Search

The papers of Francis Walsingham, being the first batch of secretarial documents deposited in the State Paper Office, initiated the whole business of archiving English State Papers and illustrated how the early State Papers were dispersed into private collections. This article aims to present the formation of the Tudor State Papers by explaining Walsingham’s secretarial procedures in registering, deciphering, summarizing, duplicating, categorizing, and depositing documents. More significantly, the dispersing routes of Walsingham’s papers after his death in 1590 will be reconstructed by tracing backwards from their present distribution. This fragmentation arose chiefly from four causes: retention by Walsingham’s servants either for their immediate keeping or for new patronage; the “public-only” selection policy; theft by Jacobean antiquarians; and various transfers via loan, marriage, sale, inheritance, or bestowal. The formation and dispersal of Tudor State Papers reveals the “invasion” of Elizabethan espionage network, state information system, and government administration by ministerial clienteles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an excerpt from China's national defense white paper published on July 28, 1998, which deals with China's strait relations with Taiwan.

This paper describes a novel framework and a system to support writing professional documents. Our framework focuses on aiding the process of organizing ideas and constructing logical connections between text chunks in formal documents. Most previous approaches dealing with these issues have utilized one of three types of representations: a tree, a map, and a network. However, they all have their strengths and weaknesses. The tree is superior in helping the writers to grasp the hierarchical structure of a document, but it is difficult to express vague relationships among parts of a document. The map is easy to operate, but it restricts freedom in spatial organization. The network has flexibility to express what writers want, but it requires additional graphical objects to specify relationships among parts and it cannot be naturally transformed into a linear document. In our approach, the tree and the map are integrated: the local structure of a document is defined by the map while the global structure of the document is defined by the tree. Combining both representations has the following advantages: (1) it leverages the benefits of both representations, (2) it seamlessly supports both top-down organization and bottom-up organization, and (3) it smoothly supports writing from an ill-organized state to a well-organized state. Based on the proposed framework, we have built a system called i Weaver. We describe experiments in which six users wrote six technical documents using the system. The results show that our framework is an effective aid for constructing long, structured documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper contains reflections of what is, might and should be considered ethically and diplomatically admissible with regard to the changes due to globalization and mediatization, which has lately reshaped the world society. The philological research is carried out on the material of the recently published and not yet linguistically analysed personal letter (considered as an example of the first person diplomatic note, one of the five most frequently used types of diplomatic writings) of the USA President. The written matter in question violates the established norms and breaks the style in the diplomatic interactions. And, as the proofs are multiple and easily traced on all the language levels, the threat of broadening the boundaries of the acceptable in the diplomatic discourse is obvious. Such circumstances urge diplomats and linguists to research and conclude on the justifiability of modifications in the traditional patterns of oral and written forms of communication in diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay begins the collection's consideration of letters, which form the second largest broad category of documentary Geniza materials. Although the epistolary form had many uses in the Islamic world of the period, the great majority of these letters are real single-sheet missives and bear physical evidence of having been sent from author to addressee. In this essay, I argue that mercantile letters form an identifiable subgenre within the broader corpus, identifiable by a combination of diplomatic, linguistic, and compositional norms that generally distinguish them from other kinds of correspondence. The most striking of these features are briefly discussed, followed by an edition and a translation of a sample letter. The sample letter is one of over three hundred sent to the same man, Nahray b Nissīm. His papers are both the largest extant archive of mercantile materials and the only mercantile corpus for which there is good evidence that it was kept as a part of a personal archive before finding its way to the Cairo Geniza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short paper examines a forgotten episode in the early 1870s when a steamship flying under the flag of the Bey of Tunis unexpectedly arrived in the port of Yokohama. This steamship, the Zadkia, immediately became involved in a legal dispute regarding the debts of its owner and the status of the ship itself as a vessel from a non-Treaty Power. The Zadkia story was significant in several respects. First, it revises our understanding of when and how Japan and the Islamic lands re-established contact in the modern period. Second, it throws additional light upon the history of the treaty revision movement in Japan. Finally, it represented a new phase for native Japanese journalism when a Japanese reporter attended a European-style trial for the first time. This paper is based upon newspaper reports as well as diplomatic correspondence between London, Tokyo, Yokohama, and