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Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the influence of different calendering conditions on newsprint surface and absorption characteristics, strength, and compression uniformity. We used a combination of traditional and new measurement techniques to evaluate newsprint calendered using a hard-nip, a conventional soft-nip, and an extended soft-nip. This study points out and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the respective calendering techniques. In all cases, flocs carried the greater part of the load. The different calendering techniques yielded dissimilar compression patterns. At constant process parameters, flocs were flattened most in hard-nip calendering, which had a positive effect on smoothness, gloss, thickness uniformity, and ink hold out. However, it negatively affected tensile strength, gloss uniformity, and print mottle. Extended soft-nip calendering produced opposite effects, including a rougher surface, non-uniform thickness, and less print mottle. Application: A combination of traditional and new measurement techniques to analyze the effects of calendering on paper properties is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibers from recycled copy paper were pretreated with two polymers, cationic poly-DADMAC followed by anionic CMC. Results were slightly different from the results of earlier work, which showed that the maximum strength was obtained when the amount of poly-DADMAC was just sufficient to saturate the fibers. In this study, higher tensile strength was obtained when poly-DADMAC addition exceeded the saturation level. It was hypothesized that the strength increase arises from the information of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) in the bulk phase, followed by deposition of PECs onto the fibers. Pre-formed complexes were retained efficiently by the fibers, especially when their surfaces had been pretreated with poly-DADMAC to saturation. Surprisingly, such pretreatment increased the retention efficiency of all of the PEC mixtures tested. PEC deposition yielded an additional increase of about 13% in dry strength beyond what could be achieved by treatments not involving complexation. Application: Dual treatment with dry-strength polymers may boost the strength of paper made from recycled copy paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the commercialization and biomass gasification technologies of black liquors. It states the effective capital intensities and production costs. Major assessment of the performance of the commercial gasification-based biorefineries integrated with kraft pulp and paper mills was also taken into account. Biorefinery was attributed for the difference in electricity delivered through biofuels. A chart is provided that depicts levelized costs for energy commodities in biorefining process.

Although participatory supply chain analysis (PSCA) is widely used to trigger action in development aid, there is very little published describing the method, its benefits and limitations. The theoretical background of participatory processes related to supply chain analysis and the related benefits and limitations found while implementing the method in Laos are presented. It is concluded that joint problem-solving in supply chains can be facilitated through PSCA as the method allows participants to evaluate their initial assumptions, investigate institutional barriers, gather new information and realise some of the interdependencies among supply chain participants. On the other hand, the lack of legitimate representatives, the failure to convince important stakeholders to participate, distances between participants, the length and breadth of the supply chain were factors limiting joint action. This method is recommended to study supply chains of niche products and local/regional products locally processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In their world leading publication, theJournal of Economic Entomology, economic entomologists typically found papers published between 2000-2015 roughly subdivided by type of crop attacked, venue of infestation, classic methodologies and more modern subspecialties, and recurring issues. The commodities most intensively studied include alfalfa, corn, cotton, garden vegetables, rice, soybeans, temperate climate tree fruits, tropical fruits, turfgrass, and wheat. Infested venues and procedures for their pest prevention, control or eradication were frequently explored and include both those used for the quarantining and treatment of newly imported commodities, as well as for the longer term post-harvest dry storage typical for cereal grains in warehouses. Household pests and structurally damaging termites remained topics of ongoing high interest. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There are two points addressed by the author in his critique of the paper "Opportunities Knocking: Residual Income Valuation of an Adaptive Firm," by Kenton K. Yee which appeared in the Summer 2000 issue. The first issue concerns the development of an analytical framework to explain the empirical phenomenon as to why firms, such as the Internet companies, with low earnings carry inexplicably high market values. Furthermore, the second issue concerns the development of an extension of the Edwards-Bell-Ohlson equation that would become consistent with convexity and complementarily. The paper correctly points out that the option or adaptation value is often overlooked in valuation using the EBO model. However, the impression the paper conveys is that the EBO model is inadequately equipped to deal with adaptation value and conceptually incomplete.

