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Recently, water desalination (WD) has been required for the supply of drinking water in a number of countries. Various technologies of WD utilize considerable thermal and/or electrical energies for removing undesirable salts. Desalination systems now rely on renewable energy resources (RERs) such as geothermal, solar, tidal, wind power, etc. The intermittent nature and changeable intensity constrain the wide applications of renewable energy, so the combination of energy storage systems (ESSs) with WD in many locations has been introduced. Thermal energy storage (TES) needs a convenient medium for storing and hence reuses energy. The present work provides a good background on the methods and technologies of WD. Furthermore, the concepts of both thermal and electrical energy storage are presented. In addition, a detailed review of employing ESSs in various WD processes driven by RERs is presented. The integration of energy storage with water desalination systems (WDSs) based on renewable energy has a much better capability, economically and environmentally, compared with conventional desalination systems. The ESSs are required to guarantee a constant supply of fresh water over the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Over the last few decades, great deals on ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) have been broadly addressed. Various systems of GSHP have been employed worldwide for residential and nonresidential buildings due to their attractive advantages of high energy and environmental performance. The present paper aims to review comprehensively the previous investigations concerning the recent technologies of GSHPs. A brief description of GSHPs and their types, such as open and closed loops and vertical and horizontal GSHPs, is presented. The effects of the employed working fluids and the backfill material on the thermal performance of GSHPs are discussed. Various simulation models that describe the boreholes, such as Kelvin's line-source model, the cylindrical-source model, the finite-length line-source method, Eskilson's model, etc., are discussed. Simulation models utilized in the boreholes as one- and two-dimensional, or quasi-three-dimensional, are studied. The thermal resistance in the borehole, considering the properties of grouting materials and the configuration of borehole flow channels, is evaluated. In addition, different applications of GSHPs integrated with solar systems, cooling towers, ice storage systems, and air-conditioning systems are presented. Finally, the sustainable developments, challenges, and future work of GSHPs are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental investigation is performed to study the effect of the inclination angle of air jets on heat transfer from a horizontal surface. A pair of inclined circular jets issuing from the straight pipes of length to diameter ratio of 40 is considered. The inclination angles of 0°, 10°, 20°, 30° 45°, and 60° are selected while the Reynolds number is varied from 10,000 to 40,000 based on a jet exit diameter. Jets to impingement plate distance (L/D) as well as the spacing distance (S/D) are changed from 2 to 8. The results of the temperature contours as well as the Nusselt number contours are illustrated to study the characteristics of heat transfer from a flat surface cooled by a pair of oblique jets. The experimental results show that the maximum magnitude of average heat transfer coefficient is achieved in the range of inclination angle from 10° to 20°. Empirical correlations are presented to predict the value of average Nusselt number as a function of Re , Pr , and θ. Moreover, a comparison between the values of average Nusslet number of the present study and those available in the literature is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, experimental investigation has been conducted on fluid flow and heat transfer of rough mini-channels with rectangular cross sections. The mini-channel considered consists of twelve identical rectangular channels with 4 mm width, 8 mm height, and 80 mm length. Air is employed as the working fluid with Reynolds number varied from 1500 to 5000. Four mini-channels were examined with different values of relative surface roughness ( ɛ ) 1.6 ∗ 10 −4 , 3.45 ∗ 10 −4 , 6.15 ∗ 10 −4 , and 10.5 ∗ 10 −4 . The friction factor ( f ), average Nusselt number ( Nu ), pressure drop penalty factor ( E f ), heat transfer enhancement factor ( E hn ), and universal evaluation parameter (PEC) were evaluated to study fluid flow and heat transfer of rough mini-channels with rectangular cross sections. The results showed that increasing the Reynolds number ( Re ) of air passing through the rectangular rough mini-channel, increases the average Nusselt number ( Nu ) and the pressure drop penalty factor ( E f ), while decreasing the friction factor ( f ) and the heat transfer enhancement factor ( E hn ) which, has a great effect on the universal evaluation parameter (PEC) rather than the pressure drop penalty factor ( E