1,720 results
Search Results
2. International Criminal Law — Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes — ICC Outlines Policies to Improve Prosecutorial Outcomes. — The Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC, Policy Paper on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes (2014)
- Published
- 2014
3. Criminal Statistics in Japan: The "White Paper on Crime, Hanzai Hakusho" and "Hanzai Tōkeisho"
- Author
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Finch, Andrew
- Published
- 2000
4. Notes and Documents: Rescuing African American Kidnapping Victims in Philadelphia as Documented in the Joseph Watson Papers at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
- Author
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Henderson, John, Watson, Joseph, Brown, Job, Bradford, Thomas, Kennon, R. L., Boucher, Joshua, Somerville, H. V., and Smith, Eric Ledell
- Published
- 2005
5. Central symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder on adult victims of sexual violence: A network analysis.
- Author
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Yang SB, Choi SS, Chang HY, Kim D, Lee Y, and Lim MH
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Sexual Behavior, Emotions, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic diagnosis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic etiology, Rape diagnosis, Sex Offenses, Crime Victims
- Abstract
This study aimed to identify and compare central post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms experienced by rape and sexual harassment victims, and the differences between the 2 groups. This study included 935 female victims of sexual violence who visited Sunflower Center in Korea between 2014 and 2020. Of the 935 victims, 172 were rape victims and 763 were sexually harassed. The Korean version of the Post-traumatic Diagnosis Scale was used to evaluate PTSD symptoms, and network analysis was performed to examine the differences in symptoms. The central symptom was "Physical reactions (PDS05)" for the group of rape victims and Less interest in activities (PDS09)' for the group of sexual harassment victims. For the group of sexual harassment victims, the most distinct central edge was the one between "Being over alert (PDS16)" and "Being jumpy or easily startled (PDS17)," and for the group of rape victims, it was the edge between "Upset when reminded of the trauma (PDS04)," and "Physical reactions (PDS05)." Network analysis revealed differences in central PTSD symptoms and central edges between sexual harassment and rape victims. Although re-experiencing and avoidance symptom clusters were most central in both groups, the specific central symptoms and edges differed between the 2 groups., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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6. Naming victims: Paper feels heat in rape case
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Frank, Cheryl
- Published
- 1984
7. Intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy increases risk of postpartum depression among urban adolescent mothers in South Africa.
- Author
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Gebrekristos LT, Groves AK, McNaughton Reyes L, Moodley D, Beksinska M, and Maman S
- Subjects
- Adult, Adolescent, Female, Pregnancy, Humans, Adolescent Mothers, South Africa epidemiology, Mothers psychology, Postpartum Period, Parturition, Depression, Postpartum epidemiology, Depression, Postpartum etiology, Depression, Postpartum diagnosis, Intimate Partner Violence psychology, Crime Victims psychology
- Abstract
Background: It is estimated that 38.8% of mothers develop postpartum depression (PPD) in South Africa. While empirical evidence documents an association between intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in pregnancy and PPD among adult women, the association has been underexamined among adolescent mothers (< 19 years). The study's purpose is to examine whether IPV victimization during pregnancy is associated with PPD among adolescent mothers., Methods: Adolescent mothers (14-19 years) were recruited at a regional hospital's maternity ward in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa between July 2017-April 2018. Participants completed behavioral assessments at two visits (n = 90): baseline (up to 4 weeks postpartum) and follow-up (6-9 weeks postpartum, when PPD is typically assessed). The WHO modified conflict tactics scale was used to create a binary measure of any physical and/or psychological IPV victimization that occurred during pregnancy. Participants with scores ≥ 13 on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) were classified as having symptoms of PPD. We used a modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors to assess PPD in association with IPV victimization during pregnancy, controlling for relevant covariates., Results: Nearly one-half (47%) of adolescent mothers reported symptoms of PPD by 6-9 weeks post-delivery. Further, IPV victimization during pregnancy was highly prevalent (40%). Adolescent mothers who reported IPV victimization during pregnancy had marginally higher risk of PPD at follow-up (RR: 1.50, 95 CI: 0.97-2.31; p = 0.07). The association was strengthened and significant in covariate-adjusted analysis (RR: 1.62, 95 CI: 1.06-2.49; p = 0.03)., Conclusions: Poor mental health was common among adolescent mothers, and IPV victimization during pregnancy was associated with PPD risk among adolescent mothers. Implementing IPV and PPD routine screenings during the perinatal period may aid in identifying adolescent mothers for IPV and PPD interventions and treatment. With the high prevalence of IPV and PPD in this vulnerable population and the potential negative impact on maternal and infant outcomes, interventions to reduce IPV and PPD are needed to improve adolescent mothers' well-being and their baby's health., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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8. Genocide by a million paper cuts
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Sally Thorne
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Canada ,Racism ,Population Groups ,Political science ,Genocide ,Humans ,Criminology ,General Nursing ,Crime Victims - Published
- 2019
9. A scoping review linking early childhood caries to violence, neglect, internally displaced, migrant and refugee status.
- Author
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Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Schroth, Robert J., Ayouni, Imen, Nguweneza, Arthemon, Arheiam, Arheiam, Al-Batayneh, Ola B., Virtanen, Jorma I., Gaffar, Balgis, Duangthip, Duangporn, Sun, Ivy Guofang, Mohebbi, Simin, Feldens, Carlos A., and Tantawi, Maha El
- Subjects
ONLINE information services ,TORTURE ,ADVERSE childhood experiences ,PSYCHOLOGY of refugees ,CHILD abuse ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,PSYCHOLOGY of mothers ,MIGRANT labor ,VIOLENCE ,RISK assessment ,CRIME victims ,INTIMATE partner violence ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DENTAL caries ,LITERATURE reviews ,MEDLINE ,SUSTAINABLE development ,DISEASE risk factors ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background: The aim of the scoping review was to identify and synthesize the available literature concerning the relationship between the status of refugees, migrants, and internally displaced persons (IDPs) and Early Childhood Caries (ECC) as it relates to the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16). Methods: Data regarding the links between the status of refugees, migrants, and internally displaced persons (IDPs) and Early Childhood Caries (ECC), and the associations between ECC and maternal and child exposure to physical and sexual abuse, insecurity, crime, exploitation, torture, and displacement were extracted. The search was carried out in January 2023 across three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). Only publications in English with accessible full texts were included. Descriptive statistics were utilized to summarize the categories of the retrieved papers, and graphical representation was employed for visualization purposes. The relationships between the publications and each of the 10 targets of Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16) were also assessed. Results: Forty-five studies were reviewed. Most studies (42.2%) originated from the Americas Regions, while no studies were identified from the Africa Region. A significant portion (46.7%) of the papers focused on abuse, violence, and neglect as risk factors for ECC. Migrants, refugees, and IDPs were the most investigated populations (44.4%). Only one study specifically focused on IDPs and migrants respectively. The prevalence of untreated caries was higher among migrants, refugees, and IDPs compared to the host community, ECC was more prevalent among children who experienced abuse, neglect, or were in protective care. The was no clear direction on the associations between ECC and intimate partner violence, adverse childhood experiences, and wars. In terms of the SDGs, the reviewed publications addressed four targets (SDG16.1, SDG16.2, SDG16.3, and SDG16.5) out of the ten targets outlined in SDG 16. Conclusion: There is available evidence regarding the connections between ECC and war, refugees, migration, violence, and neglect, as outlined in SDG 16. Future studies are needed to investigate how forced movements directly affects ECC status, how disruptions of peace and stability is a risk factor for ECC, and the associations between ECC and other indicators related to SDG 16 targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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10. Intimate partner femicide (IPF): Medico-legal investigation at the Institutes of Legal Medicine of Freiburg (Germany) and Padova (Italy).
