed by fractional vegetation cover (R2 ranging from 0.65 to 0.68, P < 0.05). However, in the early and late growth stages, temperature predominantly drove the carbon flux (R2 = 0.75, P < 0.01). The interannual variability of carbon flux can be predominantly elucidated by phenological indicators such as CO2 uptake (CUstart ), end of CO2 uptake (CUend ), CO2 uptake period (CUP), and Spring lag. The results demonstrated the dune ecosystem is a weak carbon sink in semi-arid ecosystems. Furthermore, we emphasized the significance of effective precipitation frequency in regulating carbon fluxes. Our results provide a foundational understanding of the carbon balance in semi-arid ecosystems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Persistence of dissolved organic matter in sediments influenced by environmental factors:Implication for nutrition and carbon cycle.
- Author
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Cheng Y, Ding S, Shao Z, Song D, Jiao L, Zhang W, Duan P, and He J
- Subjects
- Carbon analysis, Phosphorus analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Geologic Sediments analysis, Lakes chemistry, Carbon Cycle
- Abstract
The persistence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in the cycling and distribution of carbon and nutrients. Nonetheless, our understanding of how environmental alterations affect the persistence of sedimentary DOM remains incomplete. Excitation Emission Fluorescence Matrix-Parallel Factor Analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) was used to examine the fluorescence and compositional characteristics of hydrophilic and hydrophobic DOM (separated using XAD-8 resin) within sediments from twelve lakes and reservoirs. Fluorescence analysis indicated that DOM persistence is dependent on the proportions of the three components derived from PARAFAC. The Mantel test showed that climatic factors had the most significant impact on DOM persistence (Mantel's r = 0.46-0.54, Mantel's p = 0.001-0.007), while anthropogenic (Mantel's r = 0.24-0.32, Mantel's p = 0.03-0.05) and hydrological factors (Mantel's r = 0.03-0.22, Mantel's p = 0.06-0.40) had a somewhat lesser influence. Environmental changes resulted in a consistent decline in DOM persistence from Northeast to Southwest China, accompanied by an increase in gross primary productivity (GPP). Reduced DOM persistence due to climate, hydrological, and anthropogenic factors may lead to elevated concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), contributing to deteriorating water quality and events such as algal blooms. The decline in water quality due to reduced DOM persistence in lakes with high GPP can exacerbate the transition from carbon sinks to carbon sources. Consequently, the persistence of sedimentary DOM significantly influences nutrient and carbon cycling in lakes. Investigating DOM persistence in lakes across diverse geographic locations offers a new perspective on lake eutrophication and carbon emissions. Furthermore, it is crucial to develop targeted recommendations for lake restoration and management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Multiple observation types reduce uncertainty in Australia's terrestrial carbon and water cycles.
- Author
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Haverd, V., Raupach, M. R., Briggs, P. R., Canadell, J. G., Isaac, P., Pickett-Heaps, C., Roxburgh, S. H., van Gorsel, E., Rossel, R. A. Viscarra, and Wang, Z.
- Subjects
CARBON cycle ,WATER bikes ,EDDY flux ,PRIMARY productivity (Biology) ,ECOSYSTEM dynamics ,EVAPOTRANSPIRATION - Abstract
Information about the carbon cycle potentially constrains the water cycle, and vice versa. This paper explores the utility of multiple observation sets to constrain a land surface model of Australian terrestrial carbon and water cycles, and the resulting mean carbon pools and fluxes, as well as their temporal and spatial variability. Observations include streamflow from 416 gauged catchments, measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) and net ecosystem production (NEP) from 12 eddy-flux sites, litterfall data, and data on carbon pools. By projecting residuals between observations and corresponding predictions onto uncertainty in model predictions at the continental scale, we find that eddy flux measurements provide a significantly tighter constraint on continental net primary production (NPP) than the other data types. Nonetheless, simultaneous constraint by multiple data types is important for mitigating bias from any single type. Four significant results emerging from the multiply-constrained model are that, for the 1990-2011 period: (i) on the Australian continent, a predominantly semi-arid region, over half the water loss through ET (0.64±0.05) occurs through soil evaporation and bypasses plants entirely; (ii) mean Australian NPP is quantified at 2.2±0.4 (1σ) PgCyr
-1 ; (iii) annually cyclic ("grassy") vegetation and persistent ("woody") vegetation account for 0.56±0.14 and 0.43±0.14, respectively of NPP across Australia; (iv) the average interannual variability of Australia's NEP (±0.18 PgCyr-1 , 1σ) is larger than Australia's total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2011 (0.149 PgCequivalentyr-1 ), and is dominated by variability in Desert and Savanna regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Future fisheries yield in shelf waters: a model study into effects of a warmer and more acidic marine environment.
