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Purpose To investigate the association between mental disorders and substance misuse at 30 years of age with gender, socioeconomic position at birth, and family income trajectories. Methods The 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort was used; all 5914 children born alive at hospital were originally enrolled (99.2% of all city births). In 2012, 3701 subjects were located and interviewed (68% retention rate). Mental disorders and substance misuse were assessed, and their prevalence analysed according to gender, socioeconomic status at birth, and four different income trajectories: always poor, never poor, poor at birth/non-poor at age 30, and non-poor at birth/poor at age 30. Results While women presented higher prevalence of mental disorders, substance misuse was much more frequent among men. Individuals in the lowest income quintile at birth presented 2–5 times more mental disorders and substance misuse than those in the highest quintile. Young adults who were always poor or were not poor at birth but were poor at 30 years of age had a higher prevalence of mental disorders than the other groups. Conclusions The high rates of mental disorders and lifetime suicide attempts in young adults, especially those who were always poor or became poor after childhood, suggest that recent socioeconomic-related stressful situations may have a higher impact on the current mental health than events earlier in life. However, we could not identify at what specific ages socioeconomic changes were more important. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00127-018-1526-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Este texto se presentó como comunicación al II Congreso Internacional de Etnografía y Educación: Migraciones y Ciudadanías. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 5-8 Septiembre 2008. This paper is part of a wider PhD study focusing on the impact of gender on the educational achievement of children in the early years of schooling with a focus on the impact of social class. The first part of the paper will address the methodological, practical and ethical issues and challenges that are encountered in educational research with children as young as three. Attempting to address such issues with young children themselves, rather than with their parents, teachers and other adult gatekeepers, adds further new dimensions and challenges to the research process. A discussion will be included in the paper on the feasibility of researching pre-school children and the impact of child centred research on the choice of suitable data collection methods. This discussion will include a consideration of young children's competency to participate in social research and their capacity to give informed consent, whilst simultaneously addressing the issue of power imbalances and the differing styles of communication between adults and children that must be bridged effectively for social research to be successful. As well as a consideration of gender and social class constructions and their relationship with educational achievement, issues around the re-conceptualisation of children as subjects of research, and the implications of this position for educational research, will be explored alongside practical and innovative suggestions for interviewing young children about their experiences. The data upon which this paper is based are taken from an ethnographic case study in one pre-school classroom in the northeast of Northern Ireland and will draw upon data gathered during detailed classroom observations and small, friendship grouped pupil interviews. Through a full discussion of the results of this study the second part of the paper will aim to explore the construction and maintenance of gender identities by those pupils involved, the discursive possibilities provided by the dominant gender discourse and how these possibilities prescribe not only how children learn but also what they learn. This will include a consideration of the gendered and educational discourses prevalent in the classroom, the pupils' stereotypical and often polarized play choices and friendship patterns and the perceived imbalance of ability between the genders. Issues of curriculum and assessment in the early years will be explored by drawing on data from a teacher interview and it will be argued that the diverse (and highly gendered) discursive possibilities in this pre-school setting may induce the construction of differing self or peer group imposed boundaries/obstacles to the learning opportunities of young children.

Changes in employment in the last decades suggest the emergence of a new working class. This article presents some data that show a process of increasing precariousness and complexity in working classes’ composition. The present situation might lead to the constitution of a new service working class, at least if this new class is capable of overcoming selfidentification and self-consciousness problems, which are produced by the segmentation of the labour market and the fragmentation of societies., Las transformaciones acaecidas en el empleo en las últimas décadas nos invitan a considerar la existencia de una nueva clase obrera. En el artículo, se muestran algunos datos que nos llevan a confirmar el proceso de precarización y a suponer el aumento de complejidad en la composición de las clases trabajadoras. La actual situación podría traducirse en la constitución de una nueva clase trabajadora de servicios, siempre y cuando se consiga superar las dificultades de identificación y de toma de consciencia derivadas de la realidad de la multisegmentación de los mercados de trabajo, que fragmenta las sociedades.

