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Ancient Chinese civilisation developed two ideas about the ordering of large human spaces. The first was tianxia or 'all under heaven', the inclusive and cosmopolitan world as a whole, with no exterior, and governance on the basis of shared values and benefits, which first shaped statecraft in the Western Zhou dynasty (1047–1771 BCE). Second, the centralised nation-state which emerged in the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Both strands have been influential through Chinese history. In the last twenty years discussion of tianxia has revived, especially through Zhao Tingyang, stimulated by globalisation and the need for practical relations beyond the nation state. This paper proposes one version of tianxia as a heuristic for understanding, rethinking and remaking ethical relations in worldwide higher education. It reviews different understandings of tianxia in China, identifies a world-centred (rather than China-centred) tianxia , and discusses the potentials of tianxia in higher education. Tianxia is appropriate to world higher education because of its spatiality and its ethical commitment to universal benefit in diverse settings on the basis of mutual respect. The article suggests four clusters of relational values that could constitute a tianxia order in higher education, and compares tianxia to existing practices of globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since China entered the Xi Jinping Era, the CPC has formally put forward a series of significant theories on China's future development path, including Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. These theories have sparked active discussions and responses within both domestic and international academic and theoretical circles. This paper argues that when analyzing the major relationships between Chinese civilization and other civilizations worldwide, the Chinese path to modernization and the modern civilization of the Chinese Nation, and Chinese culture and its constituent ethnic cultures, we should further elucidate relationships and adhere to the three foundational principles: subjectivity, the contemporaneity of Chinese culture, and the arterial and leading attributes of Chinese culture, which encapsulate the core issues in fostering the modern civilization of Chinese Nation. A proper understanding and nuanced handling of these issues not only bolsters the perpetuation and evolution of China's excellent traditional culture but also propels the trajectory of the Chinese path to modernization and the overarching construction of the modern civilization of Chinese Nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-civilization, as a civilizational discourse led by China, implies the next stage of civilization after industrial civilization, the essence of which is to respect, conform to, and protect nature. Although the international community is paying more attention to eco-civilization, the existing literature still lacks a systematic discussion of which theories and practices underpin the construction of eco-civilization. Due to the ambiguity of eco-civilization, some even criticize it as being a form of purely partisan politics in China. By systematically reviewing its theoretical pillars, practical actions, and major achievements, this perspective paper argues that China's eco-civilization is not a partisan politics, but rather a legitimate, imperative pathway to global sustainable development rooted in complementary theory and practice, i.e., theories guide practices, and practices enrich theories. We highlight that the theoretical basis and practical actions of eco-civilization constitute a continual improvement process that permits diverse viewpoints and understanding, and any action exploring how to achieve a harmonious coexistence between humans and nature is consistent with the values of eco-civilization., (© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.)

This paper establishes a theoretical framework to study the fundamental changes in the concept and mechanism of China's ecosystem protection under the paradigm of ecological civilization, and its major implications for global sustainable development. We first examine the damage to the ecosystem of the standard economic growth model, and provide empirical evidence that the traditional ecosystem protection paradigm based on the concept of industrial civilization has been unable to curb serious ecological degradation on a global scale. We then build a new theoretical model to reveal China's new ecosystem protection paradigm based on the concept of ecological civilization, and analyze how it forms a mutually beneficial relationship with economic development by changing the content and mechanism of economic growth. Furthermore, we conduct an empirical analysis of the paradigm shift of China's ecosystem protection and show that there is a significant synergy between China's ecological conservation and economic development under the new paradigm. Finally, we use a game theory model to reveal the significant implications of China's new ecosystem conservation paradigm for global ecological protection, especially for the realization of the expected goals of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As an essential part of ecological civilization, water ecological civilization has significant influence on the green and sustainable development of cities. Under the background of China's Water Ecological Civilization City Pilot (WECCP), based on data from 275 cities in China from 2007 to 2019 by using the difference-in-differences (DID) model, we empirically analyzed the influence of the WECCP establishment on urban green innovation and explored the impact mechanism in depth using a mediating effect model, which aimed to verify whether the "Porter hypothesis" holds true in China. The result indicated that the WECCP had made a remarkable contribution to enhancing urban green innovation in the pilot cities. Further research found that the input mechanism played an important mediating role. In addition, the heterogeneity test indicated that cities in the central region, at low administrative levels, and in the first batch of pilots gained more from the policy establishment. This paper has theoretical implications for understanding the derived innovation benefits of the environmental policy, practical implications for identifying new drivers of urban innovation, and provides related experience for the country to further promote and expand water ecological civilization construction and useful policy inspiration for other developing countries to formulate ecological and environmental policies., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