- Author
-
van Leeuwen, S. M., le Quesne, W., and Parker, R. E.
- Subjects
FISHERIES ,MARINE ecology ,CLIMATE change ,CARBON cycle ,NITRIFICATION - Abstract
We applied a coupled, marine water column model to three sites in the North Sea. The three sites represent different hydrodynamic regimes and are thus representative of a wider area. The model consists of a hydro-biogeochemical model (GOTM-ERSEM-BFM) coupled one way upwards to a size-structured model representing pelagic predators and detritivores (Blanchard et al., 2009). Thus, bottom-up pressures like changing abiotic environment (climate change, chemical cycling) impact on fish biomass across the size spectrum. Here, we studied three different impacts of future conditions on fish yield: climatic impacts (medium emission scenario), abiotic ocean acidification impacts (reduced pelagic nitrification) and biotic ocean acidification impacts (reduced detritivore growth rate). The three impacts were studied separately and combined, and showed that sites within different hydrodynamic regimes responded very differently. The seasonally stratified site showed an increase in fish yields (occuring in winter and spring), with acidification effects of the same order of magnitude as climatic effects. The permanently mixed site also showed an increase in fish yield (increase in summer, decrease in winter), due to climatic effects moderated by acidification impacts. The third site, which is characterised by large interannual variability in thermal stratification duration, showed a decline in fish yields (occuring in winter) due to decline of the benthic system which forms an important carbon pathway at this site. All sites displayed a shift towards a more pelagic oriented system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Special Paper: A Global Biome Model Based on Plant Physiology and Dominance, Soil Properties and Climate
- Author
-
Allen M. Solomon, Robert A. Monserud, I. Colin Prentice, Rik Leemans, Wolfgang Cramer, and Sandy P. Harrison
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ecology ,fungi ,Biome ,15. Life on land ,Seasonality ,Atmospheric sciences ,Dynamic global vegetation model ,medicine.disease ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Available water capacity ,Environmental data ,Carbon cycle ,13. Climate action ,Soil water ,medicine ,Dominance (ecology) ,Environmental science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
A model to predict global patterns in vegetation physiognomy was developed from physiological considera- tions influencing the distributions of different functional types of plant. Primary driving variables are mean coldest- month temperature, annual accumulated temeprature over 5"C, and a drought index incorporating the seasonality of precipitation and the available water capacity of the soil. The model predicts which plant types can occur in a given environment, and selects the potentially dominant types from among them. Biomes arise as combinations of domi- nant types. Global environmental data were supplied as monthly means of temperature, precipitation and sunshine (interpolated to a global 0.5" grid, with a lapse-rate correc
- Published
- 1992
37. The Australian terrestrial carbon budget.
- Author
-
Haverd, V., Raupach, M. R., Briggs, P. R., Canadell, J. G., Davis, S. J., Law, R. M., Meyer, C. P., Peters, G. P., Pickett-Heaps, C., and Sherman, B.