This paper investigates the way extra-filmic class relations inform and modulate documentaries, as well as discusses the notion of “outro de classe” in situations where bosses film their domestic servants. We analyze films of the contemporary Brazilian context such as Santiago (João Moreira Salles, 2007), Babás (Consuelo Lins, 2010) e Doméstica (Gabriel Mascaro, 2012). Este artigo propõe investigar como as relações de classe extra fílmicas informam e modulam obras documentais, além de promover uma discussão atualizada sobre a noção de “outro de classe” nas situações em que patrões filmam seus empregados domésticos. São analisados filmes do contexto brasileiro contemporâneo como Santiago (João Moreira Salles, 2007), Babás (Consuelo Lins, 2010) e Doméstica (Gabriel Mascaro, 2012). This paper investigates the way extra-filmic class relations inform and modulate documentaries, as well as discusses the notion of “outro de classe” in situations where bosses film their domestic servants. We analyze films of the contemporary Brazilian context such as Santiago (João Moreira Salles, 2007), Babás (Consuelo Lins, 2010) e Doméstica (Gabriel Mascaro, 2012).

Este trabalho tem como objeto a estratificação social do consumo alimentar. Nele, pretende-se investigar a possível homologia entre as práticas no campo da alimentação, de um lado, e as posições relativas dos agentes no espaço social, de outro. Nesse sentido, a investigação aqui proposta se insere num conjunto de estudos inspirados pela sociologia das classes de Pierre Bourdieu, cujo tema é a dimensão simbólica das relações de classe. Secundariamente, busca-se avançar o entendimento dos mecanismos de reprodução social, sobretudo o papel dos estilos de vida na produção e reprodução de desigualdades e hierarquias simbólicas. The social stratification of food consumption is the main empirical object of this paper. It aims to investigate the possible homology between the practices in the field of food consumption, on the one hand, and the relative positions in social space occupied by social agents, on the other hand. Therefore, such an investigation may be included in a set of studies influenced by Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of class, which the matizes the symbolic dimensional of class relations. Secondarily, this paper attempts to further our understanding of the mechanisms of social reproduction, especially regarding the role of lifestyles in the production and reproduction of inequalities and symbolic hierarchies. Ce travail pour objet la stratification sociale de la consommation alimentaire. Il prétend, d’une part, étudier l’éventuelle homologie entre les pratiques dans le domaine de l’alimentation et, d’autre part, les positions relatives des agents dans l’espace social. C’est ainsi que la recherche que nous proposons s’insère dans une série d’études inspirées par la sociologie des classes de Pierre Bourdieu, dont le thème est la dimension symbolique des relations de classe. De façon secondaire, nous cherchons à faire avancer la compréhension des mécanismes de la reproduction sociale, en particulier le rôle des modes de vie dans la production et la reproduction des inégalités et des hiérarchies symboliques.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender a centralidade do trabalho para a classe social emergente brasileira, conhecida como "nova classe média". Originalidade/lacuna/relevância/implicações: A centralidade do trabalho é um fenômeno recente e com debates em construção. Se estamos falando de uma classe em que o trabalho permanece como elemento centralizador de suas vidas e, por conseguinte, com o mundo organizacional, é de fundamental importância que os estudos organizacionais tragam sua contribuição. Principais aspectos metodológicos: Como há poucos trabalhos sobre tal temática, nosso trabalho foi baseado na revisão sistemática da literatura. Síntese dos principais resultados: Reiteramos que a associação simples e superficial entre classe, renda e consumo não é capaz de abarcar toda a complexidade que há por trás das estruturas de distinção e separação de classes. Quando percebemos a sociedade apenas como mera reprodução do mercado, ou seja, pela renda e pelo consumo, estamos perpetuando a naturalização da superexploração do capital que foi transvestida em ação individual transformadora. A acumulação virou algo tão sutil na sociedade que não percebemos que a exaltação da renda e do consumo como respostas às mudanças sociais é leviana e esconde toda a dominação simbólica do capitalismo. Principais considerações/conclusões: Afirmamos que não há a formação de uma nova classe média, mas sim uma nova classe trabalhadora. Para esses sujeitos, o trabalho continua sendo o elemento central e transformador de suas vidas, que permite também acesso ao que antes era restrito a uma pequena parcela da população. ABSTRACT Purpose: Understand the centrality