To accurately evaluate the development level of ecological civilization in coastal cities, this paper proposes an evaluation algorithm of coastal city ecological civilization development based on Improved BP neural network, constructs the evaluation index system, and establishes the BP neural network-based evaluation model. By collecting the relevant data of 30 cities in China Line standardization, as the input learning matrix, entropy and coefficient of variation are used to evaluate the development level of ecological civilization. Through 5000 training times, the error accuracy is close to 10-7, and the cities with low ecological civilization level and less cultivated land resources per capita are found out. Based on the improved BP neural network method, according to the development level of coastal cities, the ecological culture of coastal cities is put forward as a whole. The countermeasures and suggestions of construction are given., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This paper shows how government programmes unified under the rubric of 'building socialist spiritual civilization' are institutionalizing philanthropy and transforming government practice in China. Spiritual civilization refers to a programme of simultaneously advancing China's market economy and socialist culture. Using a governmentality approach, the paper explains how this strategy has been translated into practice through the government-directed establishment of a not-for-profit sector and 'national civilized city' competition aiming to produce modern cities populated by civic-minded citizens. It reveals how civil servants are incentivized to become community-focused social actors by examining new conditions of Communist Party membership and the growth of volunteering in Shenzhen. It concludes that China's governmental authorities are creating, and being shaped by, what liberal political thought describes as the non-governmental arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the increasingly severe ecological environment, China promotes the construction of ecological civilization vigorously. Therefore, it is of great significance to adopt scientific, effective and comprehensive methods to evaluate development status of ecological civilization. Based on the panel data from 2010 to 2014, this paper employs GIS and AHP methods to dynamically examine the level of ecological civilization construction in Jiangxi Province. The results indicate that: (1) The ecological civilization construction in Jiangxi Province is 13.23% higher than the national average, whereas there is an imbalance in the development of different cities within the province; (2) The ecological civilization construction in the whole province rises first and then falls; (3) The performances of the cities vary in different dimensions of the construction of ecological civilization that cities in Jiangxi province perform well in the dimension of ecological environment, but perform poorly in the dimension of social development. Finally, we put forward policy recommendations for improving ecological environment to realize harmonious development between human and nature., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Shamanic culture, which adheres to the worldview of connecting earth and heaven, has been marginalized in the discourse of the modern material world and separated from mainstream society. However, with the increase in personal problems in civil society and the rise of regional cultural identity since the reform and opening up in China, shamanic practitioners have again become active. Adapting to the official ideology, shamanic culture has emerged in China as a new form of folk culture and cultural heritage. Using Michael Herzfeld's theory of "cultural intimacy" to a limited extent, this paper regards the new image of the shamanic tradition that has appeared in the new era as a manifestation of "cultural intimacy", which does not infringe the authority of official discourse, nor damage the interests of government departments, and is in line with the imagination of official discourse about culture. Within the shaman cultural community, the shamanic tradition continues to connect earth and heaven, helping to solve difficult personal problems, alleviating the pressure of the material world, and at the same time making the sacred expression of the members of the shaman cultural community possible. In this way, the shaman tradition, which has emerged in a new image since the new era, has maintained the ecological balance between government and folk practices and formed a more stable pattern of cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites the papers presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies (AAS) held at the Los Angeles Hilton Hotel on March 30 to April 1, 1979. A panel entitled "The Chinese World Order: Perspectives from the Periphery," included the paper "Military Uses of the Tributary System: Korea and the Early Ming," by Donald N. Clark. Papers presented at a panel on "Stability and Dynamics in Chinese Civilization: Some Preliminary Views," and a panel on "State Ceremonial in Later Imperial China" are also listed.

In order to better understand the current situation of Chinese public sports, this paper studies Chinese public sports. According to SATI3.2 statistics, 71 newsletters have published a total of 903 articles, of which 40 newsletters have one article, 19.7% of the newsletters have 2-9 books, and 17 magazines have more than 10 issues. The results show that by measuring data, we can better understand the current state of China's public services. This paper uses the method of bibliometric analysis to sort out and summarize the policies, characteristics, hotspots, and trends of China's public service field under the social network environment. The survey shows that the education sector has paid less for public entertainment in recent years. The research direction is system, equity, government procurement, interest, capital allocation, strategy, and supply chain. This paper highlights that the shortcomings of public sports research in our country: "public sports services" and "public sports services" are not integrated; there are many macrostudies on public service sports but few microstudies; there is no track and field research for special public groups. This paper puts forward research guidance for China's public sports services and, at the same time, strengthens the research on public services of different products of rural sports development, strengthens the research on the intelligence of sports public services, and strengthens the research on the role of public sports. Governments at all levels support and strengthen research on public sports service standards, strengthen research on public sports performance measurement measures, and strengthen public sports balance research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Xiang Zhong et al.)