- Subjects
FOSSIL fuels & the environment ,CARBON cycle ,ECOSYSTEM dynamics ,LAND use ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) - Abstract
This paper reports a study of the full carbon (C-CO
2 ) budget of the Australian continent, focussing on 1990-2011 in the context of estimates over two centuries. The work is a contribution to the RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) project, as one of numerous regional studies being synthesised in RECCAP. In constructing the budget, we estimate the following component carbon fluxes: Net Primary Production (NPP); Net Ecosystem Production (NEP); fire; Land Use Change (LUC); riverine export; dust export; harvest (wood, crop and livestock) and fossil fuel emissions (both territorial and non-territorial). The mean NEP reveals that climate variability and rising CO2 contributed 12±29 (1σ error on mean) and 68±35 TgCyr-1 respectively. However these gains were partially offset by fire and LUC (along with other minor fluxes), which caused net losses of 31±5 TgCyr-1 and 18±7 TgCyr-1 respectively. The resultant Net Biome Production (NBP) of 31±35 TgCyr-1 offset fossil fuel emissions (95±6 TgCyr-1 ) by 32±36 %. The interannual variability (IAV) in the Australian carbon budget exceeds Australia's total carbon emissions by fossil fuel combustion and is dominated by IAV in NEP. Territorial fossil fuel emissions are significantly smaller than the rapidly growing fossil fuel exports: in 2009-2010, Australia exported 2.5 times more carbon in fossil fuels than it emitted by burning fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Multi-Indicator Weighted Robustness Analysis of Planktonic Community Systems under Different Destructive Factors.
- Author
-
Zhao, Danfeng, Zhang, Tao, Chen, Tianwen, He, Qi, and Huang, Dongmei
- Subjects
CARBON cycle ,MARINE plankton ,MARINE resources conservation ,ENVIRONMENTAL management - Abstract
Marine plankton communities play a vital role in global carbon and nutrient cycles. Ensuring the robustness of these intricate ecosystems is critical for sustainable environmental management. In this paper, we apply complex network analysis to assess plankton community resilience against disturbances. We construct ecological interaction networks and simulate disruptions using four attack strategies targeting vertices and edges. Our multi-indicator evaluation scheme provides a more nuanced measure of robustness compared to single metrics. Our experiments revealed varying vulnerabilities across networks. Targeted attacks caused abrupt collapse, while random failures led to gradual decline. Identifying critical species and linkages is key to guiding protection efforts. Overall, plankton networks proved fragile, especially against deliberate attacks on central hubs. In our simulations, betweenness-based attacks were the most destructive. The multi-indicator robustness coefficient achieved better performance than individual metrics, with under 3% variance. This network methodology reveals hidden topological vulnerabilities and complements traditional plankton research. The quantitative insights provided in this paper can support marine conservation and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The carbon cycle in Mexico: past, present and future of C stocks and fluxes.
- Author
-
Murray-Tortarolo, G., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Jaramillo, V. J., Murguía-Flores, F., Anav, A., Liu, Y., Arneth, A., Arvanitis, A., Harper, A., Jain, A., Kato, E., Koven, C., Poulter, B., Stocker, B. D., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.
- Subjects
CARBON ,CARBON cycle ,CARBON in soils ,PLANTS - Abstract
We modelled the carbon (C) cycle in Mexico with a process-based approach. We used different available products (satellite data, field measurements, models and flux towers) to estimate C stocks and fluxes in the country at three different time frames: present (defined as the period 2000-2005), the past century (1901-2000) and the remainder of this century (2010-2100). Our estimate of the gross primary productivity (GPP) for the country was 2137±1023 TgCyr
-1 and a total C stock of 34 506±7483 TgC, with 20 347±4622 PgC in vegetation and 14 159±3861 in the soil. Contrary to other current estimates for recent decades, our results showed that Mexico was a C sink over the period 1990-2009 (+31 TgCyr-1 ) and that C accumulation over the last century amounted to 1210±1040 TgC. We attributed this sink to the CO2 fertilization effect on GPP, which led to an increase of 3408±1060 TgC, while both climate and land use reduced the country C stocks by -458±1001 and -1740±878 TgC, respectively. Under different future scenarios the C sink will likely continue over 21st century, with decreasing C uptake as the climate forcing becomes more extreme. Our work provides valuable insights on relevant driving processes of the C-cycle such as the role of drought in marginal lands (e.g. grasslands and shrublands) and the impact of climate change on the mean residence time of C in tropical ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The dynamic of annual carbon allocation to wood in European forests is consistent with a combined source-sink limitation of growth: implications for modelling.