of work for the Brazilian emerging social class, known as "new" middle class. Originality/gap/relevance/implications: This paper contributes academically, since This paper aims at a recent phenomenon currently under debate. Since we are talking about a class in which work remains the centralizing element of their lives and, therefore, within the organizational world, it is of fundamental importance that the Organizational Studies add their contribution. Key methodological aspects: There are few papers written about this theme, so our paper was based on the systematic review of literature. Summary of key results: The simple and superficial association among class, income and consumption does not suffice to understand the complexity that lies behind the distinction structures and separation of classes. When we perceive society as a mere reproduction of the market, in other words, though income and consumption, we are perpetuating the naturalization of overexploitation of capital that posed as an individual modifying action. The accumulation has become something so subtle in society that we do not realize that the exaltation of income and consumption as responses to social changes is frivolous and hides all the symbolic domination of capitalism. Key considerations/conclusions: We claim there isn't the uprising of a new middle class, but a new working class. For these subjects, work remains the central and transforming element of their lives, which also allows access to what was once restricted to a small amount of the population. RESUMEN Objetivo: Entender la centralidad del trabajo para la clase social emergente brasileña, conocida como "nueva" clase media. Originalidad/laguna/relevancia/implicaciones: La centralidad del trabajo es un fenómeno reciente y con debates en construcción. Si estamos hablando de una clase donde el trabajo sigue siendo el elemento central de sus vidas y, por lo tanto, con el mundo de la organización, es de fundamental importancia que los Estudios Organizacionales traigan su contribución. Principales aspectos metodológicos: Existen pocos trabajos escritos sobre este tema, por lo que nuestro trabajo se basó en la revisión sistemática de la literatura. Síntesis de los principales resultados: Repetimos que la asociación simple y superficial entre clase, renta y consumo no es capaz de comprender toda la complejidad que hay detrás de las estructuras de distinción y separación de clases. Cuando percibimos la sociedad apenas como una sencilla reproducción del mercado, o sea, por la renta y por el consumo, estamos perpetuando la naturalización de la sobreexplotación del capital que fue disfrazada de acción individual transformadora. La acumulación se volvió algo tan sutil en la sociedad que no se percibe que la exaltación de la renta y del consumo como respuestas a los cambios sociales es frívola y oculta toda la dominación simbólica del capitalismo. Principales consideraciones/conclusiones: Declaramos que no hay formación de una nueva clase media, sino una nueva clase trabajadora. Para esos individuos, el trabajo sigue siendo el elemento central y que transforma sus vidas, que también permite el acceso a lo que antes se limitaba a una pequeña porción de la población.

In this article, an empirical application of some elements of the concept of habitus in Bourdieu is proposed. To be precise, it is about the relationship with the body in the performance of sport activities, something that is attached to the habitus. For this purpose we will analyse the positions’ and habitus’ trajectory of some practitioners —attached to specific social classes— within the field of combat sports in our country. We will show how some parts of habitus can develop certain degree of autonomy from social class when the practitioner’s interaction within a social field grows. Thus, the notion of habitus is able to explain variations on the choice of new activities and different ways of practicing them without having necessarily to vary the practitioner’s social class., En el presente artículo, realizamos una aplicación empírica de algunos elementos del concepto de habitus en Bourdieu; en concreto, se trata la relación con lo corporal en la realización de unas prácticas deportivas, relación que está inscrita en el habitus. Para ello, nos serviremos del análisis de la trayectoria de las posiciones y de los habitus de unos participantes —asociados a unas clases sociales concretas— dentro del campo de los deportes de combate en nuestro país. Veremos como algunos componentes del habitus pueden desarrollar cierto grado de autonomía respecto a la clase social a medida que el individuo interactúa dentro de un campo social. Es así como la noción de habitus puede explicar las variaciones producidas en la elección de nuevas actividades y distintas formas de practicarlas, sin que tenga que variar necesariamente la clase social del participante.