This paper starts from the supposition that civilization is an important concept for thinking about world order, and one that is increasingly coming back into play in world politics. It opens with a close look at the Global Civilization Initiative (GCI): what does it say, what does it imply, about what is it silent, and what are its policy contexts? It offers the theory of Uneven and Combined Development (UCD) as a way of looking at multiple modernities in terms of civilizational pluralism. This is followed by a historical unfolding of UCD since the early 19th century, showing how it has generated both single and multiple modernities cast in civilizational terms. The penultimate section focuses on the risks and opportunities that a world order of civilizational pluralism would create specifically for China. The conclusions summarize the main points of argument, and set out a more detailed global vision of what the GCI might aim to achieve if played well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological civilization is an advanced form after industrial civilization. Improving China's ecological civilization system will provide developing countries with experience and guidance. The study is dedicated to determining the path dependence characteristics of ecological civilization construction to promote regional sustainable development. This paper estimates the path dependence pattern and evolution of ecological civilization construction in 13 cities in Jiangsu Province and uses entropy method, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression model and other methods to determine the interaction of the "social-economic-natural" system in the construction of ecological civilization relationship. All in all, the path dependence phenomenon gradually appeared in the construction of ecological civilization, and the regional heterogeneity was obvious. The characteristic of path dependence in the southern region is the most significant, and there is a strong dependence on economic development. In particular, reducing pollution emissions, improving resource utilization, alleviating employment and population pressure and improving residents' living standards play an important role in breaking through regional path dependence. From the perspective of the social-economic-natural system, the systemic benign interaction situation required for the construction of a new ecological civilization has not yet appeared. The interaction of natural systems is significantly insufficient. It is recommended that the government guide funds to invest in green industries and develop central cities to promote the development of ecological civilization in the surrounding areas. Financial institutions support green enterprises and provide financial support for polluting enterprises to complete industrial upgrading. Enterprises take the initiative to eliminate outdated production capacity, promote cleaner production models and increase the added value of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the effectiveness of ecological civilization policies is the basis from which policymakers can optimize policies. From the perspective of the overall effectiveness of regional policies, and taking Jiangsu Province as an example, this study constructed a quantitative evaluation model of eco-civilization policy text and an eco-civilization evaluation index system. Using these tools, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of 53 ecological civilization policies issued by Jiangsu Province during 2004-2019 to promote the construction of ecological civilization in the four fields of resource utilization, environmental protection, economic development, and social life. There are three key findings. (1) During the period of 2004-2019, the effectiveness of the textual content of ecological civilization policies in Jiangsu Province generally showed a fluctuating upward trend. (2) The construction effectiveness indexes of the four fields of eco-civilization all showed a growth trend, but the construction effect varied greatly. The index of economic development had grown rapidly, while environmental protection had grown slowly. (3) Ecological civilization policies in Jiangsu Province were effective in promoting the construction of ecological civilization. However, the effects of different policy dimensions on ecological civilization development in the four fields were significantly different. Finally, based on these results, powerful recommendations are provided for the optimization of eco-civilization policies in Jiangsu Province. Moreover, Jiangsu is the first province in China to launch a provincial-level ecological civilization construction plan. Its policy optimization to promote ecological civilization construction can also provide an example and realistic basis for reference for the construction of eco-civilization in other provinces in China.

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Copyright of Journal of Natural Resources / Ziran Ziyuan Xuebao is the property of Journal of Natural Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the principle of truth, the documentary exchanges knowledge and conveys emotions. The documentary Wild China has received strong attention from domestic and foreign audiences since its launch on National Geographic. However, due to the differences between Chinese and Western cultures, most Chinese viewers need subtitle translation to have a better understanding of this documentary. Unlike the subtitle translation of films and TV plays, the content of the documentary has strong professionalism and knowledge. Thus, documentary subtitle translation requirements are also higher than those of films and TV plays. Meanwhile, it is necessary to discuss the subtitle translation of documentaries. Ecological translation was first proposed by Professor Hu Gengshen. In the past ten years, many remarkable research results have been achieved. Taking ecological translation as the theoretical support, this paper chooses the subtitle translation of the documentary Wild China (CCTV) as the research object, and combines the theoretical discussion and the case analysis to focus on the translator's "adaptation" and "selection" in the linguistic, cultural and communicative dimensions, thus verifying the guiding significance of eco-translatology to the subtitle translation of the documentary and supplementing the theoretical research perspective of subtitle translation of the documentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing climate risks has become a common problem for mankind and a topic of great importance for the Chinese government. To thoroughly implement the overall requirements for the construction of an ecological civilization and effectively improve the capacity of cities to adapt to climate change, China launched the pilot construction of "Climate Resilient Cities" in 2017. In this paper, 16 prefecture level cities in Anhui Province of China were selected as the research objects, and the multi-level grey system evaluation method was used to measure the climate resilience of these regions. We used the difference in differences method to evaluate the effect of the pilot policy of "Climate Resilient Cities." The pilot policies of the "Climate Resilient Cities" showed a significant contribution to the regional climate resilience, and, after isolating the impact of other factors on the regional climate resilience, the pilot policies of the "Climate Resilient Cities" increased the climate resilience of the pilot cities by four percentage points. The pilot policies of the "Climate Resilient Cities" had a significant contribution to the urban infrastructure development and ecological space optimization, as well as non-significant impacts to the urban water security, emergency management capacity-building, and science and technology innovation initiatives.