- Author
-
Guillemot, J., Martin-StPaul, N. K., Dufrêne, E., François, C., Soudani, K., Ourcival, J. M., and Delpierre, N.
- Subjects
SOURCE-sink dynamics ,CARBON cycle ,FORESTS & forestry ,FOREST biomass ,ENVIRONMENTAL engineering - Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Comparison of the CASA and InVEST models' effects for estimating spatiotemporal differences in carbon storage of green spaces in megacities.
- Author
-
Wang, Ruei-Yuan, Mo, Xueying, Ji, Hong, Zhu, Zhe, Wang, Yun-Shang, Bao, Zhilin, and Li, Taohui
- Subjects
URBAN ecology ,MEGALOPOLIS ,ECOSYSTEM management ,PUBLIC spaces ,CARBON cycle ,ZONING - Abstract
Urban green space is a direct way to improve the carbon sink capacity of urban ecosystems. The carbon storage assessment of megacity green spaces is of great significance to the service function of urban ecosystems and the management of urban carbon zoning in the future. Based on multi-period remote sensing image data, this paper used the CASA model and the InVEST model to analyze the spatio-temporal variation and driving mechanism of carbon storage in Shenzhen green space and discussed the applicability of the two models to the estimation of carbon storage in urban green space. The research results showed that, from 2008 to 2022, in addition to the rapid expansion of construction land, the area of green space and other land types in Shenzhen showed a significant decrease trend. The estimation results of the carbon storage model showed that the carbon storage of green space shows a significant trend of reduction from 2008 to 2022, and the reduction amounts are 0.8 × 106 t (CASA model) and 0.64 × 106 t (InVEST model), respectively. The evaluation results of the model show that, in megacities, the spatial applicability of InVEST model is lower than that of CASA model, and the CASA model is more accurate in estimating the carbon storage of urban green space. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the carbon sink capacity of megacity ecosystems with the goal of "dual carbon". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Impact of Land-Use Changes on Climate Change Mitigation Goals: The Case of Lithuania.
- Author
-
Dagiliūtė, Renata and Kazanavičiūtė, Vaiva
- Subjects
CLIMATE change mitigation ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,PARIS Agreement (2016) ,GREENHOUSE gases ,CARBON cycle ,ROADKILL ,AERIAL photography ,LANDSCAPE assessment - Abstract
The land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector is receiving increasing attention in climate change mitigation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission offsetting. The sector itself and measures applied to mobilize this sector in order to tackle climate change are dominant in nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement as well as in national strategies, as in the case of Lithuania. Lithuania has set the goal of becoming a carbon-neutral country in 2050, reducing GHGs by 80% compared to 1990 and offsetting the remaining 20% through the LULUCF sector. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing historical land-use changes in 1990–2021, as reported for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, and LULUCF's potential to achieve climate change mitigation goals, taking into account different land-use change scenarios (business as usual, forest development, forest development + additional measures and forest land 40% + additional measures) for 2030 and 2050 in Lithuania. The scenarios are based on historical and potential future policy-based land-use changes. Projections of GHG emissions/removals for different scenarios are prepared according to the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results indicate that land-use changes over the period 1990–2021 remained rather stable, with some increases in forest area and grassland at the expense of cropland. The whole LULUCF sector acted as a carbon sink in most cases, forests being a key category for removal. However, reaching climate neutrality in 2050 might be challenging, as the goal to offset 20% of remaining GHG emission compared to 1990 through LULUCF would not be met in any of the scenarios analyzed, even the scenario of maximal forest-area development and additional measures. Considering the high historical GHG-removal fluctuations and the uncertainties of the sector itself, caution should be taken when relying on LULUCF's potential to reach the set goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Global carbon budget 2013.
