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Graphium (Pazala) tamerlanus kansuensis (O. Bang-Haas, 1933) (Figure 9, D���F) Cosmodesmus tamerlanus kansuensis O. Bang-Haas, 1933; Ent. Zeit, 47(11): 90; TL: ��� Kansu mer. or., Tsinglingschan, Peilingschan��� [Qinling, S.E. Gansu, China]. Graphium mathias Wang, Chen & Wang, 1990, Butt. Fauna Henan: 7, pl. 9, f. 12. [Nomen nudum, attributed to Oberth��r] Diagnostic characters: Smaller than the nominate subspecies, forewing length: male 33.5���39.0 mm (mean = 37.3 �� 1.6 mm, n = 17), female 39.0���40.0 mm (mean = 39.7 �� 0.6 mm, n = 3). Both wings narrower and slightly elongate, the 9 th black band of forewing reduced even before vein CuA 2 in both sexes, the subterminal double black bands obviously close to each other. Distribution: Confined to the Qinling Mountains in S.E. Gansu, southern Shaanxi and western Henan prov- inces, China. Phenology: Specimen records indicate the flight period mainly lasts from April to June, but also as late as August (syntypes). Whether this species is univoltine or bivoltine requires further investigation. Host plant: Unknown. Probably a plant belonging to the family Lauraceae., Published as part of Zhang, Hui-Hong, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Duan, Kuang, Zhang, Xin & Hu, Shao-Ji, 2020, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 77-97 in Zootaxa 4759 (1) on pages 89-90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3736008, {"references":["Bang-Haas, O. (1933) Neubeschreibung und berichtigungen der Palaearktischen Macrolepidopterenfauna. V. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 47, 90 - 92. [in German]","Wang, Z. G., Chen, L. H. & Wang, Z. Y. (1990) Butterfly Fauna of Henan. Henan Science & Technology Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 69 pp., 45 pls."]}

Graphium (Pazala) alebion (Gray, [1853]) (Figure 3) Papilio alebion Gray, [1853]; Cat. lepid. Ins. Coll. Br. Mus., 1: 30, pl. 13, f. 6; TL: ���Northern China��� [probably S. of Shanghai, China]. Papilio Mariesii Butler, 1881; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (Ser. 5), 7: 33, t. 4, f. 4; TL: ���Lu-Shan mountains, province of Kiukiang, China��� [Lu Shan, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China]. Cosmodesmus h��nei O. Bang-Haas, 1927; Horae Macrolepid., 1: 1. [nomen nudum, published in synonymy] Cosmodesmus hoenei O. Bang-Haas, 1927; Horae Macrolepid., 1: 1. [nomen nudum, published in synonymy] Diagnostic characters: Small in size, forewing length: male 31.0��� 33.5 mm (mean = 32.1 �� 1.0 mm, n = 4), female 33.5���35.0 mm (mean = 34.1 �� 0.6 mm, n = 4). Both wings distinctively narrow and elongate, ground colour with a light ochreous hue. Forewing the 1 st, 2 nd, 8 th, 9 th black bands and the terminal (10 th) black band all reach tornal margin in both sexes; area between the 8 th and 9 th bands almost devoid of dark scales; the 7 th band not displaced inward in cell R 4; veins CuA 2 to M 2 stained with black distally. Hindwing discal band broadened towards costa; a whitish small patch at the base of tail in cell M 3; tornal yellow spots large and undivided on both sides. Nomenclatorial note: The type specimen in BMNH was labelled as ���Lectotype��� by Campbell Smith with the intention of designating it as such in a subsequent revision, similar to the type of Papilio glycerion Gray, 1831 (Hu et al. 2018). A literature search confirmed that this specimen has not actually been formally designated as the lectotype, and since Gray did not state the number of specimens when he described Papilio alebion the specimen must be treated as a syntype. Since there is no clear reason requiring lectotype designation in this case, we refrain from doing so in this publication. Distribution: E. China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan). Phenology: Univoltine in mid-March to early April. Host plant: Lindera rubronervia (Lauraceae) is reported in Nanjing, Jiangsu (Zhang et al. 2018). Host plant usage in other parts of its distribution range needs further study. Male genitalia (Figure 4): Five male genitalia in total were dissected, and the general characters were consistent. Highly sclerotized. Ring slightly wavy in the upper half; saccus rather reduced; socius acute and smooth, distance between the base of socii 0.48���0.52 mm (mean = 0.50 �� 0.01 mm, n = 5). Valve short, oval in general, mostly dark in colour except for the base (unique in subgenus Pazala); dorsal terminal harpe triangulate, edge serrate with the base widely separated apart; the medial harpe long and nearly straight, the dorsal projection almost flat, broader at the base and gradually narrowed into a pointed tip; no tooth in the middle of the medial harpe. Aedeagus shorter than the other species, almost straight. Juxta very small and narrow, highly sclerotized without hair, the base not directly associated with the base of valves. Female genitalia (Figure 5): In total, three females were available for dissection, and the characters were consistent. Lamella postvaginalis very reduced; lamella antevaginalis broad horizontally; ostial lobe heavily sclerotized, broad at the base and gradually narrowed into a blunt tip in lateral view, while the posterior margin smoothly wavy without any indentation or bifurcation in ventral view., Published as part of Zhang, Hui-Hong, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Duan, Kuang, Zhang, Xin & Hu, Shao-Ji, 2020, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 77-97 in Zootaxa 4759 (1) on pages 82-83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3736008, {"references":["Butler, A. G. (1881) Description of new species of Lepidoptera in the collection of the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 7 (37), 31 - 37, pl. IV. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938109459469","Bang-Haas, O. (1927) Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae. Vol. 1. Verlag O. Staudinger & Bang-Haas, Dresden-Blasewitz, 128 pp., 1 taf. [in German]","Hu, S. J., Cotton, A. M., Condamine, F. L., Duan, K., Wang, R. J., Hsu, Y. F., Zhang, X. & Cao, J. (2018) Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: the Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthur, 1879) group, with treatments of known taxa and descriptions of new species and new subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa, 4441 (3), 401 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4441.3.1","Zhang, H. H., Duan, K. & Hu, S. J. (2018) On the immature stages of Graphium (Pazala) confucius Hu, Duan & Cotton, 2018 observed in Kunming, Yunnan, China. Butterflies, 79, 19 - 25."]}

Graphium (Pazala) parus (Nic��ville, 1900) (Figure 6) Papilio parus Nic��ville, 1900; J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc., 13 (1): 172, pl. EE, f. 21; TL: ���Tse Kou, Western China��� [Yanmen (in the upper Lancang-Mekong valley), Deqen, N.W. Yunnan, China]. Cosmodesmus tamerlanus incertus O. Bang-Haas, 1927, Horae Macrolepid., 1: 1, pl. 5, f. 3; TL: ��� China mer. occ.: Szetschwan, Tatsienlu, Tsekou, Siaolu��� [Kangding, Yanmen, and Washan, Sichuan, SW. China]. Cosmodesmus tamerlanus taliensis O. Bang-Haas, 1927, Horae Macrolepid., 1: 2, pl. 5, f. 4; TL: ��� China mer. occ.: J��nnan, Tali��� [Dali, Yunnan, SW. China]. Pazala incerta Chou, 1994; Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium: 55, 176. [unjustified emendation] Pazala eurous Leech; Lee, 1995; Yunnan Butterflies: 51 (f. 65, n. 4). [misidentification] Pazala tamerlanus Oberth��r; Lee, 1995; Yunnan Butterflies: 51 (f. 67, n. 2), 140. [misidentification] Diagnostic characters: Larger than G. (P.) alebion, forewing length: male 33.5���40.5 mm (mean=37.6 �� 1.4 mm, n = 83), female 39.5���42.0 mm (mean = 40.5 �� 1.3 mm, n = 3). Both wings broader, ground colour dull creamy white with a slight greyish tinge; all black markings on both wings rather thick and prominent. Forewing the 1 st, 2 nd, 8 th, 9 th black bands and the terminal (10 th) black band all reach tornal margin in both sexes; area between the 8 th and 9 th bands distinctively filled by dark scales (the extent varies among individuals but without geographical association) in male, but not in the female (only indicated near the apex); the 7 th band not displaced inward in cell R 4; veins CuA 2 to M 2 stained with black distally. Hindwing discal band not broadened towards costa; no whitish small patch at the base of tail in cell M 3; tornal yellow spots much smaller and divided on both sides. Distribution: China (W. and N.W. Yunnan, W. Sichuan, and S.E. Tibet: mostly in the upper Irrawaddy, Salween, Mekong, and Yangtze watersheds); Myanmar (N. Kachin State). Host plants: Shao-Ji Hu observed females in ovipositing posture around bushes of Litsea chuii var. likiangensis (Lauraceae) in Yulong Xueshan, N.W. Yunnan, but no eggs were collected for rearing to confirm whether this Litsea is its host plant. Male genitalia (Figure 7): In total, 20 male genitalia of specimens collected from Yunnan and Sichuan were dissected, and the general characters were consistent. Highly sclerotized. Ring slightly wavy in the upper half; saccus small but moderately sclerotized; socius toothed laterally, distance between the base of socii 0.58���0.70 mm (mean = 0.64 �� 0.05 mm, n = 20). Valve short, oval in general, dorsal terminal harpe long pear-shaped, edge serrate with the base separated; the medial harpe long and slightly curved, the dorsal projection bayonet-shaped with pointed or toothed tip; no tooth in the middle of the medial harpe. Aedeagus long, strongly curved ventrally. Juxta long, weakly sclerotized with hairy membrane on both sides. Female genitalia (Figure 8): In total, two females were available for dissection, and the characters are consistent. Lamella postvaginalis small; lamella antevaginalis broad horizontally, covered with sclerotized wrinkles; ostial lobe much less sclerotized, sac-shaped with a blunt bifurcate tip in lateral view, the posterior margin curved with slight indentations in ventral view, and the ventral surface possesses a pair of small lobes in the median portion., Published as part of Zhang, Hui-Hong, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Duan, Kuang, Zhang, Xin & Hu, Shao-Ji, 2020, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 77-97 in Zootaxa 4759 (1) on pages 83-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3736008, {"references":["Niceville, L. de. (1900) On new and little-known Lepidoptera from the Oriental Region. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 157 - 176, pls. CC-EE.","Bang-Haas, O. (1927) Horae Macrolepidopterologicae Regionis Palaearcticae. Vol. 1. Verlag O. Staudinger & Bang-Haas, Dresden-Blasewitz, 128 pp., 1 taf. [in German]","Chou, I. (1994) Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium. Henan Science and Technology Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 9 + 852 pp. [in Chinese with English descriptions for new taxa]","Lee, C. L. (1995) The Butterflies of Yunnan. Chinese Forestry Press, Beijing, 152 pp. [in Chinese]"]}

Graphium (Pazala) tamerlanus (Oberth��r, 1876) (Figure 9) Papilio Tamerlanus Oberth��r, 1876; ��t. Ent., 2: 13, pl. II, f. 1; TL: ���Moupin��� [Baoxing, Sichuan, China]. Diagnostic characters: The largest of the three species, both wings broad, ground colour pale white; all black markings on both wings thinner. Forewing the 1 st, 2 nd, 8 th black bands all reach tornal margin in both sexes, while the 9 th black band tends to be reduced near the tornus, and the terminal (10 th) black band usually only reaches or just crosses vein CuA 2; dark scales between the 8 th and 9 th bands only indicated near the apex; the 7 th band not displaced inward in cell R 4; veins CuA 2 to M 2 only faintly stained with black distally. Hindwing discal band not broadened towards costa; no whitish small patch at the base of tail in cell M 3; tornal yellow spots much smaller and divided on both sides. Male genitalia (Figure 10): In total, 10 male genitalia were dissected for the two known subspecies, namely ssp. tamerlanus and ssp. kansuensis, and the general characters were consistent. Highly sclerotized. Ring slightly wavy in the upper half; saccus small but moderately sclerotized; socius toothed laterally, distance between the base of socii 0.40���0.60 mm (mean = 0.49 �� 0.08 mm, n = 10). Valve short, oval in general, dorsal terminal harpe short, pear-shaped with both lower angles more acute, edge serrate with the base connected; the medial harpe long and slightly curved, the dorsal projection bayonet-shaped with pointed or toothed tip; no tooth in the middle of the medial harpe. Juxta weakly sclerotized with hairy membrane on both sides. Female genitalia (Figure 11): In total, two females of ssp. tamerlanus and a female of ssp. kansuensis were available for dissection, and the overall characters were consistent. Lamella postvaginalis small; lamella antevaginalis broad horizontally, covered with sclerotized wrinkles; ostial lobe heavily sclerotized, broad at the base and gradually narrowed into a triangular tip in lateral view, the posterior margin smooth in ventral view in two females of ssp. tamerlanus, and only very shallowly indented into ���W���-shape in the only female of ssp. kansuensis., Published as part of Zhang, Hui-Hong, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Duan, Kuang, Zhang, Xin & Hu, Shao-Ji, 2020, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 77-97 in Zootaxa 4759 (1) on pages 86-87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3736008, {"references":["Oberthur, C. (1876) Lepidopteres nouveaux de la Chine. Etudes d'Entomologie, 2, 13 - 34, pls. I-IV. [in French]","Niceville, L. de. (1900) On new and little-known Lepidoptera from the Oriental Region. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 157 - 176, pls. CC-EE."]}

Graphium (Pazala) tamerlanus tamerlanus (Oberth��r, 1876) (Figure 9, A���C) Papilio Tamerlanus Oberth��r, 1876; ��t. Ent., 2: 13, pl. II, f. 1; TL: ���Moupin��� [Baoxing, Sichuan, China]. Pazala tamerlana Chou, 1994; Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium: 55, 174. [unjustified emendation, attributed to Oberth��r] Diagnostic characters: Forewing length: male 37.5���43.5 mm (mean = 40.4 �� 1.4 mm, n = 52), female 45.5 mm. Both wings rather broad, the 9 th black band of forewing mostly reaches vein 1A in males while reduced to vein CuA 2 in females, the subterminal double black bands more separated from each other. Distribution: The northeastern margin of the Hengduan Mountains in W. China, mainly in the medium-high altitude areas west of the Sichuan Basin. Phenology: Specimen records indicate the flight period lasts from April to July, with those collected in June and July distinctly larger. Whether this species is univoltine or bivoltine requires further investigation. Host plant: Unknown. Probably a plant belonging to the family Lauraceae., Published as part of Zhang, Hui-Hong, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Duan, Kuang, Zhang, Xin & Hu, Shao-Ji, 2020, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 77-97 in Zootaxa 4759 (1) on pages 87-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3736008, {"references":["Oberthur, C. (1876) Lepidopteres nouveaux de la Chine. Etudes d'Entomologie, 2, 13 - 34, pls. I-IV. [in French]","Chou, I. (1994) Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium. Henan Science and Technology Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 9 + 852 pp. [in Chinese with English descriptions for new taxa]","Bang-Haas, O. (1933) Neubeschreibung und berichtigungen der Palaearktischen Macrolepidopterenfauna. V. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 47, 90 - 92. [in German]"]}

Background Monochamus alternatus Hope is one of the insect vectors of pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), which causes the destructive pine wilt disease. The microorganisms within the ecosystem, comprising plants, their environment, and insect vectors, form complex networks. This study presents a systematic analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the M. alternatus midgut and its habitat niche. Methods Total DNA was extracted from 20 types of samples (with three replicates each) from M. alternatus and various tissues of healthy and infected P. massoniana (pines). 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was conducted to determine the composition and diversity of the bacterial microbiota in each sample. Moreover, the relative abundances of bacteria in the midgut of M. alternatus larvae were verified by counting the colony-forming units. Results Pinewood nematode infection increased the microbial diversity in pines. Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, Dyella, Mycobacterium, and Mucilaginibacter were the dominant bacterial genera in the soil and infected pines. These results indicate that the bacterial community in infected pines may be associated with the soil microbiota. Interestingly, the abundance of the genus Gryllotalpicola was highest in the bark of infected pines. The genus Cellulomonas was not found in the midgut of M. alternatus, but it peaked in the phloem of infected pines, followed by the phloem of heathy pines. Moreover, the genus Serratia was not only present in the habitat niche, but it was also enriched in the M. alternatus midgut. The colony-forming unit assays showed that the relative abundance of Serratia sp. peaked in the midgut of instar II larvae (81%). Conclusions Overall, the results indicate that the bacterial microbiota in the soil and in infected pines are correlated. The Gryllotalpicola sp. and Cellulomonas sp. are potential microbial markers of pine wilt disease. Additionally, Serratia sp. could be an ideal agent for expressing insecticidal protein in the insect midgut by genetic engineering, which represents a new use of microbes to control M. alternatus.

