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During graduate education, postgraduates have to spend considerable time finding papers to explore the development branches of their field. However, existing paper recommendation methods focus on several attributes (title, author, keyword, venue, etc.). The network schema constructed by these attributes is extremely sparse, which easily causes the loss of important semantic paths between attributes. This results in a lack of correlations among relevant papers, which affects paper recommendation efficiency. Moreover, the relationships between multiple semantic paths can be found through common homogeneous and heterogeneous attributes. These relationships can establish many correlations among relevant papers. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a new approach to fuse multi-semantic paths into a heterogeneous educational network (HEN) for personalized paper recommendation. After data processing, a new HEN schema is built by enriching nodes and edges in heterogeneous networks. Then, different semantic meta-paths are generated by projection sub-nets. Next, a new HEN embedding method is proposed by multi-semantic path fusion to generate rich HEN node sequences. Finally, personalized paper recommendation for postgraduates by targeted path similarity. The proposed method was performed on two paper datasets in the fields of educational intergenerational mobility from 1987 to 2021 and data mining and intelligent media from 1997 to 2021. Substantial experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intergenerational education mobility is a key dimension of social mobility and explores the extent to which educational attainment is transmitted across generations within a society. The implications of low education mobility concern both equity (everyone should have the same opportunities) and efficiency (it would be good for the economy and society if the most gifted and deserving young people were to study and not the children of the already educated). The literature identifies several drivers that can influence the level of social mobility in general and education mobility specifically, including characteristics of educational systems, public spending, degree of urbanisation, informal frictions, and beliefs. This paper seeks to identify 'patterns of intergenerational education (im)mobility' through a cluster analysis that takes into account the level of intergenerational mobility in education and a number of variables concerning its possible drivers, considering data on 82 countries (with different levels of development). The advantage of cluster analysis lies in the possibility of identifying regularities, but avoiding reasoning 'on average', i.e., safeguarding the possibility that different social patterns may exist. The results also allow us to speculate on possible policies to increase school mobility, highlighting, among other things, the 'equalising' role played by public spending on education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resident consumption is an important link to smooth the domestic circulation and promote the economy to achieve high-quality development. To stimulate the vitality of residents' consumption and achieve the expansion and quality of consumption, we should not only focus on the scale and willingness of residents to consume, but also consider the motivation of consumption. The paper analyzes the impact of intergenerational income mobility on residents' marginal propensity to consume and consumption altruism motive by expanding the Over Lapping Generation Models and combining the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data. The results of the study show: Intergenerational Income Elasticity has a significant positive effect on residents' marginal propensity to consume. When Intergenerational Income Elasticity increases, the "altruistic motive" of residents' consumption will also increase significantly. Compared with rural residents, Intergenerational Income Elasticity has a stronger positive effect on urban residents' marginal propensity to consume and marginal propensity to consume education. With the effect of intergenerational factors, urban residents' consumption shows stronger altruistic motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A person's family of origin has a profound impact on his or her life; a student's performance at university and their interpersonal skills are also influenced by the characteristics of their family. In order to explore how social capital and intergenerational mobility impact university students' quality of interpersonal communication and experiences, whether there is a "Matthew effect" at the higher education level, how the external social capital and the parenting style within a family affect the comprehensive quality of university students separately, and how university students' family characteristics impact their quality of interpersonal communication, which will in turn affect their performance at university, this paper starts from the perspective of social capital and intergenerational mobility, and uses the cross-sectional data of the China Family Tracking Survey (CFPS) from 2018 to conduct Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin analysis and logistic binary regression for 1037 university students nationwide, to check whether the selected variables can be subjected to principal component analysis. The results show that, on one hand, university students' family characteristics have a significant positive impact on their quality of interpersonal communication; on the other hand, their family backgrounds also have significant impact on their academic performance and enthusiasm for participating in student unions, as well as part-time employment and internships. In addition, according to the results of the mediation test, interpersonal communication skills play a mediating role in the way that family characteristics impact students' performance at university, including their participation in student organizations, as well as internships and part-time jobs. Finally, this paper, by referring to both theoretical and empirical analysis, presents relevant suggestions from the perspectives of the individual, family, and government, aiming to facilitate the sustainable development of university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, the rise in income inequality and