Ecological civilization is a transcendence of industrial civilization. The improvement of China's ecological civilization system can not only provide developing countries with an empirical reference for ecological civilization construction, but also make a huge contribution to the progress of global ecological civilization. This paper focuses on improving the provincial ecological civilization evaluation system. First, the Provincial Ecological Civilization Construction Evaluation Index System is established according to the Green Development Index System issued by the Chinese government in 2016, and then the applicability of the Spatio-Temporal Factor Analysis (STFA) is verified as the evaluation method of the provincial ecological civilization construction level. Further, taking Jiangsu Province, China as an example, this paper evaluates the level of ecological civilization construction in each city of Jiangsu Province, and analyzes the main factors affecting ecological civilization based on the evaluation results. Finally, according to the relationship between the ecological civilization construction and economic quality of each city, the four-quadrant method is applied to divide Jiangsu Province into four types of regions to help each city position itself in ecological civilization construction. This paper mainly draws the following conclusions: (1) Due to its simple operation and accurate evaluation results, STFA is applicable in evaluating the provincial ecological civilization construction level. (2) Taking Jiangsu Province as an example, it is found that the level of ecological civilization construction in the southwestern region is higher than that of the northeast coastal region in Jiangsu. Three inequality indices are applied to measure the regional inequality of ecological civilization construction among 13 cities, which is relatively high in recent years. (3) By analyzing the results of STFA, it is found that economic quality and natural protection are not only the main factors affecting the ecological civilization construction in Jiangsu province, but also the main reasons for the regional heterogeneity of provincial ecological civilization. (4) For the four types of regions, suggestions are proposed according to the characteristics of each region to help improve the provincial ecological civilization construction level. This paper not only improves China's ecological civilization construction system, but also provides information for the provincial ecological civilization construction in developing countries.

Copyright of Journal of Changzhou University (Social Science Edition) is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Changzhou University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• We explore the fraught practices of ecological civilization in Yunnan. • Development is constituted by diverse, situated interests, pursuits and relations. • Maca commercialization involves complex discourses and practices of nature. • Farmers evolved from recipients of development to agricultural entrepreneurs. In this paper we argue that research on development in frontier regions needs to incorporate an explicitly environmental and ecological dimension, because economic frontiers are increasingly regarded as ecological frontiers in state and public discourses alike. We elaborate this argument by examining how the state-capital coalition has intervened in the development of Yunnan, a southwestern frontier of China, and how this process has involved the construction of an ecological civilization. This paper conceptualises the campaign of ecological civilization as the performance of state power through the discourses and practices of nature, and in this process, development is a highly situated and contingent process entangled with the complex negotiations between the state's ambition of socio-political assimilation, the volatility of the market and the agency of local communities. In specific, we focus on economic and ecological practices of using land for the plantation of the commercial crop maca. In the past decade or so, maca production in Yunnan has undergone a drastic process of rapid expansion and subsequently an equally rapid decline. Local authorities colluded with large enterprises to domesticate maca and promote maca production for land-based capital accumulation and poverty alleviation. Meanwhile, local farmers underwent a transformation, albeit contested, incomplete and full of back and forth, from passive recipients of development to active agricultural entrepreneurs. This article advances debates on frontier development and the role of nature in such processes, through the specific lens of ecological civilization in contemporary China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper might be described as a case study, depicting the process of vision development for a new institution of teacher education, established in a time of political transition for Hong Kong. The focus is on issues of cultural identity, and the first part of the article lays out a framework for civilizational dialogue in the post Cold War period. Next the context of educational development is analysed, including the emergence of this new institution, and the demands placed upon it to support a range of educational reforms after Hong Kong's return to China in 1997. The third part of the paper describes the process of developing a vision statement, and the ideas that informed it. The fourth part provides a careful look at four of the nine guiding values chosen for the Institute, showing the particular shape they give to the development of the vision, and the ways in which they are linked to the dialogue of civilizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese civilization, which stands as a shining star in human civilizations, is distinct in its nature and development path. Although it suffered numerous turns of devastation in its 5,000 years of history, it has resiliently remained uninterrupted in its growth and radiance. Characterized by continuity, innovation, unity, inclusiveness, and longstanding commitment to peace, it also exhibits strong cohesion, vitality, flexibility, and adaptability. These characteristics emerged in the Paleolithic Period, indicating that the Chinese civilization did not emerge overnight. Its roots run deep with a long