- Author
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Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Moriarty, R., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Arvanitis, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Chini, L. P., Doney, S. C., and Harper, A.
- Subjects
CARBON dioxide & the environment ,CARBON cycle ,FOSSIL fuels & the environment ,LAND cover ,LAND use & the environment - Abstract
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe datasets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF ) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from Land-Use Change (ELUC ), including deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity in regions undergoing deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN ) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND ) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of Dynamic Global Vegetation Models. All uncertainties are reported as ±1 sigma, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003-2012), EFF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtCyr-1, ELUC 0.8 ± 0.5 GtCyr-1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtCyr-1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtCyr-1, and SLAND 2.6 ± 0.8 GtCyr-1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtCyr-1, 2.2% above 2011, reflecting a continued trend in these emissions; GATM was 5.2 ± 0.2 GtCyr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ±0.5 GtCyr-1, and assuming and ELUC of 0.9± 0.5 GtCyr-1 (based on 2001-2010 average), SLAND > was 2.5±0.9 GtCyr-1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF . The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 392.52±0.10 ppm on average over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1 % (1.1-3.1 %) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of World Gross Domestic Product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 550 ± 60 GtC for 1870-2013, 70% from EFF (390 ± 20 GtC) and 30 % from ELUC (160 ± 55 GtC). This paper is intended to provide a baseline to keep track of annual carbon budgets in the future. All data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2013_v1.1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Effects of vegetation heterogeneity and surface topography on spatial scaling of net primary productivity.
- Author
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Chen, J. M., Chen, X., and Ju, W.
- Subjects
SURFACE topography ,PRIMARY productivity (Biology) ,SPATIAL variation ,VEGETATION & climate ,ECOHYDROLOGY ,CARBON cycle - Abstract
Due to the heterogeneous nature of the land surface, spatial scaling is an inevitable issue in the development of land models coupled with low-resolution Earth system models (ESMs) for predicting land-atmosphere interactions and carbon-climate feedbacks. In this study, a simple spatial scaling algorithm is developed to correct errors in net primary productivity (NPP) estimates made at a coarse spatial resolution based on sub-pixel information of vegetation heterogeneity and surface topography. An ecohydrological model BEPS-TerrainLab, which considers both vegetation and topographical effects on the vertical and lateral water flows and the carbon cycle, is used to simulate NPP at 30m and 1 km resolutions for a 5700 km² watershed with an elevation range from 518m to 3767m in the Qinling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China. Assuming that the NPP simulated at 30m resolution represents the reality and that at 1 km resolution is subject to errors due to sub-pixel heterogeneity, a spatial scaling index (SSI) is developed to correct the coarse resolution NPP values pixel by pixel. The agreement between the NPP values at these two resolutions is improved considerably from R² =0.782 to R² =0.884 after the correction. The mean bias error (MBE) in NPP modeled at the 1 km resolution is reduced from 14.8 gCm
-2 yr-1 to 4.8 gCm-2 yr-1 in comparison with NPP modeled at 30m resolution, where the mean NPP is 668 gCm-2 yr-1 . The range of spatial variations of NPP at 30m resolution is larger than that at 1 km resolution. Land cover fraction is the most important vegetation factor to be considered in NPP spatial scaling, and slope is the most important topographical factor for NPP spatial scaling especially in mountainous areas, because of its influence on the lateral water redistribution, affecting water table, soil moisture and plant growth. Other factors including leaf area index (LAI), elevation and aspect have small and additive effects on improving the spatial scaling between these two resolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. MEDUSA-2.0: an intermediate complexity biogeochemical model of the marine carbon cycle for climate change and ocean acidification studies.
