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2. All around suboptimal health — a joint position paper of the Suboptimal Health Study Consortium and European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine
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Wang, Wei, Yan, Yuxiang, Guo, Zheng, Hou, Haifeng, Garcia, Monique, Tan, Xuerui, Anto, Enoch Odame, Mahara, Gehendra, Zheng, Yulu, Li, Bo, Kang, Timothy, Zhong, Zhaohua, Wang, Youxin, Guo, Xiuhua, and Golubnitschaja, Olga
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- 2021
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3. Special Paper: Pharaonic Egypt and the Origins of Plague
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Panagiotakopulu, Eva
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- 2004
4. COVID-19: Challenges and Perspectives for the Pulp and Paper Industry Worldwide.
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Kun Liu, Hui Wang, Huayu Liu, Shuanxi Nie, Haishun Du, and Chuanling Si
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PAPER industry , *COVID-19 , *EPIDEMICS , *HYGIENE products , *PANDEMICS , *HYGIENE , *SILICATE cements (Dentistry) , *MEDICAL supplies - Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a huge impact on the global industrial supply chains. Undoubtedly, COVID-19 is posing severe challenges to the pulp and paper industry worldwide. On the other hand, this pandemic may provide unprecedented possibilities for the pulp and paper manufacturers in areas such as the increasing demand for personal hygiene paper products, food packaging products, corrugated packaging materials, medical specialty papers, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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5. The Epidemic Diseases Act (1897): A study of international and domestic pressures on British epidemic policy formation in India.
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Yadav P and V R M
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- India epidemiology, Humans, United Kingdom epidemiology, Health Policy history, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, History, 19th Century, Communicable Disease Control legislation & jurisprudence, Communicable Disease Control history, Policy Making, Epidemics history, Epidemics prevention & control, Epidemics legislation & jurisprudence
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The Epidemic Diseases Act (EDA) was enacted in February 1897 by the Government of India to prevent and control the spread of the plague. Since then, the Act has become a key legal tool for the control of epidemics/pandemics in India. We attempted to understand the international and domestic pressures that led to the adoption of the EDA in three ways. First, we analyse the legislative structure (Bombay Municipal Act of 1888, Indian Railways Act of 1890, and Act I of 1870) that dealt with infectious or contagious diseases in colonial India before the EDA came into force. Second, we focus on the linkages between international and domestic pressures that necessitated the adoption of the EDA. Third, we analyse the discussions of the Council of the Governor General of India on the bill titled 'A Bill to Provide for the better prevention of the spread of Dangerous Epidemic Diseases', which later became the Epidemic Diseases Act No. III of 1897. We situate the EDA in an international context of International Sanitary Conferences, quarantine, trade concerns, and pilgrimage to Mecca in order to understand the pressures that impacted British epidemic policy formation in colonial India.
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- 2024
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6. All around suboptimal health — a joint position paper of the Suboptimal Health Study Consortium and European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine
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Olga Golubnitschaja, Bo Li, Zhaohua Zhong, Youxin Wang, Yulu Zheng, Yuxiang Yan, Xiuhua Guo, Enoch Odame Anto, Haifeng Hou, Zheng Guo, Timothy Kang, Monique Garcia, Gehendra Mahara, Xuerui Tan, and Wei Wang
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Behavioural patterns ,Medical ethics ,Sleep medicine ,Artificial intelligence (AI) ,Drug Discovery ,Health care ,Periodontal health ,Body mass index (BMI) ,Individualised patient profile ,Risk assessment ,Big data management ,Dietary habits ,Glycan ,Cardiovascular disease ,Health policy ,Adolescence ,Mood disorders ,Cancers ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Suboptimal health status (SHS) ,Stress overload ,Communicable ,Multi-parametric analysis ,Neurologic diseases ,Omics ,Risk management tools ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,medicine ,Predictive preventive personalised medicine (PPPM/3PM) ,Modifiable preventable risks ,Non-communicable diseases ,Intensive care medicine ,Epidemics ,Health economy ,Pandemics ,Liquid biopsy ,business.industry ,Research ,Biochemistry (medical) ,COVID-19 ,Traditional medicine ,medicine.disease ,Lifestyle ,Multi-level diagnostics ,Position paper ,Eye disorder ,Microbiome ,business ,Natural substances - Abstract
First two decades of the twenty-first century are characterised by epidemics of non-communicable diseases such as many hundreds of millions of patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases and the type 2 diabetes mellitus, breast, lung, liver and prostate malignancies, neurological, sleep, mood and eye disorders, amongst others. Consequent socio-economic burden is tremendous. Unprecedented decrease in age of maladaptive individuals has been reported. The absolute majority of expanding non-communicable disorders carry a chronic character, over a couple of years progressing from reversible suboptimal health conditions to irreversible severe pathologies and cascading collateral complications. The time-frame between onset of SHS and clinical manifestation of associated disorders is the operational area for an application of reliable risk assessment tools and predictive diagnostics followed by the cost-effective targeted prevention and treatments tailored to the person.This article demonstrates advanced strategies in bio/medical sciences and healthcare focused on suboptimal health conditions in the frame-work of Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (3PM/PPPM). Potential benefits in healthcare systems and for society at large include but are not restricted to an improved life-quality of major populations and socio-economical groups, advanced professionalism of healthcare-givers and sustainable healthcare economy. Amongst others, following medical areas are proposed to strongly benefit from PPPM strategies applied to the identification and treatment of suboptimal health conditions:Stress overload associated pathologiesMale and female healthPlanned pregnanciesPeriodontal healthEye disordersInflammatory disorders, wound healing and pain management with associated complicationsMetabolic disorders and suboptimal body weightCardiovascular pathologiesCancersStroke, particularly of unknown aetiology and in young individualsSleep medicineSports medicineImproved individual outcomes under pandemic conditions such as COVID-19.
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- 2021
7. Meningococcal meningitis in Spain in the Horizon 2030: A position paper.
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Moraga-Llop, Fernando, Andradas, Elena, Blesa-Baviera, Luis Carlos, Cantón, Rafael, González del Castillo, Juan, Martinón-Torres, Federico, Moya, Elena, Trilla, Antoni, Vazquez, Julio, Villena, Rodolfo Javier, Ruiz-Galiana, Julián, De Lucas Ramos, Pilar, García-Botella, Alejandra, García-Lledó, Alberto, Hernández-Sampelayo, Teresa, Gómez-Pavón, Javier, Martín-Delgado, Mari Cruz, Martín Sánchez, Francisco Javier, Martínez-Sellés, Manuel, and Molero García, José María
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MENINGOCOCCAL infections ,NEISSERIA meningitidis ,MENINGITIS ,VACCINES ,EPIDEMICS ,ANTI-infective agents ,CHEMOPREVENTION - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2024
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8. The epidemiological profile of incidence and mortality from epidemics in complex humanitarian emergencies from 1990 to 2022 - A scoping review.