history, sprouting in the Paleolithic Period, breaking ground in the late Neolithic period, and gradually growing into the towering trees it is today. How did the ancient people in China evolve into today's Chinese nation? How did the ancient culture of prehistoric times develop into the current Chinese civilization? What are the connections between the history buried underground and the society we see today? Obviously, there is no clear answer to these questions. There are still many gaps in prehistoric China that need to be filled, and the process of and reasons for the evolution of ethnic groups and cultures still need to be further interpreted. The author tries to trace the roots of the Chinese nation and its civilization back to the Paleolithic Period, using archaeological materials to connect the survival and reproduction process of ancestors and delve into studying the ancient roots of the Huaxia people and Chinese civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of scenic areas in China from the origin of the idea to various historical periods all reflects the interaction between man and nature in the context of Chinese civilization, with typical attribute of cultural landscape. Identifying the characteristics of scenic areas under the perspective of cultural landscape is conducive to current protection and management practice of China's scenic areas. Guided by the academic idea of the cultural landscape, combined with the history of the evolution of the Chinese civilization, the development history of scenic areas was analyzed, and the typical types of man-land relationships, as well as the complexity and diversity of these types, the typicality and integrity of the spatial pattern and the dynamics of the development were summarized in this paper, with a view to provide inspiration for conservation and management work of China's scenic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses a temple restoration initiative during a state-funded project to attract scattered villagers back to their old village centre in southwest China. While state agents who implemented the project created a public space to bring ‘civilisation’ to the ‘backward’ peasants, the villagers appropriated the project by restoring an old temple, which immediately became the venue for a variety of communal events. The paper argues that the temple restoration manifested the grassroots idea of moral life, which rests upon proper reciprocities between humans and the gods, as well as among humans in reference to the gods. This emphasis on gift relations explains why villagers prefer the temple for public events over the space of civilisation created by the state in its developmentalist project. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

China, the world's oldest continuous civilization, has undergone an astonishing transformation in a brief span of recent history. China is really moving the world in many aspects. China has registered a real GDP growth of more than 2000%, it has some $2mtrillion in foreign reserves, China's military power (land, see, and air) is growing at around 12% annually, its non-financial overseas direct investment is currently in excess of $330 billion, and other achievements. China's rise can be seen as a quintessentially political process - through which the ruling Communist Party has sought to shore up its legitimacy after the Cultural Revolution irreversibly changed the nation and caused three crises of ideological belief, faith in the CPC, and confidence in the future. This paper highlights the rise of China and the spread of Mandarin in 21st century. The paper is divided into seven sections: introduction, brief history of China, rise of China, Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin in 21st century, Confucius Institutes around the world, and Conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tang-Song period in China not only witnessed a drastic transformation of the urban fabric, but also registered the origin and formation of the traditional Chinese street, which continuously dominated the Chinese townscape until the urban upheaval of modern times. This paper examines how the medieval Chinese streetscape arose as a result of people's instinctive reaction to a variety of social, political and economic forces. In particular the paper focuses on random human factors as being a major driving force in the development of Chinese townscape defying precise measurement, standards and even guidelines. Rather than a product of wholly professional and political agendas, the successful street was a social product, experientially forged through the practice of daily life, in an optimum response to its context. The key to the success of the traditional Chinese street probably lies in its unique socio-physical nature, that is, a structured indeterminacy, in which social coherence and individual variety can coexist, and can be constantly defined and mutually refined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western scholars’ attitudes to the rise of China are divided. Some believe that the rise of China will be a great event with historical significance; the emergence of the ‘China model’ not only signifies the transfer of hegemony, but also marks a radical reversal in the history of human civilization. ‘History can henceforth simply be divided into BC and AC: Before China and After China’. Others think that the ‘China model’ is just a society of capitalism with Chinese characteristics or eastern authoritarian capitalism. Actually, the reality of contemporary China is ambiguous. The Chinese experiment can be understood neither as a typical socialist reform nor as an approach that has cast socialism to the wind. The mainstream discourses of the Communist Party of China contain some enlightened elements, but have not formed a rational value system. In this paper, I argue that the synthesis of Marx's theory of emancipation and Marshall's theory of citizenship will lead China out of its theoretical and practical dilemmas. Marshall's theory of citizenship was a systemic summary of the achievements of progressive politics for the last two centuries. The trilogy of civil right, political right and social right provides the normative basis of the basic modern institutions of the market economy, democratic politics and social welfare. However, in