Sa Calatrava Mon Amour és l'anàlisi de la relació entre els plans de reforma urbanística del barri de Sa Calatrava (Palma, Mallorca) i les formes d'acció col·lectiva dels residents d'aquest barri. Aquesta recerca ve articulada per una triple hipòtesi: (a) el principal objectiu dels plans de reforma urbanística és produir oportunitats de plusvàlua (fonamentalment immobiliària); (b) el procés econòmic pel qual s'augmenta el valor econòmic no s'efectua solament a través de processos estrictament econòmics, sinó de processos simbòlics que atorguen nous significats culturals al lloc; (c) existeix una relació directa entre la voluntat dels plans urbanístics de produir plusvàlues i l'erosió de les formes d'acció col·lectiva, procés que a la tesi s'expressa amb el terme despolitització. L'elecció de Sa Calatrava com a unitat d'anàlisi respon precisament a la voluntat de la recerca d'estudiar els efectes de la globalització neoliberal en contextos heurísticament apropiats per a la investigació qualitativa de matriu antropològica. Sa Calatrava complia aquest perfil. Per una banda, les seves reduïdes dimensions (menys de 2000 habitants) permeteren un treball de camp etnogràfic detallat amb residència in situ que s'estengué durant dos anys. Per l'altra banda, a mitjans dels anys 90 l'Ajuntament de Palma emprèn un gir clar i explícit de caràcter neoliberal de les seves polítiques urbanístiques pel qual el principal objectiu d'aquestes ja no és la satisfacció dels interessos dels residents, sinó la creació d'oportunitats de plusvàlua que puguin atreure fluxos globals de persones i capitals. Aquest gir es fa especialment manifest en aquells barris del centre històric que, com Sa Calatrava, eren objecte de reforma urbanística. En aquests barris la gentrificació és el procés central que permet la realització de la plusvàlua, tenint no obstant en compte que el bessó d'aquesta plusvàlua no es troba en la venda d'un immoble, sinó en el procés pel qual els immobles d'una zona de la ciutat han tingut una revalorització major a la dels la resta de la ciutatPer a dur a terme aquesta revalorització, i més enllà de les renovacions de l'entorn construït i de les ajudes directes i indirectes a la inversió, dos factors, profundament relacionats, han estat fonamentals. Per una banda ens trobem amb la posada en joc d'una retòrica sobre el valor cultural i patrimonial del barri oficialment adreçada a atreure turistes, retòrica que suposa una eufemització, i per tant una ocultació i legitimació, de l'augment del valor econòmic. Per altra banda ens trobem amb l'eradicació d'aquells elements que s'associaven amb la degradació i l'estigma del barri. Més enllà de l'expulsió de determinats residents, aquesta eradicació s'ha dut a terme mitjançant la pacificació de l'espai públic i de les activitats que s'hi duien a terme (reunions informals, mercadillos setmanals, etc.). Aquesta erosió de l'espai públic com a espai de comunicació i relació pels residents en favor d'una concepció de l'espai públic com a lloc de gaudi estètic pels visitants és un element central de la tesi. Així, serà en bona mesura aquesta erosió de l'espai públic la responsable que quan els gentrificadors vagin poblant el barri hi hagi un profund desconeixement entre aquests i els antics veïns, una cesura entre els dos grups demogràficament identificables. Això ens du a la qüestió final i central de la despolitització. Amb aquest terme volem agrupar tres processos que juguen un paper central en el procés de producció de Sa Calatrava com un espai idoni per a l'extracció de plusvàlues: (1) la despolitització d'aquelles instàncies polititzades, com les Associacions de Veïns, que són captades pel poder polític i juguen un paper clau en la legitimació i articulació de l'embelliment i la pacificació del barri. (2) L'erosió de les possibilitats que emergeixi una acció col·lectiva hegemònica, el que s'observa en l'erosió de les dimensions relacionals de l'espai públic, la divisió dins el barri i en la substitució de categories com veí o resident (i dels drets instituïts associats a elles) per d'altres com visitant o propietari. 3) Quan aparegui l'acció col·lectiva serà canalitzada de tal manera que emfasitzi el valor de canvi de l'espai i la possible producció de plusvàlua. Aquest darrer punt s'observa molt carament en el fet que a Sa Calatrava aquells grups que arriben a articular-se contra el desenvolupament dels plans urbanístics acaben apel·lant al valor cultural i patrimonial del barri i a la necessitat que aquest (que no oblidem que és un element legitimador del procés neoliberal de regereneració) sigui preservat. La conclusió final que s'extreu de la tesi és doncs que la despolització no és un efecte o un epifenomen de la voluntat de benefici que guia l'urbanisme neoliberal, sinó un element central d'aquest en dos sentits. En primer lloc aquesta despolitització és un requisit per a què l'extracció de plusvàlua