- Author
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Franchetti G, Trevissoi F, Cocchio S, Furlan P, Viero A, Bonvicini B, Mazzarolo C, Zancaner S, Thoma V, Viel G, Cecchetto G, and Thierauf-Emberger A
- Subjects
- Humans, Italy epidemiology, Germany epidemiology, Female, Middle Aged, Adult, Aged, Male, Young Adult, Homicide statistics & numerical data, Intimate Partner Violence statistics & numerical data, Intimate Partner Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Crime Victims statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Violence against women is a significant public health concern, with femicide as its most extreme manifestation. This crime is often perpetrated by current or former intimate partners, thus taking the name of intimate partner femicide (IPF). Although international comparisons are essential for prevention policies, cross-country comparative studies are scarce in this context. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare clinical, epidemiological and medico-legal characteristics of IPF autopsy cases investigated at the Institutes of Legal Medicine of two Western European cities, in order to identify a potential medico-legal pattern of IPF. Autopsy and police reports of IPF cases occurred in the judicial district of Freiburg (Germany) and Padova (Italy) from 2000 to 2022 were analyzed. Data relating to victims, perpetrators, relationship context, and circumstantial and pathological-forensic characteristics of the homicide were collected. Statistical analyses were performed to explore potential relationships between the data collected. Additionally, a review of the literature dealing with autopsy-based studies on IPF was performed. Overall, 82 cases of IPF were analyzed, 39 from Freiburg and 43 from Padova. A total of 6 papers fulfilled the review inclusion criteria. Our study identified a medico-legal pattern of IPF and demonstrated that it did not vary substantially between the two European Countries considered, suggesting that certain IPF characteristics are shared at the European level. However, a significant finding emerged regarding the higher prevalence of firearm-related IPFs in Italy compared to Germany. Forensic pathology research might contribute to developing targeted prevention policies to protect women from this lethal form of violence., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None, (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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11. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among sexual assault victims referred to three French clinical forensic units.
- Author
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Rossi LH, Gonthier H, Le Gallo A, Baccino E, Jousset N, and Peyron PA
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- Humans, Female, France epidemiology, Male, Retrospective Studies, Adult, Prevalence, Young Adult, Adolescent, Sex Offenses statistics & numerical data, Middle Aged, Child, Forensic Medicine, Gonorrhea epidemiology, Gonorrhea diagnosis, Chlamydia Infections epidemiology, Chlamydia Infections diagnosis, Crime Victims statistics & numerical data, Chlamydia trachomatis isolation & purification, Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolation & purification
- Abstract
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. These STIs are frequently asymptomatic, which often delays diagnosis and treatment with the risk of serious long-term complications. Current French recommendations call for targeted screening of populations considered to be at risk, including victims of sexual assault. However, no recent data on the prevalence of these STIs in this population are available in France. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of CT/NG infections among victims of sexual assault attending three Clinical Forensic Units (CFUs)., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the forensic records of patients aged over 12 years reporting a sexual assault and referred between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 to the CFU of Montpellier, Angers or Saint-Denis de La Réunion. Patients who had been screened for CT and NG infections were included., Results: 341 alleged victims of sexual assault (324 women, 17 men, median age = 23 years) were screened for CT/NG STIs during the inclusion period (Montpellier, n=196; Angers, n=63; Saint-Denis, n=82). The median time between the sexual assault and the examination was 1 day. CT and NG were detected in 28 patients (8.2 %) and 8 patients (2.3 %) respectively, with no men tested positive. Positive results concerned genital samples, except for two CT-positive anorectal samples and one NG-positive oropharyngeal sample. Two patients (0.6 %) were co-infected with CT/NG. The overall prevalence of CT/NG STIs was 10.0 % and was higher in the 18-24 age group, reaching 13.2 % for CT., Conclusions: This multicenter study confirms the high prevalence of CT/NG STIs in victims of sexual assault, and the vulnerability of the youngest age groups to these infections. Systematic screening for CT/NG STIs at the time of the forensic examination is the key to early diagnosis and effective treatment to prevent transmission and subsequent complications in these patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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12. Safety Perceptions and Micro-Segregation: Exploring Gated- and Non-Gated-Community Dynamics in Quetta, Pakistan.
- Author
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Iqbal, Asifa, Shaukat, Tahira, and Nazir, Humaira
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NEIGHBORHOODS ,FEAR of crime ,PRIVATE communities ,RESIDENTIAL areas ,CRIME victims ,SECURITY systems - Abstract
Crime impacts residential neighborhoods not only through the loss of life and property but also by instilling a widespread fear among residents. To combat this fear, physical security measures like safety locks, gates, and high perimeter walls have proven effective in both developed and developing nations. This trend has led to the increased popularity of gated communities in Pakistan as a preferred housing choice. In addition to encouraging micro-segregation, these developments also attract a large number of residents. In order to better understand the differences in residents' fear of crime in relation to their health and socio-economic status, this paper compares residential housing schemes in Quetta, Pakistan (gated and non-gated). Surveys and on-site observations in four different residential areas of the city underpin the methodology. The results suggest that past experiences of crime victimization strongly affect feelings of safety in both gated and non-gated communities. The study highlights the complex relationship between the perception of safety, health and well-being, socio-economic status, and the type of community, highlighting how these factors collectively influence respondents' experiences and create micro-segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Reflections on Participatory Research
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Pain, Rachel and Francis, Peter
- Published
- 2003
14. DNA methylation signatures of adolescent victimization: analysis of a longitudinal monozygotic twin sample
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Joe Burrage, Chloe C. Y. Wong, Georgina Mansell, Helen L. Fisher, Radhika Kandaswamy, Eilis Hannon, Susanna Roberts, Karen Sugden, Ehsan Pishva, Jonathan Mill, Benjamin Williams, Andrea Danese, Louise Arseneault, Aisha Dahir, and James R Staley
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0301 basic medicine ,Epigenomics ,Cancer Research ,animal structures ,longitudinal ,Adolescent ,Monozygotic twin ,Biology ,Epigenesis, Genetic ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,Epigenetics ,Child ,Molecular Biology ,adversity ,Crime Victims ,Genetics ,DNA methylation ,epigenetics ,fungi ,victimization ,twins ,Twins, Monozygotic ,Adolescence ,030104 developmental biology ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Research Article ,Research Paper ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that individuals exposed to victimization at key developmental stages may have different epigenetic fingerprints compared to those exposed to no/minimal stressful events, however results are inconclusive. This study aimed to strengthen causal inference regarding the impact of adolescent victimization on the epigenome by controlling for genetic variation, age, gender, and shared environmental exposures. We conducted longitudinal epigenome-wide association analyses (EWAS) on DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles of 118 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs from the Environmental Risk study with and without severe adolescent victimization generated using buccal DNA collected at ages 5, 10 and 18, and the Illumina EPIC array. Additionally, we performed cross-sectional EWAS on age-18 blood and buccal DNA from the same individuals to elucidate tissue-specific signatures of severe adolescent victimization. Our analyses identified 20 suggestive differentially methylated positions (DMPs) (P
- Published
- 2020
15. Commentary about the paper: "Overview of clinical forensic services in various countries of European Union".
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Ludes, Bertrand
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FORENSIC medicine ,FORENSIC psychiatry ,ABUSE of older people ,COUNTRIES ,CRIME victims ,RAPE ,FORENSIC sciences - Abstract
The article about the "Overview of clinical forensic services in various countries of European Union" [[1]] is an important milestone in the field of clinical forensic medicine in so far that one of the main proposals would be to set up a Clinical Forensic Network for Europe. Were to discuss a future Clinical Forensic Network for Europe (CFN Europe) and a European-wide minimum standard for clinical forensic examinations. Furthermore, the CFN Europe could be a network proposing training for medical staff and other occupational groups who are in close contact with victims of physical and/or sexual violence in order to secure and adequately store forensic findings. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2020
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16. Who done it? The case of the suicidal murder victim: A forensic investigation for middle school students
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Sindel, Kasey
- Published
- 2012
17. The dangers of the paper route.
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Allsop, Jon, Ray, Justin, Lasson, Julie, Hauser, Micah, and Venkataramakrishnan, Siddharth
- Subjects
- *
NEWSPAPER carriers , *PAPERBOYS , *NEWSPAPER delivery , *NEWSPAPER circulation , *NEWSPAPER & periodical wholesalers , *LAW , *CRIME victims - Abstract
The article discusses threats faced by journalists in U.S. focusing on how newspaper carriers are assaulted and murdered across the nation. Topics include data collected by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), reasons for attacks on newspaper carriers, and risks of newspaper delivery. Also discussed is the old practice of using kids for newspaper delivery and laws to mitigate attacks on children and advantages of motorization of distribution.
