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This article analyzes descriptively the use of the method of social network analysis in the main publications in the Brazilian Social Sciences, in order to offer contributions for two questions: (1) what is the social network analysis?; and (2) how often has the method been used in the main publications in this area? About the first question, extensive bibliographical research is undertaken. Regarding the second question, the publications, between 2006 and 2016, of the journals with the best ranking for the following areas are analyzed: (1) Anthropology and Archeology, (2) Political Science and International Affairs, and (3) Sociology. The analysis of this method’s use indicates the existence of a small number of papers, and the absence of substantial differences between the journals of the three areas. However, the papers that were found exemplify the interdisciplinary aspect of social network analysis and its capability to be combined with other techniques in the study of various phenomena. Keywords: Method; Social network analysis; Social Sciences; Journals.

The literature on growth convergence has focused to a great extent on the role of initial incomes as a primary determinant of long-term growth outcomes. Expanded versions of growth models have used other explanators to unpack the growth process. In this paper we add to the literature in two significant ways: (a) we use socioeconomic variables that are sometimes overlooked in explaining growth (such as, political stability and political alliance, social heterogeneity, and demographic distribution), and (b) we demonstrate that earlier analyses may be overlooking the problem of normality and endogeneity in regression models (and we provide alternate methods like instrumental variable and distribution dynamics to control for these). In this paper we analyze the per capita income growth at the subnational level in India for the period 1981-82 to 2010-11 using an expanded growth framework. We find that initial incomes, the ratio of working age group to total population, political stability and alliance, and the extent of development expenditure play a positive and significant role in predicting growth. We also find that, contrary to popular belief, the presence of marginalized groups-namely Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes-have not been a hindrance to growth of per capita incomes in states. Our findings on the influence of social institutions may have significant implications for a public policy of affirmative action in India. The results on the impact of development expenditure on growth is also important for states seeking to increase their growth rates through policy intervention.

The ethics of benefit sharing has been a topical issue in global health research in resource-limited countries. It pertains to the distribution of goods, benefits and advantages to the research participants, communities and countries that are involved in research. One of the nuances in benefit sharing is the ethical justification on which the concept should be based. Extensive literature outlining the different principles underlying benefit sharing is available. The purpose of this paper is to examine the proposed principles using Aristotelian principles of justice. The paper assesses the central idea of Aristotelian justice and applies and evaluates this idea to benefit sharing in research, especially when commercial research sponsors conduct research in resource-limited countries. Two categories of Aristotelian justice-universal and particular-were examined and their contribution to the benefit-sharing discourse assessed. On the one hand, benefit sharing in accordance with universal justice requires that for-profit research sponsors obey the legal regulations and international standards set for benefit sharing. On the other hand, benefit sharing in accordance with particular justice transcends obeying legal requirements and standards to a realm of acting in an ethically accepted manner. Accordingly, the paper further examines three perspectives of particular justice and develops ethical justification for benefit sharing in global health research. As Aristotelian justice is still relevant to the contemporary discourse on justice, this paper broadens the ethical justifications of benefit sharing in global health research. ispartof: Journal of Medical Ethics vol:43 issue:6 pages:417-421 ispartof: location:England status: published

This article investigates why gender mainstreaming has not occurred in European Union (EU) development aid towards Rwanda despite a two-sided receptiveness from Rwanda and the EUs Directorate-General for Development and Cooperation. I use a feminist institutionalist approach to examine formal and informal institutions as well as the actors, networks and processes involved in policy formation and implementation. I argue that the largest stumbling block to effective implementation is an institutional weakness at the EU level which involves a decoupling of formal and informal institutions and leads to the ceremonial behaviour of gender policy actors and a limited, instrumental policy guided by gendered assumptions. These reproduce further stereotypes and contribute to an asymmetrical power play within the institutions. This can disadvantage women and staff working on gender equality. Finally, the EUs institutional practices structurally marginalize the voices of Rwandan women and their movement which is problematic in the context of an increasingly authoritarian state.