downward intergenerational social mobility since the 1970s represent twin problems facing community and economic development today. This paper proposes a Structure of Labor theory to apply at the local and regional level to address these development challenges. The objective is to provide a simple local approach to development that maximizes upward economic mobility and enables individuals and communities to achieve their development goals in the 21st century development landscape of the United States. The proposed theory fuses free-enterprise principles with state-planned dirigiste efforts to maximize the best of both theoretical perspectives. After reviewing pertinent literature and articulating the Structure of Labor theory, the latter sections of the paper explicate its implications for community and economic development practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definition: There is a growing interest in sustainable urban transport solutions in cities around the world. These changes, known as "smart urban mobility", aim to reduce the negative effects of transport on the natural environment and enhance the standard of living for urban dwellers. It should be noted that in addition to this transformation's technological aspects, modifying the city's structure and architecture also has a social dimension. The transformation of urban mobility has a significant impact on social relations. Introducing new modes of transport, such as city bikes and electric scooters, creates new ways of moving around the city and can impact social interactions. This can increase social integration and a community's sense of belonging. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the differences between social groups to ensure equal access to the benefits of these changes in addition to deeper social elements, such as changing the habits and expectations of residents and adapting solutions to the specific needs of each city. This paper aims to look at the social aspects of smart urban mobility, including the impact of these changes on the lives and relationships of city residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a systematic review of studies on the situation of Eastern European Roma. It examines themes of community, identity, and mobility published in the literature between 2002 and 2022 in the social science, law, and education fields. Studies were identified methodically by searching multidisciplinary electronic databases and hand searching. The studies found were imported into Mendeley, and titles and abstracts were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A list of search terms with SKOS descriptors (thesaurus) was generated to cover the relevant topics. A data extraction table was drawn up with a set of fields for each of the studies. Items included bibliographic information, study type, study characteristics, participant characteristics, variables, main findings, and limitations. The database searches yielded a total of 6577 records. After an individual hand-search review of the texts, a total of 14 studies were considered and included. We concluded that very little research has been done on the central themes of the study. In addition, there are no texts that look in depth at the issue of education as a tool for poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the transmission of educational attainment from parents to offspring as a mediator of intergenerational class mobility in Europe. The study covers the last two decades with data drawn from a cross-national large-scale sample survey, namely the European Social Survey (ESS), for the years 2002–2018. Interest has focused on the question of the persistence of inequality of educational opportunities by examining the attainment of nominal levels of education and the association between the educational attainment of the parent with the highest level of education and their descendants. The study also covers new trends in social mobility that consider education as a "positional good", and a novel method of incorporating educational expansion into the transition probabilities is proposed, providing answers to whether the rising accessibility of educational qualifications attenuates the association between social origin and educational attainment. Therefore, the concept of positionality is taken into account in the estimation of intergenerational transition probabilities, and to complement the analysis, mobility measures are provided for both methods, nominal and positional. The proposed positional method is validated through a correlation analysis between the upward mobility scores (nominal and positional) with the Education Expansion Index (EEI) for the respective years. The upward mobility scores estimated via the positional method are more highly correlated with the EEI for all years, indicating a better alignment with the broader trends in educational participation and achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of continuously updating emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban strategies, programmers and tools section presents the different strategies and tools for active mobility implemented internationally. The contribution aims to address the issue of active mobility in the context of sustainable urban planning on a global scale. In this direction, this review provides an overview of strategies and tools that promote active mobility options in urban areas and identify best practices from cities around the world. In recent sustainable urban mobility policies, at all levels of governance, the focus has been on active mobility identified as one of the key components for the transition to a neutral climate and an inclusive urban future, more resilient and safer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prevalence and drivers of employment vulnerability among youth in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia, and their propensity to transition to better jobs over time. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis is based on longitudinal data from Labor Market Panel Surveys spanning 6–20 years. The authors use transition matrices to examine the prevalence of transitions between labor market statuses for the same individuals over time, distinguishing between youth and non-youth, and men and women, as well as multinomial logistic regressions that control for individual and family background, including previous labor market status, family wealth and parental education. Findings: The paper finds that youth in all three countries were disadvantaged in terms of labor market outcomes with most young men in particular ending up in vulnerable jobs while women of all ages were most likely to exit the labor market all together, unless they had formal jobs. Moreover, youth who started out in the labor market in a vulnerable job were unlikely to move to a better-quality job over time. Family wealth, parental education and father's occupation were found to be important determinants of labor market outcomes and vulnerability, even after a long period of work experience. Social implications: The paper finds that wealth effects, parental education and occupation effects follow workers throughout their careers, implying low equality of opportunity and inter-generational and lifetime mobility. Originality/value: The findings indicate worsening labor market outcomes over time, heavily influenced by family background. High levels of vulnerable employment persistence, regardless of skill and experience, reinforce the importance of initial labor market outcome on the quality of lifetime employment prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of five parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. This section of the Review Notes deals with the new frontiers of urban development through the lenses of the European program NextGenerationEU. In particular, this contribution deals with the topic of sustainable development in urban environments, analysing it in the frame of the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The paper takes into account the recent PNRR strategies, projects, and initiatives that intervene in multiple sectors - such as the environment, energy, and infrastructures - to promote sustainable development. It provides an overview of the proposed projects and interventions in different urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a new dataset combining the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and Understanding Society (UKHLS), this paper examines the current state of intergenerational income mobility in the UK. This extends previous evidence in several directions, with a focus on younger cohorts of individuals born between 1973 and 1992. I find evidence of considerable intergenerational persistence in the transmission of resources at the household level with an intergenerational elasticity of 0.26 and a rank coefficient of 0.30. This picture of mobility remains at the individual level and under a range of robustness tests that address traditional methodological concerns. While mobility is relatively low at the national level, I find meaningful differences in income mobility rates across the country. More generally, regions with lower income in the North of England display substantially lower levels of both relative and absolute income mobility than regions in the South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary urban planning models include urban trail paths. These are paths that create active transportation corridors within a city's built environment, providing more sustainable travel, especially for short trips. The benefits of their use are plentiful, including improvements in commuters' health, reductions in energy footprint, and socio-economic benefits for the entire society. In modern urban planning approaches such as the "15-minute city", urban trail paths serve as connectors, facilitating access to amenities beyond the close-proximity concept of a "neighborhood". They act as a way of connecting residents to other 15-minute cities/neighborhoods via safe routes, reducing extensive car use. Micromobility constitutes a novel approach to short trips with proven results. This paper explores the possibility of introducing micromobility as a means of connecting 15-minute cities/neighborhoods through urban trail paths. Through a literature review, an analysis is conducted of the opportunities arising from the introduction of micromobility, as well as on the factors influencing its sustained use in urban mobility and the public realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-precision location tracking devices and advancements in data collection, storage, transmission technologies, and data mining algorithms have led to the availability of large datasets with high spatiotemporal resolution. These geospatial big data can be used to identify human movement patterns in urban areas. However, identifying human movement patterns may yield different results depending on the scale size used. In this paper, we employed first and second order texture analysis algorithms to identify spatial patterns of human movement for various scale sizes based on taxi trajectory data from Nanjing, China. The results demonstrated that texture analysis can quantify changes in human movement patterns for different scale sizes in an urban area. Furthermore, the results may differ based on the location of the study area. This study contributed both methodologically and empirically. Methodologically, we used texture analysis to examine the impact of different scale sizes on the extraction of aggregated human travel patterns. Empirically, we quantified the effects of different scale sizes on extracting aggregated travel patterns of an urban area. Overall, the findings of this study can have significant implications for urban planning and policy-making, as understanding human movement patterns at different scales can provide valuable insights for optimizing transportation systems and enhancing overall urban mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model considering intergenerational occupational mobility as the joint outcome of three main determinants: income incentives, equality of opportunity and changes in the composition of occupations. The model, rationalising the use of transition matrices to measure occupational mobility, allows for identifying asymmetric mobility patterns and constructing a specific mobility index for each determinant. The empirical application of our model to Italy suggests that intergenerational mobility increased from the cohort of children born in the period 1940-1951 to the one born in the period 1952-1965, then to remain at the same level for the cohort of children born in the period 1966-1977. This steady mobility, however, hides i) lower structural mobility, caused by a declining trend in the composition of occupations in favour of upper-middle classes; ii) less upward mobility for those whose fathers were in the lower class; and iii) higher downward mobility from upper-middle classes, both caused by a decrease in the income incentives. Equality of opportunity is low and constant for those born after 1951. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of continuously updating emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of five parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Methods, tools and data for the city energy governance section focuses on the challenges that urban energy planning commonly faces, providing food for thought to readers and fellow researchers. This contribution aims at examining these challenges and the solutions proposed in the scientific literature. For the second issue of TeMA Journal volume no. 16, this section is dedicated at identifying the gaps between the theoretical scientific progress and their actual practical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of continuously updating emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban planning literature review section presents recent books and journals on selected topics and issues within the global scientific panorama. This contribution aims at delving into the issue of sustainable urban mobility through a new mobility paradigm represented by MaaS (Mobility as a Service). Effective and sustainable management of urban transportation activities and services plays an important role within the city to reduce environmental impacts and improve the quality of life for citizens. For the second issue of TeMA Journal, volume n.16, this Review Notes section offers a literature overview on the main aspects of MaaS and its impact on the urban mobility system. It analyzes the potential sustainability benefits of using MaaS in the urban context by citing some interesting and significant journals and books which delved into the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is a continuous update about emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility, and environment, thanks to a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made up of five parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of the TeMA Journal. In particular: the Town Planning International Rules and Legislation. Positive Energy Districts has entered the scientific and policy arena to accelerate urban transitions in Europe, however their implementation remains challenging in planning processes. The PED incorporates socio-economic, technological, environmental, political, and institutional challenges that need to be addressed simultaneously as part of a holistic urban strategy. The theme of PEDs finds its first application implications in renewable energy communities on a local scale. This review focuses its attention on Renewable Energy Directive Recast which also provides for financial support for the production and self-consumption of electricity from renewable sources and on the Italian legislation on renewable energy communities governed by the Milleproroghe decree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of continuously updating emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban Practices section aims at producing, analyzing and reporting data on recent and relevant policies in the urban domain. This contribution aims at delving into the Energy Community paradigm and its application into the Italian context. The concept of energy communities has gained significant attention and recognition in both the European and Italian contexts. These communities are based on the idea of decentralizing energy production and fostering local participation in the transition to renewable energy sources. Since only recently the legislative panorama provided a set of limits and opportunities to the implementation of energy communities, this note is dedicated to some of the most interesting spontaneous experiences recently born in Italy, to highlight their strengths and weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of the mobility system is very topical today because it determines how the territories will develop in the years to come, which infrastructures will have to be built and which lifestyles will take shape in the cities of the future. The research presented in the paper starts from the study of sustainable mobility and the analysis of virtuous cases. From this study, a methodological approach was defined which identifies the main phases to follow and the aspects to pay attention in order to achieve a sustainable regeneration of the territory starting from the proposition of sustainable mobility projects. This approach also proposes a method and instrument for assessing the level of sustainability in line with the principle "Do No Significant Harm" presented in the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The priorities aspect introduced concerns the integration of the quadruple helix concept, for a multi-stakeholder governance and sustainable regeneration. The illustrated research involves in fact four actors: it starts from a call for proposals carried out within the Genoa University, promoted by the Municipality of Albisola Superiore, in Liguria region, and sees the collaboration of the R2M Solution company and citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of people moving within the United States is at one of its lowest points in U.S. history, while China has experienced unprecedented levels of domestic migration. While both are world-leading economies, these countries demonstrate stark contrasts in geographic mobility, urbanization, and economic growth. Despite these differences, social factors affect migration capabilities in both places, with some people more mobile than others. This study assesses internal migration and highlights the structural and social determinants of mobility in both countries. This article's analysis reveals an accentuated downturn and the longest annual decline recorded in the U.S. Evidence shows declining internal migration in the U.S. primarily occurring at the local level and amongst renters. Large and expensive American cities have had significant losses of residents in recent years. By contrast, China's "floating population" has increased as migrants move to cities. This study examines trends from 2010 to 2020 to compare the two countries