- Published
- 2018
18. Past-Year Violence Victimization is Associated with Viral Load Failure Among HIV-Positive Adolescents and Young Adults
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John McGready, Virginia M. Burke, Michele R. Decker, Katherine G. Merrill, Caitlin E. Kennedy, Julie A. Denison, Sam Miti, Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Jonathan K. Mwansa, and Christiana Frimpong
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Adult ,Male ,Social Psychology ,Adolescent ,Poison control ,Zambia ,HIV Infections ,Violence ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Injury prevention ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Psychological abuse ,Child ,Crime Victims ,Original Paper ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,HIV ,Viral Load ,Health psychology ,Infectious Diseases ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Viral load ,Demography - Abstract
We examined the relationship between past-year violence victimization and viral load (VL) failure among consecutively-sampled male and female adolescents and young adults, aged 15–24, in four HIV clinics in Ndola, Zambia. Measures of past-year physical violence, psychological abuse, and forced sex were adapted from the ICAST-C and WHO Multi-Country Study. Using logistic regression, we derived associations between VL failure (≥ 1000 copies/mL) and: any victimization; cumulative victimization; and types and perpetrators of violence. Among 272 youth (59.2% female, 72.8% perinatally infected), 73.5% (n = 200) experienced past-year violence and 36.8% (n = 100) had VL failure. Higher odds of VL failure were observed for participants who reported high frequency of any violence versus no violence victimization (adjusted OR, aOR: 3.58; 95% CI 1.14–11.27), high frequency of psychological abuse versus no psychological abuse (aOR: 3.32; 95% CI 1.26–8.70), any versus no violence from a family member other than a parent/caregiver for physical violence (aOR: 2.18, 95% CI 1.05–4.54) and psychological abuse (aOR: 2.50; 95% CI 1.37–4.54), and any versus no physical violence from a friend/peer (aOR: 2.14, 95% CI 1.05–4.36). Past-year violence victimization was associated with VL failure when considering the frequency, type, and perpetrator of violence. Programs addressing violence among youth living with HIV may be critical to improving viral suppression and preventing onward transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10461-020-02958-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2020
19. Exposure to Islamophobia: The impacts of an increased risk of bullying victimization on human capital.
- Author
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Romero-Ciavatto JG and Chirkova S
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- Adolescent, Humans, Male, Adult, Child, Prejudice, Educational Status, Ethnicity, Bullying, Crime Victims
- Abstract
We use the shock caused by terrorist attacks on the US on September 11, 2001, to study the short- and long-term consequences of exposure to Islamophobia in high-school-aged youths. Our estimates show an immediate sharp increase in rates of identity-based bullying against Arab/Muslim youths relative to youths of other ethnic groups during the years 2001-2003. We also find exposure to Islamophobia increased school dropout rates by 4.11% among US-born male youths of Arab-Muslim origin, which is a large effect from a baseline of 4.6% of school dropout rate in the affected population. In the long term, however, we find no significant effect on educational attainment among the affected population. The data suggest Arab-Muslim male youths born in 1989 were 8.34% more likely to resort to GED tests as a means of obtaining high school credentials after the attacks. We find full-time male workers born in 1984 earn 12.8% less than similar workers who were unexposed to Islamophobia. Moreover, full-time male Arab-Muslim workers born between 1983 and 1985 are between 9% and 12.5% more likely to be in the first quintile of the state-of-residence-year-wage distribution than similar workers who were not exposed to Islamophobia., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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20. Social Media and Cyber-Bullying in Autistic Adults
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Paraskevi Triantafyllopoulou, Peter E. Langdon, and Charlotte Clark-Hughes
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cyber bullying ,Autism Spectrum Disorder ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Autism ,BF ,Victimisation ,Cyberbullying ,Cyber-bullying victimisation ,Developmental psychology ,Social media ,Cyber-aggression ,HV ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,Autistic Disorder ,Crime Victims ,media_common ,Internet ,Original Paper ,Social network ,business.industry ,Public health ,Bullying ,medicine.disease ,Online community ,Feeling ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,Psychology ,business ,RC - Abstract
Social media can lead to rejection, cyber-bullying victimisation, and cyber-aggression, and these experiences are not fully understood as experienced by autistic adults. To investigate this, 78 autistic adults completed self-report measures of social media use, cyber-bullying victimisation, cyber-aggression, and self-esteem. High levels of social media use were found to be associated with an increased risk of cyber-victimisation; whereas self-esteem was positively correlated with feelings of belonging to an online community and negatively correlated with feelings of being ignored on social network sites and chat rooms. Future studies are needed to further investigate the experience of cyber-bullying victimisation of autistic adults. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10803-021-05361-6.
- Published
- 2021
21. Dare to Ask! A Model for Teaching Nursing Students about Identifying and Responding to Violence against Women and Domestic Violence.
- Author
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Okenwa Emegwa, Leah, Paillard-Borg, Stéphanie, Wallin Lundell, Inger, Stålberg, Anna, Åling, Maria, Ahlenius, Gabriella, and Eriksson, Henrik
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CURRICULUM ,NURSES ,GENDER role ,PHILOSOPHY of education ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,QUALITATIVE research ,UNDERGRADUATES ,CONTENT analysis ,HEALTH occupations students ,NURSING education ,TEACHING ,NURSING schools ,LEARNING ,CONFIDENCE ,CRIME victims ,DOMESTIC violence ,ABILITY ,STUDENT attitudes ,TRAINING - Abstract
The role of nurses in identifying and responding to family violence and violence against women has long been established. However, nurses' readiness to fully assume this role remains low due to various barriers and the sensitive nature of the subject. As part of capacity building to address this problem, an additional national qualitative learning target, i.e., to "show knowledge about men's violence against women and violence in close relationships", was introduced into the Swedish Higher Education Ordinance for nursing and seven other educational programs between 2017 and 2018. The aim of this paper is to describe how the national qualitative learning target is incorporated into the undergraduate nursing curriculum at the Swedish Red Cross University College. An overview of relevant teaching and learning activities and how they are organized is first presented, followed by the presentation of a proposed didactic model: Dare to Ask and Act! The model details a step-by-step progression from facts and figures, including the role of gender norms, to recognizing signs of abuse in complex clinical situations, as well as developing skills that enhance the courage to ask and act. Due to the sensitive nature of violence victimization, the proposed model reflects the importance of making the subject a reoccurring theme in undergraduate nursing education in order to boost nursing students' interests and confidence to "Dare to Ask and Act!". The model also shows that making the subject a recurring theme can be achieved with minimal disruptions to and without overcrowding an existing curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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22. Prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in a German university student sample
- Author
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Barbara Krahé, Isabell Schuster, and Paulina Tomaszewska
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Male ,Department Psychologie ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Sexual aggression ,Adolescent ,Universities ,education ,Prevalence ,Same-sex relationships ,Sample (statistics) ,German ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,ddc:590 ,ddc:570 ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Students ,General Psychology ,health care economics and organizations ,Crime Victims ,Social desirability ,International research ,Original Paper ,Public health ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Sexual victimization ,social sciences ,language.human_language ,humanities ,Aggression ,Sexual behavior ,language ,Female ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Male victims ,Female perpetrators ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization in a sample of 1,172 students (755 female, 417 male) from four universities in Germany. All participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14 years, using the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Prevalence rates were established for different coercive strategies, sexual acts, and victim–perpetrator relationships. Both same-sex and opposite-sex victim–perpetrator constellations were examined. The overall victimization rate was 62.1% for women and 37.5% for men. The overall perpetration rate was 17.7% for men and 9.4% for women. Prevalence rates of both victimization and perpetration were higher for participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners than for participants with exclusively opposite-sex partners. Significant overlap was found between victim and perpetrator status for men and women as well as for participants with only opposite-sex and both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. A disparity between (higher) victimization and (lower) perpetration reports was found for both men and women, suggesting a general underreporting of perpetration rather than a gendered explanation in terms of social desirability or the perception of consent cues. The findings are placed in the international research literature on the prevalence of sexual aggression before and after the #metoo campaign, and their implications for prevention efforts are discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10508-021-01963-4.
- Published
- 2021
23. Add victims and stir? Or change the recipe?: achieving justice for victims of crime in Queensland
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Currie, Susan and Kift, Sally
- Published
- 1999
24. Beyond dichotomies: Gender and intersecting inequalities in climate change studies.
- Author
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Djoudi, Houria, Locatelli, Bruno, Vaast, Chloe, Asher, Kiran, Brockhaus, Maria, and Basnett Sijapati, Bimbika
- Subjects
CLIMATE change research ,GENDER differences (Sociology) ,PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation ,INTERSECTIONALITY ,CRIME victims - Abstract
Climate change and related adaptation strategies have gender-differentiated impacts. This paper reviews how gender is framed in 41 papers on climate change adaptation through an intersectionality lens. The main findings show that while intersectional analysis has demonstrated many advantages for a comprehensive study of gender, it has not yet entered the field of climate change and gender. In climate change studies, gender is mostly handled in a men-versus-women dichotomy and little or no attention has been paid to power and social and political relations. These gaps which are echoed in other domains of development and gender research depict a 'feminization of vulnerability' and reinforce a 'victimization' discourse within climate change studies. We argue that a critical intersectional assessment would contribute to unveil agency and emancipatory pathways in the adaptation process by providing a better understanding of how the differential impacts of climate change shape, and are shaped by, the complex power dynamics of existing social and political relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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25. Is There a Relationship Between Cyber-Dependent Crime, Autistic-Like Traits and Autism?