the end, Marshall was a bourgeois reformist; what he wanted to do was not to eliminate the inequality and class division in liberal–democratic–capitalist society, but rather to lessen its worst effects. Marxism is a radical vision of human emancipation; its basic content involves the full development of every individual and their free association. The future vision of society Marxism anticipates and the social model Marshall explicated are not opposites. Both of them insist that the freedom and equality bestowed on us by law rely on certain necessary social and material conditions. However, Marshall stopped half-way. Today, Marxism itself should be understood as an immanent critique and radicalizing of Marshall's conception of citizenship. The reform of China is at a crossroads: how to promote the social and political reforms in order to achieve the goal of socialism? China must find the missing link between Marxism and the theory of citizenship. In the historical context of contemporary China, the Marxism under Mao represented the revolution of the peasantry; the Marxism under the reforms of Deng Xiaoping was that of market socialism and the triumph over underdevelopment. Today, we are entering a new age of Marxism, the epoch of full socialist citizenship. This new revision must be grounded in the unification of Marx and Marshall. This does not mean we can throw out the Marxist ideal of radical emancipation, but means we have to admit that the full Marshallian citizenship is a realist bridge towards true socialism in China. 1This paper was funded by the program of Marxism and Liberalism in the Discourse of Modernity (NCET-08-0136). The article was originally read at the Left Forum Conference in March 2011. The author expresses sincere gratitude to Professor Norman Levine in Phoenix, who encouraged me to submit this article to Critique and assisted in preparing this English version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there have been increasing concerns and discussions, particularly in China, on the construction of a harmonious society and of a harmonious world. Believing that these are worthwhile efforts bearing significantly on the whole of humankind in a world full of conflicts, violence, disasters, diseases, nuclear terrorism, etc., all threatening human civilization and survival, this paper attempts to look at a historical trajectory and make a brief study of the concept and language of a harmonious society. Then it goes on to discuss the implications for contributing towards the enhancement of humanity, for facilitating cultural dialogues, and for improving our global village with the concept and language of harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a nuanced understanding of rural people's agency in cultural governance. Most of the existing literature on rural cultural governance in China confines the discussion of people's agency within the given political context of cultural governance, in which villagers are described as reactive agents in response to the state-oriented cultural transformation. I argue that rural people's agency in cultural governance has not been fully investigated and a richer understanding requires a close examination of the wider rural socio-spatial processes. In my case study of the re-production of traditional ancestral temples in rural areas of Xincheng Town, southeast China, I show that rural people develop great initiatives in promoting the transformation of lineage culture by drawing on their experiences of the changing rural environment. The state-sponsored cultural project, which seeks to convert traditional ancestral temples into cultural halls, memorials and elderly activity centers and to develop a modern, civilized and socialist countryside, is in fact incorporated into the self-development of modern lineage culture by local people. On the one hand, the state's cultural governance in Xincheng is significantly shaped and confined by specific rural socio-spatial relations. On the other hand, lineage groups take firm control of the construction of temple landscapes and even reproduce converted temples as ‘extended’ and ‘shadow’ temples. This paper contributes to understanding the complexity and flexibility of local people's interaction with the state in rural cultural governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the interpretation of the connotation of ecological civilization and rural landscape, and takes Zizhulin village in Yanshan County as study object, this paper discusses the landscape pattern of Zizhulin Village relying on the national 4A level scenic spot, and demonstrates the feasibility of its construction of natural ecological landscape and local cultural landscape, so as to provide reference for the construction of the "beautiful village" landscape with good ecological environment in other parts of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on adaptation and resistance to Chinese literary hegemony in Korea and Japan. China was the first civilization to emerge in East Asia. Accordingly, when neighboring nations such as the Koreans, the Vietnamese and the Japanese began their own climb from prehistorical archaism toward civilization, they inevitably looked towards China as the ancient fount of culture and to a large extent borrowed its institutions and inventions. Written Chinese played a vital role in East Asia, similar to that of Latin in Europe, as the language of education between the 3rd and 9th centuries. Chinese because established as the common language of East Asia. In Korea, Japan, and elsewhere, written Chinese became the official language of state documents. The reason for this was straightforward, the Chinese court's power dominated the East Asian nations. By using a theory of the effect of literacy taken from social anthropology and sociology, this paper explores the social implications of kana literacy in ancient and early medieval Japan. This paper, however, does not posit literacy as an effective cause independent of the social and political environment, as do some leading theoretical models. Rather, it assumes that the implications of literacy for power arrangements in general in a particular cultural context are likely to be closely connected to who has power to control that literacy, what purposes it serves, and in what contexts it is utilized.