- Author
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Yool, A., Popova, E. E., and Anderson, T. R.
- Subjects
ECOSYSTEM dynamics ,CARBON cycle ,BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles ,OCEAN acidification ,NITROGEN - Abstract
MEDUSA-1.0 (Model of Ecosystem Dynamics, nutrient Utilisation, Sequestration and Acidification) was developed as an "intermediate complexity" plankton ecosystem model to study the biogeochemical response, and especially that of the so-called "bi- ological pump", to anthropogenically-driven change in the World Ocean (Yool et al., 2011). The base currency in this model was nitrogen from which fluxes of organic carbon, including export to the deep ocean, were calculated by invoking fixed C : N ratios in phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus. Since the beginning of the industrial era, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO
2 ) has significantly increased above its natural, inter-glacial background concentration. Simulating and predicting the carbon cycle in the ocean in its entirety, including ventilation of CO2 with the atmosphere and the resulting impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems, therefore requires that both organic and inorganic carbon be afforded a full representation in the model specification. Here, we introduce MEDUSA-2.0, an expanded successor model which includes additional state variables for dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and detritus carbon (permitting variable C : N in exported organic matter), as well as a simple benthic formulation and extended parameterisations of phytoplankton growth, calcification and detritus remineralisation. A full description of MEDUSA-2.0, including its additional functionality, is provided and a multi-decadal hindcast simulation described (1860-2005), to evaluate the biogeochemical performance of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
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- View/download PDF
46. Calibration of the Crop model in the Community Land Model.
- Author
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X. Zeng, Drewniak, B. A., and Constantinescu, E. M.
- Subjects
CROP yields ,AGRICULTURE ,ENERGY crops ,CARBON cycle ,PLANT growth - Abstract
Farming is using more terrestrial ground with increases in population and the expanding use of agriculture for non-nutritional purposes such as biofuel production. This agricultural expansion exerts an increasing impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. In order to understand the impact of such processes, the Community Land Model (CLM) has been augmented with a CLM-Crop extension that simulates the development of three crop types: maize, soybean, and spring wheat. The CLM-Crop model is a complex system that relies on a suite of parametric inputs that govern plant growth under a given atmospheric forcing and available resources. CLM-Crop development used measurements of gross primary productivity and net ecosystem exchange from AmeriFlux sites to choose parameter values that optimize crop productivity in the model. In this paper we calibrate these values in order to provide a faithful projection in terms of both plant development and net carbon exchange, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Projections of ocean acidification over the next three centuries using a simple global climate carbon-cycle model.
- Author
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Hartin, C. A., Bond-Lamberty, B., Patel, P., and Mundra, A.
- Subjects
OCEAN acidification ,CARBON cycle ,MARINE ecology ,CARBONATES ,BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles - Abstract
Continued oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO
2 is projected to significantly alter the chemistry of the upper oceans, potentially having serious consequences for the marine ecosystems. Projections of ocean acidification are primarily determined from prescribed emission pathways within large scale earth system models. Rather than running the cumbersome earth system models, we can use a reduced-form model to quickly emulate the CMIP5 models for projection studies under arbitrary emission pathways and for uncertainty analyses of the marine carbonate system. In this study we highlight the capability of Hector v1.1, a reduced-form model, to project changes in the upper ocean carbonate system over the next three centuries. Hector is run under historical emissions and a high emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5), comparing its output to observations and CMIP5 models that contain ocean biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification changes are already taking place, with significant changes projected to occur over the next 300 years. We project a low latitude (> 55°) surface ocean pH decrease from preindustrial conditions by 0.4 units to 7.77 at 2100, and an additional 0.27 units to 7.50 at 2300. Aragonite saturations decrease by 1.85 units to 2.21 at 2100 and an additional 0.80 units to 1.42 at 2300. Under a high emissions scenario, for every 1 °C of future warming we find a 0.107 unit pH decrease and a 0.438 unit decrease in aragonite saturations. Hector reproduces the global historical trends, and future projections with equivalent rates of change over time compared to observations and CMIP5 models. Hector is a robust tool that can be used for quick ocean acidification projections, accurately emulating large scale climate models under multiple emission pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Molecular mechanism of dissolvable metal nanoparticles-enhanced CO 2 fixation by algae: Metal-chlorophyll synthesis.