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The studies reported here examined differences in user behaviour when presented with a low-fidelity paper prototype compared to fully operational product, and evaluated the effectiveness of different types of enhanced labelling of controls. In the first study with a paper prototype, 30 users of high-pressure washers were asked to choose the settings of the temperature control for different cleaning objects, comparing standard with information-enriched control labelling. In the second study, 34 users operated a real high-pressure washer with different forms of control labelling. The results of both studies provided evidence for some benefits of an information-enriched control labelling over traditional temperature-centred controls labelling. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the data of the two studies suggested that low-fidelity paper prototypes may have to be used with caution. Therefore, designers need to be aware that the behavioural effects induced by different design modifications may be overestimated when using paper prototypes. The implications of the findings are discussed within the framework of an enlarged concept of fidelity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the enabling of technologies and frameworks for new product development. This issue of "International Journal of Production Research" contains various papers from the "3rd International Conference on Manufacturing Research." Several of these papers discussed provisions and sharing of knowledge through digital frameworks and ontologies, supporting tools and evaluation systems, as well as design management and practice models for new product development.

Since 1971, no major currency has a formal link to a commodity. For the first time in history, every currency is wholly irredeemable, not as a temporary expedient but as a permanent matter. Monetary economists have generally treated irredeemable paper money as involving negligible real resource costs compared with a commodity currency. To judge from recent experience, that view is clearly false as a result of the decline in long-term price predictability. a key question for the future is, What if any substitute for a commodity standard will emerge as a long-term anchor for the price level? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffractive optics such as holographic optical elements (HOEs) can provide transparent and narrow band components with arbitrary incident and diffracted angles for near‐to‐eye commercial electronic products for augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and smart glass applications. In this paper, we will summarize the operational parameters and general optical geometries relevant for near‐to‐eye displays, the holographic substrates available for these applications, and their performance characteristics and ease of manufacture. We will compare the holographic substrates available in terms of fabrication, manufacturability, and end‐user performance characteristics. Luminit is currently emplacing the manufacturing capacity to serve this market, and this paper will discuss the capabilities and limitations of this unique facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp chemistry plays a pivotal role during the extraction of commodities in the PGM industry as they employ the froth flotation separation process, which is based on the selective alteration of surface properties between the valuable minerals and undesired gangue. The chemical environment is intricate owing to the multiple and various surface reactions occurring at the mineral surface, and the increased ionic concentrations due to the practice of water recycling. Thus, a holistic understanding of the pulp chemistry is sought. By conducting bench scale flotation tests at varying concentrations of flotation reagents and typical ions present in plant water, it is possible to better understand the role of pulp chemistry on metallurgical plant performance. The effects of such variations, which modify the chemical environment of the pulp and impact plant performance, are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Price-taking behavior is the bedrock of much market theory. How might such behavior emerge? Addressing that old but still intriguing question, this paper uses a money commodity to denominate all rates of exchange and substitution. Out of equilibrium, some rates differ between agents, thereby driving trade. The simplest form of trade is bilateral; it needs no broker, center or supervisor. Yet, under broad conditions, that elementary institution can take the economy to competitive equilibrium. Proving convergence, this paper invokes minimal hypotheses as to agents' behaviors, competences and deals. Moreover, agents may make boundary choices, appreciate relatively few commodities, choose within general domains and deploy non-smooth preferences. Convex analysis provides the chief tool kit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Via a discussion of public debates surrounding the potential minting of a trillion dollar platinum coin in the context of the American debt ceiling crises of 2011 and 2013, this essay seeks to make sense of the popular persistence of 'commodity' or 'metallist' understandings of money's value in the face of a scholarly consensus that all currency is 'token' or 'fiat' in nature. Scholars from Knapp to Desan have elaborated token theories of commodity money, wherein both precious and non-precious currencies are treated as the products of social construction. By contrast, I suggest the need to supplement such approaches with what I term a commodity theory of token money, wherein money objects made from both precious and non-precious materials are treated as inherently valuable. Exploring the semiotic convergence between gold, Bitcoin and modern paper money, I suggest that the broadly Peircean notion of rhematization in which symbol and indexical signs are (mis)taken for iconic ones is particularly suited to unpack the continuing social salience of commodity theories of money across the gold/paper divide. Moreover attention must be paid to how we define the icon itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the commercial production of photographic printing paper in Australia in 1890 to 1900. It is stated that the marketing of new photographic papers produced by Australian firms challenged the previous tradition of reliance on overseas sources. According to the author, the first type of photographic paper manufactured in the country was the albumen paper followed by chloride paper and bromide paper. She emphasizes that the said decades depict the rapid rise of businesses offering accessible and reliable photographic equipment.

