Search

Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, a cornerstone of environmental health for thriving biodiversity and undisturbed natural processes. This balance is crucial for the sustainability of ecosystems, directly influencing human health, biodiversity, and the overall quality of our natural environment. WWTPs contribute to this equilibrium by efficiently removing pollutants and harmful substances from wastewater, thus averting the degradation of water bodies that are essential for numerous ecological processes. WWTPs encompass multiple stages of wastewater and sludge treatment and are significant energy consumers globally, especially in secondary treatment, particularly the activated sludge method which is the most common method. With an upcoming directive from the European Union aiming to reduce energy consumption in WWTPs, this paper focuses on a literature review examining global practices implemented across all stages of WWTP treatment processes. It summarizes the key points of each study, focusing primarily on the outcomes of each application. This document concludes with an in-depth review of each study and provides general conclusions for each group of studies. The objective is to identify methods that have effectively reduced energy consumption and enhanced the overall energy efficiency of WWTPs. The main conclusions indicate that the studies encompass a wide range of applications that achieve significant reductions in energy consumption. However, additional testing of these applications in more diverse operating environments through trials could further enhance their reliability and increase acceptance among WWTP operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific community has shown considerable interest in Industry 4.0 due to its capacity to revolutionise the manufacturing sector through digitalisation and data-driven decision-making. However, the actual implementation of Industry 4.0 within complex industrial settings presents obstacles that are typically beyond the scope of mainstream research articles. In this paper, a comprehensive case-study detailing our collaborative partnership with a leading medical device manufacturer is presented. The study traces its evolution from a state of limited digitalisation to the development of a digital intelligence platform that leverages data and machine learning models to enhance operations across a wide range of critical machines and assets. The main business objective was to enhance the energy efficiency of the manufacturing process, thereby improving its sustainability measures while also saving costs. The project encompasses energy modelling and analytics, Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD), renewable energy integration and advanced visualisation tools. Together, these components enable informed decision making in the context of energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that buildings have a sizeable energy and environmental footprint. In particular, in environments like university campuses, the occupants as well as occupancy in shared spaces varies over time. Systems for cooling in such environments that are centrally controlled are typically threshold driven and do not account for occupant feedback and thus are often relying on a reactive approach (fix after identifying problems). Therefore, having a fixed thermal operating set point may not be optimal in such cases—both from an occupant comfort and well-being as well as an energy efficiency perspective. To address this issue, a study was conducted which involved development and deployment of an experimental Internet of Things (IoT) prototype system and an Android application that facilitated people engagement on a university campus located in the UAE which typically exhibits hot climatic conditions. This paper showcases data driven insights obtained from this study, and in particular, how to achieve a balance between the conflicting goals of improving occupant comfort and energy efficiency. Findings from this study underscore the need for regular reassessments and adaptation. The proposed solution is low cost and easy to deploy and has the potential to reap significant savings through a reduction in energy consumption with estimates indicating around 50–100 kWh/day of savings per building and the resulting environmental impact. These findings would appeal to stakeholders who are keen to improve energy efficiency and reduce their operating expenses and environmental footprint in such climatic conditions. Furthermore, collective action from a large number of entities could result in significant impact through this cumulative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable smart cities (SSCs) target decarbonisation by optimising energy consumption through the emerging capabilities of technology. Nevertheless, the energy consumption behaviour of end users has the potential to compromise the effectiveness of technological interventions, reflecting the importance of active social engagement in realising decarbonisation goals. Although extensive research exists on energy consumption behaviour, little is known about how technology engagement affects it, the nature of these technologies, and their role in SSC. The paper aims to identify, categorise, and investigate the smart technologies that impact household energy consumption behaviours and their integration into the larger SSC system. Following a systematic review of 60 articles from the Scopus database (2013–2023), the study found 45 smart technologies cited, with 49% affecting efficiency behaviour and 51% affecting curtailment behaviour. While these technologies inform the city administration level in the SSC framework, the role of end users remains unclear, suggesting a technocratic approach. The study proposes the Sustainable Smart City Network to facilitate a grassroots approach, identifying five key domains: government policies, smart technology adoption, smart technology engagement, smart city infrastructure, and urban sustainability. The study provides an original contribution to knowledge by unveiling the key technologies affecting energy consumption behaviour and outlining the pragmatic requirements for achieving decarbonisation through a grassroots approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers unique capabilities in terms of design freedom and customization, contributing to sustainable manufacturing. However, energy efficiency remains a challenge in the widespread adoption of AM processes. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the current research on energy efficiency in AM, addressing challenges, opportunities, and future directions. Our analysis reveals a lack of standardization in the measurement and reporting of energy consumption, making it difficult to evaluate and compare the energy performance of various systems. We propose a holistic framework to address energy efficiency throughout the entire life cycle of the AM process, highlighting the importance of design optimization, material selection, advanced control systems, and energy management strategies. The paper also emphasizes the need for further research on the interactions between process parameters, along with the potential of integrating renewable energy sources into AM systems. This review offers valuable insights for both academics and industry professionals, calling for standardized methodologies and a focus on energy management to optimize energy efficiency in AM processes, ultimately enhancing competitiveness and sustainability in modern manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, studies on the energy efficiency of manufacturing systems usually lack synthetic and systematic techniques. In this paper, a holistic framework is demonstrated in order to achieve more sustainable manufacturing, which covers machine-level, system-level and life-cycle-level energy efficiency techniques. Based on these, the mechanism of how energy consumption is affected by machining processes and system operation is analyzed to achieve a comprehensive decision on energy efficiency optimization. Four main topics are included in this paper: (1) Hierarchical sustainability goals and metrics for energy-efficient manufacturing; (2) Machine-level machining processes optimization for energy efficiency enhancement; (3) System-level innovations for efficient consumption management; (4) Life-cycle level energy flow modeling and energy recycling strategy. An automotive engine manufacturing system is taken as an example to build a concrete understanding of the application of the framework. Moreover, this holistic framework establishes the theoretical basis for promoting the energy efficiency of automotive engine manufacturing systems. Furthermore, the proposed techniques can provide decision-making support for achieving sustainable manufacturing in a wider scope of mechanical manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrification of isolated or rural areas brings with it technical, economic, and social challenges that differentiate the operation of these networks compared to the traditional operation of large electrical power systems, such as the dependence of air or river transport on fuel for the supply of generation plants, the absence of individual measurement and the obsolete infrastructure of the distribution networks. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid methodology for studying a Colombian case, analyzing the development of programs for rational electricity use and energy efficiency in isolated areas. These first steps are related to the diagnosis of the current conditions of the power network, the identification of actors that can influence the regulation of the electricity service in the area, and the proposal of mechanisms that allow promoting the rational and efficient use of the electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential benefits and feasibility of integrating Building Energy Management Systems (BEMSs) with Building Information Modeling (BIM) in, but not limited to, the construction and building management sectors. By examining advantages, challenges, and real-world case studies, this study offers valuable insights into the impact of BEMS-BIM integration on building operations. The research methodology includes a literature review and bibliometric analysis to understand the subject domain and identify prevalent keywords. Additionally, case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of BEMS-BIM integration in real-world scenarios. This study investigates the possibilities and challenges of BIM to the BEMS methodology for energy-efficient industrial buildings, emphasizing the importance of addressing uncertainties and enhancing software interoperability. This research highlights the potential of BEMS-BIM integration to revolutionize building performance, enhance sustainability, and contribute to a greener and more efficient future for the construction and building management industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the most sustainable manufacturing processes since it could build parts directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) model simplifying the production of complex geometries, and they are generally more environmentally friendly using only the exact amount of material. Despite this qualitative consideration, the quantitative convenience in terms of energy consumption has not yet been extensively investigated. In the present paper, a model is proposed to improve understanding of AM energy use by applying a novel classification system for machine components, generating, as a result, the characteristic parameters specific for each material and useful for estimating energy consumption providing a simple tool for the companies that would evaluate the technology convenience considering also the energetical component. The main outcome is represented by the characteristics parameters for the main materials used in the material extrusion process and an approach for evaluating the energy consumption a priori with a prevision error of less than 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a review of the adoption status of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies is presented, specific to US residential buildings. Various technologies are reviewed and categorized as either their relative "higher adoption" or "lower adoption" rates within the US housing stock. More importantly, the review analysis investigates the main factors associated with their high or low adoption rates. Specifically, the paper provides a background of the historical progression of energy efficiency programs as well as sustainability certifications and standards for buildings. The review then analyzes specific building energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies applied to US residential buildings and their adoption rates. The review analysis indicates that building technologies are more frequently adopted for multiple reasons including requirements by codes and standards, incentives through green certifications, low implementation costs, and acceptance and popularity by the public. In contrast, technologies with low adoption rates have higher payback periods, are not required or highly incentivized through codes and certifications, have limited promotion about their benefits, or are not compatible with existing systems. By determining the reasons for the high and low adoption rates, mitigation options can be identified to increase the application of sustainable energy technologies in designing and retrofitting buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of human nutrition has acquired significant improvements thanks to the opportunity to store food in suitable temperature conditions. Refrigeration has allowed the slowing of chemical and biological degradation and hence the waste of foodstuff, but at the same time increases energy consumption. These effects impact the environment and the sustainability performance of the cold chain, and drive consumers' choices. The stakeholders of the chain are, therefore, constantly looking for improvement actions to reduce environmental impacts. This paper aims to provide a methodology for prioritizing and assessing the energy efficiency measures for cold chains in terms of quality losses and specific energy consumption, distinguishing between technological, maintenance, and managerial opportunities. This analysis is based on the cold supply chain tool, developed under the H2020 project ICCEE ("Improving Cold Chain Energy Efficiency") which focuses on a holistic approach, not looking only at the individual stages of the cold chain. Furthermore, an economic evaluation has been proposed considering cost savings and the investment needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the legislative database for the maritime sector to be sustainable and have an intact blue economy. The problem for organizations with shipowners that have fishing boats older than 20 years is stated. Decision-making authorities face challenges nowadays. To be in the fleet for the next decade, shipowners for their ships should deploy energy efficiency projects for marine system retrofitting to improve energy efficiency and meet environmental regulations. The Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan's development principles are discussed due to the current need for its deployment from 2021, so shipowners can contribute to the fast adoption of new regulations by the International Maritime Organization. In this work it is being offered to incorporate energy management issues with guidelines for upcoming regulations as well as those that are currently enforced. To improve energy efficiency, reduce environmental impact and cut fuel consumption costs, marine system retrofitting has been proposed. In this paper the focus is being put on studying energy management strengths and weaknesses which can lead to a qualitative understanding of the performance of the organizational structure, this work also focuses on the management settings concerning energy efficiency. If the organization wants to win by integrating energy policy, high-quality communication or promotion of energy efficiency issues should be employed. Marine plastic debris challenges fishing carriers on the African Union route. A possible beneficial solution for shipowners is discussed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing need to increase environmental and energy sustainability in buildings (housing, offices, warehouses, etc.) requires the use of solar radiation as a renewable source of energy that can help to lower carbon footprint, making buildings more efficient and thereby contributing to a more sustainable planet, while enhancing the health and wellbeing of its occupants. One of the technologies deployed in the use of solar energy in buildings is heliostats. In this context, this paper presents an analysis of the performance of a heliostat illuminator to improve illumination in a classroom at the Campus of Rabanales of the University of Cordoba (Spain). A design of a system in charge of monitoring and measuring daylighting variables using Arduino hardware technology and free software is shown. This equipment develops the communications, programming and collection of lighting data. In parallel, installation of an artificial lighting system complementary to the natural lighting system is implemented. Finally, an analysis of the impact of the proposed solution on the improvement of energy efficiency is presented. Specifically, it is estimated that up to 64% of savings in artificial lighting can be achieved in spaces with heliostatic illuminators compared to those without them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the path of industrial eco-efficiency (IEE) needs to be re-examined from a multi-dimensional perspective, this research opens the internal "black box" of China's industrial eco-economic system driven by sustainable development goals (SDGs) and decomposes IEE into industrial production and sustainable development stages. It further divides the industrial production stage into two parallel subsystems of water use efficiency (WUE) and energy efficiency (EE) and derives SDG6 efficiency (SDG 6 E) and SDG7 efficiency (SDG 7 E) in the sustainable development stage respectively. The paper proposes a meta two-stage parallel entropy dynamic DDF-DEA model to re-measure IEE of 30 provinces in China from 2015 to 2021, discusses the relationship between overall efficiency and stage efficiency, and by using the Tobit model explores various types of influencing factors by subregion. The results show that the modified