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Arcos González P, Cabria Fernández J, Gan RK, Fernández Camporro Á, and Cernuda Martínez JA
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- Humans, Incidence, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Communicable Diseases mortality, Altruism, Epidemics, Emergencies epidemiology
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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of communicable diseases with epidemic potential in complex emergency (CE) situations, focusing on the epidemiological profile of incidence and mortality and exploring underlying factors contributing to increased epidemic risks., Methods: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, we conducted a scoping review of articles published between 1990 and 2022. The search included terms related to complex emergencies, communicable diseases, outbreaks, and epidemics. We identified 92 epidemics related to CE occurring in 32 different countries., Results: Communicable diseases like Shigellosis, Cholera, Measles, Meningococcal meningitis, Yellow Fever, and Malaria caused significant morbidity and mortality. Diarrhoeal diseases, particularly Cholera and Shigellosis, had the highest incidence rates. Shigella specifically had an incidence of 241.0 per 1000 (people at risk), with a mortality rate of 11.7 per 1000, while Cholera's incidence was 13.0 per 1000, with a mortality rate of 0.22 per 1000. Measles followed, with an incidence of 25.0 per 1000 and a mortality rate of 0.76 per 1000. Meningococcal Meningitis had an incidence rate of 1.3 per 1000 and a mortality rate of 0.13 per 1000. Despite their lower incidences, yellow fever at 0.8 per 1000 and malaria at 0.4 per 1000, their high case fatality rates of 20.1% and 0.4% remained concerning in CE. The qualitative synthesis reveals that factors such as water, sanitation, and hygiene, shelter and settlements, food and nutrition, and public health and healthcare in complex emergencies affect the risk of epidemics., Conclusion: Epidemics during complex emergencies could potentially lead to a public health crisis. Between 1990 and 2022, there have been no statistically significant changes in the trend of incidence, mortality, or fatality rates of epidemic diseases in CE. It is crucial to understand that all epidemics identified in CE are fundamentally preventable., (© 2024 The Authors Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2024
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9. Some Recent Developments in Social Statistics, Correspondent Paper
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Bartholomew, D. J.
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- 1983
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10. White paper on challenges and opportunities for TB elimination with focus on COVID & Post-COVID era developed through scientific roundtable resolutions at NATCON 2020
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V.K. Arora, Salil Bhargav, Sanjay Rajpal, Manoj Jain, and K.K. Chopra
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Post-Covid ,National Health Programs ,Elimination ,Developing country ,Scientific literature ,Global Health ,Session (web analytics) ,Covid ,03 medical and health sciences ,White paper ,Opportunities ,Correspondence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Challenges ,Epidemics ,Virtual platform ,Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ,0303 health sciences ,Government ,SARS-CoV-2 ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,COVID-19 ,Congresses as Topic ,Public relations ,Infectious Diseases ,TB ,business - Abstract
A group of TB experts with vast clinical and epidemiological experience were drawn from a pool of doctors, epidemiologists and scientists participating in NATCON 2020 Conference in a closed-door session to discuss, highlight, and prioritize key resolutions that are most pertinent at present to eliminate TB from India and other developing countries in the Covid and post-COVID era. These Scientific experts were non-industry persons who met on 17th December, 2020 and used the prevailing scientific literature along with 2019 Joint Monitoring Mission document as a starting point of the discussion on this specific topic to build an agreement upon the resolutions. After the meeting on the virtual platform, all the attending doctors gave a set of recommendations on rebuilding TB Elimination programme in the Covid and Post-Covid era. Focused scientific roundtable discussion on rebuilding TB Elimination Post-Covid. Develop actionable recommendations for the scientific community and the government leadership to consider in moving forward. To prioritize the recommendations in the categories of Build-Prevent-Detect-Treat., Highlights • A group of TB experts met during the annual NATCON on 17th December. • The attending doctors gave a set of recommendations on rebuilding TB Elimination programme in the Covid and Post-Covid era. • Resources and notification system used in COVID can be used for active education and surveillance of current cases of TB on treatment & their contacts. • The Governments and private foundations must fast tract and prioritize the development of a TB vaccine by 2022 as an end game for TB disease. • An unequivocal policy of diagnosis, treatment and screening of LTBI in “high risk” groups to be developed for the country. • Clinical trials of re-vaccination of Mantoux negative adult population.
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- 2021
11. Smallpox and mpox (orthopoxviruses) vaccine position paper.
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PREVENTION of smallpox , *MEDICAL protocols , *IMMUNIZATION , *SMALLPOX , *VACCINE development , *PATIENT safety , *HEALTH policy , *DRUG storage , *VACCINE effectiveness , *AT-risk people , *COMBINED vaccines , *MONKEYPOX , *VIRAL vaccines , *VACCINE immunogenicity , *EPIDEMICS , *PUBLIC health , *SMALLPOX vaccines ,SMALLPOX diagnosis - Abstract
The article presents recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO) on the use of smallpox and mpox (orthopoxviruses) vaccines. It provides information on the epidemiology of smallpox and mpox, impact of immunization on disease epidemiology, pathogens causing smallpox and mpox, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the immunogenicity, safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, economic impact and administration of smallpox/mpox vaccines and vaccination during outbreak.
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- 2024
12. Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinde Karar Verme Konulu Politika Belgesi.
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Azap, Alpay, Yalım, Neyyire Yasemin, and Cinel, İsmail
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INTENSIVE care units , *HEALTH policy , *HEALTH services administrators , *CRITICALLY ill , *HEALTH facility administration , *PATIENTS , *MEDICAL care use , *DECISION making , *EPIDEMICS , *PHYSICIANS , *PROFESSIONAL associations , *HEALTH care rationing - Abstract
Intensive Care Units (ICU) are units where vital support with advanced technology is given to critically ill patients and multidisciplinary approaches are frequently applied. As we all see during the pandemic, the ICU beds are limited in number; therefore, appropriate use of ICU beds is very important to give the necessary treatment to patients on time while allocating the resources rationally and efficiently. Practices to be implemented for this purpose may cause conflicts between the patients, relatives of the patients, the society and the healthcare team. It is crucial to prevent these conflicts and to ensure that they are resolved properly when they arise. This policy paper prepared by Turkish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infection (Klimik), Turkish Society of Intensive Care and Turkish Bioethics Association brings suggestions to physicians and healthcare administrators regarding the rational use of intensive care units. We presume that it will be effective as supported by the professional organizations and medical associations operating in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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13. Pandemic may mean end of the line for paper railway tickets
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Epidemics ,Railroads ,General interest - Abstract
Byline: Mike Wright PAPER train tickets may be ditched as passengers no longer want to 'handle bits of paper', a rail minister has said. Chris Heaton-Harris told peers he wanted [...]
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- 2021
14. Using qualitative study designs to understand treatment burden and capacity for self-care among patients with HIV/NCD multimorbidity in South Africa: A methods paper.