Stimulated by an injected continuous wave, a set of longitudinal modes wins the competition for gain medium continuously. In this paper, the linewidth of the longitudinal mode is broadened by the injected continuous wave. The wavelength of an actively mode-locked fiber laser based on EDFA is stabilized in the experiment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1385–1388, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21645 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Victorian Father Christmas/Santa Claus, charting his transformation during the era from a non-gift-giving character synonymous with festive cheer and social cohesion into the consumer deity that is more familiar today. Using Karl Marx's theory of commodity fetishism, this transformation is read in the context of the development of a consumer society and a consumer Christmas in the Victorian period. It is argued that the Santa Claus legend in its revised state enabled the origins of industrial commodities to be displaced, allowing the Victorian middle class to indulge in hedonistic festive consumption without being burdened by anxieties surrounding the true origins of the products they bought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A paper-based chemosensor with smartphone reflectometry detection relying on the F C assay was developed for direct total polyphenols analysis. • 3D printing and PDMS replica molding technologies were used to develop all-in-one analytical device for on-site polyphenols quantification. • The chemosensor has been applied to measure polyphenols in extra virgin olive oil and aqueous food matrices. High polyphenols levels are one of the main quality characters of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO), leading to high antioxidant activity and contributing to the EVOO health beneficial effects. Analytical methods for the rapid assessment of EVOO polyphenols content, possibly directly at the place of production or distribution, are therefore important for the commercial enhancement of this product. Unfortunately, most analytical methods for quantification of polyphenols in EVOO require laboratory instrumentation and preliminary sample extraction procedures. In this paper we describe a paper-based chemosensor based on the well-known Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay for the rapid (assay time 15 min) quantitative detection of polyphenols in EVOO without any preliminary sample extraction. Use of n-propanol for diluting the EVOO sample allows its direct analysis on paper supports loaded with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The color change of the paper supports is measured using a smartphone camera. A disposable analytical cartridge containing all necessary reagents, including calibration standards, and accessories for performing the assay using a Samsung S8 smartphone have been developed to perform on-site analysis. Measurement of total polyphenol content of EVOO samples gave results in good agreement with the conventional Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and the limit of detection was 30 μg gallic acid equivalents g−1 EVOO. The same approach can be employed to measure polyphenols in other oils of vegetal origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains why and how China seeks to continue to promote export-driven industrialization. This way, it comes as a corrective to the widespread assumption that the Chinese government is readying to rebalance its growth from investment and export to more domestic consumption. But the paper also presents an important case of a largely geoeconomics strategy. What explains China's quest for industry, it finds, is a quest for economic security, economic competitiveness, and more economic independence from large foreign suppliers of capital, brands, and knowhow. What characterizes the consequent policy, the paper goes on, is an increasingly more sophisticated push for exports. China's aim in that regard is not to undermine the relatively open global market, but to bend the trade flows into its advantage by means of export credit, tax rebates, and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SK Innovation and SK ie technology have developed and commercialized cover window films (FCW®) composed of functional coatings on transparent polyimide (PI) film for a foldable displays. We report on the development of PI film with high visual clarity, which can provide glass‐like feel to public users. Advances were achieved by engineering drying kinetics on the process of film fabrication, and the technology is applied to the commercial product of transparent PI film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents numerous charts summarizing the White Paper on International Economy & Trade 2016 including changes in gross domestic product by expenditure in China from 1970-2014, Crude steel production capacity from 2004-15, and changes in prices of major commodities from 2010-16.

Focuses on the high production of forest products in Finland according to the Finnish Forest Industries Federation. Increase in the productivity of the pulp and paper industry; Operating rate in the paper industry.

The article offers information on the aspects of classical political economy and discusses facts related to it including income distribution, competitive prices and dynamics. It talks about the topics of analyzation in Production of Commodities which includes joint production, fixed capital and the standard commodity. It mentions post-Sraffian topics including exhaustible resources, disequilibrium dynamics and critique of economic theory. It also informs about the possibility of conference to be held in the autumn of 2014 based on the thematic issues.