- Author
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Mark Brosnan, Dheeraj Rai, Richard Mills, Ailsa Russell, Katie Maras, and Katy-Louise Payne
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Explicit social cognition ,Autism ,Interpersonal support ,Developmental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Interpersonal relationship ,0302 clinical medicine ,Social cognition ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Autistic Disorder ,Association (psychology) ,Empirical evidence ,Crime Victims ,Hacker ,Original Paper ,Internet ,Negotiating ,business.industry ,Public health ,05 social sciences ,Social Support ,Autistic-like traits ,medicine.disease ,Phenotype ,Female ,The Internet ,Crime ,Cyber-dependent crime ,business ,Psychology ,Digital skills ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Bristol Population Health Science Institute ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
International law enforcement agencies have reported an apparent preponderance of autistic individuals amongst perpetrators of cyber-dependent crimes, such as hacking or spreading malware (Ledingham and Mills in Adv Autism 1:1–10, 2015). However, no empirical evidence exists to support such a relationship. This is the first study to empirically explore potential relationships between cyber-dependent crime and autism, autistic-like traits, explicit social cognition and perceived interpersonal support. Participants were 290 internet users, 23 of whom self-reported being autistic, who completed an anonymous online survey. Increased risk of committing cyber-dependent crime was associated with higher autistic-like traits. A diagnosis of autism was associated with a decreased risk of committing cyber-dependent crime. Around 40% of the association between autistic-like traits and cyber-dependent crime was mediated by advanced digital skills.
- Published
- 2019
26. Development of an intervention aimed at increasing awareness and acknowledgement of victimisation and its consequences among people with severe mental illness
- Author
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Albers, Wendy M. M., Nijssen, Yolanda A. M., Roeg, Diana P. K., Bongers, Inge M. B., van Weeghel, Jaap, Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg, and Tranzo, Scientific center for care and wellbeing
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,RISK-MANAGEMENT ,EARLY PSYCHOSIS ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Outpatients ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,Severe mental illness ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Crime Victims ,Original Paper ,Mental Disorders ,Rehabilitation ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Bullying ,Correction ,Staff training ,RECOVERY ,Social participation ,SELF-STIGMA ,030227 psychiatry ,PEER SUPPORT ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Mental Health ,DISCRIMINATION ,VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION ,Victimisation ,INDIVIDUAL PLACEMENT ,SOCIAL NETWORKS - Abstract
Individuals with severe mental illness have a significant risk of (anticipated) discrimination and (criminal) victimisation, which is not structurally and systematically addressed by mental health practitioners. The aim of this study was to develop and pilot an intervention which supports professionals to address victimisation and its consequences, in order to reinforce safe social participation and improve recovery. Following the rehabilitation and positive risk management literature, in addition to current practice, intervention components were developed in two focus groups and four subsequent expert meetings. The intervention was piloted in two outpatient teams before being finalised. The Victoria intervention includes positive risk management, focusing on clients’ narratives and strengths, and awareness of unsafe (home) environments: it comprises four steps: exploring issues with social participation, analysing victimisation experiences, clarifying the context of these experiences, and determining future steps, including victimisation-sensitive rehabilitation planning and optional trauma treatment. Future research should further test this intervention.
- Published
- 2021
27. RESEARCH ON THE CONCEPT "RESTORATION" OF THE TESTORATIVE JUSTICE.
- Author
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Wang Heyong
- Subjects
RESTORATIVE justice ,CRIME victims ,SOCIETIES ,ECONOMIC development ,ETYMOLOGY - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Online hate speech victimization: consequences for victims' feelings of insecurity.
- Author
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Dreißigacker, Arne, Müller, Philipp, Isenhardt, Anna, and Schemmel, Jonas
- Subjects
HATE crimes ,HATE speech ,SECURITY (Psychology) ,CRIME victims ,SECONDARY analysis ,DEMOGRAPHIC surveys - Abstract
This paper addresses the question whether and to what extent the experience of online hate speech affects victims' sense of security. Studies on hate crime in general show that such crimes are associated with a significantly higher feeling of insecurity, but there is little evidence concerning feeling of insecurity due to online hate speech. Based on a secondary data analysis of a representative population survey in Lower Saxony, Germany, on the topic of cybercrime in 2020 (N = 4,102), we tested three hypotheses regarding the effect of offline and online hate speech on feelings of insecurity. As a result, compared to non-victims, victims of online hate speech exhibit a more pronounced feeling of insecurity outside the Internet, while victims of other forms of cybercrime do not differ in this regard from non-victims. We found no effect for offline hate speech when relevant control variables were included in the statistical model. Possible reasons for this finding are assumed to lie in the characteristics of the phenomenon of online hate speech, for example, because the hateful content spreads uncontrollably on the Internet and reaches its victims even in protected private spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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29. Victimization in Walker’s The Color Purple: A Critical Stylistic Analysis.
- Author
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Sallomi, Azhar Hassan and Obied, Iman Mingher
- Subjects
CRIME victims ,CRITICAL analysis ,ETHNIC discrimination ,RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
The current paper investigates woman’s victimization in Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple from a critical stylistic perspective. It aims to show how victimization is realized linguistically in terms of some toolkits mentioned in Jeffries’s (2010) framework. Additionally, it aims to reveal the ideological implication of these toolkits in the data under study. The study adopts a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative approaches in the analysis. The researchers find out that woman’s victimization is recognized in The Color Purple through various syntactic triggers that symbolize Jeffries’s conceptual tools. Moreover, the study concludes that the tool of Representing Actions, States, Events is the most common among others as it is thoroughly interconnected with the brutal acts that lead to victimization. Further, Walker devotes these toolkits to reveal various negative ideologies that accompany victimization like slavery, oppression, ethnic discrimination and domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Factores de riesgo vinculados a la cibervictimización en población joven y adolescente.
- Author
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Munévar Mora, Jorge and Cárdenas Moren, María Alejandra
- Subjects
CONVENIENCE sampling (Statistics) ,KEYWORD searching ,HARASSMENT ,CROSS-cultural differences ,CONTENT analysis ,CRIME victims ,PROBABILISTIC databases ,PSYCHOSOCIAL development theory - Abstract
Copyright of Justicia (0124-7441) is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The Right to Accompaniment by a Person of the Victim‘s Choice as a Key Right to Avoid Secondary Victimisation: Exploratory Qualitative Research in Spain.