After the Axial Age, the West moved toward continuous disunity, but China had successfully maintained a persistent unity pattern. Conventional case (history event) studies are subject to selection bias and theoretical frameworks, which is not objective narrative. We use agent-based modeling (ABM) to reveal the historical dynamics of why civilizations take on distinct patterns (unity versus disunity). In China, the Qin Dynasty (initial unity) opened the Great Unity tradition in 221 BC. Before this, there was a major chaotic period (770 BC to 221 BC) with two periods. The first period, the Spring and Autumn (770 BC to 221 BC), opened this chaotic process and indirectly led to the initial unity. Then, the second period, the Warring States period (475 BC to 221 BC), directly led to this initial unity. This work models the second period and focuses on the question of why human civilizations take on different patterns in history. Finally, we have solved the conditions and boundaries of two patterns. Based on the second period, we have different conclusions. The bellicosity threshold is around 0.2 (for the previous period, this is 0.3), and the alliance propensity threshold is around 0.8 (for the previous period, this is 0.7). Moreover, the higher winner cost (beyond 5%) makes it impossible to achieve Unity. This work has one new contribution, such as solving social knowledge. We use BP neural networks to evaluate the knowledge graph to support history learning. It explains civilization patterns for humankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After tracking the Chinese historical trajectory on the discursive relationship between Chinese civilization and the northern nomadic group, this paper examines the official discursive construction of the ‘civilization’ and ‘culture’ of ethnic minorities in contemporary China. Through the analysis of the Grassland Culture Research Project (caoyuanwenhua yanjiu xiangmu), an official project conducted in China in recent decades in response to the emergence of nomadic civilization studies as a distinct academic field, this article aims to show the way in which the concepts of civilization and culture are utilized in order to correspond to the official discourse of nation state and ethnicity in China, and the process by which Mongolian culture is thereby transformed. Civilization as a larger body supposed to include cultures was/is entitled to Chinese nation (zhonghua minzu), and a culture (wenhua) of a certain ethnic minority could only be a part of the Chinese civilization in Chinese academia today. ‘Grassland culture ’ is defined as a culture that is static, ahistorical, and therefore has to be reframed within the larger system of Chinese civilization. The concept of ‘grassland culture’ seems to be based more on the particular territory, rather than on the types of culture that have created and are owned by different ethnic groups. Therefore, it might be concluded that the project emphasized the geo-body of the Chinese nation state in order to retain the culture within the territory of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chen, X. and Zheng, J., 2020. Countermeasures for marine environmental pollution governance: An ecological civilization perspective. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 355–358. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The smooth implementation and development of the marine strategy cannot be separated from the protection of the marine ecological environment. With the increase of marine utilization in China, the problem of marine environmental pollution is more and more serious. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out research into countermeasures for marine environmental pollution control based on the perspective of ecological civilization. This paper first introduces the theoretical basis of marine environmental pollution control based on ecological civilization, then gives the status of the marine ecological environment in China's coastal waters, and then analyzes the status of marine ecological environment control in China. Finally, this paper gives suggestions on the specific strategies for marine environmental pollution control based on ecological civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhou, P. and Qu, T., 2020. Management of the marine economy: An ecological civilization perspective. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 69–72. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The 21st century is an era of scientific and technological progress. With the rapid development of science and technology, land resources are increasingly scarce. Marine resources have become an indispensable resource for growth, which has become the lifeblood of many economic powers, including the development of emerging strategic industries, expansion of living space, foreign trade channels, etc. Therefore, marine ecological civilization supports the development direction of human ecological civilization, which is an organic part of China's ecosystem. With the increasing proportion of marine economy in the gross domestic product, the marine economic management system needs to be improved, which will better serve the construction of ecological civilization. Through literature analysis and case study, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the current marine economic management in China. Based on the information age, this paper proposes the construction of a marine information management platform and marine economic management platform, which can better manage and coordinate China's marine management and development. Through the integration of a variety of detection methods, various marine information can be integrated, which can better support the integrated management of the marine economy. Through data collection, data analysis, information release, and other functions, the development of the marine economy can be recorded and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy, is making all-round efforts to pursue major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics and has achieved a series of historical achievements. Majorcountry diplomacy with Chinese characteristics significantly diverges from conventional Western major-country diplomacy. It is characterized by a vision that prioritizes national rejuvenation, aims to advance human civilizations, emphasizes