The article describes the colonial monetary standard in Massachusetts in the 1600s. It discusses the establishment of a commodity standard in 1640 and the official prices of commodities in Massachusetts during the 1600s. The article details the development of the paper-money standard in 1690. It comments on the topics covered by most recent studies of the monetary system of the American colonies. The establishment of a mint in Boston in 1652 is reported. By 1737 the price of silver had risen. In 1750, the Massachusetts Assembly restored specie payments. The article also considers the objections to the continuation of paper-money issues.

Abstract: Currently the amount of produced packaging waste, especially that of paper, cardboard, glass and plastics, is increasing year by year. Increasing packaging quantity has forced countries of the European Union to face this problem. The issue is reflected in EU legislation. The European Parliament and further amended by Directives 2004/12/WE and 2005/20/WE, belongs to binding resolutions passed by the European Union. The leading principle of the Directives was to introduce the obligation to provide adequate levels of waste packaging recovery and recycling. The obligation was defined as the percentage of waste packaging recovery and recycling which has to be achieved by EU member countries in relation to the aggregate weight of packaging introduced into the market. Aspiring to join the European Union, Poland was obliged to comply with the environmental protection requirements valid in the Community. Since 1 January 2002, the annual recycling levels of waste packaging are defined in the Ordinance of the Council of Ministers of 30 June 2001. The aim of the present work is to discuss and compare the required and achieved recycling levels of waste packaging (made of plastic, aluminium, paper and cardboard and glass) in Poland in the years 2002–2007 under the influence of EU directives. Featured data show that the required levels of recovery and waste packaging recycling were met and even exceeded in some cases. This result was influenced by the fact that Poland has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004. Hence, actions were enforced in Poland pertaining to waste packaging management as well as an obligation to the recycling levels dictated by European directives. An additional stimulus was constituted by a product charge for failing to comply with the recycling target levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This special issue is a result of the enthusiastic response to the initiation of a new industry paper track at the 2020 International Symposium on Computer Architecture, as we could not accept all the great submissions to that track.1 We are excited to share our interest in commercial products with many industry colleagues who answered our call for papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This literature review starts from the recognition of the importance of the social performance of sustainable products and the SLCA approach as a potential tool to measure this performance. The goal of this research is to analyze the bibliographies (papers and authors) that could be considered to be the basis to support the application of the SLCA concept in product performance. Methods: A bibliographical survey was conducted in two databases (Italian and Brazilian) covering the articles published from 2010 to 2013. The structure of the research consists of four steps: selection and analysis of recent scientific papers related to SLCA, selection and analysis of recent scientific papers related to the application of SLCA to a product, analysis of all of the references cited in recent scientific papers related to the application of SLCA to a product, and analysis of all of the scientific papers cited in recent scientific papers related to the application of SLCA to a product. Results and discussion: In 99 articles derived from the first selection, 13 articles specifically discussed the use of SLCA to products related to five different sectors. The investigation of the references cited in these papers identified 524 references used in 56 different journals and 358 authors. To discover the most cited references, the 220 articles published in scientific journals were examined. The work of Dreyer et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(2):88-97, ) was utilized in 62 % of the 13 selected articles and by the all of the sectors. Other important studies are also Benoît et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 15:156-163, ), Jørgensen et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 13(2):96-103, ), and Weidema (Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(1):89-96, ). Regarding an individual analysis of the authors, we highlight Hauschild, Jørgensen, Noris, and Dreyer. Conclusions: In summary, the results indicate that the article of Dreyer et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(2):88-97, ) was cited by several authors in the scientific studies over the last decade and that Hauschild, Jørgensen, Norris, and Dreyer were the most cited authors. However, regarding the frequency and distribution of the citations in all of the sectors, a deeper discussion regarding whether the effects are due to the sample or are based on the use of the SLCA being in its infancy is required. Note that a factor that differentiates a mature thematic area of a new field of study is the presence of shared references. Thus, the definition of a common approach among scientists applying SLCA would result in a bibliography with a shared basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]