This paper provides a pedagogical overview of how international organizations were formed, for what purposes and how their structure has been changed. The distinction between formal organizational studies and studies of international organizations is minimal, because both help to widen the idea of creating an original position for better combinations of favorable circumstances or situations in human affairs. The chapter will explain, the origin of the term international organization (OR); historical roots of or studies; and define or; analyze the types of ORs in the contemporary world; reveals the relationship between the international relation (IR) and regime theories application in the OR’s studies; and the impact of the globalization. The chapter also unveils the relationships between organizational sociology and OR and finally it gives a general outline on the application institution theory in the study of OR following a brief summary. Organizations have the ability of inspiring and bringing people in concert to achieve combined goals. They are accountable for determining the intelligence needed to meet their goals. This chapter provides a glimmer of international organizations theory, origin, historical account, definitions and utilization of contemporary academic world intertwined with the international relations, regime and globalization as well as the organizational sociological theories and perspectives can be utilized to study of international organizations. This chapter will help to understand the historical account of international organization, pedagogical development and contemporary theories and practices of international organizations and organizational sociology.

This paper provides an overview of how international organizations were formed, for what purposes and how their structure has been changed. The distinction between formal organizational studies and studies of international organizations is minimal, because both help to widen the idea of creating an original position for better combinations of favorable circumstances or situations in human affairs. The chapter will explain, the origin of the term international organization (OR); historical roots of or studies; and define or; analyze the types of ORs in the contemporary world; reveals the relationship between the international relation (IR) and regime theories application in the OR’s studies; and the impact of the globalization. The chapter also unveils the relationships between organizational sociology and OR and finally it gives a general outline on the application institution theory in the study of OR following a brief summary. Organizations have the ability of inspiring and bringing people in concert to achieve combined goals. They are accountable for determining the intelligence needed to meet their goals. This chapter provides a glimmer of international organizations theory, origin, historical account, definitions and utilization of contemporary academic world intertwined with the international relations, regime and globalization as well as the organizational sociological theories and perspectives can be utilized to study of international organizations. This chapter will help to understand the historical account of international organization, pedagogical development and contemporary theories and practices of international organizations and organizational sociology.

This paper provides a pedagogical overview of how international organizations were formed, for what purposes and how their structure has been changed. The distinction between formal organizational studies and studies of international organizations is minimal, because both help to widen the idea of creating an original position for better combinations of favorable circumstances or situations in human affairs. The chapter will explain, the origin of the term international organization (OR); historical roots of or studies; and define or; analyze the types of ORs in the contemporary world; reveals the relationship between the international relation (IR) and regime theories application in the OR’s studies; and the impact of the globalization. The chapter also unveils the relationships between organizational sociology and OR and finally it gives a general outline on the application institution theory in the study of OR following a brief summary. Organizations have the ability of inspiring and bringing people in concert to achieve combined goals. They are accountable for determining the intelligence needed to meet their goals. This chapter provides a glimmer of international organizations theory, origin, historical account, definitions and utilization of contemporary academic world intertwined with the international relations, regime and globalization as well as the organizational sociological theories and perspectives can be utilized to study of international organizations. This chapter will help to understand the historical account of international organization, pedagogical development and contemporary theories and practices of international organizations and organizational sociology.

The huge amount of data made available by the massive usage of social media has opened up the unprecedented possibility to carry out a data-driven study of political processes. While particular attention has been paid to phenomena like elite and mass polarization during online debates and echo-chambers formation, the interplay between online partisanship and framing practices, jointly sustaining adversarial dynamics, still remains overlooked. With the present paper, we carry out a socio-semantic analysis of the debate about migration policies observed on the Italian Twittersphere, across the period May-November 2019. As regards the social analysis, our methodology allows us to extract relevant information about the political orientation of the communities of users—hereby calledpartisan communities—without resorting upon any external information. Remarkably, our community detection technique is sensitive enough to clearly highlight the dynamics characterizing the relationship among different political forces. As regards the semantic analysis, our networks of hashtags display a mesoscale structure organized in a core-periphery fashion, across the entire observation period. Taken altogether, our results point at different, yet overlapping, trajectories of conflict played out using migration issues as a backdrop. A first line opposes communities discussing substantively of migration to communities approaching this issue just to fuel hostility against political opponents; within the second line, a mechanism of distancing between partisan communities reflects shifting political alliances within the governmental coalition. Ultimately, our results contribute to shed light on the complexity of the Italian political context characterized by multiple poles of partisan alignment.