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van Pinxteren, Myrna, Mbokazi, Nonzuzo, Murphy, Katherine, Mair, Frances S, May, Carl, and Levitt, Naomi S
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NON-communicable diseases ,EVALUATION of medical care ,RESEARCH ,MIDDLE-income countries ,RESEARCH methodology ,BURDEN of care ,DISEASES ,POPULATION geography ,INTERVIEWING ,QUALITATIVE research ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,LOW-income countries ,EPIDEMICS ,EMPLOYEES' workload ,DECISION making ,RESEARCH funding ,THEMATIC analysis ,HEALTH self-care ,HIV - Abstract
Background: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including South Africa, are currently experiencing multiple epidemics: HIV and the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), leading to different patterns of multimorbidity (the occurrence of two or more chronic conditions) than experienced in high income settings. These adversely affect health outcomes, increase patients' perceived burden of treatment, and impact the workload of self-management. This paper outlines the methods used in a qualitative study exploring burden of treatment among people living with HIV/NCD multimorbidity in South Africa. Methods: We undertook a comparative qualitative study to examine the interaction between individuals' treatment burden (self-management workload) and their capacity to take on this workload, using the dual lenses of Burden of Treatment Theory (BoTT) and Cumulative Complexity Model (CuCoM) to aid conceptualisation of the data. We interviewed 30 people with multimorbidity and 16 carers in rural Eastern Cape and urban Cape Town between February-April 2021. Data was analysed through framework analysis. Findings: This paper discusses the methodological procedures considered when conducting qualitative research among people with multimorbidity in low-income settings in South Africa. We highlight the decisions made when developing the research design, recruiting participants, and selecting field-sites. We also explore data analysis processes and reflect on the positionality of the research project and researchers. Conclusion: This paper illustrates the decision-making processes conducting this qualitative research and may be helpful in informing future research aiming to qualitatively investigate treatment burden among patients in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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15. Modified diffusive epidemic process on Apollonian networks.
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Alencar D, Filho A, Alves T, Alves G, Ferreira R, and Lima F
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- Humans, Computer Simulation, Models, Biological, Diffusion, Algorithms, Epidemics
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We present an analysis of an epidemic spreading process on an Apollonian network that can describe an epidemic spreading in a non-sedentary population. We studied the modified diffusive epidemic process using the Monte Carlo method by computational analysis. Our model may be helpful for modeling systems closer to reality consisting of two classes of individuals: susceptible (A) and infected (B). The individuals can diffuse in a network according to constant diffusion rates [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], for the classes A and B, respectively, and obeying three diffusive regimes, i.e., [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. Into the same site i, the reaction occurs according to the dynamical rule based on Gillespie's algorithm. Finite-size scaling analysis has shown that our model exhibits continuous phase transition to an absorbing state with a set of critical exponents given by [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] familiar to every investigated regime. In summary, the continuous phase transition, characterized by this set of critical exponents, does not have the same exponents of the mean-field universality class in both regular lattices and complex networks., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
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- 2023
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16. Assessment of the impact of reopening strategies on the spatial transmission risk of COVID-19 based on a data-driven transmission model.
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Wang J, Huang Y, Dong Y, and Wu B
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- Humans, Disease Outbreaks, Biological Evolution, Epidemiological Models, COVID-19 epidemiology, Epidemics
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COVID-19 has dramatically changed people's mobility geste patterns and affected the operations of different functional spots. In the environment of the successful reopening of countries around the world since 2022, it's pivotal to understand whether the reopening of different types of locales poses a threat of wide epidemic transmission. In this paper, by establishing an epidemiological model based on mobile network data, combining the data handed by the Safegraph website, and taking into account the crowd inflow characteristics and the changes of susceptible and latent populations, the trends of the number of crowd visits and the number of epidemic infections at different functional points of interest after the perpetration of continuing strategies were simulated. The model was also validated with daily new cases in ten metropolitan areas in the United States from March to May 2020, and the results showed that the model fitted the evolutionary trend of realistic data more accurately. Further, the points of interest were classified into risk levels, and the corresponding reopening minimum standard prevention and control measures were proposed to be implemented according to different risk levels. The results showed that restaurants and gyms became high-risk points of interest after the perpetration of the continuing strategy, especially the general dine-in restaurants were at higher risk levels. Religious exertion centers were the points of interest with the loftiest average infection rates after the perpetration of the continuing strategy. Points of interest such as convenience stores, large shopping malls, and pharmacies were at a lower risk for outbreak impact after the continuing strategy was enforced. Based on this, continuing forestallment and control strategies for different functional points of interest are proposed to provide decision support for the development of precise forestallment and control measures for different spots., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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17. WHO position paper on dengue vaccines -- May 2024.
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IMMUNIZATION , *PUBLIC health surveillance , *PATIENT safety , *COST effectiveness , *DISEASE vectors , *VACCINE effectiveness , *TRAVEL , *DENGUE , *INFORMATION resources , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *ANTI-infective agents , *VIRAL vaccines , *VACCINE immunogenicity , *EPIDEMICS , *COMMUNICATION , *MOLECULAR diagnosis , *INDUSTRIAL hygiene , *INFECTIOUS disease transmission - Abstract
The article focuses on the second licensed dengue vaccine, TAK-003, along with the position of the World Health Organization (WHO) for its use, and provides an update on the first licensed dengue vaccine, CYD-TDV. Topics discussed include epidemiology and transmission of dengue, classifications made by the WHO on dengue illness, and diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
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- 2024
18. Research Paper: Health Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Strategy and Experience Analysis.
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Rafieepour, Athena, Masoumi, Gholamreza, and Dehghani, Arezoo
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COVID-19 pandemic , *MEDICAL emergencies , *MEDICAL care , *WORLD health , *EPIDEMICS - Abstract
Background: Sharing experiences and learning from health measures taken during the outbreak of epidemics is a critical issue that affects the right and timely decisions in health crises. In the present study, an attempt has been made to review the health policies adopted against COVID-19 and extract critical points for resolving the epidemic crisis. Materials and Methods: This article was a comparative study. The study population comprised Canada, Japan, Germany, Korea, Turkey, and Iran. Ten effective indicators in the management of epidemics were extracted by reviewing the literature and interviewing disaster management experts, and the degree of conformity of the research community with them was examined. The study data were collected from articles published in scientific databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus search engines) or information from COVID-19 disease management organizations from official sites. The obtained data were processed and analyzed by matrix content analysis. Results: The results showed the importance of 10 effective indicators in the management of epidemics during the outbreak of COVID-19 studied and noticed by the health system of most countries. And the government, local and private organizations have participated in the implementation of the studied indicators according to the conditions of each country's health system. Therefore, the success rate of countries in managing COVID-19 disease varies according to the time, type, and manner of implementation and monitoring of measures. Conclusion: Speed of action in adopting health policies and integration in its implementation, construction of convalescence, adequate training and access to personal protective equipment, prevention of nosocomial contamination, and voluntary assistance are essential issues in the fight against epidemics. These measures should be considered and used as teachings in managing health crises, especially emerging diseases and pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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19. Anticipating the Social Consequences of AIDS: A Position Paper [with Comments]
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Berk, Richard A., Rossi, Alice S., Shaw, Nancy Stoller, and Siegel, Karolynn
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- 1987
20. Support To Catch - Developing A Paper On Anti-corruption, Transparency And Accountability During The Covid-19 Pandemic Part
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Epidemics ,Business, international ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Request for proposal: Support to CATCH - Developing a paper on anti-corruption, transparency and accountability during the COVID-19 pandemic Part B. Description The purpose of this request for proposals is [...]