es pugui realitzar de manera eficient (p.e. per a què no hi hagi protestes articulades). En segon lloc és en si mateixa un objectiu de l'urbanisme neoliberal, que d'aquesta manera pot ser considerat no només com una eines econòmica sinó com a un mecanisme de control polític i governamentalitat. Aquesta entenem que és una característica aplicable a tot el procés de neoliberalització, de tal manera que podem considerar-lo com una estratègia classista., "Sa Calatrava mon amour" is the history of 30 years (from 1975 to the present) of collective action in Sa Calatrava (Majorca, Spain), a neighborhood that during the past fifteen years has been subjected to multiple plans of urban regeneration. Sa Calatrava is a very small neighborhood (around 2000 inhabitants) situated in the eastern part of the seafront of the historical center of Palma, the capital city of Majorca, one of the main tourist destinations in the Mediterranean. My doctoral research, based on a two-year fieldwork, deals with the relationship and coherence between the forms of collective action in Sa Calatrava and the plans of urban regeneration, with their aim to increase the real estate values of the area. The central hypothesis of the research is that the process of neo-liberalization is not only an economic process that imposes a discipline of value but also requires the depoliticization of society. Beyond the depoliticization of grassroots movements and groups, this process of depoliticization is grounded on the loss of control of its own space by inhabitants and consequently the substitution of categories like neighbor/resident by others such as user, buyer or visitor and the erosion of the public and relational dimensions of public space. Gentrification is the way by which real estate surpluses are being obtained in the area, but they are produced somewhere else. It is in the production of Sa Calatrava as a valuable setting through the investment in the built environment (façade refurbishing, street renovations, etc.) and through the creation of a culturally valuable narrative based on heritage and history (officially targeted at attracting tourists) where we must find the social production of a space suitable to the needs of the realtors and constructors. For surplus values to be efficiently extracted the neighborhood must be embellished and pacified, an public space loses its role as a space for communication and sociability. Consistently, conflicts among different groups of residents, as well the loss of control of its own space by inhabitants is not a consequence of the gentrification process, but a consequence of the way space has been produced in order to enhance exchange value. KEYWORDS: economic anthropology, urban anthropology, urban studies, Palma, Majorca, gentrification, neoliberalism, depoliticization, eighbours' Associations, entrepreneurial turn, surplus value, social production of space, neighbourhood, Mediterranean, heritage, tourism, commodification, ethnography, social class, governmentality, pacification, embellishement.

O artigo trata da motivação social da haplologia sintática variável (dentro de casa::den’de casa, voltando de carro::voltan’de carro) no português brasileiro falado em Porto Alegre, capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A análise quantitativa de dados de fala (cf. LABOV, 1972, 1994, 2001, 2010), de caráter exploratório, verifica que o processo, aplicado a sílabas iniciadas por /t/ ou /d/ em posição final e inicial de palavras em sequência na frase, (a) ocorre numa proporção total de 27,2% na fala de jovens; (b) correlaciona-se às variáveis sociais Mobilidade entre zonas e Renda e à variável linguística Estrutura da segunda sílaba. Os resultados sugerem que os efeitos de mobilidade na haplologia variável no português de Porto Alegre devam-se à persona jovem urbana cosmopolita que o processo, como recurso de identificação e distinção (cf. ECKERT 2000, 2018), auxilia a compor. The paper discusses the social motivation of the variable syntactic haplology (dentro de casa:: den'de casa ‘indoors’, voltando de carro::voltan’de carro ‘coming back by car’) in the Porto Alegre variety of Brazilian Portuguese. An exploratory quantitative analysis of speech data according to Labov (1972, 1994, 2001, 2010) shows that the process, which targets syllables with /t/ or /d/ in onset position at the end and the beginning of words in sequence in phrasal domains, (a) exhibits a total proportion of rule application of 27.2% in the speech of young people; (b) correlates with social variables Mobility and Income and the linguistic variable Structure of the second syllable. The results suggest that the effects of mobility on the variable haplology in Porto Alegre Portuguese are due to the young, cosmopolitan, urban persona that the process, as a resource of identification and distinction (according to ECKERT 2000, 2018), helps to construct.