"This article surveys the complex ecumenical, missionary and international church relations of Chinese Protestant Christians. It argues that the inter-church relations to other parts of Asia are overshadowed by relations to Christians in the West, thus reflecting a political preoccupation with relationships to the West. This is evidenced by an analysis of worldwide and Asian ecumenism as well as bilateral church and missionary relationships. The dominance of contacts with the West not only contradicts the idea of a multipolar world and increased South-South contacts, it also stands in contrast to the reality of growing and increasingly important Christianity in Asia. Methodologically, this paper analyses different kinds of international relations (multilateral and bilateral, inter-church and missionary) and develops a typology of different inter-church and inter-state relations to assess international church relations in Asia today. The typology shows how China's international church relations support its political relationships with its neighbours and beyond." (author's abstract)

Based upon an empirical analysis of Singaporean Chinese's intriguing and changing linkages with China over the past half century, this paper suggests that multi-layered interactions between the Chinese diaspora and the homeland have led to the formulation of an emerging transnational Chinese social sphere, which has three main characteristics: First, it is a space for communication by ethnic Chinese abroad with their hometown/ homeland through steady and extensive flows of people, ideas, goods and capital that transcend the nation-state borders, although states also play an important role in shaping the nature and characteristics of these flows. Second, this transnational social sphere constitutes a dynamic interface between economy, politics and culture, which has contributed to creating a collective diasporic identity as well as social and business networks. Third, the key institutional mechanism of the transnational social sphere is various types of Chinese organizations – ranging from hometown associations to professional organizations – which serve as integral components of Chinese social and business networks.

This paper explores the debates around civil society and corporatism as ways of understanding changes in social association, including non-governmental organisations and protest groups, and information management in relation to the development of the Internet. Both concepts have been used to examine the changes that have taken place since the implementation of the Open Door Policy and more recently the development of the Internet, and have shed light on the way in which new forms of social association operate, and on their relationship to the government. However, both concepts tend to be deterministic and reductionist positions. Instead, I use a centre-margin analysis based on medium theory to explore the relationship between the state and society as a way of shedding light on the interaction between the government and NGOs and on how the state manages the flow of information in order to shape public discourse.

The paper examines the main trends in the development of bilateral relations in the post-Soviet Eurasia and is characterized the evolution of Russian foreign policy in the post-Soviet space using historiosophical and comparative research methods. Formulated periodization of Russian policy toward the region , taking into account the geopolitical , foreign , domestic economic and domestic factors. Current state of Russian policy towards neighboring countries and the prospects for improving its performance are analyzed in the article. The author identifies the main problem areas of the current state of international relations in the region and identifies opportunities available to Russia to strengthen the integration processes. Concludes that , without abandoning the appeal in a number of cases to the general traditions common historical experience accumulated over decades or even centuries of living together within a single state and remains an important resource in Russian politics , Russia needs to position itself as a state, able to provide its partners those preferences and assistance ( financial, informational , educational services , etc.) , which they need , and who expect to get - usually without good reason - other centers of world politics . Offers practical guidance for experts, politicians , managers and representatives of public organizations.