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- 2021
21. Support To Catch For Developing A Paper On Anti-corruption, Transparency And Accountability During The Covid-19 Pandemic
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Epidemics ,Business, international ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Request for proposal: Support to catch for developing a paper on anti-corruption, transparency and accountability during the covid-19 pandemic part b. Description The purpose of this request for proposals is [...]
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- 2021
22. Coronavirus Doesn't Check Your Papers
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Public health officials -- Beliefs, opinions and attitudes ,Green cards -- Laws, regulations and rules ,President of the United States -- Social policy ,COVID-19 -- Distribution -- Political aspects ,Social welfare -- Laws, regulations and rules ,Immigration policy -- Evaluation ,Public health administration ,Epidemics ,Immigrants ,Aliens ,Communicable diseases ,Public health ,Diseases ,Public health movements ,Government regulation ,Company distribution practices ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
The Trump administration's treatment of immigrants could make the epidemic worse. In late January, as the new coronavirus was making its first incursion into the United States, the Supreme Court [...]
- Published
- 2020
23. Consultant Development Of Option Papers For Supporting Businesses To Weather The Corona Virus Pandemic And Build Back Better
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Weather ,Epidemics ,Small and medium sized companies ,Consultants (Persons) ,Business, international - Abstract
Request for Proposal for Consultant Development of Option Papers for Supporting Businesses to Weather the Corona Virus Pandemic and Build Back Better The Option Papers Will Document Ways in Which [...]
- Published
- 2020
24. Qualitative and quantitative detection of T7 bacteriophages using paper based sandwich ELISA.
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Khan, Mohidus Samad, Pande, Tripti, and van de Ven, Theo G.M.
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BACTERIOPHAGES , *EPIDEMICS , *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *BIOSAFETY , *MICROFLUIDICS - Abstract
Viruses cause many infectious diseases and consequently epidemic health threats. Paper based diagnostics and filters can offer attractive options for detecting and deactivating pathogens. However, due to their infectious characteristics, virus detection using paper diagnostics is more challenging compared to the detection of bacteria, enzymes, DNA or antigens. The major objective of this study was to prepare reliable, degradable and low cost paper diagnostics to detect viruses, without using sophisticated optical or microfluidic analytical instruments. T7 bacteriophage was used as a model virus. A paper based sandwich ELISA technique was developed to detect and quantify the T7 phages in solution. The paper based sandwich ELISA detected T7 phage concentrations as low as 100 pfu/mL to as high as 10 9 pfu/mL. The compatibility of paper based sandwich ELISA with the conventional titre count was tested using T7 phage solutions of unknown concentrations. The paper based sandwich ELISA technique is faster and economical compared to the traditional detection techniques. Therefore, with proper calibration and right reagents, and by following the biosafety regulations, the paper based technique can be said to be compatible and economical to the sophisticated laboratory diagnostic techniques applied to detect pathogenic viruses and other microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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25. Marking the 40th anniversary of the AIDS epidemic: A paper in the New England Journal of Medicine
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Epidemics ,AIDS (Disease) ,AIDS vaccines ,Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries ,Health ,Science and technology - Abstract
2021 JUN 14 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at AIDS Vaccine Week -- marks the 40th anniversary of the first report of AIDS cases and the onset [...]
- Published
- 2021
26. Explorations of the Role of Digital Technology in HIV-Related Implementation Research: Case Comparisons of Five Ending the HIV Epidemic Supplement Awards.
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Jones J, Knox J, Meanley S, Yang C, Lounsbury DW, Huang TT, Bauermeister J, Gonzalez-Hernandez G, Frye V, Grov C, Patel V, Baral SD, Sullivan PS, and Schwartz SR
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- Digital Technology, Humans, Research Design, United States, Awards and Prizes, Epidemics prevention & control, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections prevention & control
- Abstract
Introduction: The use of digital technology in HIV-related interventions and implementation strategies is increasing. Whether the use of technology is to directly improve patient outcomes (ie, part of the intervention) or as part of the strategy to implement interventions has important implications. In this article, we present 5 case studies of projects that feature the use of technology in HIV-related implementation research to identify and describe challenges specific to technology-based implementation research about study design, outcome measurement, implementing in an evolving technology landscape, and equity., Methods: For each case study, we identified the technological components, classified the components as intervention or implementation strategy, and identified implications for measuring performance and ensuring equity. The Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework was used to identify the research stage of each project., Results: Technology is being leveraged across a diverse array of implementation strategies to promote Ending the HIV Epidemic in the United States. The case studies were primarily in the exploration and preparation phases of implementation, yet technology played a different role in each project- developing educational materials, mass media to recruit participants or distribute evidence-based campaigns, providing training, guiding tailoring, and implementing novel methods to democratize intervention development., Discussion: Technology can play multiple roles in HIV-related implementation research projects, including serving as the intervention, being leveraged within implementation strategies, or both. We identified multiple considerations across projects that should be taken into account when measuring success and planning for equitable and sustained impact., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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27. The Most Influential Papers in Infectious Meningitis Research: A Bibliometric Study.
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Ramos, Miguel, Criscuoli de Farias, Frederico, Teixeira, Manoel, Figueiredo, Eberval, Ramos, Miguel Bertelli, Criscuoli de Farias, Frederico Arriaga, Teixeira, Manoel Jacobsen, and Figueiredo, Eberval Gadelha
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MASS media ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,EPIDEMICS ,MENINGITIS - Abstract
Background: Bibliometric analyses allow detecting citation trends within a field, including assessments of the most cited journals, countries, institutions, topics, types of study, and authors.Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the 100 most cited papers within infectious meningitis research.Materials and Methods: The 100 most cited publications and their data were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science during 2019.Results: The New England Journal of Medicine had the greatest number of articles (27) and citations (12,266) in the top 100. Articles were mainly published after the late 1980s. Bacteria were the most discussed agents (72 articles and 26,362 citations), but Cryptococcus sp represented the most-discussed single agent (16 articles and 6,617 citations). Primary research represented 70 articles and 25,754 citations. Among them, the most discussed topic was Clinical Features and Diagnosis/Outcomes (22 articles and 8,325 citations). Among the 27 secondary research articles, the most common type of study was Narrative Review (18 articles and 5,685 citations). The United States was the country with the greatest number of articles (56) and citations (21,388). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Yale University had the greatest number of articles (six each), being CDC the most cited (3,559).Conclusions: The most cited articles within meningitis research are primary research studies, more frequently published in high IF journals and by North American institutions. Bacterial meningitis comprises the majority of publications. The articles were mainly published after the AIDS pandemic and after the implementation of the main vaccines for meningitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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28. Use of telemedicine in the management of viral respiratory disease epidemics (SARS, MERS, Influenza, and COVID-19): A review.