f ). Moreover, a correlation of the relative surface roughness ( ε ) and the universal evaluation parameter (PEC) was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaheuristic optimization algorithms (MHA) play a significant role in obtaining the best (optimal) values of the system's parameters to improve its performance. This role is significantly apparent when dealing with systems where the classical analytical methods fail. Fractional-order (FO) systems have not yet shown an easy procedure to deal with the determination of their optimal parameters through traditional methods. In this paper, a recent, systematic. And comprehensive review is presented to highlight the role of MHA in obtaining the best set of gains and orders for FO controllers. The systematic review starts by exploring the most relevant publications related to the MHA and the FO controllers. The study is focused on the most popular controllers such as the FO-PI, FO-PID, FO Type-1 fuzzy-PID, and FO Type-2 fuzzy-PID. The time domain is restricted in the articles published through the last decade (2014:2023) in the most reputed databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The identified number of papers, from the entire databases, has reached 850 articles. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was applied to the initial set of articles to be screened and filtered to end up with a final list that contains 82 articles. Then, a thorough and comprehensive study was applied to the final list. The results showed that Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is the most attractive optimizer to the researchers to be used in the optimal parameters identification of the FO controllers as it attains about 25% of the published papers. In addition, the papers that used PSO as an optimizer have gained a high citation number despite the fact that the Chaotic Atom Search Optimization (ChASO) is the highest one, but it is used only once. Furthermore, the Integral of the Time-Weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) is the best nominated cost function. Based on our comprehensive literature review, this appears to be the first review paper that systematically and comprehensively addresses the optimization of the parameters of the fractional-order PI, PID, Type-1, and Type-2 fuzzy controllers with the use of MHAs. Therefore, the work in this paper can be used as a guide for researchers who are interested in working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of solar thermal systems (STSs) has recently reached a significant edge. The increasing research on developing an alternative power supply for limiting fossil fuel usage and climate change are the driving forces of STSs. The current work explores the recent progress in STSs' applications, including PV/T or "photovoltaic/thermal" systems, zero-energy buildings, greenhouse solar thermal applications, solar thermal for pumping water, solar thermal refrigerators, solar chimneys, water desalination, and solar collectors, along with the benefits and challenges of these applications. Then, the potential contribution of STSs in achieving the various SDGs or "Sustainable development goals", including barriers and research gaps, are elaborated. In brief, STSs significantly contribute to the seventeen SDGs' achievement directly and indirectly. Recent developments in the engineering applications of STSs are strongly based on the materials of construction, as well as their design, process optimisation, and integration with multidisciplinary sciences and technologies such as modelling, nanoscience/nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental study and sensitivity analysis on the heat transfer and pressure drop of a shell and helically coiled tube heat exchanger (SHCTHE) are carried out. The inclination angle ( ɵ ) is varied from the horizontal direction (0°) to vertical direction (90°) by a step of 10° and the coil Dean number ( De c ) is varied from 1540 to 3860. The results indicate that the effectiveness of SHCTHE ( ε ) at the vertical direction is higher than that of the horizontal direction by 26.3% and 23.1% at De c of 1540 and 3860, respectively. Maintaining the SHCTHE in the vertical direction reduces the coil pressure drop comparing with that of the horizontal one by 11% and 32.7% for De c of 3800 and 1800, respectively. Changing the direction of SHCTHE from the horizontal to vertical direction enhances the performance evaluation criteria ( PEC ) by 15.1% and 19.1% for De c of 3800 and 1800, respectively. The ANOVA statistical analysis shows that the effects of the independent variables such as the coil Dean number and the inclination angle of SHCTHE are significant on both the thermal performance and pressure drop. In addition, using multiple regression analysis, correlations are presented to evaluate Nu c and ΔP c as functions of D e c a n d θ with standard deviations of ±2% and ±6.6%, respectively. • The performance of shell and helically coiled tube heat exchanger was investigated. • Effect of the direction of SHCTHE on its