Graphium (Pazala) confucius Hu, Duan & Cotton sp. nov. (Figure 22) Description: Male: Forewing length: 35.0–46.0 mm (mean = 39.4 ± 2.2 mm, n = 79). Forewing triangulate, apex produced, termen almost smooth or slightly wavy at the end of veins, concave between apex and tornus. Forewing upperside: whitish, the upper and outer 1/3 (mostly the discocellular, the subterminal, and the terminal areas) hyaline; 10 black bands between the base and the termen, of which the 1st to the 6th almost run parallel; the 1 st and the 2nd bands reach the tornal margin, the 3rd to the 5th bands extend beyond the discal cell along veins Cu2, Cu1, and M3, the 6th band at the end of cell is often connected with the 5th band by a transverse black fine line, the 7th band joins the 8th band just at vein M2, extends to the tornus and joins the 9th band at vein Cu2 or just below it in space cu2, the 9th band curved inward in space r4, interrupted by vein M2 and the remaining section below displaced inwardly, the 10th band independent, extending along the margin from the apex to vein Cu2 or just below it in space cu2, the area between the 8th and 9th bands can be irrigated with blackish scales in some individuals; veins R4+5 to Cu1 are black after meeting the 6th and 7th bands and then divide the whitish-hyaline areas between the 6th to 10th bands into spots. Forewing underside: colour and markings as upperside, but the hyaline areas are glossy. Hindwing triangulate in general, vein M3 extends into a sword-like tail, termen slightly dented at the end of veins, the ends of spaces m1 to cu1 expand like petals. Hindwing upperside: whitish with long white hair covering the inner 1/3; tornal margin blackish, with a small brown androconial patch near the base, a thick black band extends from the costa towards the tornus and joins the tornal blackish area just above two obliquely neighbouring yellow spots; the discal bands incomplete but well developed; the submarginal black band coupled and interrupted by veins Rs and M1, reaching space rs or sc+r1; the terminal band single, also interrupted by veins Rs and M1, reaching space rs or sc+r1; despite being interrupted by veins, the ends of each short band in each space touch or directly connect each other; all black bands mentioned above join in the black area at the end of spaces m2 to cu1, with a greyish-blue lunule in each space; tail black with white tip. Hindwing underside: colour and markings similar to upperside but with a creamy yellow hue, all black bands and markings well defined, especially the discal band, two black lines twist into an almost “8”-shaped pattern, with a short connection between the rings, the outer half of the upper ring of the “8” yellow and the inner half white, the edge of the lower ring extends along veins M1 to Cu1; a square creamy white spot above each greyish-blue lunule in the tornal area, the yellow spots at the tornus somewhat reduced and crowned by fine white lines. Female: Forewing length: 38.0–45.0 mm (mean = 40.5 ± 1.8 mm, n = 30). General appearance similar to male but evidently larger and paler, the underside of forewing less glossy, the 4th black band on the forewing often reduced or even absent in some individuals. Male genitalia (Figures 23): In total male genitalia of 12 specimens were dissected. Moderately sclerotised. Ring wavy in the upper half; saccus small; distance between the base of socii 0.50–0.64 mm (mean = 0.56 ± 0.05, n = 12). Valve round shaped, the dorsal terminal harpe with curved edge and acute tip (less pointed than daiyuanae sp. nov.); the dorsal subterminal harpe mostly isolated; the medial harpe mostly straight, the dorsal projection bayonet-shaped (some with blunt or serrate tip) (as in daiyuanae sp. nov.); a variable number of small teeth (0–1) occur in the middle of the medial harpe. Female genitalia (Figure 24): In total female genitalia of 13 specimens were dissected, the general characters are consistent, with slight variation as mentioned below. Lamella postvaginalis round petal-shaped; lamella antevaginalis broad horizontally, lined with moderately sclerotised longitudinal striae; ostial lobe heavily sclerotised, forming a triangular lobe with sharp end in lateral view, while the posterior margin concave in the middle, separating it into a “W” shape in ventral view, a short or blunt spur may be present at the end of each triangular part in some specimens, making the end more acute. Differential Diagnosis: The new species closely resembles G. (P.) mandarinus and G. (P.) daiyuanae sp. n., but can be generally distinguished by the following characters: 1) obviously larger size and distinctly produced forewing apex; 2) the black discal band on the upperside of hindwing well developed; 3) the tornal spots on the underside of hindwing are usually bright yellow. In male genitalia, dorsal subterminal harpe large, almost reaching dorsal terminal harpe and forming a heart-shape, dorsal projection bayonet-shaped (Figures 23), distance between the base of socii 0.50–0.62 mm. The ostial lobe forming a triangular lobe in lateral view, while the middle part of posterior margin concave in a “W” shape in ventral view with a very short or blunt spur at each tip (Figure 24). Type Material: Holotype: CHINA: ♂, Xi Chong (2,000 m), Kunming, C. Yunnan, 2015–V–31, S. J. Hu leg [KIZ, 0100010]. Paratypes: CHINA: 1♂, Zhujiang Yuan (the headwater of Pearl River), Zhanyi, N.E. Yunnan, 2016–III–19, Z. Chang leg. [SJH]; 1♂, Qingjiang Er Qiao (near G318 highway) (1,500 m), Lianglu, Tianquan, W. Sichuan, 2015– VII–27, Z. B. Chen leg. [ZBC]; 3♂, Huanghu Ping (1,350–1,450 m), Ziyun, Baoxing, W. Sichuan, 2015–VII–15, Z. B. Chen leg. [ZBC]; 1♂, Kouy-Tchéou Abbe Largeteau [leg.], Ex Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1927—3, Paralecto-type [round pale blue edged label], PARALECTOTYPE [in blue] Papilo [sic] glycerion var. Mandarinus Oberthür C.R. Smith det. 2003, BMNH(E) #146242 [BMNH]; 1♂, Kouy-Tchéou Abbe Largeteau [leg.], China Kouytcheou [hand written], Pap. glycerion, var. Mandarinus, Oberthür Etud. d’ Entomol. IV e livraison - appendice variété géographique chinoise [hand written], Levick Bequest B.M. 1941-83, Type [round red edged label], Paralecto-type [round pale blue edged label], PARALECTOTYPE [in blue] Papilo [sic] glycerion var. Mandarinus Oberthür C.R. Smith det. 2003, BMNH(E) #149385 [BMNH]; 1♂, Siao-Lou, 1893, Chasseurs indigènes, Rothschild Bequest, BMNH(E) # 220118 [BMNH]; 1♂, Siao-Lou, 1901, Chasseurs indigènes du P. Déjean, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 146048 [BMNH]; 1♂, Siao-Lou, 1893, Chasseurs indigènes, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 146063 [BMNH]; 1♂, Siao-Lou, 1893, Chasseurs indigènes, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 146065 [BMNH]; 1♂, Siao-Lou, 1900, Chasseurs indigènes, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 146110 [BMNH]; 1♂, Siao- Lou, 1900, Chasseurs indigènes, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 146101 [BMNH]; 1♂, Siao-Lou, 1900, Chasseurs indigènes, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 146106 [BMNH]; 1♂, Chasseurs indigènes de Ta-tsien-lou. Récolte de 1910, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 145814 [BMNH]; 1♂, Chasseurs indigènes de Ta-tsien-lou. Récolte de 1910, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 145820 [BMNH]; 1♂, Chasseurs indigènes de Ta-tsien-lou. Récolte de 1910, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 145821 [BMNH]; 1♂, Chasseurs indigènes de Ta-tsien-lou. Récolte de 1910, Ex Oberthür Coll., BMNH(E) # 145822 [BMNH]; 1♀, Ichang, Rothschild Bequest, BMNH(E) # 220120 [BMNH]; 1♂, Jinfushan, Exp. Stotzner leg. [ZFMK]; 1♂, Siao-Lou, 1893, Chasseurs indigènes [ZFMK]; 1♂, Rou Bi Gou, Baoxing, Sichuan, 2006–VII–10, Ming Yue leg. [AMC]; 2♂, 1♀, Ya’an, Sichuan, 2006–VII, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 22♂, Wu Shi He, Hanyuan County, Sichuan, 2005–VII–5-20, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 1♂, 1♀, Daba Shan, E Sichuan, 2006–VII, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 1♂, Gioncheng, Guangxi, 1996–VI–17, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 4♂, 1♀, Luzhou, Sichuan, 2007–V, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 2♂, Kangding, Sichuan, 2006–VII, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 1♂, Qingshuilang Shan, Yunlong, W. Yunnan, 1998–VII-VIII, Qin et al leg., ex Coll. Jan Moonen [NBC]; 1♂, Jinxiu, Dayao Shan, Guangxi, 1998–VII-VIII, Liang et al leg., ex Coll. Jan Moonen [NBC]; 2♂, Xi Chong (2,000 m), Kunming, C. Yunnan, 2015–V–19, S. J. Hu leg. [KIZ]; 1♀, ditto, 2015–V–31, S. J. Hu leg. [KIZ, 0100011]; 1♂, Xiao Moyu, Kunming, C. Yunnan, 2015–IV–18, S. J. Hu leg. [SJH]; 2♂, Forest Park (1,570 m), Dongchuan, N.E. Yunnan, 2014–V–17, local catcher leg. [KIZ, 0100012–0100013]; 1♂, the same collecting data, [SJH]; 16♂, 1♀, Luzhou, Sichuan, 2013–VII, local catcher leg. [SJH]; 2♀, Xiaoche He Park, Guiyang, Guizhou, 2013–VI–11, S. J. Hu leg. [SJH]; 1♂, 1♀, Zuogong, E. Tibet, 2013–VI, local catcher leg. [SJH]; 2♂, 3♀, Jigong Shan (1,940 m), Shimian, W. Sichuan, 2013–VI–13, Q. Zeng leg. [SFU]; 3♂, Ziyun Xiang, Baoxing, W. Sichuan, 2012–VIII, local catcher leg. [SJH]; 1♂, Panzhihua, W. Sichuan, 2001–VIII–5, E. T. Ye leg. [SJH]; 1♂, Huize, N.E. Yunnan, 1998–IV, local catcher leg. [SFU]; 1♂, Zhongdian, N.W. Yunnan, 1992–VI–20, D. Z. Dong leg. [KIZ]; 1♂, Qianjiang (1,780), Sichuan, 1989–VII–14, S. Lin leg. [KIZ]; 4♂, Lichuan (800 m), Hubei, 1988–VIII–3, X. C. Liang, D. Z. Dong, and S. Lin leg. [KIZ]; 1♀, Leigong Shan, Guizhou, 1988–VIII–15, S. Lin leg. [KIZ]; 3♂, Emei Shan (1,400 m), W. Sichuan, 1984–IV–13, local catcher leg. [DB]; 1♂, ditto, 1982–IV–13, local catcher leg. [DB]; 1♂, Xi Shan, Kunming, C. Yunnan, 1979–VIII–9, J. Xiong leg. [KIZ]; 1♂, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, S. Yunnan, 1979–VII–28, D. Z. Dong leg. [KIZ]. VIETNAM: 8♂, 10♀, Sapa (1,500 m), Lao Cai, 2015–V, L. T. Le leg. [SJH], 2♂, Ha Giang, 2008–VII, local catcher leg. [SJH]; 6♂, 8♀, Ha Giang, 2006–V, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 2♂, Ha Giang, 2007–VII, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 1♂, Ha Giang, 2008–VII, local catcher leg. [AMC]. The holotype and three paratypes were deposited in Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (Li et al. 2015). Distribution: This species is commonly found in China (E. Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang); it is also collected from Sapa and Ha Giang, N. Vietnam, which could be the southernmost point of its range. The two Kouy-Tchéou paralectotypes of Papilio glycerion var. mandarinus Oberthür actually belong to G. (P.) confucius Hu, Duan & Cotton sp. nov., and are designated as paratypes of the new species above. The precise location of Kouy-Tchéou is unclear. Several alternatives have been included in publications, sometimes stating that the name is equivalent to the modern Guizhou Province, but this seems unusually vague for a locality cited by Oberthür. Racheli & Cotton (2009) stated that Kiunglai [= Qionglai], W. Sichuan is the modern equivalent of Kouy-Tchéou without citing a source, and Racheli (pers. comm.) is unable to recall the origin of this interpretation. Baker (1995) listed a male specimen of Euaspis basalis from Kouy-Tchéou, stating the location to be “Kwangsi, Ku-i chou [= Guyi, N. Guangxi], 25°46'N 109°26'E ”. Since Donald Baker is deceased it was not possible to ascertain the reasoning behind this conclusion; but James Hogan, currently Collections Manager at Oxford University Museum of Natural History where Baker conducted his study, stated (pers. comm.) that probably this was based on Baker’s investigations of the location where Abbé Largeteau (the Catholic missionary cited in Oberthür’s original description of mandarinus) collected specimens. Hogan stated that Baker was particularly interested in the history of entomology and old collectors, so he may possibly have found evidence to pinpoint the identity of the location. The current authors refrain from choosing a location for Kouy-Tchéou due to lack of precise evidence in favour of any one possibility. All of the alternatives fall within the known range of the new taxon. Phenology: This species is multivoltine (three generations) in its type locality, the 1 st generation flies in late April to early May, the 2nd generation flies from early June to July, and the 3rd generation flies in August. The phenology in other localities requires further study. Host plant: A female was observed ovipositing on Litsea rubescens (Lauraceae) at Xi Shan, Kunming, and the subsequent rearing experiment confirmed the identity of the butterfly. The species may use other plants of genus Litsea in other localities across China. Derivatio nominis: The specific name of this new taxon is dedicated to Confucius (Chinese name Qiu Kong, courtesy name Zhongni; 551–479 BC), a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. The species name is treated as a noun in apposition.

Graphium (Pazala) garhwalica (Katayama, 1988) stat. nov. (Figure 9, A–B) Pazala glycerion garhwalica Katayama, 1988; Gekkan-Mushi, 203: 8; pl. 1, f. 1–2; TL: “Joshimath (2400 m), Uttar Pradesh [= Uttaranchal], NW. India ”. Diagnostic characters: Small in size, forewing length: male 32.5–33.5 mm (n = 2), female 32.0 mm (only one female examined) [Katayama (1988) stated 36 mm for the female in the original description]. Both wings rather whitish. Forewing, glossy, apex blunt, termen straight (a); veins M3 to Cu2 discally completely free of black scales in both sexes (b). Hindwing, black discal band on the upperside completely reduced in both sexes (c), short submarginal black lines also reduced on the upperside in both sexes, only reaching space sc+r1. Distribution: N.W. India (Uttaranchal Pradesh) to C. Nepal (Annapurna). Phenology: Univoltine in April-May. Host plant: Unknown, presumably a plant species belonging to family Lauraceae. Male genitalia (Figure 10): In total two male genitalia were dissected, the general characters are consistent. Highly sclerotised. Ring slightly wavy in the upper half; saccus very small, nearly reduced; distance between the base of socii 0.64–0.68 mm (n = 2). Valve short, oval in general, the end of dorsal terminal harpe extends into distinctly elongate acute tip; the dorsal subterminal harpe reaching the base of the elongate tip; the medial harpe long and curved, the dorsal projection flat and serrate; no tooth in the middle of the medial harpe. Juxta weakly sclerotised with hairy membrane on both sides. Female genitalia: The abdomen of the only available female specimen was unfortunately crushed prior to obtaining the specimen, the ostial lobe was still identifiable but split into three pieces. The first author photographed the three pieces and digitally rejoined them without alteration, obtaining a reconstructed image of the ostial lobe (Figure 11). Ostial lobe (Figure 11) heavily sclerotised, broad at the base with the posterior margin widely bifurcated into a pair of broad spurs in ventral view.