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Gohari, Sadrieh Hajesmaeel, Shafiei, Elaheh, and Bahaadinbeigy, Kambiz
- Subjects
TELEMEDICINE ,VIRUS diseases ,RESPIRATORY diseases ,PANDEMICS ,MEDICAL personnel ,EPIDEMICS ,INFLUENZA - Abstract
Introduction: The epidemic of viral respiratory diseases in the last 20 years has affected many people around the world. In these situations, telemedicine may reduce unnecessary contacts and the risk of exposure to infection. This study aimed to review the papers performed to manage viral respiratory disease epidemics using telemedicine. Material and Methods: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched in May 2020 for this systematic review study. Data were extracted from the final included papers based on the author, country, type of epidemic, telemedicine modality, telecommunication method, objective, participants, clinical outcome, cost, and satisfaction. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Results: From 365 retrieved papers, 18 papers were included. Most of the papers were done in the US and China (67%). Half of the papers were done during the COVID-19 pandemic. Real-time modality was used in 78% of the papers. The telecommunication method in half of the papers was internetbased. Patients’ management and treatment was the main objective of the six papers. In 81% of the teleconsultation papers, the consultation was performed between patients and healthcare providers. The clinical outcome of all papers showed that telemedicine was successful in the management of viral respiratory disease epidemics. Cost and satisfaction outcomes were considered in a few papers. Conclusion: There is considerable evidence to show that telemedicine is a useful and convenient method to manage and control viral respiratory disease epidemics. Therefore, countries should pay special attention to telemedicine to control the current pandemic and future epidemics and use it extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Emerging respiratory infections threatening public health in the Asia-Pacific region: A position paper of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology
- Author
-
Yuanlin Song, Soon Hin How, Ji Young Park, Ki-Suck Jung, and Sunghoon Park
- Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Asia ,Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,viruses ,Context (language use) ,virus ,medicine.disease_cause ,Global Health ,respiratory infection ,Environmental health ,Pandemic ,medicine ,Global health ,Humans ,Epidemics ,Position Statement ,Respiratory Tract Infections ,Infection Control ,business.industry ,Public health ,pandemic ,Respiratory infection ,virus diseases ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,One Health ,Public Health ,avian influenza ,Contact Tracing ,business - Abstract
In past decades, we have seen several epidemics of respiratory infections from newly emerging viruses, most of which originated in animals. These emerging infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and avian influenza (AI) viruses, have seriously threatened global health and the economy. In particular, MERS‐CoV and AI A(H7N9) are still causing infections in several areas, and some clustering of cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) may imply future possible pandemics. Additionally, given the inappropriate use of antibiotics and international travel, the spread of carbapenem‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria is also a significant concern. These infections with epidemic or pandemic potential present a persistent threat to public health and a huge burden on healthcare services in the Asia‐Pacific region. Therefore, to enable efficient infection prevention and control, more effective international surveillance and collaboration systems, in the context of the ‘One Health’ approach, are necessary.
- Published
- 2018
30. Enhancing the performance of paper-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy nanobiosensors: An experimental approach.
- Author
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Li, Xiao, Qin, Zhen, Fu, Hao, Li, Ted, Peng, Ran, Li, Zhijie, Rini, James M., and Liu, Xinyu
- Subjects
- *
COVID-19 , *IMPEDANCE spectroscopy , *EPIDEMICS , *PANDEMICS , *HIV , *SCANNING electrochemical microscopy - Abstract
Accurate, rapid, and low-cost molecular diagnostics is essential in managing outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Accordingly, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have emerged as promising diagnostic tools. Among the extensive efforts to improve the performance and usability of diagnostic tools, biosensing mechanisms based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have shown great promise because of their label-free operation and high sensitivity. However, the method to improve EIS biosensing on μPADs is less explored. Here, we present an experimental approach to enhancing the performance of paper-based EIS biosensors featuring zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) directly grown on working electrodes (WEs). Through a comparison of different EIS settings and an examination of ZnO-NW effects on EIS measurements, we show that ZnO-NW-enhanced WEs function reliably with Faradaic processes utilizing iron-based electron mediators. We calibrate paper-based EIS biosensors with different morphologies of ZnO NWs and achieve a low limit of detection (0.4 pg ml−1) in detecting p24 antigen as a marker for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Through microscopic imaging and electrochemical characterization, we reveal that the morphological and the electrochemical surface areas of ZnO-NW-enhanced WEs indicate the sensitivities and sensing ranges of the EIS nanobiosensors. Finally, we report that the EIS nanobiosensors are capable of differentiating the concentrations (blank, 10 ng ml−1, 100 ng ml−1, and 1 μg ml−1) of IgG antibody (CR3022) to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum samples, demonstrating the efficacy of these devices for COVID-19 diagnosis. This work provides a methodology for the rational design of high-performance EIS μPADs and has the potential to facilitate diagnosis in pandemics. • Paper-based electrochemical impedance biosensors for accurate, rapid, and low-cost diagnostics of infectious diseases. • Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) were directly synthesized on paper electrodes through hydrothermal growth. • Morphological and electrochemical surface areas of ZnO NWs on a working electrode affect the sensitivity and detection range of the electrochemical impedance biosensors. • Serological testing of IgG antibody (CR3022) to COVID-19 was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Two-timing on today's vaccines? New paper from the European Medicines Agency explores future vaccine guideline
- Author
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O'Donnell, Peter
- Subjects
Epidemics ,Influenza ,Vaccines ,General interest ,Health - Abstract
Timing is everything in effective medical care--and the European Medicines Agency certainly got close to capturing the moment with its latest draft clinical guidance. As the world's population, trembling at [...]
- Published
- 2006
32. Echosens North America Publishes New White Paper: Looming Epidemic of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Subjects
High technology industry ,Epidemics ,Fatty liver ,Medical research ,Obesity ,Backup software ,Liver diseases ,Technology ,Editors ,Health - Abstract
2019 MAR 11 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Obesity & Diabetes Week -- Echosens, an innovative high-technology company offering the FibroScan® family of products, announces the [...]
- Published
- 2019
33. Quantifying the Evolving Contribution of HIV Interventions and Key Populations to the HIV Epidemic in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Author
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Silhol R, Baral S, Bowring AL, Mukandavire C, Njindam IM, Rao A, Schwartz S, Tamoufe U, Billong SC, Njoya O, Zoung-Kanyi Bissek AC, Calleja JMG, Vickerman P, Mishra S, and Boily MC
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Cameroon epidemiology, Condoms, Female, HIV Infections drug therapy, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Young Adult, Epidemics, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections prevention & control, HIV-1
- Abstract
Background: Key populations (KP) including men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), and their clients are disproportionately affected by HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. We estimated the evolving impact of past interventions and contribution of unmet HIV prevention/treatment needs of key populations and lower-risk groups to HIV transmission., Setting: Yaoundé, Cameroon., Methods: We parametrized and fitted a deterministic HIV transmission model to Yaoundé-specific demographic, behavioral, HIV, and intervention coverage data in a Bayesian framework. We estimated the fraction of incident HIV infections averted by condoms and antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the fraction of all infections over 10-year periods directly and indirectly attributable to sex within and between each risk group., Results: Condom use and ART together may have averted 43% (95% uncertainty interval: 31-54) of incident infections over 1980-2018 and 72% (66-79) over 2009-2018. Most onward transmissions over 2009-2018 stemmed from sex between lower-risk individuals [47% (32-61)], clients [37% (23-51)], and MSM [35% (20-54)] with all their partners. The contribution of commercial sex decreased from 25% (8-49) over 1989-1998 to 8% (3-22) over 2009-2018, due to higher intervention coverage among FSW., Conclusion: Condom use and recent ART scale-up mitigated the HIV epidemic in Yaoundé and changed the contribution of different partnerships to onward transmission over time. Findings highlight the importance of prioritizing HIV prevention and treatment for MSM and clients of FSW whose unmet needs now contribute most to onward transmission, while maintaining services that successfully reduced transmissions in the context of commercial sex., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Nowcasting epidemics of novel pathogens: lessons from COVID-19.