the establishment of a new type of international relations, and strives for the building of a human community with a shared future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper analyses the coding and decoding mechanism in the naming of the Confucius Institutes in Indonesia, figuring out the reason why Confucius Institute was stunted during its first few years in Indonesia. The paper highlights the function of common reference codes in the dialogue of civilizations, and offers advice on the development of Confucius Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fluvial systems in tropical regions are not only the lifeline for modern civilizations there but also form an important continental archive for reconstructing Quaternary palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments. Tropical rivers drain through a variety of geological and geomorphological settings across the world and have been studied for their hydrology, sediment transport characteristics, facies models, stratigraphic development and flood hazards. This paper presents an overview of the research on tropical rivers globally and identifies major gaps and unanswered research questions. As a part of the IGCP 582 on Tropical Rivers, the participants of this project are continuing to tackle many of these issues. The collection of papers in this special issue is an outcome of this activity and presents new data on processes and alluvial stratigraphy of the tropical rivers from China, India, South America and northern Australia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

江苏省张家港市东山村崧泽文化早中期大墓的发现, 证明长江下游在距今 五千七、八百年以前已存在明显的社会分化, 初级王权已经产生, 社会已进入“古 国”1阶段。在中国古代文明演进过程中, 率先开始社会重大转型的不是黄河中游的 中原地区, 也不是以古长城地带为中心的北方地区, 而是崧泽文化所在的长江下游地 区。该遗址的发现还表明, 在文明化进程中, 中国古代最早出现的 “古国” 的性质和 表现形式并不完全一样, 有的是神权至上, 有的是王权至上, 从而导致其发展方向和 发展前途的不同。 1 “古国” (guguo), a concept put forward by Su Bingqi, literally means “ancient state.” This literal translation is adopted in this paper. However, the author believes that in Su’s theory, guguo is roughly equivalent to “chiefdom” in the West. 关键词: 崧泽文化 社会分化 王权 The discovery of large burial sites belonging to the early and middle stages of Songze Culture at Dongshan Village, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, shows that distinct social polarization had already emerged in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 5,700 or 5,800 years ago, when the initial stage of kingly power had taken shape and society had entered the stage of the “ancient states.” In the course of the evolution of ancient Chinese civilization, this area—rather than the Central Plains in the middle reaches of the Yellow River or the northern area centered around the ancient Great Wall—was the first to experience significant social transformation. This discovery also indicates that when the “ancient states” first appeared, they varied in form and character: some took the form of theocracies while others were dominated by kingly power. These differences meant that they developed in different directions and had different outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: China''s civilization is ancient. The country''s architectural heritage conservation activity is an integral part of the world conservation movement. This paper gives a general introduction of the movement in China from four aspects: (1) history; (2) important conservation projects assessments; (3) new ideas and principles being debated and discussed; and (4) issues facing the movement. The present paper summarizes the essential character of the movement in China and highlights the importance of supporting and protecting this movement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Shih, Chih-yu. (2011) Assigning Role Characteristics to China: The Role State Versus The Ego State. Foreign Policy Analysis, doi: 10.1111/j.1743-8594.2011.00158.x This paper distinguishes and integrates national identity and national image through a deep role analysis. It argues that the meaning of China's rising rests upon the views of those who evaluate China's role playing. This role analysis mediates between international relations and Chinese foreign policy. It also mediates between China watchers and their China. The two dimensions of role-role taking and role making-generate four different discursive approaches to interpreting the rise of China, each in its own way associated with the affects of opportunity and threat. They are 'nation state,''civilization,''Tianxia,' and 'Asianism.' In response to the external view on the rise of China, Chinese narrators often take the Tianxia and nation state approaches as components of their conception of national role. These conceptions mediated by role-making and role-taking, evolve into four possible strategic focuses-national interests, imperialism, sovereignty and center-periphery. While this last strategic focus on role-taking has recently attracted enthusiastic response in China, it has been re-appropriated by social science concepts such as soft power and social capital that assume an egoistic role-making China is on the move. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the formation of the concept of science in modern Chinese thought from four perspectives. The first aspect concentrates on the Japanese origin of the concept of science, analyzing this concept through the formation of the late Qing branches of learning, fenke zhixue, and the knowledge system of positivism. The second aspect takes gezhi (investigating things and extending knowledge), qiongli (exhaustion of principle) and other concepts as clues and analyzes the relationship between the concepts of modern science and the study of the school of principle lixue to show the breakdown and connection between scientific concepts fused in the three aspects of nature, morality and politics and the Confucian world view. The third aspect takes as its focus the systematization of scientific research, analyzing the agencies of science, scientific publications and the scientific community's formation and the influence of these elements on society and culture. The fourth aspect takes the May Fourth debate on East-West notions of civilization and the debate on science and metaphysics as its focus, discussing scientific language, the debate between civilizations and the formation of the fields of humanities and social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]