DDF-DEA model can explore China's IEE more accurately under SDGs. China's IEE is more stable from 2015 to 2021, with the efficiency value always fluctuating between 0.59 and 0.64, the overall level is low, and there is more room for improvement. There are significant inter-provincial differences in IEE and efficiency inertia. In more than 75% of the provinces SDG 7 E constrains IEE improvement, while the dynamic evolution of IEE and its subsystem efficiency varies across regions. Environmental regulation is a common factor affecting IEE across the country and in the east, central, and west regions, whereas the level of economic development, openness to the outside world, and urbanization rate are differential factors affecting IEE across the country and in the three major regions. This study offers new perspectives for exploring the path of IEE enhancement and providing empirical references for the collaborative construction of industrial ecological civilization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since sustainable scheduling is arousing increasing attention from many manufacturing enterprises and energy consumption is a core problem regarding sustainability, the purpose of this paper is to develop an energy-efficient scheduling method to fulfill material delivery tasks in mixed-model assembly lines. In this research, the objective of minimizing the energy consumption is jointly integrated with the operational criterions when executing material delivery tasks. Owing to the NP-hard nature of the considered problem, a Taboo enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (TEPSO) algorithm is developed to solve the multi-objective problem. Several improving strategies are applied to enhance the performance of the proposed TEPSO in order to obtain a stronger local search capability and faster search speed. The performance of the proposed TEPSO algorithm is evaluated by comparing with two other high-performing multi-objective optimization methods. Computational experiments are conducted in order to test and verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed TEPSO algorithm. The achievements reported in this paper might be inspiring for further studies on energy-efficient production scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing awareness of climate change is constantly moving the attention of designers and policymakers from typical and current scenarios to future layouts. This new approach introduces a degree of uncertainty that should be accounted in the building design process. The multitude of possible scenarios suggests considering dynamic system that can adapt themselves to unpredicted operating conditions. The aim of this study is to test a new approach and a new flexibility metric analysing the behaviour of a high-performance dynamic internal curtain in current and future scenarios. The first part of the paper focuses on the optimization of the dynamic system in the current scenario; this preliminary analysis represents the traditional design approach and is considered the baseline for all the comparisons. Hence, defining a matrix of likely scenarios, this paper explores the behaviour of three different selected control strategies – always off (i.e., no curtain), fixed control, optimized control – in the different scenarios considering possible variations of i) climate, ii) urban context, iii) internal loads, and iv) building use. The main outcomes of the research are, on the one hand, the comparisons of the control strategies and the benefits of the dynamic system and, on the other hand, the definition of a new metric that can properly describe the flexibility of the building systems with reference to the future scenarios analysed. This metric is based on six classes – which describe the statistical distribution of the energy consumptions of all the scenarios simulated in the matrix – and an index called Energy Flexibility Index (EFI) that quantifies the flexibility of the technology considered. The case study analysed highlights how implementing a dynamic shading system, considering the same building use, can increase the EFI of nearly 21% for non-optimized control strategy and up to 23% when optimized. While changing the building use in residential reduces these values respectively, to 6% and 7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrified railway systems are the current focus of energy efficiency studies due to the increasing constraints of environmental sustainability policies. Railway System Operators (RSOs), also encouraged by market deregulation, are thus examining how to update infrastructures and vehicles and/or apply new operating strategies. Given the intrinsic relation between railway systems and their primary feeding grid, each measure applied to a railway system impacts directly on the power grid which supplies the system. Against this background, this paper aims to ascertain the impact of an energy efficiency strategy applied by the RSO system on its primary grid. The energy-efficient strategy is identified as to preserve timetable stability and service quality in a passenger-oriented perspective. Moreover, a method to model the interaction between the systems in terms of power flow exchanges is proposed. The model is used to verify how an eco-driving technique applied to a metro system affects the state variables of the distribution grid. In particular, the primary grid, the traction power substations and the railway system are modelled according to real data. The case study is the Metro Line 1 operating in the city of Naples (Italy). The numerical simulations are carried out with a two-step procedure: first, the power requirements of the rolling stock as a function of the imposed operating service are calculated by OpenTrack® software; the state variables of the distribution grid are then evaluated by means of the power flow approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of smart technologies can become very important and useful to solve the main population issues nowadays and provide foundations for a sustainable future. A smart approach is an opportunity for knowledge integration, necessary to solve crucial problems of contemporary societies. Today, the main challenge is to reduce the effects of global warming and ensure a balanced economic development of society. The close collaboration of all involved engineering professions is mandatory to achieve interdisciplinary synergies and can bridge challenging engineering tasks. Intense research efforts should be directed towards balanced resource utilization, efficient energy conversion technologies, integration of renewable energy systems, effective approaches to enable circular economy framework, effective process integration as well as other issues important to the population. This review editorial is primarily focused on the contributions presented at the 3rd International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies held in Split, Croatia, in 2018 (SpliTech2018). The SpliTech2018 conference was a multidisciplinary event with research topics related to the main conference tracks, i.e. Smart City/Environment, Energy, Engineering Modelling and e-Health. The strategic focus of the conference was to help solve crucial issues of our times, mainly related to the sustainability and smart utilisation of limited and valuable resources. This contribution brings new ideas and discusses present issues as well as challenges that should lead towards a sustainable future based on the application of the smart technologies. The herein addressed papers bring together latest research progress into four main topic areas: (i) Green Buildings, Energy Use and Consumption, (ii) Solar Energy Utilisation, (iii) Efficiency and Waste Elimination, (iv) Smart Cities and Internet of Things. The main results of this introduction review article include a discussion of different concepts and technologies that bring further development on a broad range of topics focused on efficiency improvement, smart and sustainable resource management, cleaner production concepts and on the discussion of the various actions which would lead towards a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot embossing is an efficient technology for the fabrication of glass micro- and nanostructures. However, the long cycle time, high energy consumption, and high nitrogen emissions in traditional hot embossing approach hinders sustainable production of glass micro-optics. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel two-stage gravity-assisted hot embossing process that enables the fabrication of high-quality glass micro-pillar arrays in a rapid, green manner. In this approach, the two-stage gravity loading unit provides accurate force on glass preform through a simple control system, and the tailor-made heating module based on Si 3 N 4 ceramic heaters requires an energy consumption of just 700 kJ per molding cycle. As a result, the proposed approach is featured by low energy consumption and high manufacturing efficiency. In this study, the effects of the embossing temperature, force, and time on the replication accuracy of a K9 glass micro-pillar array were investigated through a series of hot embossing experiments. Afterward, the form accuracy, uniformity of microstructures, and warpage of glass replicas under the optimal process parameters were evaluated separately. Finally, repeated hot embossing experiments were conducted to demonstrate the reproducibility of the hot embossing process. The experimental results show that embossing temperature had the most significant effect on the replication accuracy of glass micro-pillars. By optimizing the process parameters, the embossed glass micro-pillars could achieve transfer ratios of 99.00% and 95.14% in height and diameter, respectively. Moreover, the surface roughness of glass micro-pillars was less than 5 nm, and the warpage amplitude of glass replicas in a 3.9 × 3.9 mm area was smaller than 1 μm. The small discrepancy in geometric features of glass replica in the repeated trails reflects the satisfactory reproducibility of this hot embossing process on the micro and nano scales. The results indicate the strong industrialization potential of the proposed two-stage gravity-assisted hot embossing machine and hot embossing process for fabricating high-quality glass microstructures more cleanly and sustainably. • A novel gravity-assisted rapid high-temperature hot embossing apparatus is developed. • A novel hot embossing process is designed for fabricating high-quality glass micro-pillar arrays in a cleaner manner. • Effects of process parameters on the replication accuracy of glass micro-pillar arrays are evaluated. • Form deviation, uniformity of microstructures as well as warpage of glass replica are analyzed. • The reproducibility in replicating geometric features in the novel hot embossing process is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the application of distributed energy resources (DERs) at water resource recovery facilities (WRRF). The DERs considered include solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, biomass electricity generation, and energy storage systems (ESS). The financial and demand management implications of the deployment of various DER combinations are analyzed. The load profile of a single plant is studied in order to draw conclusions regarding the optimal size for energy storage solutions based on the goals of the WRRF. A case study of a Medium sized WRRF, located in a large metropolitan area, is used to compare different financial and technical implementation strategies. An ideal combination of DERs is determined based on analysis of various scenarios for nine distinct use cases. The overarching goal of this paper is to understand the potential of various combinations of DERs for managing peak demand and resilience at WRRFs. Elements in the financial models are compared to determine the combination that creates a financially viable project while providing tangible benefits in resilience and/or demand management to the WRRF. • Energy efficiency is key for urban regions to combat global warming. • Distributed energy resources (DERs) improve resiliency during power failures. • Energy efficiency is possible through deployment of DERs and better use of biogases • Distributed energy resources (DERs) improve resiliency during power failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As road transportation energy use and environmental impact are globally rising at an alarming pace, authorities seek in research and technological advancement innovative solutions to increase road traffic sustainability. The unclear and partial correlation between road congestion and environmental impact is promoting new research directions in traffic management. This paper aims to review the existing modeling approaches to accurately represent traffic behavior and the associated energy consumption and pollutant emissions. The review then covers the transportation problems and control strategies that address directly environmental performance criteria, especially in urban networks. A discussion on the advantages of the different methods and on the future outlook for the eco-traffic management completes the proposed survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The more efficient use of energy is a policy issue worldwide. Smart use of technology and management of information is becoming crucial for increasing energy efficiency. The 7th Framework Program of the European Union supported international research to fulfill the potential of Information and Communications Technologies for Energy Efficiency. Using Social Network Analysis, this paper analyzes this research network and explores the links and influences in the cross-country knowledge flows generated. The analysis identifies some important differences in the position that countries hold on the network. Results highlight the importance of countries acting as hubs and gatekeepers in the promotion of research and the improvement of energy efficiency. Highlights • The network of the 7th Framework Programme on Information and Communication Technologies for energy efficiency is studied. • Countries with a central position in the research network benefit from energy efficiency gains. • A fast access to knowledge does not guarantee efficiency improvements. • Climate-resilient countries tend to have more adaptation in terms of efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislation targeting business carbon emissions typically excludes the significant portion of the economy comprised of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As an alternative many governments have developed voluntary programs to assist SMEs to reduce emissions and increase their energy efficiency. To maximise benefits associated with such programs, this paper seeks to provide insights into key factors contributing to the design of successful voluntary energy efficiency programs for SMEs. This is achieved by comprehensively analysing the factors that impacted the uptake of energy savings measures by 202 SMEs which participated in the ClimateSmart Business Cluster Program (commencing in 2009). Expanding on previous research that has mostly focus on identifying inhibiting factors (barriers) to the uptake of energy savings measures, this paper offers a comprehensive assessment of barriers and motivating factors (motivators). A unique finding of this research is that SMEs experienced many different barriers and motivators while participating in the program, inferring great complexity to achieving the critical aim of reducing carbon emissions. Based on these findings, this paper argues that voluntary government energy efficiency programs should be flexibly designed and implemented to accommodate the many and various barriers. Motivating factors should be emphasised and barriers identified upfront so that the program can be tailored to the often idiosyncratic needs of SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper recognizes the synergetic relationship and inextricable linkage between conservation and sustainability. Heritage preservation maximizes the use of existing materials and infrastructure, reduces waste, and preserves the historic character of older towns and cities. This paper also presents technical advances in BPS/BES (Building Performance Simulation/Building Energy Simulation), and in co-simulation for energy efficiency optimization, RES integrated historic building's greening and historic neighborhoods, settlements, as well as whole cities urban re-planning. Further, the paper presents initial results of the Aviation Museum in Belgrade preliminary energy refurbishment study focusing results obtained via BPS and co-simulation. Foreseen is the deep energy refurbishment aimed to reach the “total building performance optimization” encompassing multifunctional optimization of building's skin – glazing replacement with the semi-transparent PV glazing and day-lighting control with reference to the artifact preservation, as well as the IEQ (Indoor Environment Quality) control analysis. This study shows that the RES integrated refurbishment can result in the Museum's Zero CO 2 emission and even in the sustainable Energy + status (producing more than using electricity). Finally, needs for most current ICT knowledge use and refurbishment technologies development, as well as integrated design, including particularly relevant benchmarking and rating system development are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global competition and reduced profit margins often push modern manufacturing systems toward continuously operating close to their full capacity. This can cause additional stress on the components and even lead to their premature failure, which could in turn result in halt in operation, inventory buildup, potential waste, and possible need for component replacement. Sustainability has often been viewed as utilization of renewable and green energy. However, this paper puts forth an integrated framework for optimal asset and energy management in a manufacturing plant in order to promote sustainable operation. An operation strategy has been devised that minimizes the risk of component failure on the rest of the system, the operation cost, the emissions, as well as material waste due to unwanted postprocess inventory buildup. The problem formulation is nonlinear and mixed-integer in nature, with multiple objectives that at times can be contradictory. Hence, a goal programming approach is used in order to ensure that all objectives are given equal priority. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper focuses on an analysis of the energy mix profile and energy efficiency of the Brazilian dairy industry. It investigates dairies’ energy mix and energy efficiency and identifies some actions for a cleaner energy mix. Primary data from 37 dairy cheese-making establishments distributed among the Brazilian regions were obtained from online surveys. The results indicate that woodfuel plays a critical role, being the most used fuel in thermal energy generation, while diesel is dominant in electric generation. It also emphasizes that only 51% of the dairy establishments utilize electric energy generators. Other alternative biomass sources are still incipient in the sector, restricted to just 9.5% of the cases for thermal energy generation and no cases for electricity. Regarding the energy efficiency analysis, the results suggest dairies are more scale efficient than pure technical efficient. However, the dairies present a low energy efficiency level. There is no evidence that inefficiencies are differently distributed according to their size. These findings are important for government agencies, industry associations, scientists, universities and research institutes. High inefficiencies, regarding the use of electricity and thermal energy, are a key issue in sustainable bioenergy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban sustainability has been connected to form and compactness of the urban tissue. At the same time the relationship between urban form and energy efficiency is strongly affected by climate. This paper investigates the effect of climate conditions on the relation between urban morphology and energy efficiency of urban blocks, focusing on the Greek city context. A set of building block typologies is analyzed with regard to their form factors such as S/V ratio, coverage ratio and building ratio for the climatic conditions of two cities, each one belonging to a different climatic zone. Heating and cooling loads are calculated at an urban block scale for the climate of the city of Thessaloniki (zone C) and of the city of Heraklion (zone A) in order to draw conclusions about the relation between geometry factors and energy efficiency. The results of the research indicate that there is a strong relationship between urban morphology factors and energy efficiency and that the total load demand of urban blocks can be described as a function of form parameters. Results of the research, concerning the energy demand calculation, are valuable since they indicate the energy profile of each typology according to climate and can be used for defining different urban strategies towards sustainability in a context-based climate dependent analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues relating to the illumination of historical minor centers have taken on increasing significance in debates on urban rehabilitation. Interventions must ensure balance with the surrounding environment whilst implementing high-efficiency, energy-environment systems, and enhance architectural structures. The research presented in this paper aims to identify appropriate strategies and effective criteria for lighting design in historical centers. The methodology developed is based on transcalar analysis and has been applied to a village in the Abruzzo Region (Italy). The methodology involved surveys carried out in the urban context together with up-to-date and detailed analyses aimed at highlighting the criticalities and potentialities of the village in the case study. This allowed the elaboration of intervention strategies applied to two different areas: one within the historical nucleus of the village and the other in a peripheral area. This research has contributed to enriching the current debate on so-called “inland areas”, including developing new ways to benefit from the special characteristics of these areas and implementing more sustainable action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing climate change and increasing energy consumption are becoming a serious threat to international development efforts. To ensure a secure and sustainable future, local, national and regional authorities, as well as energy companies, need to be involved in improving energy efficiency and promoting rational energy use. The consumer is always at the centre of interest of policy and energy reduction strategies makers. It is their behaviour, motives and beliefs that can lead to optimised and economical energy management. This paper responds to the need to identify the individual preferences of energy consumers. The presented research fills an existing gap in the literature by analysing the strength of the influence of different types of instruments and external stimuli shaping pro-environmental attitudes of consumers of different behavioural types. The analysis presented in this paper is the result of the next stage of the authors' research on energy consumers modelling, their segmentation and comprehensive characteristics. The analysis was conducted on a representative sample of N = 4332 respondents from 8 European countries (Czech Republic, France, Greece, Spain, Germany, Poland, Romania, and the United Kingdom). The study used multivariate statistical methods, such as: Correspondence Analysis, Factor Analysis and Kruskal-Wallis test. These methods are adequate to the assumptions of the research procedure and allowed for the identification of 4 latent factors that link the incentives into groups, where the motivation to save energy is based on: information ("Information and Knowledge"), social norms ("Social Influence"), investment funding ("Investments") and energy price changes ("Energy Price"). In addition, the level of effectiveness of the studied incentives and motivators depends on the behavioural type of energy consumers and increases with rising levels of their intrinsic pro-environmental motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, industrial enterprises are facing up to new challenges to well optimize their performances, with regards not only to conventional performances (e.g. reliability or productivity) but also to emerging ones as those related to sustainability issues. Indeed, sustainability indicators have to be considered now in the decision-making process of the plant to better control and maintain it to be consistent with Green Production requirements. In that way, indicators such as Energy Efficiency or Energy Consumption are promoted for the impact they have on these requirements in a Life Cycle Cost vision. Thus the core idea defended in this paper is addressing the necessary evolution of conventional maintenance decision-making process in industry for considering the energy efficiency indicator. To support the idea, the first objective is to define the concept of energy efficiency indicator which materializes the energy efficiency performance at a specific time. The definition is done for different abstraction levels such as component, function, system which are subjected to time-dependent degradation behaviors. So, the energy efficiency indicator concept is expressed as the amount of energy consumed per unit of useful output, which has to be seen as a sustainable performance measure of industrial system. Then a mathematical formulation is proposed to calculate energy efficiency indicator at any time of the performance by considering dependent factors (static and dynamic ones) impacting inputs and outputs of the system. The second objective is to propose a new concept named REEL (Remaining energy-efficient lifetime) for tracking the energy efficiency performance evolution. The REEL is defined by the time left before the system loses its energy efficiency property considered as a specific EEI value (EEI threshold) not to be exceeded. This specific value is technically and/or economically fixed in advance, given the current condition, past and future operation profiles. The REEL could be used as an appropriate indicator for maintenance decision-making process in a proactive vision. The third objective is to formalize a generic approach in the way assess the REEL value. The assessment requires to forecast the evolution of energy efficiency indicator (whatever the abstraction level is) by taking into account the static and dynamic factors. Finally, the feasibility and added value of our proposals are illustrated on a manufacturing platform named TELMA (TELeMAintenance). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental Sustainability is one of the ‘Grand Challenges’ for manufacturing success in the 21st century. The present article mainly focuses on energy use during the manufacturing steps used for assembling products. In particular, industry still needs systematic and reliable ways to capture information for ultimately accounting for energy efficiency in manufacturing processes. For that purpose, an information model in the form of a formal ontology was created using information elements as building blocks, which emerge from manufacturing process models, supply chain operations, manufacturing process parameters, 3D form features and exergy-based thermodynamic analysis. These information elements were integrated by means of semantic relationships in an ontology. Once this information model was constructed, an application example of a welded hull panel assembly was used for verification of the model's representativeness and completeness. Results show that it is feasible to correlate all required data by means of semantic relationships for estimating energy efficiency indicators prior to physical prototyping, or ultimately comparing different alternatives for manufacturing processes regarding energy efficiency. However, manufacturing processes must be described in detail in order to allow energy efficiency analyses. In addition, geometric models need to be able to represent form features that can best relate to specific manufacturing process parameters. And finally, energy efficiency indicators, such as the degree-of-perfection can be derived from a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis, to be performed in each individual process step. Results indicate it is possible to provide an information structure for the calculation of the degree-of- perfection associated with an exergy-based thermodynamic analysis in assembly processes. Therefore, it has the potential to serve as a basis for a unifying framework for developing software applications that could allow the calculation of the degree of perfection in manufacturing operations. In addition, the resulting information model may facilitate data integration in the extended enterprise environment as well as the development of standards that can lead to seamless interoperability of manufacturing information systems. This paper presents the means by which energy efficiency can be accessed directly from an integrated semantic model, and opens the possibility to be extended for many different sorts of manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased competition and reduced profit margins are pushing manufacturing plants to find ways to improve operational efficiency and reduce costs. At the same time, government incentives and community initiatives are encouraging the industrial sector to pursue sustainability in operation and energy consumption. This has introduced a paradigm shift where the focus of plant operation is moving from solely cost reduction to one that considers asset management, emission control, and utilization of alternative energy resources. Mathematically speaking, the problem is changing from a single objective optimization to one with multiple objective functions that may at times be contradictory. The focus of this paper is to propose a methodology for management of an industrial plant considering the above factors. It is assumed that the plant is equipped with distributed generation (DG), and can also participate in demand response (DR). Further, the effect of ambient temperature on the lifetime and available capacity of assets such as the plant transformer has been taken into account and incorporated into their daily schedule. The objective is then to find an optimal solution for operating various workstations in such a way that it minimizes the operational costs, the emissions produced, and the loss of life of assets exposed to excess temperatures. A multi-objective optimization problem is therefore formulated through extended lexicographic goal programming, which is further modified to ensure Pareto optimality. A case study has also been presented for a manufacturing plant for luxury vehicle cockpit assembly line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reviews crucial role of building performance simulation (BPS) – dynamic analysis of the inextricable linkage of building''s energy demand for HVAC and other building''s technical systems sustainable energy supply and renewable energy sources (RES) availability to reach building''s zero energy status. Reviewed are BPS advances in buildings energy efficiency optimization, solar, geothermal and other renewable energy sources integrated implementation, as well as hybridization and mixed distributed energy generation, co- and tri-generation for building''s greening and sustainable neighborhoods, settlements, as well as “high performance” Zero Energy Cities Planning. As an introduction, outlined is the intrinsic harmony of the traditional village houses balanced use of renewable materials and energy sources and presented are feasibility study results on the sustainable Zero Energy ECO Settlement at the Mediterranean Sea proceeded by the description of the site''s sustainability''s constrains assessment. Architectural design and building''s dynamic behavior and energy efficiency optimization resulting in minimization of thermal and lighting loads, precede to the multidisciplinary engineering investigation and preliminary design of sustainable Zero Energy Buildings confirming feasibility of settlement''s sustainable energy and water supply by the reliable implementation of solar PV and wind technologies, including PV powered sea water desalination. Further, interwoven with presentation of a few case studies, paper outlines advances in BPS and Co-simulation. Reviewed are optimization of mixed, natural and mechanical ventilation via CFD integrated with architectural modeling; BPS and Co-simulation approach to the “total building performance optimization” encompassing multifunctional facades, day-lighting, IE&AQ and HVAC systems operation offering an enormous potential for energy saving by residential/municipal RES integrated renovation. Stressed has been that it is impossible to reach sustainability without harmonious interdisciplinary interacting, without balance between materiality and spirituality, science and art, technology development and cultural and other human values improvement, without ethics of sustainability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper assesses the energy and water consumption practices of existing housing in Saudi Arabia, with the ultimate aim of establishing guidelines for delivering sustainable residential buildings in the near future. In order to achieve this aim the current status of a typical Saudi residence (i.e. an apartment complex) is investigated in terms of energy and water consumption using simulation software packages. The paper then examines the prospects for applying various measures to the typical Saudi residence to manage energy and water use more sustainably. This research identifies several design-related faults common to Saudi Arabian house design. These faults contribute to an inefficient use of energy and domestic water resources. Finally, the paper puts forward a set of recommendations and guidelines, design-related and otherwise, to enhance the sustainability of future Saudi residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop an optimal real-life energy-efficient design for a production plant within the concept of the circular economy. The problem is to install a Heat Recovery System (HRS) that utilizes the hot oil used by the compressors to heat the water for the central heating system. To achieve the desired level of energy efficiency this design problem must be formulated from both the optimization and sustainability points of view. Additionally, this design problem must also consider the investment cost. In line with this purpose, this paper formulates this design problem as an optimization problem employing a mathematical programming approach as a single objective, and as a multi-objective optimization problem through a goal programming approach. Besides, this paper uses the return on investment as a key performance indicator, since it deals with a real-life design problem with an investment cost. The related design problem is solved with the single objective and multi-objective versions of the developed mathematical programming model via a commercial solver to identify different design alternatives and hence giving the decision-maker to make a selection option. Finally, the capability of the developed mathematical programming model is tested on a set of randomly generated problems. The obtained results indicate that the developed mathematical programming model is a successful decision support system since its single and multi-objective versions are capable of identifying energy-efficient production designs within the context of the real-life problem on hand and the circular economy. • A real-life energy-efficient design problem for a production plant is undertaken. • A heat recovery system is proposed within the concept of a circular economy. • The problem is modelled from both the optimization and sustainability aspects. • The problem is formulated as multi-objective models using goal programming. • The models are solved to minimize investment costs and maximize energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern long distance ore pipeline systems are subject to strong costs, both from the economic and environmental standpoints. The task of assessing the relative importance of energy and water consumption without a detailed engineering analysis is often not obvious. In the present paper, the relative importance of water and energy unit costs is assessed by a novel dimensionless formulation accounting for the essential hydraulic and cost elements that conform the slurry transport. It is found that, for conditions resembling those of copper and iron concentrate pipelines, the ratio between energy and water costs has a wide range, depending on the particular transport conditions and unit cost scenarios. Although operating at similar volume fractions, results indicate that energy/water cost relations may differ between copper and