Graphium (Pazala) daiyuanae Hu, Zhang & Cotton sp. nov. (Figure 19) Description: Male: Forewing length: 32.0��� 35.5 mm (mean = 34.0 �� 1.1 mm, n = 16). Forewing triangulate, broad, apex not produced, termen wavy or slightly dented at the end of veins, oblique outwards from apex to tornus. Forewing upperside: whitish, the upper and outer 1/3 (mostly the discocellular, the subterminal, and the terminal areas) hyaline; 10 black bands lined from the humeral to the termen, among which the 1st to the 6th almost run parallel; the 1 st and the 2nd bands reach the tornal margin, the 3rd to the 5th bands extend beyond the discal cell along veins Cu2, Cu1, and M3, the 6th band at the end of cell, often connected with the 5th band by a transverse black fine line, the 7th band joins the 8th band just at vein M2, extends to the tornus and joins the 9th band at vein Cu2 or just below it in space cu2, the 9th band curved inward in space r4, the 10th band independent, extending from the apex to vein Cu2 or just below it in space cu2; the veins R4+5 to Cu1 are black after meeting the 6th and 7th bands and then divide the whitish-hyaline areas between the 6th to 10th bands into spots. Forewing underside: colour and markings as upperside, but the hyaline areas are glossy. Hindwing triangulate in general, vein M3 extends into a sword-like tail, termen slightly dented at the end of veins, the end of spaces m1 to cu1 expand like petals. Hindwing upperside: whitish with long white hair covering the inner 1/3; tornal margin blackish, with a small brown androconial patch near the humeral, a thick black band extends from the costal towards the tornus and joins the tornal blackish area just above two obliquely neighbouring yellow spots; the discal bands usually absent but can be seen through the underside; the submarginal black band coupled and interrupted by veins Rs and M1, reaching space rs or sc+r1; the terminal band single, also interrupted by veins Rs and M1, reaching space rs or sc+r1; all black bands mentioned above are rather discontinuous, breaking into several short bands in each space, and the ends of each short band seldom touch each other; all black bands join in the black area at the end of spaces m2 to cu1, with a greyish-blue lunule in each space; tail black with white tip. Hindwing underside: colour and markings similar to upperside but with a creamy yellow hue, all black bands and markings well defined, especially the discal band, two black lines twisting into an ���8���-shaped pattern, the outer half of the upper of ring ���8��� yellow and the inner half white, the edge of the lower ring extends along veins M1 to Cu1; a square creamy white spot above each greyish-blue lunule in the tornal area, the yellow spots at the tornus somewhat reduced and crowned by fine white lines. Female: Forewing length 33.5���38.5 mm (mean = 36.4 �� 1.7 mm, n = 14). General appearance similar to male but larger. the forewing termen oblique outwards from the apex to the tornus, the underside of forewing almost as glossy as that in male, the 4th black band on the forewing may be reduced or absent in some individuals, the hindwing androconial patch absent, discal band faintly defined or absent. Male genitalia (Figure 20): In total 12 male genitalia were dissected, the general characters are consistent, with the teeth on the medial harpe variable. Moderately sclerotised. Ring wavy in the upper half; saccus small; distance between the base of socii 0.40���0.60 mm (mean = 0.49 �� 0.07, n = 12). Valve oval in general, the dorsal terminal harpe with mostly straight (only in 1 case curved) edge and acute tip; the edge of dorsal subterminal harpe almost touching the base of the tip of the dorsal terminal harpe; the medial harpe mostly straight, the dorsal projection bayonet-shaped (some with blunt or dented end); a variable number of small teeth (0���3) occur in the middle of the medial harpe. Female genitalia (Figure 21): In total 10 female genitalia were dissected, the general characters are consistent with slight variation as mentioned below in particular. Lamella postvaginalis round petal-shaped; lamella antevaginalis broad horizontally, lined with moderately sclerotised longitudinal striae; ostial lobe heavily sclerotised, forming a straight sharp spur in lateral view, while the posterior margin straight or slightly concave with a pair of acute spurs in ventral view, the length of these spurs can vary, but never absent in examined specimens. Differential Diagnosis: The new species closely resembles G. (P.) mandarinus, but can be distinguished by careful examination of the following characters: 1) smaller than nominate mandarinus and the subsequent new taxon G. (P.) confucius Hu, Duan & Cotton sp. nov.; 2) forewing apex as G. (P.) mandarinus, termen oblique outwardly from apex to tornus; 3) upperside hindwing very pale, the discal band usually absent, especially in male; 4) the yellow tornal spots on the underside of hindwing obviously paler than G. (P.) mandarinus and the following species; 5) the submarginal and terminal bands on the underside of hindwing more interrupted and discontinuous than G. (P.) mandarinus and the following species. In male genitalia, the tip of dorsal terminal harpe acute but not elongated (as in mandarinus), dorsal subterminal harpe large, joining dorsal terminal harpe and forming a triangle, dorsal projection bayonet-shaped (Figure 20), distance between the base of socii 0.40���0.60 mm. The ostial lobe forming a straight sharp spur in lateral view, the posterior margin straight or slightly concave with a pair of acute spurs in ventral view (Figure 21). Type Material: Holotype: VIETNAM: ♂, Sapa (1,600 m), Lao Cai Province, 2015���VI, L. T. Le leg [KIZ, 0100000]. Paratypes: VIETNAM: 3♂, 2♀, same collecting data as holotype (1,600���1,700 m) [KIZ, 0100001���0100005]; 8♂, 8♀, same collecting data as holotype (1,600���1,700 m) [SJH]; 1♂, 4♀, the same locality, 2006���IV, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 2♂, the same locality, 2007���V, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 1♂, the same locality, 2007���VI, local catcher leg. [AMC]. 2♂, Mucangchai (1,700 m), Yen Bai Province, 2017��� V, L. T. Le leg. [KIZ, 0100006��� 0100007]; 3♂, 1♀, same collecting data, [SJH]. The holotype and seven paratypes were deposited in Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (Li et al. 2015). Distribution: Currently known from the mountains in N. Vietnam (Sapa, Lao Cai; Mucangchai, Yen Bai), but very likely extends to the bordering area of S. Yunnan, China (Honghe Prefecture). Phenology: Probably univoltine, but further survey on the biological and ecological aspects of the new taxon is required in future. Host plant: Unknown, presumably a plant species belonging to family Lauraceae. Derivatio nominis: The specific name of this new taxon was dedicated to the first author���s beloved wife, Ms. Yuan Dai, with the order of surname and first name as per Chinese tradition. The species name is to be treated as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberth��r, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on pages 420-426, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Li, K. Q., Wang, Y. Z., Dong, D. Z. & Zhang, L. K. (2015) Catalog of insect type specimens preserved at the Kunming Insititute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science with corrections of some specimens. Zoological Research, 36, 263 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.13918 / j. issn. 2095 - 8137.2015.5.263."]}

Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus fangana (K. Okano, 1986) (Figure 25, D and E) Pazala glycerion fangana K. Okano, 1986; Tokurana, 11 (3): 1, f. 3; TL: “near Fang, alt. 2,200 m, (about 20°20′ N, 99°50′ E), Chieng Mai Prov., North Thailand ” [The co-ordinates stated in the original description are inaccurate, the correct coordinates are approximately 20°05′ N, 99°08′ E]. Diagnostic characters: Very similar to the preceding subspecies in appearance, forewing length: male 26.0–31.0 mm (mean = 29.2 ± 1.2 mm, n = 29), female 32.0 mm (only one female). Forewing, apex slightly blunt, also not produced, termen straight; vein M3 and the base of vein Cu1 tinged with black scales in both sexes. Hindwing, submarginal black short lines better developed than the preceding subspecies, which may reach space sc+r 1 in some specimens. Distribution: Only known from a few mountains in northern Thailand near Mae Ai and Fang districts. The restricted range of this taxon effectively inside the potential range of the previous subspecies needs further study. It is notable that ssp. kimurai is absent from the mountains where fangana occurs, and the taxa are genetically distinct as well as separable on wing pattern. Phenology: This subspecies is univoltine, flying only in February and March, unlike ssp. kimurai. Recently deceased Prasobsuk Sukkit (pers. comm.) confirmed that he and local collectors have looked for ssp. fangana throughout the year over many years, and never found it other than in February to March. Host plant: Unknown, presumably a plant species belonging to family Lauraceae., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on page 434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Okano, K. (1986) Two new subspecies of butterflies from Thailand. Tokurana, 11, 1 - 8."]}

Graphium (Pazala) sichuanica (Koiwaya, 1993) (Figure 14, A–C) Pazala sichuanica Koiwaya, 1993; Stud. Chinese Butt., 2: 77, f. 126–127, 132–133; TL: “Dujiang Yan, Sichuan ” [= Dujiangyan, W. Sichuan, China] Diagnostic characters: A small species, forewing length: male 32.0–40.0 mm (mean = 35.4 ± 2.3 mm, n = 24), female 42 mm [only one female examined; 37–38 mm stated by Koiwaya (1993)]. Both wings narrower, with a yellowish tinge and well developed black markings. Forewing, the 9th black band reaches vein 2A and joins with the 8th black band with equal width (a). Hindwing, short submarginal black lines well connected to each other, almost forming straight lines (b); the discocellular veins almost free of black scales on the underside (c). Distribution: N. to W. Sichuan, China. Phenology: Univoltine. The type specimens in Koiwaya (1993) were collected from April to May. Our examined specimens from N. Sichuan were all collected in mid to late April. Host plant: Unknown, presumably a plant species belonging to family Lauraceae. Male genitalia (Figure 15): In total six male genitalia were dissected, the general characters are consistent, with slight variation in the harpes. Moderately sclerotised. Ring wavy in the upper half; saccus well developed; distance between the base of socii 0.80–0.84 mm (mean = 0.81 ± 0.02, n = 6). Valve elongate, oval in general, the dorsal terminal harpe extends obliquely outwards with produced but non-elongate tip; the dorsal subterminal harpe rather small and completely isolated; the medial harpe long and curved, the dorsal projection flat; no tooth in the middle of the medial harpe. Female genitalia (Figure 16): Only one female was available for genitalia dissection. Lamella postvaginalis round petal-shaped; lamella antevaginalis covered with sclerotised wrinkles; ostial lobe heavily sclerotised, broad at the base and slightly curved into a sharp end in lateral view, while the posterior margin shallowly bifurcated into a pair of spurs in ventral view., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on pages 416-417, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Koiwaya, S. (1993) Description of three new genera, eleven new species and seven new subspecies of butterflies from China. Studies of Chinese Butterflies, 2, 43 - 111, pl. 9 - 27. [in Japanese with English descriptions]"]}

Nomenclature of Pazala genitalia Examination of Pazala male genitalia showed that extra names are needed (Figure 5) for the various structures of the valve, since they are probably not homologous with those used for the Afrotropical Graphium species of Smith & Vane-Wright (2001), whereas nomenclature of female genitalia follows that publication (Figure 6). General descriptions of male and female genitalia are given below while only distinguishing characters are listed under each species. General description of male genitalia. Moderately to highly sclerotised. Ring moderate in width, straight in the lower half and wavy in the upper half; saccus small to nearly reduced; socii small, ventrally curved with acutely pointed end, distance between the base of socii varies among taxa. Valve short, oval in general with five highly sclerotised harpes: the dorsal terminal harpe extends from apical 1/3 of the dorsal margin to the end of the valve, with curved, serrate edge and a tip of varying shape; the dorsal subterminal harpe, with serrate edge, of variable size located in the upper and outer 1/4 to 1/3 of the valve, opposite to the dorsal terminal harpe; the distal harpe large, the ventral margin with strongly serrate edge; the medial harpe long and curved, with a dorsal projection variable among taxa and a serrate sclerotised flange. Aedeagus long, curved ventrally, with a funnel-shaped base and pointed end. Juxta weakly sclerotised with hairy membrane on both sides. Our study showed that the shape, size, and relative position of the dorsal terminal harpe, the dorsal subterminal harpe, and the shape of the dorsal projection are important diagnostic characters. Also, the uncus does not project noticeably from the tegumen, but contains a pair of socii with useful morphometric characters helpful in distinguishing species (Koiwaya, 1993). General description of female genitalia. Papillae anales short, margin smooth and round; posterior apophysis slender, reaching approximately half of the 9th abdominal section; ostium partially covered by lamella antevaginalis and ostial lobe; lamella postvaginalis paired, approximately petal-shaped; lamella antevaginalis broad horizontally, lined with moderately sclerotised longitudinal striae; ostial lobe heavily sclerotised, with the posterior margin concave in the middle, separating it into a pair of spurs variable between taxa; ductus bursae of medium length; signum well defined by sclerotised granules. Our study showed that the ostial lobe (i.e., bifurcation of posterior margin, shape of spurs) varies among species, and probably can be used as a diagnostic character. The characters of the ostial lobe of each species and the differences from other species are listed in detail below., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberth��r, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on pages 409-410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (2001) A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 70, 503 - 719.","Koiwaya, S. (1993) Description of three new genera, eleven new species and seven new subspecies of butterflies from China. Studies of Chinese Butterflies, 2, 43 - 111, pl. 9 - 27. [in Japanese with English descriptions]"]}

Graphium (Pazala) paphus (de Nic��ville, 1886) stat. nov. (Figure 9, C���F) Papilio paphus de Nic��ville, 1886; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 55 Pt. II (3): 254, pl. 11, f. 6; TL: Sikkim. Papilio Glycerion Gray, 1831 (junior homonym of Papilio Glycerion Borkhausen, 1788 [Nymphalidae: Satyrinae]); Zool. Miscell., 1: 32; TL: ���Nepaul��� [= Nepal]. Diagnostic characters: Larger than the preceding species, forewing length: male 35.0���41.0 mm (mean = 37.1 �� 1.3 mm, n = 29), female 39.5 mm (only one female examined). Both wings rather whitish. Forewing, apex more obvious than that of garhwalica, termen concave in the middle and slightly wavy at the end of each vein (a); veins Cu1 and Cu2 mostly free of black scales except the base, while vein M3 entirely black (b). Hindwing, black discal band on the upperside incomplete but usually present near and in the cell (c), short submarginal black lines reaching space sc+r1. Distribution: Nepal, Bhutan, N. India (Sikkim, Assam), N. Myanmar (Sagaing), and W. China (S. Tibet, i.e., Metok). Phenology: Univoltine. Adults were collected from late April to mid May in Metok (Wa Da, pers. comm.). Host plant: Unknown, presumably a plant species belonging to family Lauraceae. Male genitalia (Figure 12): In total eight male genitalia were dissected, the general characters are consistent, with slight variation in the harpes. Highly sclerotised. Ring wavy in the upper half; saccus small; distance between the base of socii 0.64���0.74 mm (mean = 0.70 �� 0.03, n = 8). Valve short, oval in general, the dorsal terminal harpe with an acute but not elongate tip (elongate in garhwalica); the dorsal subterminal harpe small and isolated (reaching the dorsal terminal harpe in garhwalica), with serrate edge; the medial harpe long and straight, dorsal projection bayonet-shaped (in sharp and acute triangular pyramid shape) (flat in garhwalica); a variable number of teeth (0���2) in the middle of the medial harpe. Female genitalia (Figure 13): Only one female was available for genitalia dissection. Lamella postvaginalis small, round-shaped; ostial lobe heavily sclerotised, broad at the base and abruptly narrowing into a sharp spur in lateral view, while the posterior margin deeply bifurcated into a pair of acute spurs in ventral view (only shallowly bifid in garhwalica)., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberth��r, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on page 415, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["de Niceville, L. (1886) On some new Indian butterflies. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 55, Part II (3), 249 - 256, pl. XI.","Gray, G. R. (1831) Description of eight new species of Indian butterflies, (Papilio, Lin.) from the collection of General Hardwicke. Zoological Miscellany, 1, 32 - 33.","Borkhausen, M. B. (1788) Naturgeschichte der Europaischen Schmetterlinge nach Systematischer Ordnung. 1. Varrentrapp und Wenner, Frankfurt, 36 + 288 pp."]}

Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus kimurai Murayama, 1982 (Figure 25, A���C) Graphium glycerion kimurai Murayama, 1982; New Entomologist, 31 (4): 1, f. 1; TL: ��� Doi Inthanon, N. Thailand ��� [Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai Province, N. Thailand]. Diagnostic characters: Very small in size, forewing length: male 27.0���32.0 mm (mean = 29.5 �� 1.4 mm, n = 33), female 32.0���33.0 mm (only two females examined). Both wings rather whitish. Forewing, apex acute but not produced, termen straight; veins M3 to Cu2 usually free of black scales in male, but with only trace of black in female. Hindwing, black discal band on the upperside usually completely reduced in both sexes, submarginal black short lines also reduced on the upperside in both sexes, only reaching space m1. Distribution: C. Myanmar, N. Thailand, and C. Laos. Phenology: Subspecies kimurai flies from late October through the cool season, peaking at the type locality in December and again in February. Whether this is a staggered single generation with two peaks of emergence or represents two separate generations is unknown. Murayama (1982), in the original description of the taxon, also lists two paratypes from Doi Inthanon caught on 7 April 1978 and a third paratype from Thung Salengluang, N. Thailand [= Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, Phitsanulok Province, N. Thailand] with date 10 July 1976. This is the only known record of a specimen of ssp. kimurai captured anywhere during the rainy season. Host plant: Unknown, presumably a plant species belonging to family Lauraceae., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberth��r, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on page 433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Murayama, S. (1982) Notes on some butterflies of North Thailand and China. New Entomologist, 31, 1 - 6."]}

Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus stilwelli Cotton & Hu ssp. nov. (Figure 28) Description: Male: Forewing length: 29.0���37.0 mm (mean = 33.8 �� 1.5 mm, n = 81). Forewing triangulate, apex blunt and not produced, termen straight or slightly concave in the middle. Forewing upperside: whitish, the upper and outer 1/3 (mostly the discocellular, the subterminal, and the terminal areas) hyaline and glossy; 10 black bands between the base and the termen, of which the 1st to the 6th almost run parallel; the 1 st and the 2nd bands reach the tornal margin; the 3rd band does not cross the cell vein and the 4th band crosses just beyond the discal cell but usually does not extend along vein CuA1; the 5th band reaches the margin of the discal cell and usually extends along vein M3; the 6th band at the end of cell is often connected with the 5th band by a transverse black fine line; the 7th band joins the 8th band just at vein M2, extends to the tornus and joins the 9th band at vein Cu2 or just below it in space cu2; the 9th band curved inward in space r4; the 10th band independent, extending along the margin from the apex to space cu2; the area between the 8th and 9th bands without black scales; veins R4+5 to Cu1 are black after meeting the 6th and 7th bands and then divide the whitish-hyaline areas between the 6th to 10th bands into spots. Forewing underside: colour and markings as upperside, but the hyaline areas are glossier. Hindwing triangulate in general, vein M3 extends into a thin sword-like tail, termen slightly indented at the end of veins, the ends of spaces m1 to cu1 expand into lobes. Hindwing upperside: whitish with long white hair covering the inner 1/3; tornal margin blackish, with a small brown androconial patch near the base, a thick black band extends from the costa towards the tornus and joins the tornal blackish area just above two obliquely neighbouring yellow spots; the discal bands absent or indicated by a faint black streak near the cell; the submarginal black band coupled, reaching space rs or m1; the terminal band single, reaching space sc+r1; despite being interrupted by veins, the ends of each short band in each space touch or directly connect each other; all black bands mentioned above join in the black area at the end of spaces m2 to cu1, with a greyish-blue lunule in each space; tail black with white tip. Hindwing underside: colour and markings similar to upperside but with a creamy yellow hue, all black bands and markings well defined, especially the discal band, two black lines twist into an almost ���8���-shaped pattern, with a short connection between the rings, the outer half of the upper ring of the ���8��� pale yellow and the inner half white, the edge of the lower ring extends along veins M1 to Cu1; a square creamy white spot above each greyish-blue lunule in the tornal area, the yellow spots at the tornus somewhat reduced and crowned by fine white lines. Extensive examination and comparison between the new subspecies of Graphium mandarinus and Graphium paphus stat. nov., which may be sympatric, showed the following difficulties of distinguishing them on morphological characters: (1) variable size: although on average stilwelli ssp. nov. is smaller than paphus stat. nov., the smallest individuals of the latter taxon are almost the same size as the largest individuals of the former, making it rather hard to apply size solely to identify individual specimens; (2) variable shape of forewing termen: generally the middle part of the forewing termen in paphus stat. nov. is concave while in all subspecies of mandarinus this is straighter, however some individuals of stilwelli ssp. nov. also showed this character, and some paphus stat. nov. have a straight termen. Fortunately, genitalic dissection showed no overlapping characters between the two taxa. Hence, currently, the most reliable method in distinguishing Graphium paphus stat. nov. and Graphium mandarinus stilwelli ssp. nov. is genitalic dissection. Female: Only a single specimen from Loutsekiang [= upper Salween or upper Mekong valleys (Fisher, 1948), N.W. Yunnan] in ZFMK, Bonn, known to us. Similar to the male, wings broader and more rounded. Forewing length ~ 40 mm, estimated from photograph (Figure 34F). Male genitalia (Figure 29): Similar to those of the other three subspecies, namely ssp. mandarinus, ssp. kimurai, and ssp. fangana. Differential Diagnosis: Intermediate between the nominotypical subspecies, ssp. kimurai and ssp. fangana, from which it can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) forewing apex blunt, not produced, termen straight or slightly concave in the middle; 2) the postdiscal area of forewing very clear, mostly with only a trace of black scales near the base of vein M3, although occasionally well marked; 3) the black discal band on the upperside of hindwing absent or indicated before the end of the cell; 4) hindwing submarginal black lines reaching spaces m1 or sc+r1. While molecular analysis does not definitively separate this taxon from the nominate subspecies it is morphologically distinct and thus worthy of subspecific status. Type Material: Holotype: CHINA: ♂, Tacheng (1,900 m), Weixi, W. Yunnan, 2015���IV���29, S. J. Hu leg., [KIZ, 0100008]. Paratypes: CHINA: 1♂, Gazhi River (1,050 m), Yunxian, W. Yunnan, 2016���V���9, Z. C. Xiong leg., [KIZ, 0100009]; 2♂, Gaoligong Shan, Tengchong, W. Yunnan, 2015���V���20, P. Y. F. Lo leg. [SJH]; 1♂, Liuku (100 m), W. Yunnan, 2002���IV���20, unknown leg. [SFU]; 1♂, Zhongdian, N.W. Yunnan, 1992���VI���20, D. Z. Dong leg. [KIZ]; 1♂, Ailao Shan, Jingdong, W. Yunnan, 1992���V���29, D. Z. Dong leg. [KIZ]; 1♂, Xujia Ba, Jingdong, W. Yunnan, 1984���III���16, unknown leg. [KIZ]; 6♂, west of Fugong, NW. Yunnan, 2009���IV���2-29, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 3♂, Pingpo, Dali, Yunnan, 2016���IV���25-V���20, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 1♂, Qingshuilang Shan, Yunlong, W. Yunnan, 1998���VII-VIII, Qin et al. leg., ex Coll. Jan Moonen, [NBC]; 1♀, Loutsekiang [ZFMK]. MYANMAR: 3♂, Chudu Razi Hills, Kachin State, 2008���IV���21, local catcher leg. [SJH]; 1♂, ditto, 2008���IV���23, local catcher leg. [SJH]; 1♂, ditto, 2008���IV���28, local catcher leg. [SJH]; 1♂, ditto, 2008���V���9, local catcher leg. [SJH]; 29♂, ditto, 2008���IV���10-V���5, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 4♂, ditto, 2009���IV���30, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 8♂, ditto, 2007���V��� 5-9, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 5♂, ditto, 2006���V���9, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 2♂, ditto, 2006���VI���7, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 1m #, ditto, 2012���V���15, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 1m #, ditto, 2012���V���26, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 8♂, Kushin, E. of Renam, N. Kachin State, 1998���IV���25-V���4, local catcher leg. [AMC]; 5♂, ditto, Kushin, E. of Renam, N. Kachin State, 1998���IV���19-27, local catcher leg. [PS]. The holotype and a paratype were deposited in Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (Li et al. 2015). Distribution: Currently recorded in W. Yunnan and N.E. Myanmar. Phenology: It appears to be bivoltine based on the collecting data of specimens examined, the first generation from April to June, and the second from July to August. More surveys are required to confirm the phenology. Host plant: Unknown, presumably a plant species belonging to family Lauraceae. Derivatio Nominis: The subspecific name of this new taxon is dedicated to General Joseph W. Stilwell (1883��� 1946) of the U.S. Army, who served in the China Burma India (CBI) Theatre and was instrumental in the liberation of W. Yunnan and Myanmar during World War II. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberth��r, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on pages 434-437, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Fisher, K. J. (1948) Some geographical notes on West China localities. Entomologist, 81, 213 - 219.","Li, K. Q., Wang, Y. Z., Dong, D. Z. & Zhang, L. K. (2015) Catalog of insect type specimens preserved at the Kunming Insititute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science with corrections of some specimens. Zoological Research, 36, 263 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.13918 / j. issn. 2095 - 8137.2015.5.263."]}

Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) (Figure 25) [Papilio] Glycerion variété géographique Mandarinus Oberthür, 1879, Étud. d’Ent., 4: 115; TL: “Moupin” [= Baoxing, W. Sichuan, China]. Type locality restricted to Moupin by lectotype designation as stated above. The name mandarinus is treated as a noun meaning a Mandarin rather than an adjective, as recommended by Gerardo Lamas (pers. comm.) since there is no clear indication in the original description. Diagnostic characters: Size varies among subspecies, the nominate subspecies is the largest, ssp. kimurai very slightly larger than ssp. fangana which is the smallest, and ssp. stilwelli ssp. nov. is intermediate and variable in size, some specimens are quite small and some larger. Both wings whitish and less glossy. Forewing, termen straight or slightly concave in the middle; greyish scales scattered between the 8th and 9th forewing bands. Hindwing, the “8”-shaped twisted discal black bands complete on the underside. Male genitalia (Figure 26): In total male genitalia of 19 specimens, comprising two individuals of ssp. fangana, five individuals of ssp. kimurai, six individuals of ssp. stilwelli ssp. nov., and six individuals of ssp. mandarinus, were dissected. Moderately to heavily sclerotised. Ring wavy in the upper half; saccus well developed; distance between the base of socii 0.50–0.64 mm (mean = 0.56 ± 0.05, n = 19), without significant variation between subspecies. Valve round shaped, the dorsal terminal harpe with almost straight edge and acute but not elongate tip (blunt in sichuanica and hoeneanus nom. nov., stat. rev. and elongate in garhwalica stat. nov.); the dorsal subterminal harpe moderate in size (similar to that of daiyuanae sp. nov.), isolated or reaching the base of the tip of the dorsal terminal harpe (joining the tip of dorsal terminal harpe in garhwalica stat. nov.; smaller and completely isolated in paphus stat. nov., sichuanica, and hoeneanus nom. nov., stat. rev.; larger in confucius sp. nov.), the medial harpe straight, the dorsal projection finger-shaped (some with blunt or serrate end) (similar to that of paphus stat. nov. and daiyuanae sp. nov.; flat in garhwalica stat. nov., sichuanica, and hoeneanus nom. nov., stat. rev.); with or without a small tooth in the middle of the medial harpe. Female genitalia (Figure 27): In total female genitalia of 4 specimens (including two ssp. kimurai, one ssp. fangana, and one ssp. mandarinus) were dissected, the general characters among subspecies are consistent. Lamella postvaginalis small; lamella antevaginalis broad horizontally, lined with weakly sclerotised longitudinal striae; ostial lobe heavily sclerotised, forming a triangular lobe with sharp end in lateral view, while the posterior margin shallowly concave in the middle, with a small short spur at each tip., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on pages 431-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Oberthur, C. (1879) Catalogue raissone des Papilionidae de la collection de Ch. Oberthur. Etudes d'Entomologie, 4, 19 - 102, 107 - 117, pls. I - VI. [in French]"]}

Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus mandarinus (Oberth��r, 1879) (Figure 25, F and G) [Papilio] Glycerion vari��t�� g��ographique Mandarinus Oberth��r, 1879, ��tud. d���Ent., 4: 115; TL: ���Moupin��� [= Baoxing, W. Sichuan, China]. Pazala mandarina; Chou, 1994; Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium: 55, 176 (unjustified emendation). Diagnostic characters: The largest subspecies of mandarinus, forewing length: male 31.0���39.0 mm (mean = 36.4 �� 1.5 mm, n = 48), female 39.5 mm (only one female examined). Forewing, apex blunt, not produced, termen straight or slightly concave in the middle; veins M1 to Cu2 usually tinged with black scales, especially near the base. Hindwing, black discal band on the upperside well developed in male but often reduced in female, submarginal black short lines well developed on the upperside in both sexes, reaching costa or at least space sc+r1. Distribution: Sichuan and W. Hubei, China. Phenology: Probably bivoltine like the preceding subspecies; further surveys are required in future. Host plant: This subspecies feeds on Litsea populifolia (Lauraceae) in W. Sichuan, China (Zhi-Bing Chen, pers. comm.)., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberth��r, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on page 437, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Oberthur, C. (1879) Catalogue raissone des Papilionidae de la collection de Ch. Oberthur. Etudes d'Entomologie, 4, 19 - 102, 107 - 117, pls. I - VI. [in French]","Chou, I. (1994) Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium. Henan Science and Technology Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 9 + 852 pp."]}

Graphium (Pazala) hoeneanus Cotton & Hu nom. nov., stat. rev. (Figure 14, D–F) Papilio tamerlanus hoenei Mell, 1935 (junior primary and secondary homonym of Papilio agetes hönei Mell, 1923 [Papilionidae: Graphium: Pathysa]); Mitt. D. Ent. Ges., 6 (3/4): 36; TL: “Chekiang: West- und Ost-Tienmoshan (Fukien, Südkiangsi), Nordkwangtung” [= West and East Tianmu Shan, Zhejiang (Fujian, S. Jiangxi), N. Guangdong]. This taxon has previously been treated as synonymous with Graphium (Pazala) sichuanica (Koiwaya, 1993) (Racheli & Cotton 2009), but is here shown both on molecular and morphological characters to be worthy of separate specific status (stat. rev.). Since the only name applicable to the taxon is a junior homonym and thus unavailable, we hereby propose the new replacement name hoeneanus Cotton & Hu nom. nov. as the valid taxon name. Diagnostic characters: Larger than the preceding species, forewing length: male 34.0–41.0 mm (mean = 37.6 ± 1.6 mm, n = 29), female 36.0–38.0 mm (mean = 37.0 ± 0.91 mm, n = 4). Both wings broader, rather whitish, with reduced black markings. Forewing, the 9th black band only reaches space cu2 and is only faintly indicated near the 8th black band, not clearly joining it (a). Hindwing, short submarginal black lines often disconnected from each other (b); the discocellular veins often tinged with black scales on the underside (c). Distribution: Widely distributed in S. to E. China (i.e., Guangxi, Guangdong, Zhejiang; probably in Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangxi). Phenology: Univoltine. Adults were collected from early April to late May in Zhejiang, E. China (Jian-Qing Zhu, pers. comm.), as well as in Guangdong, S. China (Jia-Lin Chen, pers. comm.). Host plant: According to Jian-Qing Zhu (pers. comm.), the host plant is Lindera reflexa of family Lauraceae in Zhejiang, E. China; while Wang & Gu (2017) recorded Machilus phoenicis of family Lauraceae in Nanling, S. China. Derivatio nominis: The replacement name is dedicated to Hermann Höne, following the intention of Rudolf Mell in his original description of ‘ Papilio tamerlanus hoenei ’, and is treated as a noun in apposition. Male genitalia (Figure 17): In total eight male genitalia were dissected, the general characters are consistent, with the teeth on medial harpe variable. Moderately sclerotised. Ring slightly wavy in the upper half; saccus small; distance between the base of socii 0.84–0.90 mm (mean = 0.89 ± 0.02, n = 8). Valve elongate, oval in general, the dorsal terminal harpe with produced but non-elongate tip (as in sichuanica); the dorsal subterminal harpe mediumsized (obviously larger than that in sichuanica) and completely isolated; the medial harpe straight, the dorsal projection flat (as in sichuanica); a variable number of small teeth (0–2) occur in the middle of the medial harpe. Female genitalia (Figure 18): Only two females were available for genitalia dissection, the characters are consistent. Lamella postvaginalis round petal-shaped; lamella antevaginalis broad horizontally, covered with sclerotised wrinkles (as in sichuanica); ostial lobe heavily sclerotised, broad at the base and curved upwards into a sharp end in lateral view, while the posterior margin strongly bifurcated into a pair of large spurs deviating away from each other at the base in ventral view (smaller in sichuanica)., Published as part of Hu, Shao-Ji, Cotton, Adam M., Condamine, Fabien L., Duan, Kuang, Wang, Rong-Jiang, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Zhang, Xin & Cao, Jun, 2018, Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) Group, with Treatments of Known Taxa and Descriptions of New Species and New Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on pages 418-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1301610, {"references":["Mell, R. (1935) Noch unbeschriebene chinesische Lepidopteren. IV. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 6, 36 - 38.","Mell, R. (1923) Noch unbeschriebene Lepidopteren aus Sudchina. II. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 153 - 160.","Koiwaya, S. (1993) Description of three new genera, eleven new species and seven new subspecies of butterflies from China. Studies of Chinese Butterflies, 2, 43 - 111, pl. 9 - 27. [in Japanese with English descriptions]","Racheli, T. & Cotton, A. M. (2009) Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Papilionidae. Part I. Omnes Artes, Milano, 70 pp.","Wang, X. & Gu, M. B. (2017) Species of butterflies and its host in Nanling National Nature Reserve. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology, 36, 37 - 45."]}

Lispe candicans Kowarz, 1892 (Figs. 1 D; 3 E; 4 H, I, L; 12; 13; 31 G, H) Lispa candicans Kowarz, 1892: 36; Becker, 1903: 112. Lispa candicans var. obscurior Strobl, 1893: 108. Lispa uroleuca Pandelle, 1899: 133. Lispe candicans Kowarz: Hennig, 1960: 425; Pont, 1980: 751; Pont, 1986: 185. Material examined. 1 male, France: Palavas, 1900, Coll. Villeneuve; 1 male, France: Palavas, 28.VI. 1919; 1 female, France: Chaville, Coll. Baudouin. All in MBFU. Remarks. Compared with other species in the group, the WIPs of this species is less vivid (Figs. 31 G, H), yet with more color bands (green, blue, magenta, green, blue and magenta) at posterior part of the wing in male and with bands of same color sequences but different width in female. Distribution. Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Gambia, France, Mozambique., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Kowarz, F. (1892) Die europaischen Arten der Dipterengattung Lispa Latr. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 11, 33 - 54.","Becker, T. (1903) Aegyptische Dipteren. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 2, 67 - 195.","Strobl, P. G. (1893) Beitrage zur Dipterenfauna des osterreichischen littorale. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 12, 89 - 108.","Pandelle, L. (1899) Etudes sur les Muscides de France (III e partie) [cont.]. Revue Francaise d'Entomologie, 18 (special pagination), 121 - 208.","Hennig, W. (1960) Family Muscidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 63 b. Lieferung 209. Stuttgart, pp. 399 - 460.","Pont, A. C. (1980) Family Muscidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 750 - 752.","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 11. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 184 - 191."]}

Lispe lanceoseta Wang & Fan in Wang et al., 1981 (Figs. 1 G; 20���22) Lispe lanceoseta Wang & Fan in Wang et al., 1981: 253; Pont, 1986: 187; Fan, 1992: 371; Xue & Chao, 1996: 1002; Xue & Zhang, 2005: 119; Zhang et al., 2005: 356 Material examined. Type material. PARATYPES, 1 male, labeled (1) Hequ county/ (19) 78. VII. 17 [handwritten in Chinese]; (2) PARATYPE / Lispe lanceoseta Wang et Fan, 1980 [red label with broad margin, first line printed, second line handwritten]; (3) Hequ liuying nov. sp. [handwritten, the original but unused Chinese name of the species]; 1 female, labeled (1) Hequ county/ (19) 78. VII. 17 [handwritten in Chinese]; (2) PARATYPE / Lispe lanceoseta Wang et Fan, 1980 [red label with broad margin, first line printed, second line handwritten]. Both in SEMCAS. Redescription. Male. Body length: 4.9 ���5.0 mm (Fig. 20 A). Head (Fig. 20 C): Eye bare, facet a little expanded on anterior margin in median part; frons broad on median part, becoming narrow anteriorly; frontal vitta, frontal triangle and frontal-orbital plate with obvious boundary; frontal vitta dark brown; frontal-orbital plate and frontal triangle with grey pollinosity; median part of frontal triangle about 0.3 times as wide as frontal-orbital plate, upper orbital setae 1, frontal setae 3 and with 1 row of short setae on outer part; parafacial bare, about as wide as postpedicel; facial ridge low, concave; antenna black, with greyish pollinosity, postpedicel slightly longer than pedicel, arista plumose, longest setula longer than width of postpedicel; face planate, without facial carina, epistoma not projecting; vibrissa absent; genal height about 1 / 10 of eye height; proboscis short, labella small; palpi big and yellow, compressed, towards apex expanded, outer surface setulose apically. Thorax: Ground color black with dense grey pollinosity; acr 0+ 1 (setula-like); presutural 4���5 rows of acrostichal setulae; dc 2 + 3 (developed); ia 0+ 2; without pra; katepisternal setae 1 + 2. Wings: hyaline; veins towards apex becoming more yellowish brown; vein R 4 + 5 parallel to M 1 + 2; calypteres white, the lower one about 2 times as long as the upper one; haltere yellowish. Legs: Black except knees yellowish brown; with grey pollinosity; fore legs short; fore femur with sparse pv in basal 2 / 3; fore tibia with 1 preapical ad, first tarsomere slightly longer than other segments of tarsis; mid femur with strong av on apical 1 / 2; mid tibia with 1 short weak ad and 1 short weak pd in apical 1 / 3, with apically willowleaf-like av and pv spines (Figs 20 B; 21 C); mid tarsi greyish yellow; hind femur with av in basal 3 / 4; hind tibia with 1 submedian ad; first hind tarsomere short, slightly swollen, with sharp apex, equal to summed length of other tarsomeres, with dense and curved bristles on the anterior dorsal margin (Figs. 1 G; 21 D). Abdomen (Fig. 20 D): Ground color black, oval; tergites 3���5 dusted with brown patches on anterolateral margin, tergite 5 with 2 lateral discal setae and 1 postmarginal seta; epandrium black with central white patches. Female. Body length 6.3���6.5 mm (Fig. 22 A). General characters as in male but differing from male in: median part of frons about 1 / 2 the head-width; frontal vitta with brownish yellow pollinosity; frontal triangle broader than male; vibrissa medium long; genal height about 1 / 7 of eye height; palpi distinctly spoon-shaped; thorax with yellow pollinosity; legs grey except knees brown; 1 / 2 basal fore tibia and 1 / 2 basal hind tabia yellow; fore femur with longer pv than male; mid tibia with 1 submedian ad and pd, without specialized spines; hind femur with 2 preapical av; hind tibia with 1 submedian ad; hind tarsi regular; abdomen without patches (Fig. 22 C). Remarks. In contrast with other species from this group, male of L. lanceoseta is distinctively special in: face and antenna short; arista short yet plumose; apex of mid tibia with willowleaf-like av and pv spines; and first hind tarsomere with a sharp and pointy apex, only anterodorsal margin covered with curved bristles. The original yet unused Chinese name of the species is ���Hequ liuying���, which is given after its type locality. Now its admitted Chinese name is ���Liuye liuying���, which stands for the willowleaf-like spines on mid tibia. Distribution. China (Shanxi)., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Wang, C. J., Lu, Y. L., Chen, Z. Z. & Fan, Z. D. (1981) Four new calypterate flies from Shanxi, China (Diptera: Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae). Contributions-Shanghai Institute of Entomology, 2, 253 - 258. [In Chinese with English summary]","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 11. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 184 - 191.","Fan, Z. D. (1992) Key to the Common Flies of China. Second Revised Edition. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 369 - 372. [in Chinese with English summary]","Xue, W. Q. & Chao, C. M. (1996) Flies of China. Vol. 1. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 809 - 835. [In Chinese with English summary]"]}