- Author
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Qu R, Liu N, Wen Q, Guo J, and Ge F
- Subjects
- Chlorella vulgaris metabolism, Zinc Oxide chemistry, Zinc Oxide pharmacology, Metal Nanoparticles chemistry, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Photosynthesis drug effects, Chlorophyll metabolism, Carbon Cycle
- Abstract
Algae-driven photosynthetic CO
2 fixation is a promising strategy to mitigate global climate changes and energy crises. Yet, the presence of metal nanoparticles (NPs), particularly dissolvable NPs, in aquatic ecosystems introduces new complexities due to their tendency to release metal ions that may perturb metabolic processes related to algal CO2 fixation. This study selected six representative metal NPs (Fe3 O4 , ZnO, CuO, NiO, MgO, and Ag) to investigate their impacts on CO2 fixation by algae (Chlorella vulgaris). We discovered an intriguing phenomenon that bivalent metal ions released from the metal NPs, especially from ZnO NPs, substituted Mg2+ within the porphyrin ring. This interaction led to 81.8% and 76.1% increases in Zinc-chlorophyll and Magnesium-chlorophyll contents within algal cells at 0.01 mM ZnO NPs, respectively. Integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed that ZnO NPs mainly promoted the photosynthesis-antenna protein pathway, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and carbon fixation pathway, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of Zn2+ substitution in light harvesting and energy transfer for CO2 fixation. Ultimately, the genes encoding Rubisco large subunit (rbcL) responsible for CO2 fixation were upregulated to 2.60-fold, resulting in a 76.3% increase in carbon fixation capacity. Similar upregulations of rbcL expression (1.13-fold) and carbon fixation capacity (76.1%) were observed in algal cells even at 0.001 mM ZnO NPs, accompanied by valuable lipid accumulation. This study offers novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying NPs on CO2 fixation by algae and potentially introduces strategies for global carbon sequestration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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49. Impact of an extremely large magnitude volcanic eruption on the global climate and carbon cycle estimated from ensemble Earth System Model simulations.
- Author
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Segschneider, J., Beitsch, A., Timmreck, C., Brovkin, V., Ilyina, T., Jungclaus, J., Lorenz, S. J., Six, K. D., and Zanchettin, D.