- Author
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VARONA, GEMA
- Subjects
LEGAL professions ,INTIMATE partner violence ,CRIMINAL justice system ,QUALITATIVE research ,CRIME victims - Abstract
Copyright of Temida is the property of Victimology Society of Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Sibling bullying in middle childhood is associated with psychosocial difficulties in early adolescence : the case of individuals with autism spectrum disorder
- Author
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Gillian McChesney, Umar Toseeb, Dieter Wolke, and Jeremy Oldfield
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Autism Spectrum Disorder ,RJ ,Poison control ,Sibling bullying ,BF ,Victimisation ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Peer Group ,Developmental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Social ,Injury prevention ,mental disorders ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Sibling ,Child ,Crime Victims ,Original Paper ,Siblings ,05 social sciences ,Bullying ,medicine.disease ,Sibling relationship ,Adolescence ,Autism spectrum disorder ,Adolescent Behavior ,Longitudinal ,Autism ,Female ,Self Report ,Emotional ,Psychology ,Psychosocial ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,RC - Abstract
Sibling bullying is associated with various psychosocial difficulties. We investigated this in 231 individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 8180 without ASD between middle childhood (age 11 years) and early adolescence (age 14 years). On the whole, self-reported sibling bullying decreased from middle childhood to early adolescence. Despite this, individuals with ASD continued to report more sibling bullying as both perpetrator and victim in early adolescence than those without ASD. We found that self-report sibling bullying in middle childhood was associated with psychosocial difficulties in early adolescence. Moreover, individuals with ASD were more likely to report being bullied by both siblings and peers in middle childhood and this pattern of victimisation was associated with concurrent and longitudinal psychosocial difficulties. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10803-019-04116-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2020
33. Criminal victimization, cognitive social capital and mental health in an urban region in Germany: a path analysis
- Author
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Natalie Lamp, Annabel S. Müller-Stierlin, Thomas Becker, Carolin von Gottberg, and Reinhold Kilian
- Subjects
Coping (psychology) ,Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Viktimisierung ,Angst ,Psychische Gesundheit ,Anxiety ,Logistic regression ,Criminal victimization ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cognition ,Germany ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Association (psychology) ,Path analysis (statistics) ,Crime Victims ,media_common ,Original Paper ,DDC 150 / Psychology ,Depression ,Victims of crimes ,social sciences ,Criminals ,Mental health ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Mental Health ,Verbrechensopfer ,Social Capital ,Psychological resilience ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,DDC 610 / Medicine & health ,Clinical psychology ,Cognitive social capital - Abstract
Purpose There is ample evidence that experiencing a criminal victimization is associated with lasting emotional problems among victims. To date, the mechanisms behind this association are not well understood. Based on the theoretical assumptions derived from a transactional stress-appraisal and coping model this study analyses the role of cognitive social capital (SC) in the association between criminal victimization (CV) and victims’ mental health. Methods A cross-sectional, computer-aided telephone survey including a representative sample of 3005 persons from three German cities was conducted. Respondents were asked about CV during their lifetime, cognitive SC, perceived victimization risk, perceived safety and perceived ability to prevent victimization. The PHQ-4 was used as a measure of anxiety and depression. The data were analyzed by means of logistic regression models and a path model controlled for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Lifetime CV with any type of crime was associated with a clinically relevant increased risk of mental disorder (PHQ-4 ≥ 9; OR 1.8, p ≤ 0.05). Path analyses revealed that the direct association between CV and PHQ-4 (β = 0.454; p ≤ 0.01) was significantly diminished by cognitive SC (β = − 0.373; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Our results suggest that cognitive SC is an individual resilience factor against negative experiences related to CV and that it holds the potential to diminish negative mental health consequences of CV. Further research should explore to what extent an enhancement of cognitive SC can help to prevent anxiety and depression among crime victims., publishedVersion
- Published
- 2020
34. From Coercion to Physical Force: Aggressive Strategies Used by Women Against Men in 'Forced-to-Penetrate' Cases in the UK
- Author
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Siobhan Weare
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Coercion ,Criminology ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,medicine ,Humans ,Child ,Sexual violence ,Crime Victims ,Qualitative Research ,General Psychology ,Use of force ,Aged ,0505 law ,Original Paper ,Public health ,Sex Offenses ,05 social sciences ,Gender ,Men ,Middle Aged ,United Kingdom ,Aggression ,Sexual Partners ,Harm ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Child, Preschool ,Rape ,050501 criminology ,Vagina ,Female ,Forced-to-penetrate ,Psychology ,Male victims ,Female perpetrators ,Qualitative research ,Criminal justice - Abstract
“Forced-to-penetrate” cases involve a man being forced-to-penetrate, with his penis and without his consent, a woman’s vagina, anus, or mouth. This article presents the first quantitative and qualitative research findings regarding such cases in the UK, exploring aggressive strategies used by women, as reported by 154 men who experienced them. The most frequently used strategies include coercion, taking advantage of men’s intoxication, and the use of force and threats of physical harm. Novel evidence is presented of women combining multiple strategies within the same incident. The article also argues that some of the strategies used by women are particularly “gendered,” with them taking advantage of their roles as women. The findings presented here raise questions for criminal justice professionals working in the area of sexual violence, as well as highlighting the need for future research.
- Published
- 2018
35. Sexual orientation disparities in the co-occurrence of substance use and psychological distress: a national population-based study (2008–2015)
- Author
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Richard Bränström and John E. Pachankis
- Subjects
Male ,Health (social science) ,Social stigma ,Epidemiology ,Social Stigma ,Comorbidity ,Substance use ,Sexual and Gender Minorities ,Discrimination, Psychological ,0302 clinical medicine ,Prevalence ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Social isolation ,Crime Victims ,Aged, 80 and over ,Middle Aged ,Minority stress ,Substance abuse ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Social Isolation ,Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Lesbian ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Social Psychology ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Sexual Behavior ,Psychological distress ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,Heterosexuality ,Aged ,Sweden ,Original Paper ,030505 public health ,Health Status Disparities ,medicine.disease ,Syndemic ,Mental health ,Sexual minorities ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Sexual orientation ,Stress, Psychological ,Demography - Abstract
Purpose Although strong evidence documents the elevated prevalence of both substance use and mental health problems among sexual minorities (i.e., gay, lesbian, and bisexuals), relatively less research has examined whether risk of the co-occurrence of these factors is elevated among sexual minorities compared to heterosexuals. The object of this study was to (1) explore sexual orientation-based differences in substance use, psychological distress, and their co-occurrence in a representative sample in Sweden, and (2) examine if greater exposure to stressors, such as discrimination, victimization/threats, and social isolation, could explain these potential disparities and their co-occurrence. Methods Data come from the cross-sectional Swedish National Public Health Survey, which collected random samples of individuals (16–84 years of age) annually from 2008 to 2015, with an overall response rate of 49.7% (n = 79,568 individuals; 1673 self-identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual). Population-level sexual orientation differences in substance use (i.e., alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis) and psychological distress were examined. Results Our findings showed significantly elevated prevalence of high-risk alcohol use, cannabis use, and daily tobacco smoking, among sexual minorities compared to heterosexuals. These substantial disparities in substance use more often co-occurred with psychological distress among sexual minorities than among heterosexuals. The elevated risk of co-occurring psychological distress and substance use was most notable among gay men relative to heterosexual men (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.65, CI 1.98, 3.55), and bisexual women relative to heterosexual women (AOR = 3.01, CI 2.43, 3.72). Multiple mediation analyses showed that experiences of discrimination, victimization, and social isolation partially explained the sexual orientation disparity in these co-occurring problems. Conclusions This study adds to a growing body of research showing that sexual minorities experience multiple threats to optimal health and points toward future interventions that address the shared sources of these overlapping health threats in stigma-related stress.
- Published
- 2018
36. The interplay of psychosis and victimisation across the life course
- Author
-
Ron de Graaf, Jim van Os, Margreet ten Have, Marjan Drukker, Steven Honings, Saskia van Dorsselaer, RS: CAPHRI other, RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, and Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie
- Subjects
Male ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Poison control ,EXTENDED PSYCHOSIS ,Childhood trauma ,0302 clinical medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Young adult ,Crime Victims ,Netherlands ,RISK ,education.field_of_study ,Incidence ,SEVERE MENTAL-ILLNESS ,Middle Aged ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Physical abuse ,CHILDHOOD SEXUAL-ABUSE ,VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION ,Life course approach ,Victimisation ,Female ,BIPOLAR SPECTRUM FEATURES ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology ,Adult ,Psychosis ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Social Psychology ,Adolescent ,Population ,Violence ,ADULT RECOLLECTIONS ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Injury prevention ,Psychotic experience ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,education ,HEALTH SURVEYS ,Original Paper ,medicine.disease ,030227 psychiatry ,NATIONAL-SURVEY ,Psychotic Disorders ,PHYSICAL ABUSE ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Purpose Psychosis has been associated with adult victimisation. However, it remains unclear whether psychosis predicts incident adult victimisation, or whether adult victimisation predicts incident psychosis. Furthermore, a moderating effect of childhood victimisation on the association between psychosis and adult victimisation has not been investigated. Methods The longitudinal association between baseline psychotic experiences and six-year incidence of adult victimisation was assessed in a prospective general population cohort of 6646 adults using logistic regression analysis. The association between baseline adult victimisation and six-year incidence of psychotic experiences was examined as well. Furthermore, the moderating effect of childhood victimisation on these bidirectional associations was analysed. Results Psychotic experiences and childhood victimisation were both associated with an increased risk of incident adult victimisation. However, this was through competing pathways, as suggested by a negative interaction between psychotic experiences and childhood victimisation. Baseline adult victimisation and childhood victimisation both independently increased the risk of incident psychotic experiences, but there was no interaction between adult victimisation and childhood victimisation. Conclusions Psychosis and victimisation are interconnected throughout the life course. Childhood victimisation is connected to psychosis through two pathways: one direct and one indirect through adult victimisation. In individuals without childhood victimisation, psychosis and adult victimisation bidirectionally impact on each other.
- Published
- 2017
37. Relational victimization prospectively predicts increases in error-related brain activity and social anxiety in children and adolescents across two years.