regarding internal migration, urbanization, housing, social mobility, and economic growth. However, rather than simply comparing them, the paper argues that the internal migration dynamics in both countries are, to a degree, connected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anthropologica is the property of CASCA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The general understanding of mobility phenomena has increasingly taken on multiple and broad meanings in the various disciplines that question spatial practices and the relationship with the territory by individuals and social groups. The Italian legal system in the sector of urban mobility has recently evolved, introducing new urban planning tools and expanding the sphere of influence and the tasks of the figure of the Mobility Manager. In the promotion and implementation of mobility policies, the University acts as a privileged actor, bringing together very different generations and heterogeneous populations from a socio-economic and cultural point of view as well as in terms of origin and residential contexts; all these are elements which often imply different needs, skills and practices. Within this framework, the paper intends to explore the theme of inclusiveness and disability with special reference to university institutions as preferential places for the collective re-composition of individual beliefs that promote sustainability policies. After the analysis and comparison between international experiences and Italian case studies, the paper concludes with some considerations regarding the still evident critical issues (regulatory, managerial, financial,...) that hinder the implementation of truly effective policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By stimulating social vitality and improving innovation efficiency, intergenerational mobility plays an essential role in economic development. With the data from China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) and A-share listed companies, this paper uses the methodology of intergenerational order correlation to measure regional intergenerational mobility, and examines the impact of regional intergenerational mobility on corporate innovation. The results are as follows: (1) Regional intergenerational mobility promotes corporate innovation both quantitatively and qualitatively, and a series of robustness tests confirm our findings; (2) Two channels identified are government-enterprise human capital allocation and fairness perception; (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the innovation effect of regional intergenerational mobility is more significant in the high-tech industry and private enterprises; (4) Multi-dimensional market-oriented policy can be used to get rid of the shackles of low intergenerational mobility on corporate innovation. Our findings provide implications for developing countries on how to address the relationship between inequality and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of five parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. This section of the Review Notes deals with the new frontiers of urban development through the lenses of the European program NextGenerationEU. In particular, this contribution deepens the topic of digitalization in urban areas within the framework of the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan. It provides an overview of the proposed reforms, strategies and interventions to boost the digital economy and digitalize public services within the urban context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban Practices section aims at producing, analyzing and reporting data on recent and relevant policies in the urban domain. The present note analyses the complex relationships between European cities and electric scooters and reports on the case study of Paris where, in a recent non-binding referendum, Parisians opted overwhelmingly to ban e-scooters in the French capital. In doing so, the note tracks the roots of the current e-scooters expansion and reports on the massive deployment of 500,000 free-floating electric vehicles on the European streets (and sidewalks) operated by few private mobility companies in less than three years. After this, the note provides a focus on Paris, the city that pioneered electric scooters in Europe and that will likely take them off the street as of September 2023. The note concludes that the relationship between e-scooters and European cities is at a turning point and provides some suggestions to move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Economy, business and land use section aims at presenting recent advancements on relevant topics that underlie socio-economic relationships between firms and territories. The present note aims at addressing the issue of circular economy in urban contexts describing theoretical approaches and identifying best practices from cities across the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is a continuous update about emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility, and environment, thanks to a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made up of five parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of the TeMA Journal. In particular: the Town Planning International Rules and Legislation. Section aims at presenting the latest updates in the territorial and urban legislative sphere. The current challenges of the city can be enclosed under a single umbrella called "Smart city" which can be a useful approach to define new forms of organizing the complexity of urban life and in turn implement solutions in urban areas ranging from energy consumption to climate change to achieve environmental sustainability goals. In this direction, this review focuses on the involvement of local authorities in the development of urban strategies that focus on smart city objectives within of the Europe2020 strategy and the climate neutral & smart cities mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of continuously updating emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban planning literature review section presents recent books and journals on selected topics and issues within the global scientific panorama. This contribution aims at delving into the relationship between urban environments and energy consumption. Cities consume about 75% of global primary energy and emit between 50% and 60% of