Lispe caesia microchaeta S��guy, 1940 (Figs. 1 C; 2 B; 3 C; 4 G, I,K; 10; 11; 30 B; 31 E, F) Lispa caesia microchaeta S��guy, 1940: 342; Hennig, 1960: 424; Pont, 1986: 185; Xue & Zhang, 2005: 119; Zhang et al., 2005: 356 Lispe caesia caesia Meigen: Fan, 1992: 371; Xue & Chao, 1996: 995. [misidentified] Material examined. 1 female, China: Xinjiang: Mt. Aerjin, 11.VIII. 1988, Coll. X.Z. Zhang; 9 males and 2 females, China: Xinjiang: Altay City: Kalamaili Nature Reserve, 14���17.VIII. 2009, Coll. D. Zhang; 11 males, China: Liaoning: Jingzhou, 9.VIII. 2014, Coll. X.Y. Li. All deposited in MBFU. Redescription. Male. Body length: 6.0��� 6.5 mm. Head (Figs. 10 C, D, E): Eye bare, facet a little expanded on anterior margin in median part; frons broad in median part, becoming narrow anteriorly, median part about 0.32��� 0.35 times of head-width; frontal vitta, frontal triangle and frontal-orbital plate with obvious boundary; frons, face, gena and antenna with silvery pollinosity; upper orbital setae 1, frontal setae 3 and with 1 row of short setae on outer part; parafacial bare, about as wide as postpedicel; facial ridge low, concave; antenna dark brown, postpedicel about 3.2���3.4 times as long as broad (1.6���1.8 times as long as pedicel), arista plumose, the longest setula equal to width of postpedicel; face planate, without facial carina; epistoma not projecting to vibrissal angle; vibrissa weak, shorter than length of distance between them; genal height about 1 / 7 of eye height; postocular setae 4 rows, posterior 2 rows situated in occiput; postgena with black setulae; proboscis short, labella small, with 2 prestomal teeth on posterior margin; prementum shinning; palpi yellow, compressed, becoming spoon-shaped apically, apical inner surface setulose and outer surface bare, outer surface with silvery pollinosity. Thorax: Ground color black with dense silver grey pollinosity; acr 0+ 1 (thin); presutural 5 rows of acrostichal setulae; dc 2 + 3; ia 0+ 2, without pra; basal and apical scutellar setae all developed; scutellum bare on lateral surfaces and underneath; notopleuron bare; the median part of anepimeron with numerous bristles; prosternum, meron and katepimeron bare; spiracles brown, posterior one small and with 4 or 5 setae on posterior lower margin; katepisternal setae 1 + 2. Wings: Slightly hyaline; veins becoming brown towards apex; tegula brown; basicosta and subcostal sclerite yellow; costal spine unobvious; vein C with ventral setulae; other veins bare; vein R 4 + 5, M and crossvein dm-cu straight; calypteres white; haltere tawny; WIPs with color bands not entirely demarcated (blue, magenta, red and yellow) at posterior part of the wing, of which red band narrow (Figs. 31 E, F). Legs: Black except knees yellow, with densely silver grey pollinosity; fore femur with 1 elongated pv row; fore tibia with 1 submedian pv; mid tibia with 1 submedian ad and 1 submedian pv; hind femur with 1 ad row, with 3 elongated v on apical half; hind tibia with 1 apical d; first hind tarsomere dictinctly swollen, becoming spindleshaped (Fig. 1 B), swollen part with close-set elongated ventral setulae (sword-shaped) (Fig. 30 B); swollen tarsomere shorter than the summed length of other tarsomeres; tarsi shorter than tibiae; claws and pulvilli small. Abdomen: Ground color black, oval, with grey pollinosity; tergites silver grey, tergite 3 with small faint patches, tergite 4 dusted with large triangular brown patches on sides, tergite 5 with pair of large brown venteral patches (Fig. 10 B). Female. Body length 6.4���6.6 mm. General characters as in male but differing from male in: frons about 0.31 times of head-width at median part; upper orbital setae 2; vibrissa developed; hind femur with 4 elongated setulae on venter; first hind tarsomere not swollen; tergite 4 with larger patches, tergite 5 without patches (Fig. 11 E), tergite 7 divided medially, fused with sternite 7; sternite 7 stongly sclerotized, with median lobe, sternite 8 absent. Distribution. China (Liaoning Xinjiang), Spanish Sahara., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Seguy, E. (1940) Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Vol. 2 (12). Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 342 pp.","Hennig, W. (1960) Family Muscidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 63 b. Lieferung 209. Stuttgart, pp. 399 - 460.","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 11. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 184 - 191.","Fan, Z. D. (1992) Key to the Common Flies of China. Second Revised Edition. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 369 - 372. [in Chinese with English summary]","Xue, W. Q. & Chao, C. M. (1996) Flies of China. Vol. 1. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 809 - 835. [In Chinese with English summary]"]}

Lispe palawanensis Shinonaga & Kano, 1989 (Figs. 1 I, 26) Lispe palawanensis Shinonaga & Kano, 1989: 818. Material examined. Type material. PARATYPE, 1 male, labeled (1) PHILIPPINES:/ Antipolo Beach/ Palawan/ 1.XI. 1975 [printed]; (2) Collecter/ H. Kurahashi [printed]; (3) Lispe palawanensis Shinonaga et Kano sp. nov., 1988; (4) Paratype [printed on yellow label]; in MNHN. Remarks. The species is similar to L. aquamarina but differs in having dark brown palpi and obvious boundary between frontal vitta, frontal triangle and frontal-orbital plate. Also, the swollen tarsi of two species are quite different: much more enlarged entirely in L. aquamarina (Fig. 1 A) while only with a fringe and in a smaller size in L. palawanensis (Fig. 1 I). For detailed description of L. palawanensis see Shinonaga & Kano (1989). Distribution. Philippines., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Shinonaga, S. & Kano R. (1989) Four New Species of Lispe (Diptera, Muscidae) from the Oriental Region. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 57 (4), 815 - 821."]}

Lispe leucocephala Loew, 1856 (Figs. 1 H; 23���25; 31 KL) Lispa leucocephala Loew, 1856: 49. Lispe leucocephala Loew: Hennig, 1960: 438; Pont, 1986: 187. Lispe frontalis Zielke, 1972: 148. syn. nov. Lispe frontalis Zielke: Pont, 1980: 751. Material examined. Type material. HOLOTYPE of Lispe frontalis Zielke, male, labeled (1) MADAGASCAR Maj./ Amborovy/ 28.VI. 58 / F.KEISER [printed]; (2) Lispe frontalis n. sp. ♂/ det. E. Zielke 1970 [handwritten]; (3) HOLOTYPUS [printed on red label]; in MNHN. SYNTYPES of Lispe leucocephala, 1 male, labeled (1) Aegypten / Frauenf. [handwritten]; (2) Coll. H. Loew [printed]; (3) Zool. Mus. Berlin [printed]; (4) Cotypus/ Nr. [printed on red label with broad margin]; 1 female, labeled (1) Suez/ Frauenf [handwritten]; (2) Coll. H. Loew [printed]; (3) Zool. Mus. Berlin [printed]; (4) leucocephala Lw. / det. Becker [first line handwriten, second line printed]; (5) Cotypus/ Nr. [printed on red label with broad margin]. Both in ZMHU. Redescription. Male. Body length 4.9���5.3 mm. Head (Figs. 23 B, C): Eye bare, facet slightly expanded on anterior margin in median part; frons broad on vertex, becoming narrow anteriorly, median part about 0.37���0.39 times of head-width; frontal vitta, frontal triangle and frontal-orbital plate with obvious boundary; frons, face and gena with silver grey pollinosity; upper orbital setae 2, frontal setae 2 and with 1 short setae row on outer part; parafacial bare, slightly shorter than width of postpedicel; facial ridge low, slightly concave; antenna grey and small, postpedicel about 1.5���1.7 times as long as broad (1.1���1.3 times as long as pedicel), arista plumose, longest setula shorter than width of postpedicel; face planate, without facial carina; epistoma not projecting to vibrissal angle; vibrissa absent; genal height about 1 / 3 of eye height; postocular setae 3 rows, posteriormost row situated in occiput; postgena with black setulae; proboscis short, labella small, with 2 prestomal teeth on posterior margin, prementum shinning; palpi yellow, compressed, expanded in distal part, towards apex becoming spoon-shaped, both inner and outer surfaces slightly setulose on apex. Thorax: Ground color black with dense silver grey pollinosity; scutellum with brown pollinosity on posterior; acr 0+ 1 (thin); presutural 5 rows of acrostichal setulae; dc 2 + 3; ia 0+ 2; without pra; basal and apical scutellar setae all developed; scutellum bare on lateral surfaces and underneath; notopleuron bare; anepimeron with numerous hairs; prosternum, meron and katepimeron bare; spiracles brown, posterior one small; katepisternal setae 1 + 2. Wing: WIPs without continuous demarcated bands, but with large yellow portion at posterior part (Fig. 31 K). Legs: Black but knees yellow, with dense silver grey pollinosity; fore tibia with 1 submedian d; mid tibia with 1 preapical ad; hind femur with 1 developed ad row and 1 developed pv row; hind tibia with 1 submedian pv, 1 preapical v; first hind tarsomere distinctly swollen, with ventral tuft (Fig. 1 H). Abdomen: Oval; with silver grey pollinosity; tergites without any patches (Fig. 23 D). Female. Body length 5.1���5.3 mm (Fig. 25 A). General characters as in male but differing from male in: vibrissa present but weak; genal height about 1 / 4 of eye height; thorax with brown pollinosity; antenna with dark brown pollinosity; WIPs with large yellow portion and some cyan portion; fore tibia with 1 submedian pd; hind tibia with 1 median ad, 1 submedian av and 1 strong preapical d; first hind tarsomere not swollen. Remarks. Zielke (1972) described L. frontalis as a new species from Madagascar but did not provide any illustrations. When examining the holotype of L. frontalis and the syntypes of L. leucocephala, we found they share with the same distinctive characters in male: face, gena and frontal vitta all with silvery grey pollinosity; antenna grey and small, postpedicel about 1.5���1.7 times as long as broad (1.1���1.3 times as long as pedicel); vibrissa absent; swollen hind tarsi in same shape; abdomen with grey pollinosity and without patches. The holotype of L. frontalis lost the abdominal pollinosity but according to the original description its abdomen is ���uniformly grey dusted without any dark pattern���. Therefore, we are confident that L. frontalis should be a junior synonymy of L. leucocephala. Distribution. Egypt, Madagascar., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Loew, H. (1856) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Dipteren. Vierter Beitrag. Programm Koniglichen Realschule zu Meseritz, 1856, 1 - 49.","Hennig, W. (1960) Family Muscidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 63 b. Lieferung 209. Stuttgart, pp. 399 - 460.","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 11. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 184 - 191.","Zielke, E. (1972) New Muscidae Species from Madagascar (Diptera). Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 82 (1), 145 - 163.","Pont, A. C. (1980) Family Muscidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 750 - 752."]}

Lispe hirsutipes Mou in Fan, 1992 (Fig. 19) Lispe hirsutipes Mou in Fan, 1992: 371; Xue & Chao, 1996: 997; Xue & Zhang, 2005: 125; Zhang et al., 2005: 356. Remarks. The type specimens are deposited in Jinzhou Municipal Health and Anti-epidemic Station. We could not contact the author, and no additional infomation was publised after that. Mou in Fan (1992) noted that ���Related to Lispe patellitarsis Becker, in present new species however the wing clear at apical part, hind metatarsus narrower and densely with long fringes on basal third of hind tibia ventrally and postventrally, hind tibia also with a row of av setae���. Here we also adpated the original figures of male terminalia and hind leg from Mou in Fan (1992) (Fig. 19). Distribution. China (Liaoning)., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Fan, Z. D. (1992) Key to the Common Flies of China. Second Revised Edition. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 369 - 372. [in Chinese with English summary]","Xue, W. Q. & Chao, C. M. (1996) Flies of China. Vol. 1. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 809 - 835. [In Chinese with English summary]"]}

Lispe caesia caesia Meigen, 1826 (Figs. 1 B; 3 B; 4 B, D, F; 8; 9; 31 C, D) Lispe caesia Meigen, 1826: 228; Hennig, 1960: 423; Pont, 1986: 185. Lispe crassiuscula Loew, 1847: 31. Lispa convexiuscula Kowarz, 1892: 48. Lispa odessae Becker, 1904: 37; Hennig, 1960: 449. Material examined. Type material. HOLOTYPE female, labeled (1) Lispe caesia [handwritten]; (2) Meigen [handwritten]; in MNHN. Additonal material: 1 male, Italy: Sardegna Island, 7.VIII. 1955, Coll. A.G. Soika; 1 male, Spain: Tabarca Island, 1908; 1 male, France: Palavas, 28.VI. 1919; 1 female, Turkey, 26.V. 1961, Coll. A.G. Soika; in MBFU. Remarks. WIPs of this subspeices includes 4 color bands (magenta, green, blue and magenta) at posterior part of the wing in both male and female, of which the second magenta band is narrow (Figs, 31 C, D). For major differences between males of L. caesia caesia and L. caesia microchaeta see the key above. Distribution. Algeria, Egypt, France, Israel, Italy, Libya, Morocco, Russia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Meigen, J. W. (1826) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Vol. 5. Funfter Theil. Schulz-Wundermann, Hamm, 228 pp.","Hennig, W. (1960) Family Muscidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 63 b. Lieferung 209. Stuttgart, pp. 399 - 460.","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 11. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 184 - 191.","Loew, H. (1847) Ein Paar neue Fliegen zum neuen Jahre. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 8, 23 - 32.","Kowarz, F. (1892) Die europaischen Arten der Dipterengattung Lispa Latr. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 11, 33 - 54.","Becker, T. (1904) Die palaarktischen Formen der Dipterengattung Lispa Latr. Zeitschrift fuer Entomologie Breslau, 29, 1 - 70."]}