O texto detém-se sobre um tipo particular de organização do trabalho, chamado de células de produção, aplicado em fábricas do ramo de confecção em São Paulo, focando a experiência das operárias que trabalham sob esse formato. Vários aspectos são ressaltados a partir dele, tais como o sistema de remuneração, a regulação do/pelo grupo, o treinamento e as exigências de qualificação, a flexibilidade produtiva e o significado, para o grupo operário, do deslocamento geográfico de unidades de produção. Tais aspectos aparecem como contraponto à experiência coletiva que conformou uma identidade de classe, hoje em processo de aparente decomposição. Uma das razões para isso seria o sucesso de iniciativas privativas e confinadas ao espaço da empresa, das quais as células de produção são um exemplo. A descrição pormenorizada de casos concretos pretende contribuir com alguns elementos para uma apreciação compreensiva do fenômeno e suas implicações teóricas para o debate sobre as classes sociais. This paper approaches a particular type of work organization called production cells. That model is analized in its application through plants in the garment industry, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It focused on the working women experience under that work model, from which some aspects are stressed in this paper such as the payment system, the regulation of work by/of the worker's group, the training and its skill features, the productive flexibility, and the meaning of the geographical plant de-localisation to the worker group itself. Such aspects appear to be a counterpoint to the collective experience that moulded class identity in the past and that is, nowadays, being destroyed. One of the reasons for that fact is supposed to be the well-established private initiatives made by companies related to their workforce. This kind of strategies, among which production cells are a good example, circumscribe the labor contest to the inner space of the company level. The detailed report of cases discussed here intend to contribute with some elements to a comprehensive appreciation of the work organization debate as well as its further theoretical inferences in terms of the social class paradigm.

This paper approaches a particular type of work organization called production cells. That model is analized in its application through plants in the garment industry, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It focused on the working women experience under that work model, from which some aspects are stressed in this paper such as the payment system, the regulation of work by/of the worker's group, the training and its skill features, the productive flexibility, and the meaning of the geographical plant de-localisation to the worker group itself. Such aspects appear to be a counterpoint to the collective experience that moulded class identity in the past and that is, nowadays, being destroyed. One of the reasons for that fact is supposed to be the well-established private initiatives made by companies related to their workforce. This kind of strategies, among which production cells are a good example, circumscribe the labor contest to the inner space of the company level. The detailed report of cases discussed here intend to contribute with some elements to a comprehensive appreciation of the work organization debate as well as its further theoretical inferences in terms of the social class paradigm. O texto detém-se sobre um tipo particular de organização do trabalho, chamado de células de produção, aplicado em fábricas do ramo de confecção em São Paulo, focando a experiência das operárias que trabalham sob esse formato. Vários aspectos são ressaltados a partir dele, tais como o sistema de remuneração, a regulação do/pelo grupo, o treinamento e as exigências de qualificação, a flexibilidade produtiva e o significado, para o grupo operário, do deslocamento geográfico de unidades de produção. Tais aspectos aparecem como contraponto à experiência coletiva que conformou uma identidade de classe, hoje em processo de aparente decomposição. Uma das razões para isso seria o sucesso de iniciativas privativas e confinadas ao espaço da empresa, das quais as células de produção são um exemplo. A descrição pormenorizada de casos concretos pretende contribuir com alguns elementos para uma apreciação compreensiva do fenômeno e suas implicações teóricas para o debate sobre as classes sociais.