performance was assessed. • Changing θ from 0° to 90° improved the Nu c by 12% for De c of 1800. • The sensitivity analysis was achieved using the Analysis of Variance. • Using regression analysis, new correlations were proposed to compute Nu c and ΔP c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fluid flow and thermal performances of PHE are investigated experimentally. • The effectiveness and NTU of PHE are improved with increasing Rr. • Pressure drop and pumping power are increased by increasing Rr. • SHR is improved with increasing surface roughness particularly at low Reynolds number. • Empirical correlations are proposed to predict SHR as a function of Rr and Re. In the present paper, an experimental study of the effectiveness and pumping power of plate heat exchanger (PHE) with rough surface was performed. The experiments were developed for different values of relative roughness, Rr, of 2.6 * 10−4 (smooth surface), 3.4 * 10−4, 7.5 * 10−4 and 9.8 * 10−4 for Reynolds number, Re, varied from 500 to 5000. The average heat transfer rate, Q avg , hence the effectiveness of PHE, ε , and number of transfer units, NTU , as well as pressure drop, Δp , consequently pumping power, P, and specfic heat rate, SHR, were estimated. The results show that Q avg and NTU are enhanced with increasing Rr ; while, they are decreased with increasing Re. At Re = 5000, the effectiveness of PHE with relative roughness of 3.4 * 10−4, 7.5 * 10−4 and 9.8 * 10−4 is greater than that of the smooth surface by 11.5%, 16.6% and 18.6%, respectively. Furthermore, Δp and P are increased by increasing Rr and Re. Moreover, at Re = 500, SHR is enhanced with increasing Rr and its improvements compared with the smooth surface are 39.5%, 23.4% and 6.9% for Rr of 3.4 * 10−4, 7.5 * 10−4 and 9.8 * 10−4, respectively. In addition, empirical correlations are proposed to estimate SHR as a function of Rr and Re with a standard deviation of 5.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the exergoeconomic analysis of a cogeneration pulp and paper plant under bi-operating modes at different environment temperatures of 290, 295, 305, 310, and 320 K was investigated. Two operating modes of the cogeneration system, i.e., a hybrid operating mode using a power boiler and a recovery boiler and a singular operating mode using a power boiler only, were considered. Natural gas was utilized as the main fuel in the power boiler, while black liquor with heavy fuel oil was employed in the recovery boiler. The total capital investment, total operating, exergy, unit exergy, and exergy destruction costs for each operating mode were evaluated. The results indicated that the total capital investment cost was 3420.27 $/h, and the total capital investment and the operation and maintenance costs in the hybrid and singular modes were 5853.27 and 6226.67 $/h, respectively. As well, the unit exergy cost and the exergy cost of steam introduced by the power boiler were 39.31 $/MWh and 2503.69 $/h, respectively. Where these values for the recovery boiler were 34.69 $/MWh and 554.30 $/h, respectively. Furthermore, the exergy destruction costs at an environment temperature of 320 K for the power and recovery boilers were 1436.6 and 213.63 $/h, respectively. In the hybrid mode, the soda at a 10% concentration was recovered, with a rate of 32 t per hour desired for the cooking process in the pulp mill. In addition, the use of black liquor as a bio-fuel in the recovery boiler saved 14% of the consumption of natural gas. • Exergoeconomic analysis was performed for the pulp and paper industry. • Hybrid and singular operating modes for different ambient temperatures were studied. • Unit exergy cost, exergy cost, and exergy destruction cost were evaluated. • Using black liquor as a bio-fuel in RB saved about 14% of natural gas consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a modified bald eagle search optimization algorithm was applied for the first time to determine the parameters of the triple diode model (TDM) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Two experimental datasets are considered; the first is measured I–V points for a PSC at standard conditions. The second consists of the measured I–V points for a modified PSC. In contrast, the cost function to be minimized is the root mean square error (RMSE) between the experimental dataset and the calculated one. To prove the superiority of modified bald eagle search optimization (mBES), a comparison with the original bald eagle search optimization (BES), particle swarm optimizer (PSO), Hunger games search (HGS), and recent Coronavirus Disease Optimization Algorithm (COVIDOA) was implemented. Furthermore, statistical analysis of ANOVA and Tukey tests was performed. The results demonstrate the lead of the recommended mBES in identifying the parameters of the TDM for PSCs, where the RMSE achieved the least value among the used optimization algorithms in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sudden increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere due to the high dependency on fossil