iron concentrate pipelines and local conditions, thus suggesting the need to explicitly include energy and water cost in the design strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of Sustainable Development Goal 7 is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Increased energy efficiency is particularly important in the construction industry because urban agglomerations currently consume up to 80% of global energy, 40% of which is attributable to buildings. In countries like Italy however, where historical buildings constitute a significant part of the building patrimony, improving energy efficiency is not always straightforward as interventions must take into account the historical materials used as well as the context of the construction. Therefore, the aim of this research was to establish a methodology that would identify the most effective means of achieving energy efficiency taking into account the historical aspects of a building and its cultural context. The methodology proposed and described in this paper involves: preliminary analyses to identify the elements of value and the level of transformability of facades; the selection of different insulating materials; dynamic simulations of building behaviour; analyses of intervention costs in relation to each type of insulation and finally the preparation of a multi-criteria matrix to identify the most effective method of improving energy efficiency of a historical wall with differing degrees of transformability. Each insulating material was analysed in relation to heating and cooling requirements and material cost impact. The methodology was applied to a case study in the Province of L'Aquila, Italy. In the paper a multicriteria framework, for the improvements in the thermal efficiency of a building, it is presented. Specifically the attention is focused on heating requirements, cooling requirements and cost impact. The results indicate that, with respect to historical building, it is possible to adopt strategies finalyzed to improve the energy efficiency of these buidings, contributing in this way, also toward the SDG7. Specifically, the best performance for a wall with a high level of transformability can be obtained using calcium silicate, extruded polystyrene, kenaf and hemp, whilst, in the case of a wall with a low level of transformability, the best materials are calcium silicate, polyurethane and linen fiber. Finally, in the case in which external constraints prevent the application of a thick coat and internally there is limited space, the use of calcium silicate was found to be the best energy efficient measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial manufacturing is the largest end-use sector in terms of both final energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions (more than 30% of the total); its increase is rapidly altering the world climate. The need to mitigate the environmental impacts of manufacturing processes makes energy efficiency a key success factor for sustainable production. Accordingly, the scientific community's interest in energy management has grown considerably, resulting in several literature reviews on energy modelling and production systems analysis, emissions calculation, sustainability tools and benchmarking techniques. However, a comprehensive analysis of methods and tools aimed at improving energy awareness and assessing their effects on energy efficiency is lacking. To address this gap, this paper undertakes a systematic literature review of energy assessment methods and tools. From the 1367 papers retrieved by searching scientific literature databases, 64 scientific articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed in detail. The study aims to provide scholars with a picture of the current state of scientific research and to identify the scientific works that could help industry practitioners in energy management. Following the ISO 50001 framework, the methods and tools were divided into three main groups (i.e. energy analysis, energy evaluation and energy-saving measures methods) and the specific findings relating to each group were synthesized. Finally, the paper addresses unresolved issues and challenges and makes suggestions for future research directions. • A systematic literature review of energy assessment methods and tools are provided. • Relevant concepts, themes and characteristics has been summarized. • A classification of energy assessment methods and tools has been presented. • The limits and the possible solution strategies to overcome them are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency is one of the most relevant issues that the scientific community, and society in general, must face in the next years. Furthermore, higher energy efficiencies will contribute to worldwide sustainability. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the overall consumed energy. Smart Grids and Smart Buildings are playing an essential role in the definition of the next generation of sustainable Smart Cities. The main goal is reducing the impact of energy consumption on the environment as much as possible. This paper focuses on information communication technologies (ICTs) and techniques, their key characteristics and contribution to obtain higher energy efficiencies in smart buildings. Given that electrical energy is the most used, the investigation mainly centres on this energy. This paper also pays attention to green energies and energy harvesting due to their contribution to energy efficiency by providing additional clean energy. The main contribution of this investigation is pointing out the most relevant existing and emerging ICT technologies and techniques which can be used to optimize the energy efficiency of Smart Buildings. The research puts special attention on available, novel and emerging sensors, communication technologies and standards, intelligence techniques and algorithms, green energies and energy harvesting. All of them enable high-performance intelligent systems to optimize energy consumption and occupants' comfort. Furthermore, it remarks on the most suitable technologies and techniques, their main features and their applications in Smart Buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent surveys on the condition of the Italian school building stock provide information on its relevant seismic behavior and fire safety levels, however no information is made available on its thermo-hygrometric conditions and energy behaviour, despite the fact that the former has a considerable impact on the use and physical conditions of indoor environments and the latter plays a fundamental role in limiting the buildings operating costs, as literature abundantly shows. This paper reports the results of a study carried out on a sample of Italian school buildings, substantiating their high levels of energy consumption, and describes the application of a specific method of analysis used for identifying the main causes of these, therefore allowing to propose some possible strategies for retrofitting, aimed to improving the building energy efficiency and environmental quality, by way of simulations and validation of their relevant effects and benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Much of the energy utilised in domestic water heating is wasted to the drainage system by applications such showers, baths, dishwashers etc. The recovery of this waste heat from domestic waste water flows has been shown to be a viable method of improving the energy efficiency of buildings. However, many existing systems only operate satisfactorily when the heat exchanger is in a vertical orientation due to the nature of waste water flow within drain pipes. This orientation requirement presents a barrier to the full scale implementation of this technology as many dwellings may not have sufficient space to accommodate a vertical heat exchanger in their waste drainage system. This paper outlines the development and analysis of a horizontal drain water heat recovery system for domestic showers. The results of the investigation show that it is possible to recover energy from horizontal shower drains using a drain water heat recovery device at a satisfactory level of efficiency. The results also demonstrate that such a system may be economically viable depending on a number or external factors. The implementation of this technology on a national level was shown to have the potential to reduce energy usage and CO2 emissions significantly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Economic, energy, and sustainability metrics are key performance indicators for process operations. The relative importance of these metrics varies from plant to plant, and often some metrics are in conflict with each other (sustainability vs. profitability). In this paper we discuss the current plant environment and how various metrics can be aligned by focusing on energy efficiency. Power-steam systems are the major energy drivers for most plants, and we discuss possible operational changes that might improve energy efficiency, as well as the role of process control. Managing the interplay of real-time optimization and regulatory control is a challenge for the future, as well as interfacing with the implementation of smart power grids by the utility industry. Combined heat and power along with energy