- Author
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Wu JT, Leung K, Lam TTY, Ni MY, Wong CKH, Peiris JSM, and Leung GM
- Subjects
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging diagnosis, Disease Outbreaks history, History, 21st Century, Humans, Pandemics, Reproducibility of Results, COVID-19 epidemiology, Communicable Diseases, Emerging epidemiology, Epidemics history, Forecasting methods
- Abstract
Epidemic nowcasting broadly refers to assessing the current state by understanding key pathogenic, epidemiologic, clinical and socio-behavioral characteristics of an ongoing outbreak. Its primary objective is to provide situational awareness and inform decisions on control responses. In the event of large-scale sustained emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists need to constantly update their aims and analytics with respect to the rapidly evolving emergence of new questions, data and findings in order to synthesize real-time evidence for policy decisions. In this Perspective, we share our views on the functional aims, rationale, data requirements and challenges of nowcasting at different stages of an epidemic, drawing on the ongoing COVID-19 experience. We highlight how recent advances in the computational and laboratory sciences could be harnessed to complement traditional approaches to enhance the scope, timeliness, reliability and utility of epidemic nowcasting.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Paper-based nucleic acid testing system for simple and early diagnosis of mosquito-borne RNA viruses from human serum.
- Author
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Batule, Bhagwan S., Seok, Youngung, and Kim, Min-Gon
- Subjects
- *
NUCLEIC acids , *RNA viruses , *TEST systems , *VIROIDS , *EPIDEMICS , *MOSQUITO vectors , *ARBOVIRUS diseases - Abstract
The recent outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases (e.g., zika, dengue, and chikungunya) increased public health burden in developing countries. To control the spread of these infectious diseases, a simple, economic, reliable, sensitive, and selective diagnostic platform is required. Considering demand for affordable and accessible methods, we have demonstrated a two-step strategy for extraction and detection of viral RNAs of infectious diseases within 1 h. Ready-to-use devices for viral RNA extraction and detection were successfully fabricated using paper as a substrate. Viral RNA (e.g., zika, dengue, and chikungunya) was captured and eluted using a handheld RNA extraction paper-strip device, and another paper-chip device was used for reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay with a detection limit of a single copy and 10 copies of viral RNA in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and serum, respectively. With these proposed devices, we have detected viral RNAs of zika and dengue in clinical human serum samples. The proposed paper-based extraction and detection platforms could be employed for detection of infectious viral diseases from complex clinical samples in resource-limited settings. Image 1 • A paper-based nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection system was demonstrated. • The viral RNAs of zika, dengue, and chikungunya were extracted and detected in two steps. • The sensitive and selective detection of zika viral RNA spiked in PBS buffer and serum samples were achieved. • Viral-infected clinical samples were tested positive for zika and dengue with the proposed detection system. • A universal ready-to-use detection system could be prepared by changing capture probes and RT-LAMP primers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper
- Subjects
Contraindications ,Infant ,Adaptive Immunity ,World Health Organization ,Mass Vaccination ,Pregnancy ,Population Surveillance ,Humans ,Female ,Rubella Vaccine ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Child ,Epidemics ,Rubella virus ,Immunization Schedule ,Rubella - Published
- 2011
37. Tracing the scientific outputs in the field of Ebola research based on publications in the Web of Science.
- Author
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Fengyun Yi, Pin Yang, and Huifeng Sheng
- Subjects
EBOLA virus ,EPIDEMICS ,ACCESS control of databases ,BIBLIOMETRICS - Abstract
Background: Ebola virus disease (hereafter EVD or Ebola) has a high fatality rate. The devastating effects of the current epidemic of Ebola in West Africa have put the global health response in acute focus. In response, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the Ebola outbreak in West Africa as a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern". A small proportion of scientific literature is dedicated to Ebola research. Methods: To identify global research trends in Ebola research, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science
TM database was used to search for data, which encompassed original articles published from 1900 to 2013. The keyword "Ebola" was used to identify articles for the purposes of this review. In order to include all published items, the database was searched using the Basic Search method. Results: The earliest record of literature about Ebola indexed in the Web of Science is from 1977. A total of 2477 publications on Ebola, published between 1977 and 2014 (with the number of publications increasing annually), were retrieved from the database. Original research articles (n = 1623, 65.5 %) were the most common type of publication. Almost all (96.5 %) of the literature in this field was in English. The USA had the highest scientific output and greatest number of funding agencies. Journal of Virology published 239 papers on Ebola, followed by Journal of Infectious Diseases and Virology, which published 113 and 99 papers, respectively. A total of 1911 papers on Ebola were cited 61,477 times. Conclusion: This analysis identified the current state of research and trends in studies about Ebola between 1977 and 2014. Our bibliometric analysis provides a historical perspective on the progress in Ebola research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Pneumococcal vaccines: WHO position paper on their use in community outbreak settings.
- Subjects
- *
STREPTOCOCCAL disease prevention , *PNEUMOCOCCAL vaccines , *COMMUNITIES , *EPIDEMICS - Abstract
The article presents a position paper from the World Health Organization (WHO) on the use of pneumococcal vaccines in infants and children in community outbreak settings. Topics include the important background data on diseases and vaccines, the potential of pneumococcal meningitis to become major community outbreaks, and the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) into the infant immunization programme.
- Published
- 2021
39. Collaborative Research and Practice: Aiming to Make a Meaningful Difference 2014 AORE Research Symposium Abstracts: Introductory Paper.
- Author
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Szolosi, Andrew M., Hill, Eddie, and Poff, Raymond A.
- Subjects
- *
OUTDOOR education , *OUTDOOR recreation , *AUTOETHNOGRAPHY , *OBESITY , *EPIDEMICS - Abstract
The article presents abstracts from the 10th Annual Association for Outdoor Recreation & Education (AORE) Research Symposium held in Portland, Oregon on November 12-14, 2014. These include an abstract exploring the factors that influence college outdoor program staff connectedness to nature, another that centers on the research method autoethnography, an approach in bridging the gap between research and practice and the third that addresses the increasing epidemic of obesity in society.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Exploring the Landscape of Fractional-Order Models in Epidemiology: A Comparative Simulation Study.
- Author
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Agarwal, Ritu, Airan, Pooja, and Agarwal, Ravi P.