Tunis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rétor is the property of Asociacion Argentina de Retorica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nuova Rivista Storica is the property of Societa Editrice Dante Alighieri s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Integrations plan is a process that requires work, time and institutional commitment. The mobilization of all bring the success of acceptance into the Euro-Atlantic, which is main intention of the Republic of Kosovo to be part of European Union, NATO, etc.. In the phase where the new republic is found in Europe, is initial stage, figuratively speaking "as a child in the first steps of walking." The commitment of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo, especially the Ministry of Integration and Foreign Ministry, is not missing, even though is required work and cooperation from the other ministries, also by the citizens themselves, diaspora, businesses, etc.. As the newest state without any political and diplomatic influence, the Republic of Kosovo should strengthen the sector of public diplomacy which mobilizes all institutional structures, non-governmental organizations, individual citizens, etc.. Public diplomacy is seen as a way of achieving the goals by smaller states which do not have influence on other forms. This diplomacy also sends to achievement of goals for integration, and my suggestion about the fulfillment of conditions for integration is to use public diplomacy, about forms and methods that should be used by the Republic of Kosovo, I have explore and explain in the continuing of the paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper studies the titles of the Byzantine emperors used by the Mamlūk chancery. The surviving Mamlūk chancery textbooks of the fourteenth century provide us with new, rich data on the modes of address customarily employed by the Mamlūk sultans in writing to the Byzantine emperors. What determined the choice of a particular title? Were these titles translated into Arabic from the Byzantine originals or were these formulas the inventions of the Mamlūk secretaries? Was the attitude demonstrated by the Mamlūks towards the Byzantine emperor an innovation in chancery practice, or was it a part of a traditional view, shared by other great powers, the Īlkhāns, of the role of the emperor as head of Christendom? The investigation of the Mamlūk formula of the address of the Byzantine emperor clearly demonstrates that almost all the titles of the emperor were composed by the Mamlūk secretaries. The titles help us restore the traditional perception of the Byzantium in the Muslim countries in the fourteenth century. Despite the decline of Byzantium, the emperor was still considered as head of Christendom, the successor of Alexander the Great of Macedonia and the chief protector of the Christian faith. Such perception was demonstrated not only by the Mamlūk, but also the Īlkhānid chancery. However, the Mamlūks brought about an innovation: they recognised the concept of the so-called Byzantine Commonwealth, an association of the Orthodox states with the Byzantine emperor as its head. It seems that the Orthodox Church that participated in the relations between Byzantium and the Muslim East, was a channel of communication which brought the idea of the Commonwealth into Mamlūk diplomatic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of peace accords is a study of state-formation, of patterns of power, of the desire of democracy to run away from that regime of domination from which it eternally tries to free itself only to find itself never free. It is crucial to an understanding of the modern stale that relies on the instrumentality of contract to survive and strengthen itself Accords are contracts within and between states, specifically with the deviants who want to opt out of a given political setting. The paper reviews and analyzes the history of peace accords in the Indian subcontinents containing the texts of treaties, accords, memoranda of understanding, resolutions, and also the enabling acts for their implementation. These are the texts of resolution of conflicts, and are protocols of power, scripts of status, arrangements of prestige, and the invitational metaphors for further conflicts and peace. Some have failed and some have succeeded. Some have passed the verdict of history, while others remain as papers in dusty archives. But they belong to a genre, a specific group, with their own rules of formation, their procedural laws. The agencies contracting them impose a practicality on them, then these treaties as events find their own principle of practicality and regularity. But beyond the practicalities, the history of accords in the subcontinent reveals the embedded and unresolved vagueness of right and might, power and justice, violence and peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to retrace the history of the Italian community in Egypt between the fifties and sixties, through the analysis of diplomatic documents collected in the series Gabinetto del Ministro 1961-63, now at the Historical-Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Rome. These documents were written during the official visit to Cairo, between January 6th and 9th, 1959, of the then-Italian Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Amintore Fanfani. They reveal the difficult economic and social conditions experienced by the Italian community, along with other foreign communities present at that time Egypt. A consequence of the nationalistic policies implemented by the government of the Egyptian President Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about a significant collection of historical documents related to Hawaii history and donated to the HMCS that is being digitized. Topics discussed include the documents containing a collection of original diplomatic correspon­dence and legal papers produced during the January 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy.