products has created the need for an urgent solution to mitigate this challenge. Global warming, which is a direct result of excessive CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, is one major issue that the world is trying to curb, especially in the 21st Century where most energy generation mediums operate using fossil products. This investigation considered a number of materials ideal for the capturing of CO2 in the post-combustion process. The application of aqueous ammonia, amine solutions, ionic liquids, and activated carbons is thoroughly discussed. Notable challenges are impeding their advancement, which are clearly expatiated in the report. Some merits and demerits of these technologies are also presented. Future research directions for each of these technologies are also analyzed and explained in detail. Furthermore, the impact of post-combustion CO2 capture on the circular economy is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cells (FCs) have received huge attention for development from lab and pilot scales to full commercial scale. This is mainly due to their inherent advantage of direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy as a high-quality energy supply and, hence, higher conversion efficiency. Additionally, FCs have been produced at a wide range of capacities with high flexibility due to modularity characteristics. Using the right materials and efficient manufacturing processes is directly proportional to the total production cost. This work explored the different components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their manufacturing processes. The challenges associated with these manufacturing processes were critically analyzed, and possible mitigation strategies were proposed. The PEMFC is a relatively new and developing technology so there is a need for a thorough analysis to comprehend the current state of fuel cell operational characteristics and discover new areas for development. It is hoped that the view discussed in this paper will be a means for improved fuel cell development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-fluid heat exchanger is a multi-stream heat exchanger that provides three streams at different temperatures for certain usage objectives. Recently, optimizing heat exchangers generally and three-fluid heat exchangers especially have received great attention in the energy field. The current study objective is to get the optimal mass flow rate of the three streams to minimize the entropy generation number and maximize effectiveness. Optimization is performed on the inserted coiled tube type for 24 cases with different usage objectives and different mass flow rate constraints. The optimization is done using an analytical approach for the temperature profiles and a regressed model for the overall heat transfer coefficients. Single-objective and multi-objective genetic algorithms are the optimization algorithms. The result shows that cooling the hot fluid is the most efficient usage objective; however, heating the intermediate-temperature fluid is the less efficient usage objective. Also, the study shows that the entropy generation number is dependent on the mass flow rate constraint. The maximum effectiveness of 0.693 occurs when the usage objective is cooling the hot fluid. In this case, the mass flow rate of the cold and the intermediate-temperature fluids are maxima while the mass flow rate of the hot fluid is minimum. The minimum entropy generation number 0.0486 occurs when the mass flow rate of the cold fluid is maximum while the mass flow rate of the hot fluid and intermediate-temperature fluid are minimal. [Display omitted] • Heat transfer of a three-fluid heat exchanger is investigated. • A model for optimizing the inserted coiled tube three-fluid heat exchanger is developed. • The maximum errors for the regression models of heat transfer coefficients are 1.72% and 2.81%. • The maximum effectiveness reached about 0.69323. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three designs of photovoltaic-based skylights are proposed to save energy in buildings. • The integration of vacuum glazing with photovoltaic skylights is evaluated. • Using a vacuum layer at the backside of the PV layer is favorable for thermal insulation. • Using a vacuum-based PV skylight reduces the total U-value from 6.3 to 1.9 W/m2.K at ASTM. • Using the vacuum layer with the PV-skylight slightly decreases the power generation of the PV. In commercial buildings with large glazing facades, transparent facades and skylights play a considerable impact on energy consumption. In this study, three different photovoltaic (PV) -based skylights are compared to save energy in these buildings. The first skylight uses a vacuum glazing sample as a substrate at the backside of the PV layers. The second design integrates a vacuum glazing layer in front of the PV layers. And lastly, the PV layers are attached to a single layer of glazing with a solar cells covers 25% of the whole area. A 3D thermal model is developed and validated with data from the