- Subjects
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL models ,HEPATITIS B ,MATHEMATICAL models ,FRACTIONAL calculus ,COMPUTER simulation - Abstract
Mathematical models play a crucial role in evaluating real-life processes qualitatively and quantitatively. They have been extensively employed to study the spread of diseases such as hepatitis B, COVID-19, influenza, and other epidemics. Many researchers have discussed various types of epidemiological models, including deterministic, stochastic, and fractional order models, for this purpose. This article presents a comprehensive review and comparative study of the transmission dynamics of fractional order in epidemiological modeling. A significant portion of the paper is dedicated to the graphical simulation of these models, providing a visual representation of their behavior and characteristics. The article further embarks on a comparative analysis of fractional-order models with their integer-order counterparts. This comparison sheds light on the nuances and subtleties that differentiate these models, thereby offering valuable insights into their respective strengths and limitations. The paper also explores time delay models, non-linear incidence rate models, and stochastic models, explaining their use and significance in epidemiology. It includes studies and models that focus on the transmission dynamics of diseases using fractional order models, as well as comparisons with integer-order models. The findings from this study contribute to the broader understanding of epidemiological modeling, paving the way for more accurate and effective strategies in disease control and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Numerical analysis approach for models of COVID-19 and other epidemics.
- Author
-
Ritu and Gupta, Yogesh
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,NUMERICAL analysis ,COVID-19 ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,EPIDEMIOLOGICAL models ,PANDEMICS ,EPIDEMICS - Abstract
The world wide spread of COVID-19 epidemic has instigated an unprecedented demand and supply of research related to this epidemic. Together with medical research for treatment and cure of the pandemic, efficient mathematical modeling of epidemics is the need of hour. First, this paper depicts a detailed and comprehensive compendium of various numerical methods used for infectious diseases modeling during last 14 years including the very recent work done for COVID-19 models. This gives researchers a good insight about past work done, present efforts and future scope of numerical analysis methods for epidemic modeling. Second, this paper also proposes its numerical analysis approach based on Adomian decomposition method (ADM) for generalized SEIR model of COVID-19. The proposed method is shown to give very accurate numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. New White Paper Reveals Cardiovascular Pandemic Affecting Tens of Millions of People Worldwide
- Subjects
Heart failure ,Epidemics ,Health - Abstract
By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Obesity & Diabetes Week -- Critical Diagnostics reported that it has issued a White Paper titled, 'The Pandemic Called Heart Failure.' It is [...]
- Published
- 2015
43. Decisions Related to COVID-19 Epidemic, Pandemic, and Endemic Phases.
- Author
-
Tien, James M.
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,INFLUENZA pandemic, 1918-1919 ,PANDEMICS ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 treatment ,EPIDEMICS ,RESPIRATORY infections - Abstract
The focus of this paper is on COVID-19, the December 2019 dated respiratory epidemic or infection that has ravaged most, if not all, of the world's 253 "countries" (consisting of 194 independent nation-states, 55 dependent-states, Antarctica, and 3 other territories). Readers of this paper should be aware of at least three facts. First, as of January 2022, the submission date of this paper, COVID-19 continues to impact the world, although to a much lesser extent, given the protection afforded by the mRNA vaccines, the boosters, and the antiviral medications (e.g., oseltamivir, penciclovir, acyclovir, Paxlovid, etc.). Second, the paper should be regarded as being inconclusive in both its outlook and its list of references; it provides, at best, an intermediary account of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic. Third, like the Spanish Flu of 1918, it is speculated that the COVID-19 pandemic will not endure beyond three years and will conclude as an endemic problem by, hopefully, early 2023. Therefore, the paper is partitioned into three sections which, respectively, address the infection's three phases: epidemic (initial infection), pandemic (worldwide infection) and endemic (pervasive but nonlife-threatening infection) phases. The lessons learned from the range of decisions made throughout the COVID-19 phases should help to inform and better prepare the world for future pathogens and deadly diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants and children under 5 years of age: WHO position paper -- February 2019.
- Subjects
- *
STREPTOCOCCAL disease diagnosis , *STREPTOCOCCAL disease prevention , *STREPTOCOCCAL disease treatment , *COST effectiveness , *DRUG storage , *EPIDEMICS , *IMMUNIZATION , *MEDICAL protocols , *PUBLIC health , *PNEUMOCOCCAL vaccines , *STREPTOCOCCAL diseases , *SEROTYPES , *CHILDREN , *STANDARDS , *VACCINES - Abstract
The article looks at a position paper that includes data on the effects of the 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines published up to June 2017. The position paper addresses the dosing schedule, product choice, and the value of catch-up vaccination in children under five years of age. Around 75 percent of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease occur in children aged over two years. Some serotypes are more likely than others to be resistant to antimicrobials.
- Published
- 2019
45. Knowledge sharing in global health research - the impact, uptake and cost of open access to scholarly literature.
- Author
-
Smith, Elise, Haustein, Stefanie, Mongeon, Philippe, Fei Shu, Ridde, Valéry, Larivière, Vincent, and Shu, Fei
- Subjects
OPEN access publishing ,INFORMATION dissemination ,EPIDEMICS ,EBOLA virus disease ,PUBLIC health ,MEDICAL research & economics ,INTELLECT ,MASS media ,MEDLINE ,NEWSLETTERS ,ONLINE information services ,WORLD health ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,ACCESS to information - Abstract
Background: In 1982, the Annals of Virology published a paper showing how Liberia has a highly endemic potential of Ebola warning health authorities of the risk for potential outbreaks; this journal is only available by subscription. Limiting the accessibility of such knowledge may have reduced information propagation toward public health actors who were indeed surprised by and unprepared for the 2014 epidemic. Open access (OA) publication can allow for increased access to global health research (GHR). Our study aims to assess the use, cost and impact of OA diffusion in the context of GHR.Method: A total of 3366 research articles indexed under the Medical Heading Subject Heading "Global Health" published between 2010 and 2014 were retrieved using PubMed to (1) quantify the uptake of various types of OA, (2) estimate the article processing charges (APCs) of OA, and (3) analyse the relationship between different types of OA, their scholarly impact and gross national income per capita of citing countries.Results: Most GHR publications are not available directly on the journal's website (69%). Further, 60.8% of researchers do not self-archive their work even when it is free and in keeping with journal policy. The total amount paid for APCs was estimated at US$1.7 million for 627 papers, with authors paying on average US$2732 per publication; 94% of APCs were paid to journals owned by the ten most prominent publication houses from high-income countries. Researchers from low- and middle-income countries are generally citing less expensive types of OA, while researchers in high-income countries are citing the most expensive OA.Conclusions: Although OA may help in building global research capacity in GHR, the majority of publications remain subscription only. It is logical and cost-efficient for institutions and researchers to promote OA by self-archiving publications of restricted access, as it not only allows research to be cited by a broader audience, it also augments citation rates. Although OA does not ensure full knowledge transfer from research to practice, limiting public access can negatively impact implementation and outcomes of health policy and reduce public understanding of health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. White paper advises apartment firms on pandemic flu
- Subjects
Influenza ,Epidemics - Abstract
The National Multi Housing Council (NMHC), Washington, D.C., and the Alexandria, VA-based National Apartment Association (NAA) have released a white paper outlining steps that apartment firms can take to prepare […]
- Published
- 2006
47. SubEpiPredict: A tutorial-based primer and toolbox for fitting and forecasting growth trajectories using the ensemble n-sub-epidemic modeling framework.