- Subjects
VOLCANIC eruptions ,EARTHQUAKE magnitude ,CARBON cycle ,SIMULATION methods & models ,BIOSPHERE ,ATMOSPHERIC aerosols - Abstract
The response of the global climate-carbon cycle system to an extremely large Northern Hemisphere mid latitude volcanic eruption is investigated using ensemble integrations with the comprehensive Earth System Model MPI-ESM. The model includes dynamical compartments of the atmosphere and ocean and interactive modules of the terrestrial biosphere as well as ocean biogeochemistry. The MPI-ESM was forced with anomalies of aerosol optical depth and effective radius of aerosol particles corresponding to a super eruption of the Yellowstone volcanic system. The model experiment consists of an ensemble of fifteen model integrations that are started at different pre-ENSO states of a contol experiment and run for 200 yr after the volcanic eruption. The climate response to the volcanic eruption is a maximum global monthly mean surface air temperature cooling of 3.8 K for the ensemble mean and from 3.3 K to 4.3 K for individual ensemble members. Atmospheric pCO
2 decreases by a maximum of 5 ppm for the ensemble mean and by 3 ppm to 7 ppm for individual ensemble members approximately 6 yr after the eruption. The atmospheric carbon content only very slowly returns to near pre-eruption level at year 200 after the eruption. The ocean takes up carbon shortly after the eruption in response to the cooling, changed wind fields, and ice cover. This physics driven uptake is weakly counteracted by a reduction of the biological export production mainly in the tropical Pacific. The land vegetation pool shows a distinct loss of carbon in the initial years after the eruption which has not been present in simulations of smaller scale eruptions. The gain of the soil carbon pool determines the amplitude of the CO2 perturbation and the long term behaviour of the overall system: an initial gain caused by reduced soil respiration is followed by a rather slow return towards pre-eruption levels. During this phase, the ocean compensates partly for the reduced atmospheric carbon content in response to the land's gain. In summary, we find that the volcanic eruption has long lasting effects on the carbon cycle: after 200 yr, the ocean and the land carbon pools are still different from the pre-eruption state, and the land carbon pools (vegetation and soil) show some long lasting local anomalies that are only partly visible in the global signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Evaluation of the Impact of Comprehensive Watershed Management on Carbon Sequestration Capacity of Soil and Water Conservation: A Case Study of the Luodi River Watershed in Changting County, Fujian Province.
- Author
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Yue, Shaofeng, Wu, Shidai, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhiguang, Wu, Yong, and Zhong, Xiaojian
- Subjects
WATER conservation projects ,SOIL conservation projects ,CARBON cycle ,SOIL conservation ,WATER conservation ,WATERSHED management ,VEGETATION monitoring - Abstract
Soil and water conservation measures have good carbon sinking capacity, and the comprehensive management of small watersheds involves plant measures, engineering measures and farming measures, which profoundly affect the capacity of the three major carbon pools of soil, vegetation and water bodies, making them an ideal place to carry out the monitoring and accounting of carbon sinks in soil and water conservation. The purpose of this paper is to monitor and evaluate the carbon sinks of soil and vegetation, to provide techniques and methods for the implementation of dynamic monitoring and evaluation of carbon sinks in soil and water conservation projects, and to provide theoretical and methodological support for the participation of soil and water conservation projects in carbon trading and the study of the formulation of relevant rules. In this study, field sampling and analysis, LiDAR, remote sensing and other related parameters were used to account for the carbon storage of vegetation carbon pools and soil carbon pools in the Luodi River sub-watershed, Changting County, Fujian Province, from 2001 to 2022, and to evaluate the carbon sink capacity of the various soil and water conservation management measures in the sub-watershed. The results show that after 21 years of comprehensive management, various soil and water conservation measures in the Luodi River sub-basin have significantly enhanced the role and capacity of carbon sinks, and the sub-basin's carbon stock increased by 3.97 × 10
4 t, with an average annual increase of 1.89 × 103 t/a. From the perspective of the carbon pools, the carbon stocks of soil and vegetation increased by 73.73% and 346.41%, respectively, from 2001 to 2022. The total carbon sunk in the sub-watershed reached 2.90 × 104 t, of which 1.57 × 104 t was in soil carbon sinks and 1.34 × 104 t was in vegetation carbon sinks. There were differences in the ability of various measures to enhance the increment of the carbon sink, among which the Castanea mollissima and the Fertilized Pinus massoniana Forest had the most obvious increase in carbon sunk, followed by the Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forest, the Nurture and Management Pinus massoniana Forest, and the Horizontal terraces Pinus massoniana Forest, and lastly, the Closed Management Forest and the Morella rubra. Various soil and water conservation measures have obvious effects of carbon retention, carbon sequestration and sink enhancement, while Castanea mollissima and Fertilized Pinus massoniana Forest and other forests that implement land preparation and afforestation with fertilization and nourishment measures have more significant increases in carbon sink capacity, which is an effective measure to improve the benefits of soil and water conservation and increase the amount of carbon sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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