Lispe aquamarina Shinonaga & Kano, 1983 (Figs. 1 A; 2 A; 3 A; 4 A, C, E; 5���7; 30 A; 31 A, B) Lispe aquamarina Shinonaga & Kano, 1983: 84; Xue & Zhang, 2005: 126; Zhang et al., 2005: 356. Lispe argenteiceps Ma & Mou in Fan, 1992: 370; Xue & Chao, 1996: 994. Material examined. 40 males and 25 females, China: Liaoning: Dalian, 11.VIII. 2003, Coll. D. Zhang and R.R. Wang; 1 male and 1 female, same location as above, 12.VIII. 2003, Coll. D. Zhang and R.R. Wang. All in MBFU. Redescription. Male. Body length 5.5 ���6.0 mm. Head (Figs. 5 B, C, D): Eye bare, facet slightly expanded on anterior margin in median part; frons broad on vertex, becoming narrow anteriorly, median part about 0.33���0.35 times of head-width; frontal vitta, frontal triangle and frontal-orbital plate without obvious boundary; frons, face, gena and antenna with silvery pollinosity; upper orbital setae 2, frontal setae 2 and with 1 row of short setae on outer part; parafacial bare, about as wide as postpedicel; facial ridge low, slightly concave; antenna dark brown, postpedicel about 2.8 ���3.0 times as long as broad (2.2���2.4 times as long as pedicel), arista plumose, the longest setula equal to width of postpedicel; face planate, without facial carina; epistoma not projecting to vibrissal angle; vibrissa weak, shorter than length of distance between them; genal height about 1 / 5 of eye height; postocular setae 3 rows, posteriormost 1 row situated in occiput; postgena with black setulae; proboscis short, labella small, with 2 prestomal teeth on posterior margin, prementum shinning; palpi yellowish, compressed, expanded in distal part, spoon-shaped apically, apical inner surface setulose and outer surface bare. Thorax: Ground color black with dense silver grey pollinosity; scutellum with brown pollinosity; acr 0+ 1 (thin); presutural 5 or 6 rows of acrostichal setulae; dc 2 + 3; ia 0+ 2, without pra; basal and apical scutellar setae all developed; scutellum bare on lateral surfaces and underneath; notopleuron bare; median part of anepimeron with numerous bristles; prosternum, meron and katepimeron bare; spiracles brown, posterior one small and with 4 or 5 setae on posterior lower margin; katepisternal setae 1 + 2. Wings: Slightly hyaline; veins of wing becoming brown apically; tegula and basicosta dark brown; subcostal sclerite yellow; costal spine about as long as crossvein r���m; vein C with ventral setulae; other veins bare; vein R 4 + 5, M and crossvein dm-cu straight; calypteres yellowish; halteres dark brown; WIPs with 3 clearly demarcated color bands (green, blue and magenta) evenly distributed at posterior part of the wing (Figs. 31 A, B). Legs: Black except distal 1 / 5 of fore tibia and knees yellow, with dense silver grey pollinosity; fore tibia without p seta; mid femur with 1 pv row which elongated on basal part, with 1 or 2 preapical pd; mid tibia without ad, with 1 strong preapical d and 1 median p; hind femur with 1 submedian av and 2 or 3 elongated pv in basal l/ 3; hind tibia with 1 submedian av, 1 ad and 1 preapical d; first hind tarsomere swollen and shortened (Figs. 1 A; 30 A), with dense and long setulae ventrally, elongate to the basal half of second hind tarsomere, with a smoothly bare ventral surface on basal part (Fig. 30 B), shorter than summed length of other tarsomeres; tarsi shorter than tibia, claws and pulvilli small. Abdomen: (Fig. 5 E) Ground color black, oval, with grey pollinosity; syntergite 1 + 2 black, tergites 3 and 4 dusted with large triangular lateral black patch on each side, tergite 5 with pair of large black patches on anterior margin. Female. Body length 7.0��� 7.4 mm. General characters as in male but differing from male in: frons about 0.36��� 0.38 times of head-width at median part; frons, face, gena and antenna with brown pollinosity (Figs. 7 B, C); palpi brown; thorax with brown pollinosity; WIPs with 4 color bands (green, blue, magenta and yellow) at posterior part of the wing, of which green band larger and yellow band narrower; hind femur with 4 or 5 strong pv in basal 1 / 2; first hind tarsomere not swollen; tergite 5 with brownish yellow pollinosity, without patches., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on pages 48-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Shinonaga, S. & Kano, R. (1983) Two New Species and A Newly Record Subspecies of the Genus Lispe Latreille from Japan with A Key to Japanese Speciese (Diptera, Muscidae). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 34 (2), 83 - 88.","Fan, Z. D. (1992) Key to the Common Flies of China. Second Revised Edition. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 369 - 372. [in Chinese with English summary]","Xue, W. Q. & Chao, C. M. (1996) Flies of China. Vol. 1. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 809 - 835. [In Chinese with English summary]"]}

Lispe patellitarsis Becker, 1914 (Figs. 1 J; 2 D; 27���29; 31 M, N) Lispa patellitarsis Becker, 1914: 87. Lispe hamanae Hori & Kurahashi, 1966: 101. Lispe patellitarsis Becker: Fan, 1992: 371; Xue & Chao, 1996: 1006; Xue & Zhang, 2005: 119; Zhang et al., 2005: 356. Material examined. 1 male, China: Guangdong: Zhanjiang, 19.XI. 1982, Coll. A.M. Yao; 2 males and 1 female, China: Liaoning: Jingzhou, 9.VIII. 2014, Coll. X.Y. Li. All in MBFU. Redescription. Male. Body length: 5.1���5.3 mm. Head (Figs. 27 B, C, D): Eye bare, facet expanded on anterior margin in median part, about 2.0 times of upper part of the facet; frons broad on vertex, towards anterior becoming narrow, median part about 0.28���0.31 times of head-width; frontal vitta, frontal triangle and frontal-orbital plate with obvious boundary; fronto-orbital plate, parafacial plate and gena with dense silvery grey pollinosity; frontal vitta black, without pollinosity, about 1.8 times as wide as fronto-orbital plate, frontal triangle distinctly broad, gloss black, without pollinosity, reaching to lunule, upper orbital setae 2, frontal setae 5 and with 1 setae row on outer part; parafacial bare, about 4 / 5 wide as postpedicel; facial ridge a little projecting, concave; postpedicel dark brown, about 2.9���3.3 times as long as broad (1.5���1.7 times as long as pedicel), arista ciliated, longest setula equal to 1 / 4 width of postpedicel; face furvous, planate, without facial carina; epistoma not projecting to vibrissal angle; vibrissa weak, equal to length of distance between them; gena with 1 row of up-dip setae on anterior upper margin; genal height about 1 / 5 of eye height; postocular setae 3 rows, posteriormost row situated in occiput; postgena with black setulae; proboscis short, labella small, with 2 prestomal teeth on posterior margin, prementum shinning; palpi brownish black, compressed, towards apex becoming spoon-shaped, on apex inner surface setulose and outer surface bare. Thorax: Ground color black with dense silvery grey pollinosity; acr 0+ 1 (trichoid), presutural 7���8 rows of acrostichal setulae; dc 0+ 1; ia 0+ 2; without pra; basal and apical scutellar setae all developed; scutellum bare on lateral surfaces and underneath; notopleuron bare; anepimeron with numerous bristles; prosternum, meron and katepimeron bare; anterior spiracle yellow, posterior spiracle brown and small and with 2 or 3 setae on posterior lower margin; katepisternal setae 1 + 2. Wings: Brown; slightly hyaline; veins becoming brown apically; tegula, basicosta and subcostal sclerite brownish yellow; costal spine slightly shorter than vein r-m; vein C with ventral setulae; other veins bare; vein R 4 + 5, M and crossvein dm-cu straight; calypteres yellowish white; haltere yellow; cell r 2 + 3 with dark cloud; WIPs with 4 demarcated bands (blue, magenta, yellow and cyan), of which blue band large and cyan band narrow (Figs. 31 M, N). Legs: Black except basal femur; distal 1 / 4 of fore tibia, mid and hind tarsi and knees yellow; fore tibia with 1 submedian p; mid femur with 1 row of lodging pv; mid tibia with 1 submedian p; hind femur with short av and pv rows; hind tibia with 1 preapical av, 1 preapical ad and ad rows; first hind tarsomere dictinctly shortened and swollen, (Fig. 1 J), swollen part elongated to basal half of second hind tarsomere and with tuft; second hind tarsomere compressed, median part ridgy and jubate from posterior view; tarsi shorter than tibiae; claws and pulvilli small. Abdomen: Ground color black; oval; with dense grey pollinosity; tergites 1���3 with light black patches in the middle, tergite 4 with a large triangular lateral brown patches, tergite 5 dusted with brown patches on posterior margin (Fig. 27 F), 1 / 2 apex of tergite 5 with brown patches. Female. Body length 5.4���5.6 mm. General characters as in male but differing from male in: genal height about 1 / 4 of eye height; wing without cloud; first hind tarsomere not swollen; tergites 3 and 4 with median stripe (Fig. 29 D). Distribution. China (Guangdong, Liaoning), Japan, South Korea., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on pages 66-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Becker, T. (1914) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Th. Lispen und Phoriden (Dipt.). Supplementa Entomologica, 3, 80 - 90."]}

Lispe halophora Becker, 1903 (Figs. 1 F; 17; 18; 31 O) Lispa halophora Becker, 1903: 116. Lispe halophora Becker: Hennig, 1960: 436; Pont, 1986: 187. Material examined. Type material. SYNTYPES, 1 male, labeled (1) Alexandria/ 45033, V. [handwritten] [comment form Pont and Werner (2006): Becker notebooks: as for 45032, but 7 ex.]; (2) Lispa halophora Beck. 0 3 ♂ / Type / Th. Becker det. [first and second lines handwritten, third line printed]; (3) Typus [printed on red label]; (4) Zool. Mus. Berlin [printed]; 1 female, labeled (1) Alexandria/ 45032.V. [handwritten] [comment from Pont & Werner (2006): Becker notebooks: 3.V. 1899, Alexandria, near El Meks, on the bank of salt lake, not on the seashore, 4 ex.]; (2) Lispa halophora Beck. 0 3 ♀/ Type / Th. Becker det. [first and second lines handwritten, third line printed]; (3) Typus [printed on red label]; (4) Zool. Mus. Berlin [printed]. Both in ZMHU. Redescription. Male. Body length 6.2���6.4 mm (Fig. 17 A). Head (Figs. 17 B, C ): Eye bare, facet slightly expanded on anterior margin in median part; frons broad on vertex, becoming narrow anteriorly, median part about 0.33���0.34 times of head-width; frontal vitta and frontal-orbital plate with obvious boundary; frons, face and gena with dense silvery grey pollinosity; frontal vitta with thin silvery pollinosity, upper orbital setae 2, frontal setae 3 (developed) and with 5 short setae in 1 row on outer part; parafacial bare, slightly shorter than width of postpedicel; facial ridge low, slightly concave; antenna dark brown, pedicel with thin silvery pollinosity, postpedicel about 3.3��� 3.5 times as long as broad (1.9���2.1 times as long as pedicel), arista plumose, the longest setula equal to width of postpedicel; face planate, without facial carina; epistoma not projecting to vibrissal angle; vibrissae asymmetric, left one short while right one strong, right one longer than length of distance between them; genal height about 1 / 4 of eye height; postocular setae 3 rows, posteriormost row situated in occiput; postgena with black setulae; proboscis short, labella small, with 2 prestomal teeth on posterior margin, prementum shinning, about 5.3 times as long as broad; palpi dark grey, compressed, expanded in distal part, towards apex becoming spoon-shaped, both inner and outer surfaces setulose (more strongly than other species in the group) on apex. Thorax: Ground color black with dense silvery grey pollinosity; scutellum with brown pollinosity on posterior; acr 0+ 1 (thin); presutural 6 rows of acrostichal setulae; dc 2 + 3; ia 1 + 2, without pra; basal and apical scutellar setae all developed; scutellum bare on lateral surfaces and underneath; notopleuron bare; the median part of anepimeron with numerous bristles; prosternum, meron and katepimeron bare; spiracles brown, posterior one small and with 4 or 5 setae on posterior lower margin; katepisternal setae 1 + 2. Wings: Slightly hyaline; veins becoming brown apically; tegula and basicosta yellowish brown; subcostal sclerite yellow; costal spine about as long as crossvein r���m; vein C with ventral setulae; other veins bare; vein R 4 + 5, M and crossvein dm-cu straight; calypteres white; haltere yellowish; WIPs with 4 demarcated color bands (cyan, blue, magenta and yellow) at posterior part of the wing, of which yellow band at dominace (Fig. 30 O). Legs: Black except knees yellow; with dense silvery grey pollinosity; fore femur with 1 v row (which become shorter in basal 1 / 2) and 1 devoloped pd row; fore tibia with 1 preapical d and 1 apical ad; mid legs lost; hind femur with 1 av row (of which 4 setae on distal half developed), 1 developed pv row (of which 3 setae in basal 1 / 3 developed) and 1 close-set ad row; hind tibia with ununiformly-spaced short setulae rows on each surface, with 17- 19 different-sized developed setae in distal half on av and pv surfaces, with 1 developed preapical d; first hind tarsomere moderately swollen (Fig. 1 F), with 2 dense and long setulae rows on av surface, shorter than the summed length of other tarsomeres; tarsi shorter than tibia; claws and pulvilli small. Abdomen: (Fig. 17 D) Ground color black, oval, with silvery grey pollinosity; tergite 3 with brown patches, tergite 4 dusted with triangular dark brown patches on sides, tergite 5 with developed discal and marginal setae and pair of small dark brown patches on anterior margin which merge with patch on tergite 4. Female. Body length 6.6���6.8 mm. General characters as in male but differing from male in: frontal vitta, frontal-orbital plate and parafacial with brownish grey pollinosity; gena with silvery grey pollinosity; both vibrissae strong; fore tibia with 1 median p; mid femur with 1 comb-like av row and 5 developed pv in basal 1 / 3; mid tibia with 1 median ad, 1 median pd, 1 preapical ad and 1 apical d; hind tibia with 1 median ad, 2 v, 1 preapical d and 1 apical ad; first hind tarsomere not swollen. Distribution. Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on pages 57-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Becker, T. (1903) Aegyptische Dipteren. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 2, 67 - 195.","Hennig, W. (1960) Family Muscidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 63 b. Lieferung 209. Stuttgart, pp. 399 - 460.","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 11. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 184 - 191.","Pont, A. C. & Werner D. (2006) The Types of Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera) in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Humboldt- Universitatzu, Berlin, Germany. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 1, 3 - 139. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 200600001"]}

Lispe flavicornis Stein, 1909 (Figs. 1 E; 2 C; 3 E; 14���16; 30 C; 31 I, J) Lispa flavicornis Stein, 1909: 260. Lispa vidua Becker, 1914: 85. Lispe flavicornis Stein: Pont, 1977: 508; Xue & Chao, 1996: 997; Xue & Zhang, 2005: 119; Zhang et al., 2005: 356. Material examined. 7 males and 10 females, China: Guangdong: Nan���ao Island, 27.VII. 2013, Coll. W. Li & Y.Q. Ge; 8 males, same location as above, 13.VIII. 2014, Coll. W. Li. All in MBFU. Redescription. Male. Body length 5.2���5.6 mm. Head (Figs. 14 B, C, D): Eye bare, facet a little expanded on anterior margin in median part; frons broad in median part, becoming narrow anteriorly; median part about 0.33��� 0.35 times of head-width; frontal triangle with golden pollinosity; frontal vitta, frontal triangle and frontal-orbital plate with obvious boundary; frons, face and gena with silvery pollinosity; upper orbital setae 2, frontal setae 3 and with 1 row of short setae on outer part; parafacial bare, slightly shorter than width of postpedicel; facial ridge low, concave; antenna orange, postpedicel about 2.8 ���3.0 times as long as broad (1.4���1.6 times as long as pedicel), arista plumose, longest setula equal to width of postpedicel; face planate, without facial carina; epistoma not projecting to vibrissal angle; vibrissa strong, slightly longer than length of distance between them; genal height about 1 / 5 of eye height; postocular setae 3 rows, posteriormost row situated in occiput; postgena with black setulae; proboscis short; labella small, with 2 prestomal teeth on posterior margin, prementum shinning; palpi yellow, compressed, expanded in distal part, towards apex becoming spoon-shaped, both inner and outer surfaces sparsely setulose. Thorax: Ground color black with dense silver grey pollinosity except scutellum with brown pollinosity; acr 0+ 1 (thin); presutural 5 rows of acrostichal setulae; dc 2 + 3; ia 1 + 2, without pra; basal and apical scutellar setae all developed; scutellum bare on lateral surfaces and underneath; notopleuron bare; the median part of anepimeron with numerous bristles; prosternum, meron and katepimeron bare; spiracles brown, posterior one small and with 4 or 5 setae on posterior lower margin; katepisternal setae 1 + 2. Wings: Slightly hyaline; veins becoming brown apically; tegula, basicosta and subcostal sclerite yellow; costal spine unobvious; vein C with ventral setulae; other veins bare; vein R 4 + 5, M and crossvein dm-cu straight; calypteres white; haltere yellowish brown; cell r 2 + 3 usually with faint cloud; WIPs with 4 demarcated color bands (blue, magenta, red and yellow) at posterior part of the wing, of which magenta and red bands narrow (Figs. 31 I, J). Legs: Black except basal part of tibia and apical part of femur reddish; with dense silver grey pollinosity; fore femur with 1 pd row, 1 pv row and a elongated v; fore tibia with 1 developed pv; mid femur with 1 submedian pd; mid tibia with 1 pv, 1 preapical d; hind femur with 1 v row on basal half, 1 complete ad row; hind tibia with 1 preapical d and 1 submedian v; first hind tarsomere distinctly swollen (Figs 1 E; 30 C), with close-set elongated setulae at postoventral margins, shorter than the summed length of other tarsomeres; tarsi shorter than tibia; claws and pulvilli small. Abdomen: Ground color black, oval, with grey pollinosity; tergites 3 and 4 dusted with large triangular lateral brown patches on sides, tergite 5 with pair of small brown patches on both anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 14 E). Female. Body length 7.0��� 7.4 mm. General characters as in male but differing from male in: frons about 0.31��� 0.33 times of head-width at median part; face and gena with golden pollinosity; thorax entirely with brown pollinosity; apex of wing without cloud; first hind tarsomere not swollen (Fig. 16 A); abdomen with yellowish brown pollinosity throughout, tergite 5 with smaller patches. Remarks. According to Pont (1977), L. flavicornis was only recorded in Taiwan, China before. The specimen studied in this paper was collected on a salt pan in Nan���ao Island, Guangdong, China, at a similar latitude of Taiwan. Species from this group breed on salty mud rather than temperate habitats where some other speciesgroups, such as L. tentaculata group, multiply. This species is the most brightly colorful one in the group due to its orange postpedicel and golden frontal triangle in both sexes (in Fig. 16 the female���s postpedicel lost some orange pollinosity). Among 15 males, ten specimens are spotted in cell r 2 + 3 and 5 are not spotted, while none female is spotted. Distribution. China (Guangdong, Taiwan), Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Ge, Ying-Qiang, Li, Xin-Yu, Liu, Xian-Hui, Zhang, Ming & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Review of the Lispe caesia - group (Diptera: Muscidae) from Palaearctic and adjacent regions, with redescriptions and one new synonymy, pp. 43-72 in Zootaxa 4098 (1) on pages 55-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/257886, {"references":["Stein, P. (1909) Neue javanische Anthomyiden. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 52, 205 - 271.","Pont, A. C. (1977) Family Muscidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. 3. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Division Aschiza). University of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 507 - 511."]}