literature to compare these designs. it is concluded that using a vacuum layer at the backside of the PV layer is favorable for thermal insulation and attains relatively similar power generation to the case without a vacuum layer. In more detail, replacing the single glazing PV skylight with the first skylight design reduces the total U-value of the glazing from 6.3 to 1.9 W/m2.K for a glazing sample with an area of 0.4 m by 0.4 m at ASTM boundary conditions. Furthermore, at received solar irradiance of 1000 W/m2, an ambient temperature of 25 °C, and a wind speed of 1 m/s, replacing the third skylight design with the first skylight design slightly reduced the electricity generation from 37.4 W/m2 to 36.4 W/m2, significantly decreased the heat flux transfer from 91.1 W/m2 to 50.5 W/m2 and lowers the indoor surface temperature from 32.1 °C to 27.1 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture (CC), along with the efforts to reduce carbon emissions at the source, is a major action toward the mitigation of climate change and global warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Carbon emissions amount to 36.3 Gt-CO 2 in 2021 from 31.5 Gt-CO 2 in 2022, with a drop of about 1.5 Gt-CO 2 in 2020 relative to 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The carbon emissions originate from heat and power, transportation, process industries, and residential activities constitute 47.7, 24.9, 18.9, and 8.5% of the total emissions, respectively. The process industries represent the second large-scale point-source of carbon emissions next to heat and power. Additionally, the process industries have high-intensity carbon emissions up to 0.6–0.8 t-CO 2 /t-cement, 1.4–2 t-CO 2 /t-steel, and 2.7–99.2 kg CO 2 /bbl, with flue gas streams having high CO 2 concentration up to 30%. In comparison to 0.4 t-CO 2 /MWh and 3–16% CO 2 in the flue gas from heat and power facilities, these process industries present a highly effective target for CC application. This work reviews and critically discusses the large-scale application of CC to different process industries, namely, cement, iron and steel, oil refinery, and chemicals. CC can be achieved by three main approaches, i.e., post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion. Post-combustion and chemical-looping are the common CC approaches utilized in process industries, with the first being widely applied due to its ease of incorporation, and the latter is commonly used in the cement industry. CC with the capacity in the range of 0.4–2 Mt-CO 2 /yr is planned for cement plants relative to current capacities of 75 kt-CO 2 /yr. Similarly, CC capacity up to 0.8 Mt-CO 2 /yr has been integrated into iron and steel plants, in which captured CO 2 is utilized for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. In the oil and gas industry, CC has been widely utilized, in the context of gas purification, being an essential gas processing unit, with CC capacities up to 1.4 Mt-CO 2 /yr, and plans to reach 4 Mt-CO 2 /yr. CC cost is the main challenge for the widespread implementation of CC in process industries with a wide range of reported costs of USD9.8-250/t-CO 2 depending on the process industry and the CC technology used. [Display omitted] • Process industries emit about 18.5% of the global carbon emissions. • Cement, iron & steel, and oil refining are the major CO 2 emitting processes. • Carbon capture (CC) is a major mitigation action of climate change. • The current process industry's CC capacity of 7 Mt-CO 2 /y has to increase to the Gt-CO 2 /y scale. • CC cost and integrability to existence processes present the main challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low cost bipolar plate materials with a high fuel cell performance is important for the establishment of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells into the competitive world market. In this research, the effect of different bipolar plates material such as Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), and Stainless Steel (SS) of a single stack of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Firstly, a three dimensional (3D) PEM fuel cell model was developed, and simulations were conducted using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ANSYS FLUENT to examine the effect of each bipolar plate materials on cell performance. Along with cell performance, significant parameters distributions like temperature, pressure, a mass fraction of hydrogen, oxygen, and water is presented. Then, an experimental study of a single cell of Al, Cu, and SS bipolar plate material was used in the verification of the numerical investigation. Finally, polarization curves of numerical and experimental results was compared for validation, and the result shows that Al serpentine bipolar plate material performed better than Cu and SS materials. The outcome of the investigation was in tandem to the fact that due to adsorption on metal surfaces, hydrogen molecules is more stable on Al surface than Cu and SS surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]