- Author
-
Chowell, Gerardo, Dahal, Sushma, Bleichrodt, Amanda, Tariq, Amna, Hyman, James M., and Luo, Ruiyan
- Subjects
EPIDEMICS ,COVID-19 ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,DATA ,PLATEAUS - Abstract
An ensemble n-sub-epidemic modeling framework that integrates sub-epidemics to capture complex temporal dynamics has demonstrated powerful forecasting capability in previous works. This modeling framework can characterize complex epidemic patterns, including plateaus, epidemic resurgences, and epidemic waves characterized by multiple peaks of different sizes. In this tutorial paper, we introduce and illustrate SubEpiPredict, a user-friendly MATLAB toolbox for fitting and forecasting time series data using an ensemble n-sub-epidemic modeling framework. The toolbox can be used for model fitting, forecasting, and evaluation of model performance of the calibration and forecasting periods using metrics such as the weighted interval score (WIS). We also provide a detailed description of these methods including the concept of the n-sub-epidemic model, constructing ensemble forecasts from the top-ranking models, etc. For the illustration of the toolbox, we utilize publicly available daily COVID-19 death data at the national level for the United States. The MATLAB toolbox introduced in this paper can be very useful for a wider group of audiences, including policymakers, and can be easily utilized by those without extensive coding and modeling backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Modified fractional order social media addiction modeling and sliding mode control considering a professionally operating population.
- Author
-
Li, Ning and Gao, Yuequn
- Subjects
SOCIAL media addiction ,SLIDING mode control ,EPIDEMICS ,NONLINEAR analysis ,COMPUTER simulation - Abstract
With the advancement of technology, social media has become an integral part of people's daily lives. This has resulted in the emergence of a new group of individuals known as "professional operation people". These individuals actively engage with social media platforms, taking on roles as content creators, influencers, or professionals utilizing social media for marketing and networking purposes. Therefore, in this article, we designed a six-dimensional fractional-order social media addiction model (FOSMA) in the sense of Caputo, which took into account the professional operations population. Initially, we established the positivity and boundedness of the FOSMA model. After that, the basic regeneration number and the equilibrium points (no addiction equilibrium point and addiction equilibrium point) were computed. Then, the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium points were proved. In order to investigate the bifurcation behavior of the model when R 0 = 1 , we extended the Sotomayor theorem from integer-order to fractional-order systems. Next, by the frequency analysis method, we converted the fractional order model into an equivalent partial differential system. The tanh function was introduced into the scheme of sliding mode surface. The elimination of addiction was achieved by the action of the fractional order sliding mode control law. Finally, simulation results showed that fractional order values, nonlinear transmission rates, and specialized operating populations had a significant impact on predicting and controlling addiction. The fractional-order sliding mode control we designed played an important role in eliminating chatter, controlling addiction, and ensuring long-term effectiveness. The results of this paper have far-reaching implications for future work on modeling and control of fractional-order systems in different scenarios, such as epidemic spread, ecosystem stabilization, and game addiction. With the advancement of technology, social media has become an integral part of people's daily lives. This has resulted in the emergence of a new group of individuals known as "professional operation people". These individuals actively engage with social media platforms, taking on roles as content creators, influencers, or professionals utilizing social media for marketing and networking purposes. Therefore, in this article, we designed a six-dimensional fractional-order social media addiction model (FOSMA) in the sense of Caputo, which took into account the professional operations population. Initially, we established the positivity and boundedness of the FOSMA model. After that, the basic regeneration number and the equilibrium points (no addiction equilibrium point and addiction equilibrium point) were computed. Then, the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium points were proved. In order to investigate the bifurcation behavior of the model when we extended the Sotomayor theorem from integer-order to fractional-order systems. Next, by the frequency analysis method, we converted the fractional order model into an equivalent partial differential system. The tanh function was introduced into the scheme of sliding mode surface. The elimination of addiction was achieved by the action of the fractional order sliding mode control law. Finally, simulation results showed that fractional order values, nonlinear transmission rates, and specialized operating populations had a significant impact on predicting and controlling addiction. The fractional-order sliding mode control we designed played an important role in eliminating chatter, controlling addiction, and ensuring long-term effectiveness. The results of this paper have far-reaching implications for future work on modeling and control of fractional-order systems in different scenarios, such as epidemic spread, ecosystem stabilization, and game addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. SIRS Epidemic Models with Delays, Partial and Temporary Immunity and Vaccination.
- Author
-
Chen-Charpentier, Benito
- Subjects
EPIDEMICS ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,INFLUENZA epidemiology ,MATHEMATICAL models ,DIFFERENTIAL equations - Abstract
The basic reproduction, or reproductive number, is a useful index that indicates whether or not there will be an epidemic. However, it is also very important to determine whether an epidemic will eventually decrease and disappear or persist as an endemic. Different infectious diseases have different behaviors and mathematical models used to simulated them should capture the most important processes; however, the models also involve simplifications. Influenza epidemics are usually short-lived and can be modeled with ordinary differential equations without considering demographics. Delays such as the infection time can change the behavior of the solutions. The same is true if there is permanent or temporary immunity, or complete or partial immunity. Vaccination, isolation and the use of antivirals can also change the outcome. In this paper, we introduce several new models and use them to find the effects of all the above factors paying special attention to whether the model can represent an infectious process that eventually disappears. We determine the equilibrium solutions and establish the stability of the disease-free equilibrium using various methods. We also show that many models of influenza or other epidemics with a short duration do not have solutions with a disappearing epidemic. The main objective of the paper is to introduce different ways of modeling immunity in epidemic models. Several scenarios with different immunities are studied since a person may not be re-infected because he/she has total or partial immunity or because there were no close contacts. We show that some relatively small changes, such as in the vaccination rate, can significantly change the dynamics; for example, the existence and number of the disease-free equilibria. We also illustrate that while introducing delays makes the models more realistic, the dynamics have the same qualitative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Bio-Medical Discourse and Oriental Metanarratives on Pandemics in the Islamicate World from the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries.
- Author
-
Ahmad, Suhail, Bjork, Robert E., Almahfali, Mohammed, Adel, Abdel-Fattah M., and Al-Moghales, Mashhoor Abdu
- Subjects
TRAVELERS ,COVID-19 pandemic ,MUSLIMS ,RENAISSANCE ,ESCHATOLOGY - Abstract
This paper examines the writings of European travelers, chaplains, and resident doctors on pandemics in the Mediterranean regions from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Using French comparative literary theory, the article highlights how Muslim communities in Egypt, Turkey, Aleppo, and Mecca were stereotyped based on their belief in predestination, their failure to avoid contamination, and their lack of social distancing during plague outbreaks. This paper argues that travelers were influenced by Renaissance humanism, Ars Apodemia, religious discourses, and texts, such as plague tracts, model town concepts, the book of orders, and tales, and that they essentialized Mediterranean Islamicate societies by depicting contamination motifs supposedly shaped by the absence of contagion theory in prophetic medicines. Regarding plague science, this paper concludes that Christian and Muslim intellectuals had similar approaches until the Black Death and that Arabs were eclectic since the Abbasid period. This paper further maintains that the travelers' approaches fostered chauvinism and the cultural hegemony of the West over the Orient since the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, driven by eschatology, conversion, and power structure narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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