Fannia papei sp. nov. (Figs. 6���9) Description. MALE. Body length 3.75���4.10 mm. Eye with short and distant hairs; facets slightly enlarged on anterior margin in upper part; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with dense grayish-silvery pollinosity, frons almost as wide as the distance between two posterior ocelli at narrowest point; frontal vitta black, with brownishyellow pollinosity, the narrowest point narrower than the width of anterior ocellus; frontal setae eight or night, stout, nearly reaching ocellar triangle, orbital setae absent; postocular setae in one row, hair-like, occipital setae behind the postocular setae on vertex in one shorter row; parafacial bare, at middle about 1/3���2/3 as wide as the width of postpedicel; antenna black, postpedicel 1.70x to 2.00x as long as wide, arista black and short plumose, slightly swollen in basal part, the longest individual hair shorter than basal aristal width, epistoma not projecting beyond vibrissal angle, vibrissal angle beyond frontal angle in profile; subvibrissal setae in one row, lateral with one short row of setae; gena and genal dilation with fine black setae; gena with grayish-brown pollinosity, upper margin of gena without upcurved seta; proboscis short, prementum shining, its length 2.00x as long as its width; palpus black, claviform, as long as or slightly shorter than the length of prementum. Thorax ground-color black, notum with grayish-brown pollinosity, without distinct vitta; presutural acr triserial, hair-like, only prescutellar pairs slightly stout, the distance between two outer acr rows narrower than the distance between acr and dc rows, dc 2+2(3), ia 0+2, pra 1, about 1/2���2/3 as long as posterior notopleural seta; scutellum with widely spread fine setae in the dorsal except median parts; notopleuron without seta; basisternum, proepisternum, anepimeron, meron and katepimeron bare; katepisternal setae 1+1, katepisternum without ventral spine; anterior spiracle brownish, posterior one brown; calypters brown with yellow margin, the lower one distinctly projecting beyond the upper one. Wing dark brown; veins dark brown; tegula black; basicosta dark brown; costal spine inconspicuous; node of Rs bare on ventral and dorsal surfaces; vein M straight, slightly parallel to vein R4+5 distally; vein r-m straight, crossveins without obvious cloud; haltere brown. Legs black except fore legs brown in basal part; fore femur with complete and stout pv and pd rows, with several upcurved p rows, fore tibia with one apical d; mid coxa without any hook-like spine or spine-like seta, mid femur with long and sparse av row in basal half, becoming gradually shorter towards apex, bare in subapical part, three or four short setae in apical part, pv row complete, slightly biserial in middle part, p row slender, mid tibia slightly swollen in distal 1/3, with two or three ad and two pd, and with numerous slender setae on ventral surface, mid first tarsomere without basal tooth-like spine on ventral surface; hind coxa with one long seta on posterior surface, hind femur with one long av row and one short pv row, in distal 1/3 from the posteroventral to posterior surface bare, hind tibia with two av, one ad and two d. Abdomen long, depressed and flattened, with dense grayish-white pollinosity; syntergite 1+2 to tergite 4 each with one median inverted triangular vitta, tergite 5 with one narrow median stripe, each tergite with long marginal setae; sternite 1 with setae, sternite 5 profoundly indented on posterior margin and covered with setae (Fig. 8C); cercus elongate, concave on the median line, from lateral view slightly curved towards ventral (Figs. 8A, B), surstylus becoming slightly broader towards apex (Fig. 8B), bacilliform process absent. FEMALE. Body length 3.70���4.00 mm. Fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with dense brownish-gray pollinosity; frons at middle about 2/5 as wide as the distance between the width of head; frontal vitta at narrowest point about 6.00x as wide as the width of anterior ocellus; frontal setae five or six, upper orbital setae two. Thorax presutural acr biserial; calypters brownish-yellow. Wing basicosta brownish-yellow; costal spine conspicuous. Legs entirely black; mid femur with complete and hair-like av row, with short pv in basal half, mid tibia with one ad, two or three pd; hind femur with one av row in basal 1/3 (with three or four stout), pv inconspicuous, hind tibia with one av. Abdomen with thin gray pollinosity, without obviously mark; sternite 1 bare; terminalia see fig. 9. Other morphological characteristics are similar to those of the male. Remarks. This new species resembles F. nigriclara Zhang & Xue, 1993 but differs from it by having parafacial about 1/3���2/3 as wide as the width of postpedicel; palpus as long as or slightly shorter than prementum; presutural acr triserial; calypters brown; mid tibia with two or three ad; hind coxa with one long seta on posterior surface; hind tibia with one ad; male sternite 5 slightly narrower and cercus slightly straight. Type material examined. Holotype ♂, Beijing: Yanqing, Mt. Songshan, 12.VI.2010, Coll. D. Zhang (MBFU); paratypes 4♂, 2♀, the same data as holotype (MBFU). Etymology. The new species is named after Dr. Thomas Pape in honor of his outstanding work on Calyptratae. Distribution. Paleactic: China (Beijing)., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Li, Wei, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Ming-Fu & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Beijing, China, with key and description of one new species, pp. 401-414 in Zootaxa 4079 (4) on pages 410-412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1050841, {"references":["Zhang, L. F. & Xue, W. Q. (1993) A new species of the genus Fannia from Liaoning, China (Diptera: Fanniidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 18 (1), 85 - 86. [In Chinese with English abstract]"]}

Zhang, Dong, Li, Wei, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Ming-Fu, Wang, Rong-Rong (2016): Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Beijing, China, with key and description of one new species. Zootaxa 4079 (4): 401-414, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.1

Fannia dupla Nishida, 1974 (Fig. 4) Fannia dupla Nishida, 1974: 205. Type locality: Japan, Ishikawa, Kanazawa, Mt. I��zen. Fannia dupla: Pont 1977: 448; Pont 1986: 47; Nishida 1994: 82; Xue & Wang 1998: 816; Lin & Chen 1999: 108; Wang & Xue 2002: 56; Su & Wang 2004: 111. Redescription based on the specimens collected in Beijing, China. MALE. Body length 4.00���5.00 mm. Eye bare; facets slightly enlarged on anterior margin in upper part; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with grayishsilvery pollinosity; frons slightly narrower than the distance between two posterior ocelli at narrowest point; frontal vitta black, linear at narrowest point; frontal setae twelve to fifteen, long, nearly reaching ocellar triangle; orbital setae absent; postocular setae in one row, short and neatly arranged, without occipital seta behind the postocular setae on vertex; parafacial bare, at middle about 2/5 as wide as the width of postpedicel; antenna brown, postpedicel about 2.00x longer than wide, arista black and short plumose, slightly swollen in basal part, the longest individual hair shorter than aristal base; epistoma about at the same level of vibrissal angle, vibrissal angle behind frontal angle in profile; subvibrissal setae in one row, lateral with three or four fine setae; gena and genal dilation with fine black setae, upper margin of gena without upcurved seta; prementum with thin grayish-yellow pollinosity, its length about 2.00x as long as its width; palpus black, claviform, slightly longer than the length of prementum. Thorax ground-color black, notum with dark brown pollinosity, without distinct vitta; presutural acr triserial, hairlike, only prescutellar pairs long, dc 2+3, ia 0+2, pra 2 (fine but distinct), the anterior one about 1/3 as long as posterior notopleural seta; notopleuron without seta; basisternum, proepisternum, anepimeron, meron and katepimeron bare; katepisternal setae 1+1, katepisternum with some slightly straight setae and without ventral spine; anterior spiracle yellowish, posterior one brown; calypters brownish with dark brown margin, the lower one distinctly projecting beyond the upper one. Wing brown; veins dark brown; tegula black; basicosta dark brown; costal spine inconspicuous; node of Rs bare on ventral and dorsal surfaces; vein M straight, slightly close to vein R4+5 distally; crossveins without obvious cloud; haltere yellowish-brown. Legs black; fore coxa without anterior spine on ventral surface, fore femur with complete pv row, fore tibia without ad and median p, with two median pv; mid coxa without hook-like spine or spine-like seta, mid femur with stout av row in basal part, becoming short and comb-like setae row in distal 1/3, with complete pv row, slightly biserial in median part, mid tibia with one ad, one or two pd, the longest one shorter than mid tibial width in distal part, mid first tarsomere without basal tooth-like spine on ventral surface; hind coxa with one long seta on posterior surface, hind femur with a short av row in basal 2/3, with two stout setae in distal 1/3, without pv row, hind tibia with three to five av, four or five ad and two pd. Abdomen oval and flattened, ground-color black, with dense grayish-brown pollinosity; syntergite 1+2 to tergite 4 each with one broad median inverted triangular vitta, tergite 5 with one narrow median stripe; sternite 1 bare; terminalia see Nishida (1974: 206). FEMALE. Unknown. Material examined. CHINA: Beijing: 2♂, Yanqing, Mt. Songshan, 31.V.2009, Coll. D. Zhang (MBFU). Distribution. Palearctic: China (Beijing, new record from mainland China), Japan; Oriental: China (Taiwan)., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Li, Wei, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Ming-Fu & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Beijing, China, with key and description of one new species, pp. 401-414 in Zootaxa 4079 (4) on pages 406-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1050841, {"references":["Nishida, K. (1974) Studies on the species of Fanniinae (Diptera: Muscidae) from Japan. II. One new species from Japan and Taiwan, and four newly recorded species of genus Fannia from Japan. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 25 (3), 205 - 210.","Pont, A. C. (1977) Family Fanniidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A catalog of Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. 3. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Division Aschiza). University of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 447 - 450.","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Scathophagidae - Hypodermatidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 11, pp. 41 - 57.","Nishida, K. (1994) The Fanniidae from Nepal (Diptera). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, Supplement 45, 81 - 97. [In English with Japanese abstract]","Xue, W. Q. & Wang, M. F. (1998) Fanniidae. In: Xue, W. Q. & Chao, C. M. (Eds.), Flies of China. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 809 - 835. [In Chinese with English abstract]","Lin, F. J. & Chen, J. S. (1999) Family Fanniidae. In: Lin, F. J & Chen, C. S. (Eds.), The name list of Taiwan Diptera. The Museum, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan, R. O. C., pp. 107 - 108. [In Chinese with English Title]","Wang, M. F. & Xue, W. Q. (2002) Taxonomic study on Fanniidae of China (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). In: Li, D. M., Kang, L., Wu, J. W. & Zhang, R. Z. (Eds.), Advance in entomology: proceedings of the 2002 ' conference organized by Entomological Society of China. Science and Technology Press of China, Beijing, pp. 54 - 59. [In Chinese]"]}

Fannia hirticeps (Stein, 1892) (Fig. 5) Homalomyia hirticeps Stein, 1892: 70. Type locality: Germany, near Genthin. Fannia hirticeps: Hennig 1955: 21; Chillcott 1961: 96; Zhang et al. 1984: 3; Pont 1986: 48; Wang & Wu 1996: 66; Rozkošný et al. 1997: 22; Xue & Wang 1998: 815; Wu & Wang 2002: 563; Su & Wang 2004: 111; Wang et al. 2004a: 34; Wang & Wang 2006: 63; Xue et al. 2006: 496; Domínguez & Roig-Juñent 2008: 577. Redescription based on the specimens collected in Beijing, China. MALE. Body length about 5.00 mm. Eye with long and dense brownish hairs; facets slightly enlarged on anterior margin in upper part; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with dense grayish-silvery pollinosity; frons about as wide as the distance between two posterior ocelli at narrowest point; frontal vitta black, with grayish-white pollinosity, linear at narrowest point; frontal setae six to eight, stout, situated on the lower 3/4 of frons, orbital setae absent; postocular setae short, in one row, with some occipital setae behind the postocular setae on vertex; parafacial bare, at middle about 0.75x to 1.00x as wide as the width of postpedicel; antenna black, postpedicel about 2.00x longer than wide, arista black, bare or short plumose, slightly swollen in basal part; epistoma about at the same level of vibrissal angle, vibrissal angle behind frontal angle in profile; subvibrissal setae in one row, lateral with one or two rows of short setae; gena and genal dilation with fine black setae, upper margin of gena without upcurved seta; prementum with thin grayish-yellow pollinosity, its length about 2.00x as long as its width; palpus black, claviform, as long as the length of prementum. Thorax ground-color black, notum with dense grayish-yellow pollinosity, without distinct vitta; presutural acr biserial, hair-like, only prescutellar pairs long, dc 2+3, ia 0+2, pra 1, stout, about 2/3 as long as the length of posterior notopleural seta; notopleuron without seta; basisternum, proepisternum, anepimeron, meron and katepimeron bare; katepisternal setae 1+1, katepisternum with some setae and without ventral spine; anterior spiracle yellowish, posterior one brown; calypters yellowish, the lower one equal in size to the upper one. Wing brown; veins dark brown; tegula black; basicosta yellowish-brown; costal spine inconspicuous; node of Rs bare on ventral and dorsal surfaces; vein M straight, slightly close to vein R4+5 distally; crossveins without cloud; haltere brownish-yellow and dark drown at basal part. Legs black; fore coxa without anterior spine on ventral surface, fore femur with complete pv row, fore tibia with one apical d, each segment of fore tarsi with one pair of slender sensory setae; mid coxa without any hook-like spine or spine-like seta, mid femur with stout and sparse av row in basal part, becoming shorter and denser towards apex, with a gap in subapical part, with three or four comb-like setae in distal part, with stout pv row, slightly biserial in median part, p row long and sparse, mid tibia slightly swollen in distal 2/3, with two or three ad and two pd, and with numerous slender setae on ventral surface, the longest one slightly shorter than mid tibial width in distal part, mid first tarsomere with a basal tooth-like spine on ventral surface, the length of the spine about 1.50x to 2.00x as long as tibial width in basal part; hind coxa bare on posterior surface, hind femur slightly curved, with a complete av row, becoming stout and slightly upcurved in distal 3/4, the length of the longest av more than 2.00x of femur width in distal half, with one row of slender setae in posterior surface in basal part, becoming to posterodorsal surface in median part, and to posteroventral surface in distal part, several setae with tip curved in distal part, hind tibia with one stout median av, one ad, and one median a. Abdomen long and flattened, ground-color black, with dense greenish-gray pollinosity; syntergite 1+2 to tergite 4 each with one dark broad median triangular vitta, tergite 5 with one dark median vitta in basal part, each tergite with long lateral marginal setae; sternite 1 with four to six long setae on each side; terminalia see Chillcott (1961: 30, 34, 172). FEMALE. Body length about 3.90 mm. Eye facets equal large; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with dense grayish pollinosity; frons at middle about 3/7 as wide as the distance between the width of head; orbital setae two; frontal setae five; at middle parafacial about 3/5 as wide as the width of postpedicel. Mid tibia without slender seta on ventral surface; hind tibia with two d, without a. Abdomen entirely black. Other morphological characteristics are similar to those of the male. Material examined. CHINA: Beijing: 10♂, Zhongguancun, 10−11.IV.1972, [collector unknown] (NZMC); 4♂, Yanqing, Mt. Songshan, 12.IV.2010, Coll. D. Zhang (MBFU); 21♂, 1♀, Haidian, Campus of Beijing Forestry University, 27.IV.2010, Coll. D. Zhang (MBFU); 12♂, Haidian, Campus of Beijing Forestry University, 12.IV.2012, Coll. M. Zhang & M.X. Zhang (MBFU); 24♂, Haidian, Campus of Beijing Forestry University, 13.IV.2012, Coll. Y.Z. Yang, Y.O. Chen & X.H. Liu (MBFU); 1♂, Haidian, Campus of Beijing Forestry University, 8.IV.2013, Coll. D. Zhang (MBFU); 7♂, Haidian, Campus of Beijing Forestry University, 15.IV.2013, Coll. X.H. Liu (MBFU); 29♂, Haidian, Campus of Beijing Forestry University, 20−24.IV.2013, Coll. M. Zhang (MBFU); 5♂, Haidian, Campus of Beijing Forestry University, 3.IV.2014, [collector unknown] (MBFU); 27♂, Haidian, Campus of Beijing Forestry University, 6.IV.2014, Coll. W. Li & H.J. Wan (MBFU). Distribution. Palearctic: China (Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi), Germany; Nearctic: USA (Alaska)., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Li, Wei, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Ming-Fu & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Beijing, China, with key and description of one new species, pp. 401-414 in Zootaxa 4079 (4) on pages 408-410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1050841, {"references":["Stein, P. (1892) Drei neue merkwurdige Homalomyia-Arten. Ein dipterologischer Beitrag. Wiener entomogische Zeitung, 11, 69 - 77.","Hennig, W. (1955) Muscidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 63 b. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 99.","Chillcott, J. G. (1961) A revision of the Nearctic species of Fanniinae (Diptera: Muscidae). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 14, 92, [1960], 1 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 9214 fv","Zhang, W. Z., Wang, C. J., Zhao, B., Jing, T., Wu, S. T. & Wang, M. F. (1984) A revision of flies from Shanxi Province. II. Sanitation and Epidemic Prevention of Shanxi, Supplement, 47, 1 - 34. [In Chinese]","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Scathophagidae - Hypodermatidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 11, pp. 41 - 57.","Wang, M. F. & Wu, Y. X. (1996) A study on the classification of Fanniidae in Shanxi Province. Shanxi Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5 (2), 65 - 67. [In Chinese]","Rozkosny, R., Gregor, F. & Pont, A. C. (1997) The European Fanniidae (Diptera). Acta Scientiarum naturalium Academiae scientiarum Bohemicae - Brno, 31 (2), 1 - 80.","Xue, W. Q. & Wang, M. F. (1998) Fanniidae. In: Xue, W. Q. & Chao, C. M. (Eds.), Flies of China. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 809 - 835. [In Chinese with English abstract]","Wu, Y. X. & Wang, M. F. (2002) Taxonomic study on Fanniidae of Shanxi (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). In: Li, D. M., Kang, L., Wu, J. W. & Zhang, R. Z. (Eds.), Advance in entomology: proceedings of the 2002 ' conference organized by Entomological Society of China. Science and Technology Press of China, Beijing, pp. 562 - 564. [In Chinese]","Wang, M. F., Xue, W. Q. & Cao, X. F. (2004 a) Studies on the Family Fanniidae from the Subregion Loess Plateau of China (Diptera: Fanniidae). Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control, 15 (1), 33 - 35. [In Chinese with English abstract]","Wang, M. F. & Wang, R. R. (2006) A review of the hirticeps - group of Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Fanniidae), with the description of one new species from China. Zootaxa, 1295, 61 - 68.","Xue, J., Zhan, C. D. & Li, L. (2006) The catalogue and distribution of important families and genera of Calyptratae (Diptera) in Shandong Province. Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control, 17 (6), 495 - 498. [In Chinese]","Dominguez, M. C. & Roig-Junent, S. A. (2008) A phylogeny of the family Fanniidae Schnabl (Insecta: Diptera: Calyptratae) based on adult morphological characters, with special reference to the Austral species of the genus Fannia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 563 - 587. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 08003"]}