- Author
-
Cole SL, Mehra LM, Cibrian E, Cummings EM, Nelson BD, Hajcak G, and Meyer A
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Child, Adolescent, Anxiety, Fear, Brain, Evoked Potentials physiology, Crime Victims
- Abstract
Recent research has focused on identifying neural markers associated with risk for anxiety, including the error-related negativity (ERN). An elevated ERN amplitude has been observed in anxious individuals from middle childhood onward and has been shown to predict risk for future increases in anxiety development. The ERN is sensitive to environmental influences during development, including interpersonal stressors. Of note, one particular type of interpersonal stressor, relational victimization, has been related to increases in anxiety in adolescents. We tested whether relational victimization predicts increases in the ERN and social anxiety symptoms across two years in a sample of 152 child and adolescent females (ages 8 - 15). Results indicated that children and adolescents' baseline ERN was positively related to the ERN two years later. Furthermore, greater relational victimization at baseline predicted greater increases in the ERN two years later, controlling for baseline ERN. Moreover, relational victimization at baseline predicted increases in social anxiety, and this relationship was mediated by increases in the ERN. These results suggest that relational victimization impacts the developmental trajectory of the neural response to errors and thereby impacts increases in social anxiety among children and adolescents., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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38. Longitudinal alterations in brain morphometry mediated the effects of bullying victimization on cognitive development in preadolescents.
- Author
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Menken MS, Rodriguez Rivera PJ, Isaiah A, Ernst T, Cloak CC, and Chang L
- Subjects
- Child, Female, Adolescent, Humans, Male, Brain, Longitudinal Studies, Cognition, Bullying, Crime Victims
- Abstract
Bullying victimization is associated with a doubled risk of attempting suicide in adulthood. Two longitudinal brain morphometry studies identified the fusiform gyrus and putamen as vulnerable to bullying. No study identified how neural alterations may mediate the effect of bullying on cognition. We assessed participants with caregiver-reported bullying (N = 323) and matched non-bullied controls (N = 322) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study dataset to identify changes in brain morphometry associated with ongoing bullying victimization over two years and determine whether such alterations mediated the effect of bullying on cognition. Bullied children (38.7% girls, 47.7% racial minorities, 9.88 ± 0.62 years at baseline) had poorer cognitive performance (P < 0.05), larger right hippocampus (P = 0.036), left entorhinal cortex, left superior parietal cortex, and right fusiform gyrus volumes (all P < 0.05), as well as larger surface areas in multiple other frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices. Thinner cortices were also found in the left hemisphere, particularly in the left temporal lobe, and right frontal region (all P < 0.05). Importantly, larger surface area in the fusiform cortices partially suppressed (12-16%), and thinner precentral cortices partially mitigated, (7%) the effect of bullying on cognition (P < 0.05). These findings highlight the negative impact of prolonged bullying victimization on brain morphometry and cognition., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2023
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39. Assault as a public health problem: discussion paper.
- Author
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Shepherd, J. P. and Farrington, D. P.
- Subjects
PUBLIC health ,NATIONAL health services ,PUBLIC records ,POLICE ,MEDICAL scientists ,CRIME victims - Abstract
Formal collaboration between epidemiologists, A & E doctors, family practitioners, criminologists and the police is necessary so that criminal justice and public health approaches to the causes and prevention of interpersonal violence can be co-ordinated. Computerized record keeping in A & E departments, incorporating programmes dedicated to assaultive and accidental injury, is an important starting point and this needs to be organized in a systematic way so that comparisons with data collected by police and in national crime surveys can be made. Research is necessary to identify risk groups and to draw causal inferences. Criminal injury is an increasing cause of temporary and permanent handicap and death in many countries and it merits formal epidemiological research, funded by national and international health agencies. This should include the evaluation of primary and secondary prevention programmes in A & E departments and in the community. On the 10th anniversary of the publication of the Black report on inequalities in health, it is apposite to consider that high rates of intentional injury as well as illness are closely linked to poverty and that violence leaves permanent physical and psychological scars. A deprived young urban male may suffer 60 years of incapacity as a result of injury and subsequent further reductions in quality of life and self-esteem. In comparison with child abuse, the causes, identification, prevention and management of assault involving adults are not yet established as a community health issue. It is urgent to plan now to obtain the knowledge that can lead to future decreases in injury; a public health approach can make significant contributions in delineating aetiology, incidence and prevention strategies that are likely to be successful. It is surely better to reduce crime and violence through the positive aim of promoting health rather than through the negative aims of retribution, deterrence and incapacitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1993
40. A review of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) health and healthcare inequalities.
- Author
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Zeeman, Laetitia, Sherriff, Nigel, Browne, Kath, McGlynn, Nick, Mirandola, Massimo, Gios, Lorenzo, Davis, Ruth, Sanchez-Lambert, Juliette, Aujean, Sophie, Pinto, Nuno, Farinella, Francesco, Donisi, Valeria, Niedźwiedzka-Stadnik, Marta, Rosińska, Magdalena, Pierson, Anne, Amaddeo, Francesco, and Network, Health4LGBTI
- Subjects
AGE distribution ,CINAHL database ,FUNCTIONAL assessment ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HEALTH status indicators ,HETEROSEXUALITY ,INCOME ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL databases ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,MEDLINE ,META-analysis ,PROFESSIONAL ethics ,SEX distribution ,SOCIAL stigma ,CRIME victims ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,SOCIAL boundaries ,PSYCHOLOGY of LGBTQ+ people ,MINORITY stress - Abstract
Background Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) people experience significant health inequalities. Located within a European Commission funded pilot project, this paper presents a review of the health inequalities faced by LGBTI people and the barriers health professionals encounter when providing care. Methods A narrative synthesis of 57 papers including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, meta-analyses and primary research. Literature was searched in Cochrane, Campbell Collaboration, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Medline. The review was undertaken to promote understanding of the causes and range of inequalities, as well as how to reduce inequalities. Results LGBTI people are more likely to experience health inequalities due to heteronormativity or heterosexism, minority stress, experiences of victimization and discrimination, compounded by stigma. Inequalities pertaining to LGBTI health(care) vary depending on gender, age, income and disability as well as between LGBTI groupings. Gaps in the literature remain around how these factors intersect to influence health, with further large-scale research needed particularly regarding trans and intersex people. Conclusion Health inequalities can be addressed via changes in policy, research and in practice through health services that accommodate the needs of LGBTI people. With improved training to address gaps in their knowledge of LGBTI health and healthcare, health professionals should work in collaboration with LGBTI people to address a range of barriers that prevent access to care. Through structural change combined with increased knowledge and understanding, services can potentially become more inclusive and equally accessible to all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. 'An Adventure That Went Wrong': Reasons Given by Convicted Perpetrators of Multiple Perpetrator Sexual Offending for Their Involvement in the Offense
- Author
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Leigh Harkins, Jessica Woodhams, and Teresa da Silva
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Sexual Behavior ,Group rape ,Criminology ,Multiple perpetrator rape ,Developmental psychology ,Young Adult ,Empirical research ,5. Gender equality ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,medicine ,Humans ,Group sex offending ,Situational ethics ,10. No inequality ,Sociocultural evolution ,Crime Victims ,General Psychology ,0505 law ,Sexual assault ,Original Paper ,Sexual violence ,Prisoners ,Public health ,Sex Offenses ,05 social sciences ,Middle Aged ,Group dynamic ,16. Peace & justice ,Adventure ,Sex offenders ,050501 criminology ,Female ,Psychology ,Multiple perpetrator sexual offending - Abstract
There is little empirical research examining the reasons behind multiple perpetrator sexual offending. A limited number of studies provide reasons for offending offered by perpetrators of this type of sexual violence, but only one published study exists where these perpetrators were interviewed regarding their offense. The Multi-Factorial Model of Multiple Perpetrator Sexual Offending (MPSO) proposed that various factors (individual, sociocultural, and situational) play a role in this type of sexual assault, noting in particular the importance of group dynamics and processes. In the current study, 25 convicted perpetrators of multiple perpetrator sexual offending housed in educational centers and prisons in Portugal were interviewed about their involvement and reasons for participating in the offense. The findings suggested that group processes and dynamics play an important part in this type of sexual offending. Furthermore, the results provided some evidence to support the factors proposed by the Multi-Factorial Model of MPSO. These findings have implications for prevention and treatment programs and for the assessment of offenders.