The paper presents an analysis of the social science development concept of Immanuel Wallerstein. In general terms we can say that the development of social sciences was based on a process of emancipation of individual subjects of research and validation of research methods. I. Wallerstein drew attention to the process of emancipation of individual disciplines, therefore we can talk about the separation of philosophy, followed by social sciences and, negatively evaluated by I. Wallerstein, applied social sciences. With the constitution of individual disciplines we dealt with the process of polarising methodological positions, which can be roughly described as the concept of two cultures. The text describes the following issues: (1) the directions of emancipation of scientific disciplines, (2) the processes of emancipation of scientific disciplines, (3) the dynamics of changes in social sciences, (4) the effects of changes occurring in sciences. In addition to the main assumptions of I. Wallerstein on science, the text attempts to confront these assumptions with the achievements of T.S. Kuhn, R.K. Merton and C.W. Mills. The aim of the article is to point out the implications for the “theory of international relations” deriving from the general trends in the development of social sciences. This issue has come down to only selected issues of: microscopisation, idealisation, metaphorical use, deformation, transcendentalisation, fictionalisation and fetishisation of notions in the “theory of international relations”. The aim of the article is to point out the implications for the theory of international relations deriving from the general trends in the development of social sciences. This issue is presented by focussing on selected questions of: microscopisation, idealisation, methaporical use, deformation, fictionalisation and fetishisation of notions in the theory of international relations. Artykuł przedstawia analizę koncepcji rozwoju nauk społecznych Immanuela Wallersteina. W ogólnym zarysie można powiedzieć, że rozwój nauk społecznych opierał się na procesie emancypacji poszczególnych przedmiotów badań i uprawomocnienia się metod badawczych. I. Wallerstein zwracał uwagę na proces emancypacyjny poszczególnych dyscyplin, dlatego też możemy mówić o wyodrębnieniu się filozofii, w dalszej kolejności nauk społecznych oraz negatywnie ocenianych przez I. Wallersteina nauk społecznych stosowanych. Wraz z konstytuowaniem się poszczególnych dyscyplin naukowych mieliśmy do czynienia z polaryzacją stanowisk metodologicznych, które to w skrócie można określić pojęciem dwóch kultur. W tekście podjęto następująca problematykę: (1) kierunki emancypacji dyscyplin naukowych, (2) procesy emancypacyjne dyscyplin naukowych, (3) dynamikę zmian w naukach społecznych, (4) skutki zmian występujących w naukach. Oprócz głównych założeń myśli I. Wallersteina na temat nauki w tekście podjęto próbę konfrontacji tych założeń z dorobkiem T. S. Kuhna, R. K. Mertona i C. W. Millsa. W artykule wskazano implikacje dla teorii stosunków międzynarodowych w związku z ogólnymi procesami rozwoju nauk społecznych. Problematyka ta została sprowadzona do wybranych kwestii: mikroskopizacji, idealizacji, metaforyki, deformacji, transcendentalizacji, fikcjonalizacji i fetyszyzacji pojęć w teorii stosunków międzynarodowych.

This paper endeavours to shed some new light onto the political dimensions of tourism, by contributing and enhancing understanding of the institutional dimensions of political instability and tourism. It aims to show, specifically, that tourism often is the result of politics, that it is inextricably intertwined sometimes with national politics, and often with international politics, social and environmental impacts, and thus has a direct and indirect influence, which cannot be ignored. To this end, at a first step a working definition of 'political instability' will be provided so as to facilitate the process of reviewing and critically assessing the extant literature. At a subsequent step, a contextual typology for the study of the relationship between political instability and tourism is developed. This typology has as its major objectives • to assist the categorisation and analysis of the relevant literature • to enable future researchers to empirically apply an analytical approach that it will delineate the basic sources of variation of the various conceptual themes relating political instability and tourism.

On the basis of detailed case studies by the authors of the principal refugee flows generated in Asia, Africa, and Latin America from approximately 1960 to the present, it was found that international factors often intrude both directly and indirectly on the major types of social conflict that trigger refugee flows, and tend to exacerbate their effects. Refugees are also produced by conflicts that are manifestly international, but which are themselves often related to internal social conflict among the antagonists. Theoretical frameworks for the analysis of the causes of refugee movements must therefore reflect the transnational character of the processes involved. This paper sets forth such a framework and points to the policy implications of the proposed reconceptualization.