Fannia carbonaria (Meigen, 1826) (Figs. 2, 3) Anthomyia carbonaria Meigen, 1826: 154. Type locality: Germany, Stolberg. Fannia carbonaria: Stein 1915: 28; Hennig 1955: 23; Chillcott 1961: 124; Pont 1977: 448; Pont 1986: 46; Rozkošný et al. 1997: 27; Xue & Wang 1998: 818; Lin & Chen 1999: 108; Wang & Xue 2002: 55; Su & Wang 2004: 110; Wang et al. 2004b: 136; Domínguez & Roig-Juñent 2008: 577; Wang et al. 2009: 38. Redescription based on the specimens collected in Beijing, China. MALE. Body length about 4.60 mm. Eye bare; facets slightly enlarged on anterior margin in upper part; upper part of fronto-orbital plate with grayish-drown pollinosity, lower part of fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with grayish-silvery pollinosity; frons slightly narrower than the distance between two posterior ocelli at narrowest point; frontal vitta black, the narrowest point narrower than the width of anterior ocellus; frontal setae eight or nine, stout, reaching ocellar triangle, situated on the lower 5/6 of fronto-orbital plate; postocular setae in one row, without occipital seta behind the postocular setae on vertex; parafacial bare, at middle about 3/4 as wide as the width of postpedicel; antenna brown, postpedicel 2.00x longer than wide, arista black and short plumose, slightly swollen in basal part, the longest individual hair slightly shorter than aristal base; epistoma not projecting beyond vibrissal angle, vibrissal angle behind frontal angle in profile; subvibrissal setae in one row, lateral with one short row of setae; gena and genal dilation with fine black setae, upper margin of gena without upcurved seta; proboscis stout, prementum with thin grayish-yellow pollinosity; palpus black, claviform, longer than the length of prementum. Thorax ground-color black, notum slightly shining, with thinly brownish pollinosity, without distinct vitta; presutural acr triserial, prescutellar pairs slightly stronger, the distance between two outer acr rows narrower than the distance between acr and dc rows, dc 2+3, ia 0+2, pra 1, stout, about 3/4 as long as posterior notopleural seta; notopleuron without seta; basisternum, proepisternum, anepimeron, meron and katepimeron bare; katepisternal setae 1+1, katepisternum with some setae and without ventral spine; anterior spiracle small and brown, posterior one dark brown; calypters yellowish, the lower one slightly projecting beyond the upper one. Wing brownish; veins dark brown; tegula black; basicosta brownishyellow; costal spine inconspicuous; node of Rs bare on ventral and dorsal surfaces; vein M straight, slightly parallel to vein R4+5 distally; crossveins without obvious cloud; haltere orange. Legs entirely black; fore coxa without anterior spine on ventral surface, fore femur with complete pv row, short and weak in basal 1/3, fore tibia without ad and median p; mid coxa without any hook-like spine or spine-like seta, mid femur with complete av row, becoming gradually shorter and denser towards apex, pv row complete, in one row, p row slender, four or five setae strong in distal part, mid tibia slightly swollen in distal part, with two ad, one or two pd, and with numerous slender setae on ventral surface, the longest one about half as long as mid tibial width in distal part, mid first tarsomere without basal tooth-like spine on ventral surface; hind coxa bare on posterior surface, hind femur only with three or four long av in distal 2/5, without distinct pv row, hind tibia slightly curved, with two av, two ad, with one long median p. Abdomen oval and flattened, ground-color black, with thin dark brown pollinosity; syntergite 1+2 to tergite 4 each with one inconspicuous median inverted triangular vitta, tergite 5 without distinct stripe; sternite 1 with three slender setae in lateral part; terminalia see Chillcott (1961: 70). FEMALE. Unknown from China, description see Hennig (1955: 36). Type material examined. Lectotype ♀, Germany [probably Stolberg], designated by A.C. Pont (MNHN). Material examined. CHINA: Beijing: 1♂, Yanqing, Mt. Songshan, 31.V.2009, Coll. D. Zhang (MBFU). Distribution. Palearctic: China (Beijing, new record from mainland China), Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czech, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland; Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia), USA (Washington); Oriental: China (Taiwan)., Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Li, Wei, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Ming-Fu & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Beijing, China, with key and description of one new species, pp. 401-414 in Zootaxa 4079 (4) on pages 403-405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1050841, {"references":["Meigen, J. W. (1826) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Vol. 5. Hamm, 412 pp.","Stein, P. (1915) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Anthomyidae (Diptera). Supplementa Entomologica, 4, 13 - 56.","Hennig, W. (1955) Muscidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 63 b. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 99.","Chillcott, J. G. (1961) A revision of the Nearctic species of Fanniinae (Diptera: Muscidae). Canadian Entomologist, Supplement 14, 92, [1960], 1 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 9214 fv","Pont, A. C. (1977) Family Fanniidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A catalog of Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. 3. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Division Aschiza). University of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 447 - 450.","Pont, A. C. (1986) Family Muscidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Scathophagidae - Hypodermatidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 11, pp. 41 - 57.","Rozkosny, R., Gregor, F. & Pont, A. C. (1997) The European Fanniidae (Diptera). Acta Scientiarum naturalium Academiae scientiarum Bohemicae - Brno, 31 (2), 1 - 80.","Xue, W. Q. & Wang, M. F. (1998) Fanniidae. In: Xue, W. Q. & Chao, C. M. (Eds.), Flies of China. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 809 - 835. [In Chinese with English abstract]","Lin, F. J. & Chen, J. S. (1999) Family Fanniidae. In: Lin, F. J & Chen, C. S. (Eds.), The name list of Taiwan Diptera. The Museum, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan, R. O. C., pp. 107 - 108. [In Chinese with English Title]","Wang, M. F. & Xue, W. Q. (2002) Taxonomic study on Fanniidae of China (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). In: Li, D. M., Kang, L., Wu, J. W. & Zhang, R. Z. (Eds.), Advance in entomology: proceedings of the 2002 ' conference organized by Entomological Society of China. Science and Technology Press of China, Beijing, pp. 54 - 59. [In Chinese]","Wang, M. F., Xue, W. Q. & Su, L. X. (2004 b) Notes on carbonaria species group of genus Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Fanniidae), in China. Entomologia Sinica, 11 (2), 135 - 142. [In English with Chinese abstract] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7917.2004. tb 00187. x","Dominguez, M. C. & Roig-Junent, S. A. (2008) A phylogeny of the family Fanniidae Schnabl (Insecta: Diptera: Calyptratae) based on adult morphological characters, with special reference to the Austral species of the genus Fannia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 563 - 587. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 08003","Wang, M. F., Zhang, D., Zheng, S. & Zhang, C. T. (2009) A review of the carbonaria - subgroup of Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Fanniidae), with descriptions of two new species from China. Zootaxa, 2204, 37 - 47."]}

Key to the known males of the family Fanniidae in Beijing, China 1 Arista long plumose; katepisternal setae 1+2 (Piezura Rondani); frons much broader than the distance between two posterior ocelli at narrowest point; legs yellow, except tarsi and apical part of femora black; abdomen ground-color reddish-yellow.......................................................................... Piezura shanxiensis Xue, Wang & Wu - Arista short plumose or nearly bare; katepisternal setae 1+1 (Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy)............................ 2 2 Abdomen spatulate in shape, becoming narrow basad (Fig. 1A); mid femur with two stout thorn-like av in subbasal part (Fig. 1B)....................................................................... Fannia subpellucens (Zetterstedt) - Abdomen not spatulate in shape; mid femur without any stout thorn-like av in subbasal part.......................... 3 3 Mid coxa with hook-like spines on lower margin (Fig. 1C, D, E)................................................ 4 - Mid coxa without any hook-like spine on lower margin, or only with stout and straight spine.......................... 6 4 Mid tibia with a tubercle on ventral surface (Fig. 1C); mid coxa with three hook-like spines (Fig. 1C)................................................................................................... Fannia scalaris (Fabricius) - Mid tibia without tubercle on ventral surface; mid coxa with one hook-like spine (Fig. 1D, E)......................... 5 5 Lower margin of katepisternum without stout spine-like seta; fore tibia yellow at the basal 2/3 and with a long setae cluster on the posteroventral surface (Fig. 1F).................................................. Fannia manicata (Meigen) - Lower margin of katepisternum with a stout spine-like seta (Fig. 1D); fore tibia entirely black and without long setae cluster on the posteroventral surface............................................................. Fannia fuscula (Fall��n) 6 Mid first tarsomere with a basal tooth-like spine (Fig. 1G, H; Fig. 5E)............................................ 7 - Mid first tarsomere without basal tooth-like spine............................................................9 7 Fore tibia with a row of slender pv (Fig. 1I).......................................... Fannia spathiophora Malloch - Fore tibia without pv row............................................................................... 8 8 Eyes bare; fore first tarsomere with slender and dense light brown setae on ventral surface (Fig. 1J); with two setae clusters between fore and mid coxae (Fig. 1K); cercus with long setae cluster (Fig. 1L)................... Fannia barbata (Stein) - Eyes with fine brownish hairs; fore first tarsomere without slender and dense seta on ventral surface; without setae cluster between fore and mid coxae; cercus without setae cluster.................................... Fannia hirticeps (Stein) 9 Hind coxa on posterior surface with setae................................................................. 10 - Hind coxa on posterior surface bare...................................................................... 15 10 Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with three black spots.................................. Fannia leucosticta (Meigen) - Abdominal syntergite 1+2 to tergite 4 with median stripes or triangular vittas even without any mark.................. 11 11 Mid tibia with two or more pd..........................................................................12 - Mid tibia with one pd................................................................................. 13 12 Hind tibia with three to six av and four to six ad; mid femur without notch in distal area; mid tibia without slender seta on ven- tral surface........................................................................... Fannia dupla Nishida - Hind tibia with two av and one ad; mid femur with a notch in distal area; mid tibia with numerous slender setae on ventral sur- face (Fig. 6E)........................................................................ Fannia papei sp. nov. 13 Lateral part of abdominal tergites yellow, with thin pollinosity.......................... Fannia canicularis (Linnaeus) - Abdomen black, with dense greyish-blue pollinosity......................................................... 14 14 Abdominal syntergite 1+2 to tergite 4 each with one inconspicuous median inverted triangular vitta, tergite 5 with one narrow median stripe; hind femur with two long av in distal 1/3 (Fig. 1N); hind tibia with one row of p (Fig. 1M), and with one row of ad, irregular in length (Fig. 1N).................................................... Fannia lepida (Wiedemann) - Abdominal syntergite 1+2 to tergite 5 each with one median longitudinal stripes; hind femur with four long av on distal 1/3; hind tibia without p and with one ad........................................................ Fannia prisca Stein 15 Hind femur with a setae cluster on posteroventral surface in distal 1/3 (Fig. 1O)......... Fannia metallipennis (Zetterstedt) - Hind femur without setae cluster on posteroventral surface in distal 1/3.......................................... 16 16 Hind tarsomeres stout (Fig. 2E); pra 1; thorax and abdomen ground-color gloss black (Fig. 2A, B); mid femur without notch in distal area...................................................................... Fannia carbonaria (Meigen) - Hind tarsomeres not stout; pra 2; thorax and abdomen with light gray pollinosity; mid femur with a notch in distal area........................................................................................ Fannia postica (Stein), Published as part of Zhang, Dong, Li, Wei, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Ming-Fu & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2016, Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Beijing, China, with key and description of one new species, pp. 401-414 in Zootaxa 4079 (4) on pages 402-403, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1050841

INDODICTYOPHARA LIANG & SONG, 2012 Indodictyophara Liang & Song, 2012: 418. Type species Indodictyophara lobosa Liang & Song, 2012; by original designation. Diagnosis The genus can be separated from other Aluntiini genera by the following combination of characters: cephalic process nearly 1.3 times as long as pronotum and mesonotum combined; vertex with median carina only visible basally; frons with lateral and median carinae strongly ridged and blade-like; tegmina without dendroid secondary veins; ten suboblique veins on costal cell from basal one-third to apex; and aedeagus with a pair of spinous, sclerotized, black-tipped, and not inflated endosomal processes. Diversity and distribution Indodictyophara is a monotypic genus known only from southern India.

KEY TO SPECIES OF DENDROPHORA MELICHAR 1. Gonostyles with upper process acute (Fig. 7F); segment X narrow and elongate (Fig. 7G).............................................................................................................. Dendrophora borneensis (Schmidt, 1915) comb. nov. – Gonostyles with upper process large, broad, and blunt (Fig. 9F); segment X oval, large, and broad in dorsal view (Fig. 9G)........................................................................................... Dendrophora ramosa Melichar, 1903, Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Szwedo, Jacek, Wang, Rong-Rong & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Systematic revision of Aluntiini Emeljanov, 1979 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae: Dictyopharinae): reclassification, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography, pp. 349-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 363, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12319, http://zenodo.org/record/5357644, {"references":["Schmidt E. 1915. Die Dictyopharinen des Stettiner Museums. (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin. Stettin 76: 345 - 358.","Melichar L. 1903. Homopteren Fauna von Ceylon. Berlin: Verlag von Felix L. Dames."]}

KEY TO SPECIES OF ARJUNA MUIR, 1934 1. Apex of cephalic process black, but apical carina between anterior margins of frons and vertex pale green...................................................................................................................... Arjuna scriba Emeljanov, 2008 – Apex of cephalic process ochraceous or reddish ochraceous....................................................................... 2 2. Cephalic process relatively short, length from anterior margin of eyes to apex ∼1.5 times as long as longitudinal length of eyes................................................................................................ Arjuna dohertyi Muir, 1934 – Cephalic process distinctly long, length from anterior margin of eyes to apex more than 1.8 times as long as longitudinal length of eyes...................................................................................................................... 3 3. Aedeagus with ventrolateral lobes twisted two and a half times............... Arjuna maai Song & Wang sp. nov. – Aedeagus with ventrolateral lobes twisted twice.................................... Arjuna muiri Song & Wang sp. nov., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Szwedo, Jacek, Wang, Rong-Rong & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2016, Systematic revision of Aluntiini Emeljanov, 1979 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae: Dictyopharinae): reclassification, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography, pp. 349-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 373, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12319, http://zenodo.org/record/5357644, {"references":["Muir F. 1934. New and little-known Fulgoroidea (Homoptera). The Annals and Magazine of Nature History 84: 582 - 586.","Emeljanov AF. 2008. New genera and species of the family Dictyopharidae (Homoptera), with notes on the systematics of the subfamily Dictyopharinae. Entomological Review 88: 296 - 328."]}

Global environmental change presents a clear need for improved leading indicators of critical transitions, especially those that can be generated from compositional data and that work in empirical cases. Ecological theory of community dynamics under environmental forcing predicts an early replacement of slowly replicating and weakly competitive “canary” species by slowly replicating but strongly competitive “keystone” species. Further forcing leads to the eventual collapse of the keystone species as they are replaced by weakly competitive but fast‐replicating “weedy” species in a critical transition to a significantly different state. We identify a diagnostic signal of these changes in the coefficients of a correlation between compositional disorder and biodiversity. Compositional disorder measures unpredictability in the composition of a community, while biodiversity measures the amount of species in the community. In a stochastic simulation, sequential correlations over time switch from positive to negative as keystones prevail over canaries, and back to positive with domination of weedy species. The model finds support in empirical tests on multi‐decadal time series of fossil diatom and chironomid communities from lakes in China. The characteristic switch from positive to negative correlation coefficients occurs for both communities up to three decades preceding a critical transition to a sustained alternate state. This signal is robust to unequal time increments that beset the identification of early‐warning signals from other metrics.