- Published
- 2017
42. Lifelong robbery victimisation and mental disorders at age 18 years: Brazilian population-based study
- Author
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Ana Carolina Oliveira Ruivo, Natália Peixoto Lima, Franciéle Marabotti Costa Leite, Luciana Anselmi, Andrea Ramirez Varela, Seena Fazel, Caroline Cardozo Bortolotto, Elma Izze da Silva Magalhães, Gregore I. Mielke, Ana M. B. Menezes, Joseph Murray, Mariana Otero Xavier, Jean-Baptiste Pingault, Helen Gonçalves, and Fernando C. Wehrmeister
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Population ,Poison control ,Violence ,Victimisation ,Cohort Studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Poisson Distribution ,Psychiatry ,education ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview ,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ,education.field_of_study ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,Original Paper ,business.industry ,Mental Disorders ,Crime victims ,16. Peace & justice ,medicine.disease ,Mental health ,Anxiety Disorders ,030227 psychiatry ,3. Good health ,Adolescence ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Middle-income country ,Major depressive disorder ,Anxiety ,Regression Analysis ,Female ,Self Report ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Brazil - Abstract
Purpose Urban violence is a major problem in Brazil and may contribute to mental disorders among victims. The aim of this study was to assess the association between robbery victimisation and mental health disorders in late adolescence. Methods At age 18 years, 4106 participants in the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study were assessed. A questionnaire about history of robbery victimisation was administered, the Self-Report Questionnaire was used to screen for common mental disorders, and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Cross-sectional prevalence ratios between lifetime robbery victimisation and mental disorders were estimated using Poisson regression with robust standard errors, adjusting for socioeconomic variables measured at birth and violence in the home and maltreatment measured at age 15. Results There was a dose–response relationship between frequency of lifetime robberies and risk of mental disorders. Adolescents who had been robbed three or more times had twice the risk (PR 2.04; 95% CI 1.64–2.56) for common mental disorders, over four times the risk for depression (PR 4.59; 95% CI 2.60–8.12), and twice the risk for anxiety (PR 1.93; 95% CI 1.06–3.50), compared with non-victims, adjusting for covariates. Experiencing frequent robberies had greater impact on common mental disorders than experiencing an armed robbery. Population attributable fractions with regard to robbery were 9% for common mental disorders, 13% for depression, and 8% for anxiety. Conclusions Robberies are associated with common mental disorders in late adolescence, independently of violence between family members. Reducing urban violence could significantly help in preventing common mental illnesses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00127-018-1488-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2019
43. Child Maltreatment Disclosure to a Text Messaging–Based Crisis Service: Content Analysis
- Author
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Nitya Kanuri, Scottye J. Cash, and Laura M. Schwab-Reese
- Subjects
Child abuse ,Male ,Short Message Service ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Health Informatics ,Information technology ,Truth Disclosure ,Neglect ,Developmental psychology ,text message ,Humans ,Child Abuse ,Psychological abuse ,Child ,Crime Victims ,media_common ,Service (business) ,Text Messaging ,Original Paper ,Mandatory Reporting ,T58.5-58.64 ,Physical abuse ,Crisis Intervention ,Sexual abuse ,Content analysis ,SMS ,Female ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Psychology ,disclosure ,child maltreatment - Abstract
BackgroundDisclosure is a difficult but important process for victims of child maltreatment. There is limited research on child maltreatment disclosure. Young people have been reluctant to disclose victimization to adults, but short message service (SMS) crisis services may represent one novel method of engaging young people around sensitive topics. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine characteristics of child maltreatment disclosure to an SMS-based crisis service. MethodsWe conducted a content analysis of all conversations (N=244) that resulted in a mandatory report by an SMS-based crisis service between October 2015 and July 2017. We coded characteristics of the disclosure process, including the reason for initial contact, phrase used to disclose abuse, perpetrator, type of abuse, and length of victimization. After identifying terms used by young people to disclose child abuse, we randomly selected and analyzed 50 conversations using those terms to determine if use of the terms differed between conversations that did and did not result in mandatory report. ResultsParents were the most common perpetrator. Physical abuse was the most common form of abuse discussed in the initial abuse disclosure (106/244, 43.4%), followed by psychological abuse (83/244, 34.0%), sexual abuse (38/244, 15.6%), and neglect (15/244, 6.1%). More than half of the texters discussed abuse or other significant family issues in the first message. An explicit description of the experience or definite language, such as abuse, rape, and molested, was common in disclosures. ConclusionsEarly disclosure, combined with explicit language, may suggest at least a portion of young victims are actively seeking safe ways to talk about their experiences with abuse, rather than incidentally sharing experiences while seeking support for other issues. SMS text messaging may be a valuable way to engage with young people around sensitive topics, but these approaches will require careful consideration in their development, implementation, and evaluation to ensure a positive experience for young people.
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- 2019
44. Childhood maltreatment and adulthood domestic and sexual violence victimisation among people with severe mental illness
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Fraser M. Anderson, Kimberlie Dean, Hind Khalifeh, Paul Moran, and Louise M. Howard
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Adult ,Male ,Domestic Violence ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Social Psychology ,Epidemiology ,Poison control ,Victimisation ,Trauma ,Health(social science) ,Domestic violence ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Injury prevention ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Child Abuse ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychiatry ,Original Paper ,Sexual violence ,Sex offenses ,business.industry ,Mental Disorders ,Crime victims ,Mental illness ,medicine.disease ,Mental health ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Logistic Models ,Female ,Sex offense ,business - Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association between childhood maltreatment and adulthood domestic and sexual violence victimisation among people with severe mental illness (SMI), and to explore this association in terms of gender differences and potential mediators.Method A cross-sectional survey of 318 people living in the community who were receiving care from Community Mental Health Teams. Associations were assessed using logistic regression of multiply imputed data.Results 63 % (95 % CI 55–71 %) of men and 71 % (95 % CI 63–79 %) of women reported childhood maltreatment,46 % (95 % CI 37–54 %) of men and 67 % (95 % CI 59–76 %) of women reported adulthood domestic violence victimisation, and 22 % (95 % CI 15–28 %)of men and 62 % (95 % CI 53–70 %)of women reported adulthood sexual violence victimisation. Men and women with SMI who reported experiences of childhood maltreatment were two to five times more likely to report domestic and sexual violence victimisation in adulthood after adjusting for confounders. The associations held for each of emotional,physical and sexual childhood abuse.Conclusion People with severe mental illness have high prevalence of experiences of childhood maltreatment and adulthood domestic and sexual violence victimisation.Childhood maltreatment appears to be an independent risk factor for adulthood victimisation among men and women with SMI.
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- 2016
45. Effects of PREPARE, a Multi-component, School-Based HIV and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Prevention Programme on Adolescent Sexual Risk Behaviour and IPV: Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial
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Tracy McClinton Appollis, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Petrus J. de Vries, Yolisa Mtshizana, Petra De Koker, Loraine Townsend, Joy Koech, Annegreet Gera Wubs, Hein de Vries, Leif Edvard Aarø, Catherine Mathews, Sander Matthijs Eggers, Health promotion, and RS: CAPHRI - R6 - Promoting Health & Personalised Care
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Safe Sex ,Poison control ,HIV Infections ,Sex Education ,Adolescents ,Suicide prevention ,law.invention ,Condoms ,0302 clinical medicine ,5. Gender equality ,law ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Cluster randomised controlled trial ,Crime Victims ,Randomised controlled trial ,Schools ,Sexual violence ,4. Education ,3. Good health ,Sexual Partners ,Infectious Diseases ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Social Psychology ,Sexual Behavior ,HIV prevention ,Victimisation ,03 medical and health sciences ,Risk-Taking ,Condom ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Sexual risk behaviour ,School Health Services ,Original Paper ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Sex Offenses ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Intimate partner violence ,Adolescent Behavior ,Family medicine ,Physical therapy ,Domestic violence ,Sex offense ,business - Abstract
Young South Africans, especially women, are at high risk of HIV. We evaluated the effects of PREPARE, a multi-component, school-based HIV prevention intervention to delay sexual debut, increase condom use and decrease intimate partner violence (IPV) among young adolescents. We conducted a cluster RCT among Grade eights in 42 high schools. The intervention comprised education sessions, a school health service and a school sexual violence prevention programme. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Regression was undertaken to provide ORs or coefficients adjusted for clustering. Of 6244 sampled adolescents, 55.3 % participated. At 12 months there were no differences between intervention and control arms in sexual risk behaviours. Participants in the intervention arm were less likely to report IPV victimisation (35.1 vs. 40.9 %; OR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.61-0.99; t(40) = 2.14) suggesting the intervention shaped intimate partnerships into safer ones, potentially lowering the risk for HIV.