total greenhouse gases. As drivers of economic and social changes, cities play a key role in reducing energy consumption and increase energy efficiency. For the first issue of TeMA Journal volume no. 16, this Review Notes section is dedicated to books highlighting the role of new technologies in managing good-quality energy data, essential to support reliable decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationship between intergenerational economic persistence and preferences for the provision of public goods. Specifically, we develop a simple theoretical model in which a public good is financed through proportional taxation, and that predicts a lower provision of public goods given an increase in the intergenerational earnings elasticity (IGE), which is widely recognized as a measure of the degree of economic persistence from one generation to the next in society. We test this model empirically using the results of the 2020 Chilean national plebiscite, which asked about the replacement of the standing constitution by a new one that would potentially expand the role of the state in the provision of public goods. Our estimates suggest the existence of a positive association between the IGE and the share of the vote against a new constitution, even after controlling for median income and income inequality. These findings are consistent with our model and suggest that sectors of society that exhibit higher degrees of economic persistence also show greater reluctance towards redistributive policies that increase public goods provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social mobility is considered as an important indicator of the economic development of a country. However, it varies widely across geographical regions and social groups in developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper intends to evaluate the intergenerational mobility in Bangladesh across generations. Methods and materials: This paper considers a nationally representative sample survey of 8,403 respondents (rural: 5,436 and urban: 2,967). The male and female respondents aged 23 years and above were included in the sample. The education attainment of a son or daughter as compared to their father's education level was considered as the measure of intergenerational mobility. Transition probability matrix and different social mobility indices were used to find out the intergenerational education mobility in Bangladesh. Results: The findings reveal that approximately three-fourth (74.5%) of the respondents attained formal education, while more than half (58.3%) of the respondents' father was illiterate. The educational status of the respondents and their father who lived in urban areas was relatively better than who lived in rural areas. It is also observed that 91.2% and 81.6% of the intergenerational class movement was upward among sons and daughters respectively. The probability of a higher educated father will have a higher educated child is higher in urban areas than in rural areas of Bangladesh. The intergenerational mobility is higher in the primary, secondary, and higher secondary educational levels, though the illiterate and higher education levels are the least mobile classes. In addition, the limiting probabilities reveal that the chance of sending sons to schools by an illiterate father is less as compared to their daughters. Such difference is more obvious in the urban areas, i.e., it is highly likely that sons of the illiterate father are also illiterate. Conclusion: Bangladesh has been progressing remarkably in recent years. To keep the pace of the ongoing economic development in the country, it is necessary to give more attention to the illiterate people especially the girls who live in rural areas. The authors anticipate that the findings will be helpful for the policymakers as the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility is vital for several aspects of the economic development of a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess changes in mobility and modal shift caused by COVID-19 travel restrictions among the residents of Gdańsk Bay Metropolis (Poland). Measurement’s moments were assumed in periods differing in the level of restrictions. The computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) was carried out in November and December 2020. The results did not confirm the expected modal shift. However, significant changes in the number of trips between periods were observed. Restrictions in the first period of the pandemic resulted in a greater decrease in mobility than the restrictions at the end of the year. Moreover, significant associations were found between transport behaviour and place of residence. Nevertheless, possible negative changes in the modal split after the pandemic ends should be counteracted by improving the quality of public transport services. As the most important attributes of public transport attracting passengers after the pandemic respondents recognized: high frequency of vehicles, low cost of travel, not overcrowded vehicles. However, some residents declared they will not use public transport regardless of service improvements. Consequently, to meet the objectives of sustainable mobility policy, it can be necessary to increase the share in the modal split of other sustainable modes of travel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the roles of innate talent versus family background in shaping intergenerational mobility and social welfare under different education systems. We establish an overlapping-generations model in which the allocation of workforce between a high-paying skilled labor sector and a low-paying unskilled labor sector depends on talent, parental human capital, and educational resources, and the wage rate of skilled workers is governed by their average talent. Our model suggests that under the private education system, income inequality is inversely associated with social mobility, and the steady-state average talent of skilled labor declines as parents increase educational spending. The introduction of public education, which makes the allocation of workforce depend more on talent and less on family background, tends to increase both inequality and mobility and improve welfare under reasonable conditions. Our simulations show that if the government diverts public school funding to redistribution, the economy has lower inequality and mobility in