storage presents interesting control and optimization opportunities to maximize energy efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The recent rise in the environmental and economic costs of energy demands a need to design and build more sustainable building systems. Curtain wall assemblies show great promise—the spandrel panels within them can be natural solar collectors. By using a solar dynamic buffer zone (SDBZ) in the spandrel cavity, solar energy can be efficiently gathered using the movement of air. There is a need for a numerical model capable of predicting performance of this system. This paper presents the quantification of a prototype SDBZ curtain wall system through experimental testing in a laboratory environment. Results from the experimental testing were used to validate a one-dimensional numerical model of the prototype. This research shows a SDBZ curtain wall system as an effective means of reducing building heating energy consumption. The numerical model showed good correlation with experimental results in the expected operating range of the system. Given the lack of published literature for similar systems, this research acts to validate a simple, innovative approach to collect solar energy that would otherwise be lost to the exterior using already existing components within a curtain wall. This research shows the SDBZ curtain wall has the potential to act as a significant solar collector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Energy efficiency, generation from renewable sources and more recently energy flexibility are key elements of present sustainability policies. However, we are beginning to see a recognition of the need to couple technological solutions with lifestyle and behavioral changes, sometimes labeled under the term "sufficiency". Appropriate policies and design principles are necessary to enable sufficiency options, which in turn reveal that there is a bidirectional influence between the building and the district/city level. In this context, the authors discuss how city and building re-design should be implemented combining energy efficiency, flexibility, production from renewables and sufficiency options for achieving a positive energy balance at the district level even within the constraints of dense cities. Based on a review of recent advances, the paper provides a matrix of interactions between building and district design for use by building designers and city planners. It also compares possible scenarios implementing different strategies at the building and urban level in a case study, in order to evaluate the effect of the proposed integrated approach on the energy balance at yearly and seasonal time scales and on land take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] This paper evaluates the cost benefits of combining energy efficiency practices and hybrid photovoltaic-biomass distributed generation systems to design standalone rural housing in Morocco. This integrated analysis approach seeks an enhancement of the economic and environmental sustainability of rural housing units in the Fez region. It utilizes optimization selection procedures to identify both, the energy efficient and renewable energy technologies readily available in the region to reduce the cost and energy use of the housing units. The results of the integrated design indicate that an optimally designed house can reduce life cycle costs by 25% and carbon emissions by 47.13% compared to the current practices. Applying the optimized design to 30-residential houses can result in a decrease of the cost of energy (COE) for the proposed system from 0.155 US$/kW h to 0.125 US$/kW h. However, a sensitivity analysis confirmed that the availability of biomass resource influences greatly the economic viability of the proposed hybrid system. Increasing the daily collected biomass resources from 2.5 to 8.5 tons/day causes a drop in the COE by 46.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric medium (kerosene) between the tool electrode and workpiece forms a reaction product, owing to thermal effect of discharge in the process of electrical discharge machining (EDM), which is emitted from the surface in the form of harmful gas and may get into the operator's body by breath system inhalation and contact with skin. Therefore, exhaust emissions should be considered as important performance indicators for the green machining in the process of EDM. Moreover, energy efficiency and machining productivity should be improved and the cut process must take ecological constraints into consideration. Thereafter, the definition of green manufacturing helps to evaluate different and sometimes conflicting aspects of the manufacturing process, such as machining productivity, surface quality, energy efficiency and exhaust emissions. But it is difficult to dynamically adjust the weights of different aspects according to the actual processing conditions. This paper proposes a framework for optimization of cutting parameters to minimize energy consumption and exhaust emissions during electrical discharge machining of Al 6061 and SKD 11. Three cutting process parameters (peak current, pulse period, and duty cycle) are tested against material remove rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), energy efficiency per volume (EEV), and exhaust emissions characteristics (EEC) for EDM of these two materials. First, the process energy and exhaust emissions are analyzed. The results show that EEV is negatively correlated with surface quality (Ra) for both Al 6061 and SKD 11 material. Second, two data analyses (Taguchi and adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) analyses) are utilized to obtain high MRR and best Ra, EEV and EEC for the desired machining performances and environmental sustainability. It is found that the relative errors between the predicted values and experimental results of MRR, Ra, EEV and EEC are all not more than 20%, and found that the maximum of mean relative errors of them is 13.04%. Finally, a framework implemented by an optimization system, based on ANFIS, enhanced cuckoo search (ECS) algorithm and desirability function, is built to obtain the desired cutting parameters. It is found that high peak current (8.94A) and pulse period (500 μ s) are recommended to obtain multi-objective optimization for machining Al 6061, and that the optimal solutions of the EEV and EEC are significantly decreased, by 87.13% and 37.09%, respectively. Similarly, high peak current (8.77A) and pulse period (261.5 μ s) are recommended to obtain multi-objective optimization for machining SKD 11, and the optimal solutions of the EEV and EEC are significantly decreased, by 93.73% and 46.85%, respectively. Thereafter, it can be concluded from the above research that the proposed technique offers significant advantages and potential for applications in the green manufacturing field. Image 1 • Energy efficiency per volume was negatively correlated with Ra. • Maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing exhaust emissions by empirical models were obtained. • Balancing the machining performances and environmental sustainability was considered. • An optimization system with manual multi-objective weights was build. • Green regions of exhaust-friendly and energy-friendly were acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A practical multi-agent problem in the automobile industry is defined. • A comprehensive approach including System Dynamics and game theory is provided. • Energy efficiency, environmental awareness, and social welfare are considered. • A function for the average of vehicle kilometers traveled in a unit of time is suggested. • Several managerial insights for both manufacturers and governments are presented. This paper looks at the effects that environmental policies have on car manufacturers. A standing problem for car manufacturers is determining both a car's price and its level of energy efficiency. The South Korean government has sustainable goals that encompass saving energy, seeking revenue, and advancing social welfare. This study highlights four decision variables in two groups for the government. The government determines the optimal value of each goal, while maintaining a threshold for the two other goals as constraints. The four decision variables are determining the car sales tax, determining the fuel tax, determining the cost of educating the public about environmental awareness, and determining the percentage of government's cooperation in the manufacturer's research and development expenditure. For the purpose of this study, a new function, average of vehicle kilometer traveled in a unit of time (AVKT), is suggested for calculating the average distance driven by a car over a given period of time, based on the cost of fuel, the car's energy efficiency, the driver's environmental awareness quotient, and the rebound effect. This newly defined multi-agent problem is solved by looking at the structure of the Stackelberg game, and equilibrium solutions are offered by implementing the backward induction procedure. By considering demand and profit for fuel, this study offers the most efficient goals and strategies for both car manufacturers and fuel producers alike. Finally, this study offers several results and insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]