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- 2016
46. Controlling behaviours and technology-facilitated abuse perpetrated by men receiving substance use treatment in England and Brazil: Prevalence and risk factors
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Gail, Gilchrist, Martha, Canfield, Polly, Radcliffe, and Ana Flavia Pires Lucas, D'Oliveira
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Adult ,Cross-Cultural Comparison ,Male ,Technology ,Substance-Related Disorders ,intimate partner violence ,Anger ,substance use treatment ,Life Change Events ,technology‐facilitated abuse ,cross‐sectional study ,Risk Factors ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,controlling behaviour ,Crime Victims ,Original Paper ,Depression ,Age Factors ,Middle Aged ,Original Papers ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,England ,Multivariate Analysis ,Brazil - Abstract
Introduction and Aims Controlling behaviours are highly prevalent forms of non‐physical intimate partner violence (IPV). The prevalence of perpetrating controlling behaviours and technology‐facilitated abuse (TFA) was compared by men receiving substance use treatment in England (n = 223) and Brazil (n = 280). Factors associated with perpetrating these behaviours towards their current/most recent partner and their association with other types of IPV were explored. Design and Methods Secondary analysis from two cross‐sectional studies was performed. Data on socio‐demographic characteristics, infidelity, IPV perpetration and victimisation, adverse childhood experiences (ACE), attitudes towards gender relations and roles, substance use, depressive symptoms and anger expression were collected. Results Sixty‐four percent (143/223) and 33% (73/223) of participants in England and 65% (184/280) and 20% (57/280) in Brazil reported controlling behaviours and TFA, respectively, during their current/most recent relationship. Excluding IPV victimisation from the multivariate models; perpetrating controlling behaviours was associated with a higher number of ACE, higher anger expression (England) and severe physical IPV perpetration (Brazil), and perpetrating TFA was associated with younger age. Including both IPV victimisation and perpetration in the multivariate models; perpetrating controlling behaviour was associated with experiencing a higher number of ACE, higher anger expression (England), emotional IPV victimisation (England) and experiencing controlling behaviour from a partner (England). The perpetration of TFA was associated with younger age and experiencing TFA from a partner. Conclusions Technological progress provides opportunities for perpetrators to control and abuse their partners. Controlling behaviours and TFA should be addressed to reduce IPV perpetration by males in substance use treatment. [Gilchrist G, Canfield M,Radcliffe P, d'Oliveira AFPL. Controlling behaviours and technology‐facilitated abuse perpetrated by men receiving substance use treatment in England and Brazil: Prevalence and risk factors. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:52–63]
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- 2016
47. Gender inequalities in violence victimization and depression in Brazil: results from the 2019 national health survey.
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Mrejen M, Rosa L, Rosa D, and Hone T
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- Male, Female, Humans, Brazil epidemiology, Gender Equity, Violence, Health Surveys, Depression epidemiology, Depression etiology, Crime Victims
- Abstract
Background: Violence is a worldwide public health challenge and has been linked to depression in many settings. Depression is higher in women and differential exposure to violence is a potential risk factor - especially in countries with high-levels of violence. This paper provides a comprehensive characterization of the association between violence victimization and depression in Brazil, focusing on sex/gender inequalities., Methods: We used data from the 2019 wave of the National Health Survey (PNS) in Brazil to assess whether respondents had depression (using PHQ-9) and if they were victims of violence, differentiating by the type of violence, the frequency of victimization, and the primary aggressor. We used logit models to assess the association between victimization and the likelihood of having depression. We predicted probabilities of being depressed, considering the interaction between violence victimization and sex/gender, to analyze the differences between men and women., Results: Rates of violence victimization and depression were higher among women than among men. The odds of being depressed were 3.8 (95%CI: 3.5-4.2) times higher among victims of violence than among non-victims, and 2.3 (95%CI: 2.1-2.6) times higher among women than among men, adjusting for socioeconomic factors. For any given income level, racial/ethnic or age group, victims of violence who were women had the highest predicted probabilities of being depressed - e.g., 29.4% (95%CI: 26.1-32.8) for lower-income women, 28.9% (95%CI: 24.4-33.2) for black women, and 30.4% (95%CI: 25.4-35.4) for younger women that suffered violence. Over one in three women that suffered multiple types of violence, experienced violence more frequently, or where the aggressor was an intimate partner or another family member were predicted to have depression., Conclusions: Being a victim of violence was strongly associated with higher risk of depression in Brazil, with women more likely to be both victims of violence and develop depression. Frequent, sexual, physical or psychological violence, and intimate partners or family member perpetrators were major risk factors for depression and should be a public health priority., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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48. Decision-Making and Abuse, What Relationship in Victims of Violence?
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Lausi G, Burrai J, Baldi M, Ferlazzo F, Ferracuti S, Giannini AM, and Barchielli B
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- Humans, Female, Violence, Sexual Behavior, Physical Abuse, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Spouse Abuse, Crime Victims psychology, Intimate Partner Violence
- Abstract
Gender-Based violence is a worldwide persisting phenomenon: during their lifetime, 30% of women have experienced sexual and/or physical violence. The literature has investigated for several years the association between abuse and possible psychiatric and psychological consequences which may occur even after many years. The most common consequences involve mood and stress disorders (e.g., depression and PTSD). These disorders seem to have secondary long-term effects, such as decision-making and cognitive function impairments. Therefore, the present literature synthesis aimed to investigate whether and how the decision-making capacities of individuals experiencing violence can change because of abuse. We conducted a thematic synthesis using PRISMA guidelines: through a double-blind procedure, 4599 studies were screened; a total of 46 studies were selected for full-text reading, which was reduced to 13 by excluding papers with a wrong focus. To better understand the results of the thematic synthesis, two main focuses have been identified: "leave or stay decision making" and "multifactorial dimensions of decision making". Results showed that decision-making is an important process in avoiding secondary victimization.
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- 2023
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49. The relationship between peer victimisation, self-esteem, and internalizing symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Mullan VMR, Golm D, Juhl J, Sajid S, and Brandt V
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- Humans, Female, Adolescent, Child, Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, Peer Group, Bullying, Crime Victims
- Abstract
Background: Peer victimisation is common and predicts increased internalizing symptoms. Low self-esteem, which is associated with both greater peer victimisation and higher internalizing problems, may help explain why victimised adolescents experience greater internalizing symptoms. Objectives of the present research were to establish the relationships between peer victimisation, internalizing problems, and self-esteem, and to test whether self-esteem mediates the effect of victimisation on internalizing symptoms., Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in Psychinfo, ERIC, Web of science, and Pubmed, following PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were: age 10-18 years; empirical studies that measured a) internalizing symptoms, b) self-esteem, and c) peer victimisation or bullying; design was either longitudinal or cross-sectional with a comparison group. Quality assessment were conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We conducted random effects models and a meta-mediation analysis, with self-esteem acting as a mediator between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms., Results: Sixteen papers with a total of N = 35,032 (53% female) participants met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated an association between peer victimisation and both high internalizing problems (r = .31, CI 95 = .26 to.36) and low self-esteem (r = -.25, CI 95 = -.29; to -.22), and between low self-esteem and high internalizing problems ((r = -.38, CI 95 = -.42 to -.33), as well as an indirect effect of peer victimization on internalizing symptoms via self-esteem (ß = .10, CI lower = .07, CI upper = .13)., Conclusions: Peer victimization, high internalizing symptoms and low self-esteem are all mutually related. Peer victimization partially mediates internalizing symptoms via self-esteem. Anti-bullying programmes may consider incorporating self-esteem building exercises in bully-victims. Limitations include high heterogeneity of results., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Mullan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2023
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50. The Role of Health Concerns in Phishing Susceptibility: Survey Design Study
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Mohamed Abdelhamid
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security, internet ,Male ,health concerns ,risk-taking propensity ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Internet privacy ,Health Informatics ,Resistance (psychoanalysis) ,Context (language use) ,phishing ,02 engineering and technology ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,020204 information systems ,0502 economics and business ,Health care ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Humans ,Personality ,media_common ,Original Paper ,Electronic Mail ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,risk-taking ,05 social sciences ,crime victims ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,trust ,disposition to trust ,Phishing ,Cybercrime ,cybercrime ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,Survey data collection ,Female ,050211 marketing ,business ,Psychology ,Delivery of Health Care ,Personally identifiable information - Abstract
Background Phishing is a cybercrime in which the attackers usually impersonate a trusted source. The attackers usually send an email that contains a link that allows them to steal the receiver’s personal information. In the United States, phishing is the number one cybercrime by victim count according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s 2019 internet crime report. Several studies investigated ways to increase awareness and improve employees’ resistance to phishing attacks. However, in 2019, successful phishing attacks continued to rise at a high rate Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of personality-based antecedents on phishing susceptibility in a health care context. Methods Survey data were collected from participants through Amazon Mechanical Turk to test a proposed conceptual model using structural equation modeling. Results A total of 200 participants took part. Health concerns, disposition to trust, and risk-taking propensity yielded higher phishing susceptibility. This highlights the important of personality-based factors in phishing attacks. In addition, females had a higher phishing susceptibility than male participants Conclusions While previous studies used health concerns as a motivator for contexts such as sharing personal health records with providers, this study shed light on the danger of higher health concerns in enabling the number one cybercrime.
- Published
- 2020
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