the steady state. Moving from elitist to meritocratic systems yields lower inequality and greater mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the intergenerational income mobility of urban and rural residents, this paper uses big data technology to study the intergenerational income mobility of urban and rural residents in China, constructs a corresponding model, and presents an interval type-2 fuzzy model based on the distributed integration method. The model constructs an initial interval type-2 fuzzy model through a distributed integration strategy and provides an optimization method for the parameters of the interval type-2 fuzzy model based on the least squares method, which is used to ensure the prediction performance of the model. The experimental study verifies that the big data technology can play an important role in the research on the intergenerational income of urban and rural residents in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper studies the impact of an increase in higher education tuition on intergenerational mobility in China. We develop a theoretical model for the parental decision about the investment on education of children to illustrate the impact from the perspective of borrowing constraint. We consider the Chinese college tuition and subsidy reform around 1986 as a quasi-natural experiment for identifying the policy effect of the reform on intergenerational educational mobility by using the data from the census of 2000 and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). We find that an increase in the education burden induced by the reform of college tuition has reduced intergenerational educational mobility, and it is more noticeable in regions with a relatively higher increment in the tuition fee. Our results are robust with consideration of the co-residence bias, government investment in elementary education, and the higher education expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper examines the assumptions and conditions of (auto)mobility in a rural microregion in eastern Bohemia, specifically in the localities of municipalities of Široký Důl and Trstěnice. In this manner situated mobility becomes an important part of the research. Using this background, the relationships of transport users to mobility, their experiences, ideas and opinions are studied. Knowledge included in the study was obtained through the author's own field research. The overall picture of historical development of motoring would not be complete without rural environment forming specific conditions for this area of practical human activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse the intergenerational transmission of economic success in Austria using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions 2011 dataset (EU-SILC 2011). Starting point of the investigation is a two-step estimation procedure, where we detect a significant positve intergenerational association between the economic situation of the parental household and educational attainments as well as gross hourly wages of their male and female descendants independently. Furthermore, we shed some light on the intergenerational social mobility black box by explaining the direct effect of the income situation of the parental generation on attainable wages of the child generation within the transmission system. It turns out that this effect is significantly underestimated when applying ordinary least squares regressions only, where the perceived socioeconomic status is taken exogenous. Finally, we apply instrumental variable quantile regressions to demonstrate that the direct intergenerational economic association between parents and their descendants is strongest for top earners. Alongside this proceeding, we introduce an alternative way to think about the impact of a bundle of additional intergenerational transmission channels like cognitive ability, noncognitive personal traits, and aspects of physical appearance on an empirical level. Overall, the findings of the paper, where special attention is paid to migrants, offer a better understanding on the intergenerational transmission of economic success mechanism and to what extent this process influences income persistence between generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The segregation of secondary school students into different schools has important implications for educational inequality, social cohesion and intergenerational mobility. Previous research has demonstrated how between-school segregation varies significantly across countries, with high levels of segregation occurring in central European nations that 'track' children into different schools and much lower levels in Scandinavia. This paper contributes to this literature by examining whether industrialised countries have made any progress in reducing levels of between-school segregation over time. Using six waves of data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this work shows how the segregation of rich and poor students has remained broadly unchanged across OECD countries. This is despite major economic and political events occurring during this period, along with the introduction of numerous policy initiatives designed to reduce socioeconomic gaps. Therefore, the conclusions indicate that structural factors are likely to be the main drivers of between-school segregation (e.g. neighbourhood segregation or long-standing school admission policies) and that education policymakers may need to be much more radical if they are to foster greater levels of integration between the rich and the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper argues that indexation markers (i.e., argument-indexing agreement markers and/or pronouns) show a wider range of formal mismatches across languages than the exponents of other inflectional categories. These mismatches are defined in terms of mixed behavior with respect to different criteria of wordhood. The mismatches that the indexation markers (or "indexes") show include extrametricality with respect to reduplication and "mobility" in that they can occur in different slots of otherwise identical word forms. Other indexes can freely occur on either member of a phrase-level construction or behave like full-fledged affixes in one context but like full-fledged words in another. The claim that the range of these traits is extraordinary is based on a larger project, (Zingler, Tim. 2020. Wordhood issues: Typology and grammaticalization. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico PhD dissertation), which in addition to indexes investigates mismatches among case, definiteness, and tense markers. The explanations offered for this behavior primarily rely on the manner in which reference is established in discourse and on the different diachronic pathways for which these usage patterns pave the way. Another major conclusion is that the indexes described here constitute a formally heterogeneous set that cannot be easily subsumed under the label of "clitics." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do the returns to migration extend beyond migrants themselves and accrue to the children of migrants? Drawing on data from a unique 19-year longitudinal survey from Tanzania, this paper empirically investigates this question by exploiting the variation in the outcomes of the children of migrants and the children of the migrants' siblings who stayed behind, conditional on a range of individual characteristics of their parents. Parental migration has important implications for child development, and this relation depends on the destination and the timing of the move. More specifically, children whose parents migrated from rural areas to cities are heavier, taller, and more educated for their age. The effects on height and schooling are strongest for children who were exposed to the city environment during their early childhood. In contrast, children whose parents moved to a different rural village do not appear to experience any health advantage, and those moving alongside their parents even start schooling at a later age. In addition to conferring a broader view of the returns to physical mobility, this analysis contributes to the debate on the origin of spatial inequalities in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research by Chetty and colleagues finds that children's chances of upward mobility are affected by the communities in which they grow up [Chetty R, Hendren N (2016) Working paper 23002]. However, the developmental pathways through which communities of origin translate into future economic gain are not well understood. In this paper we examine the association between Chetty and Hendren's county-level measure of intergenerational mobility and children's cognitive and behavioral development. Focusing on children from low-income families, we find that growing up in a county with high upward mobility is associated with fewer externalizing behavioral problems by age 3 years and with substantial gains in cognitive test scores between ages 3 and 9 years. Growing up in a county with 1 SD better intergenerational mobility accounts for ~20% of the gap in developmental outcomes between children from low- and high-income families. Collectively, our findings suggest that the developmental processes through which residential contexts promote upward mobility begin early in childhood and involve the enrichment of both cognitive and social-emotional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study long-term trends in social mobility in the People's Republic of China since its inception in 1949, with two operationalizations: 1) intergenerational occupational mobility and 2) intergenerational educational mobility. We draw on an accumulation of administrative and survey data and provide comparable estimates of these measures for birth cohorts born after 1945. To help interpret the results, we compare trends in China to those in the United States for the same birth cohorts. We find an increase in intergenerational occupational mobility in China due to its rapid industrialization in recent decades. Net of industrialization, however, intergenerational occupational mobility has been declining for recent cohorts. Intergenerational educational mobility in China shows a similar declining trend. In addition, mobility patterns have differed greatly by gender, with women in earlier cohorts and from a rural origin particularly disadvantaged. We attribute the general decline in social mobility to market forces that have taken hold since China's economic reform that began in 1978. In contrast, social mobility by both measures has been relatively stable in the United States. However, while social mobility in China has trended downward, it is still higher than that in the United States, except for women's educational mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND France was one of the first countries implementing lockdown measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Since families spent more time at home, household and care workloads increased significantly. However, existing findings are mixed in terms of whether this situation contributed to a more gender-egalitarian division of unpaid work. OBJECTIVE This paper explores the division of domestic work within couples across two different COVID-19 lockdowns and compares them to the out-of-lockdown period in France. We use the theoretical lenses of time availability, relative resources, and 'doing gender' to make sense of these changes. METHODS Our longitudinal analyses rely on an original panel study we collected in France between April 2020 and April 2021. It includes a sample of 1,959 observations (of 809 individuals living in couples). We employ the different types of restrictions to mobility and social life imposed during the first year of the pandemic as a contextual background, within which we measure the main drivers of change in the division of unpaid work within couples. We use individual fixed effect regression models to estimate changes in men's share of unpaid work by time, changes in work conditions, partners' educational gaps, and types of domestic tasks. RESULTS The first lockdown contributed to a slight rebalancing of unpaid work within couples. However, our results show an impact of both absolute and relative time availability on men's share of unpaid work and that the overall rebalancing of unpaid work hides highly gendered patterns. Indeed, we find men doing more shopping and women doing more child care. This gendered division of labour is slightly more prevalent among couples in which the man is more educated than his partner. CONTRIBUTION Our findings suggest the reaffirmation of traditional gender roles even during the exceptional first year of the pandemic in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]