During the First World War, British intelligence solved the United States' diplomatic codes and were reading its diplomatic telegrams transmitted between Washington and US diplomatic outposts throughout Europe. Controversy has emerged over when the British succeeded in solving these codes, with two historians relatively recently having claimed that British intelligence succeeded in doing so from the beginning of the war or soon after. Through a thorough consideration of the available documentation, this piece aims to correct these mistaken claims and to date the completion of the British solving of American codebooks to the middle phase of the war, to between October 1915 and January 1916. It seeks to lay reliable foundations for further work by showing that research into the wartime impact of British signals’ intelligence on Anglo-American relations is necessarily limited to only the middle and later phases of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With China's emergence as a global power, it is commonly assumed that the Chinese leadership's influence in international politics has increased considerably. However, systematic studies of China's impact on the foreign policy behavior of other states are rare and generally limited to questions regarding economic capabilities and the use of coercive power. This paper seeks to contribute to the literature on China's global political rise by taking a broader perspective. Drawing on voting data from the UN General Assembly for the last two decades, it explores the plausibility of different explanations for foreign policy similarity: economic, diplomatic and military linkages; domestic institutional similarities; and parallel problem-solving processes. The logistic regression analyses find that high levels of foreign policy similarity correlate with shared regime characteristics and comparable patterns of political globalization. The results further indicate that foreign aid seems to help buy support in global politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses an archival diplomatic paper which was found in the Romanian national archives that lays out in detail the diplomatic and foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire in the middle of the seventeenth century. Specifically, it provides insight into the negotiations for a peace treaty with the Habsburg Empire. The conditions which each side had during the negotiations of the treaty are presented as well as what implications the agreement would have for the price of Transylvania.

Discusses the importance of publishing diplomatic documents in the development of Switzerland's historical consciousness. Information on the book 'Documents Diplomatiques Suisse'; Development of a consensus by the federal council between different political, cultural and linguistic interests in the country at large; Use of secret intelligence in Swiss foreign policy.

The article presents the author's insights on media diplomacy. The author mentions that an old diplomacy is a document in which diplomats spoke discreetly but when the telegraph is invented the old-style diplomacy was changed to public diplomacy involving the role of the public. The author says that diplomacy is the broadest definition of international relations between different countries from negotiations and crises in nations. The author adds that in media diplomacy, public opinion is necessary to avoid misinterpretations of issues and facts and to prevent the occurrence of overreaction.

The Chosŏn court kept meticulous records of its interactions with their Ming, and later, their Qing neighbors. These materials, especially those that predate the nineteenth century, survive not in the form of original materials but rather as entries in court-sponsored compilations. For instance, the monumental Tongmun hwigo , published in 1788, categorizes diplomatic activity according to areas of policy concern. Its organizational scheme, handy for a Chosŏn official searching for relevant precedents, has also provided ready material for historical case studies. What has been less appreciated, however, are how such records came into being in the first place. By interrogating the status of these compilations as "archives," this article follows how diplomatic documents were produced, used, and compiled as both products and instruments of diplomatic practice. In reading these materials as instruments of knowledge, rather than mere sources of historical documentation, this essay also makes the case for going beyond diplomatic history as interstate relations and towards a cultural and epistemic history of Korean diplomatic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces how Anglo-Americans invoked climatic and racial ties between Hawai'i and Southern California in the late nineteenth century to forecast an American settler colonial future for the islands and obviate Native Hawaiian efforts to restore native sovereignty, after white elites overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and sought annexation to the United States. This climatic binding between continental and insular spaces – present in U.S. tourist and travel writing, diplomatic correspondence, and press coverage – brings into stark relief Hawai'i's often detached status in American history and historiography. By focusing on transpacific discourses of race and climate, I seek to show how – rather than as disparate places, separated by vast watery and intellectual gulfs – Hawai'i and California were conceived in much more connected ways, as benign and (racially) healthful tropics for U.S. settler colonists in the Pacific West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administração Pública is the property of RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administracao Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using recently declassified documents from Moscow, this article recounts Anastas Mikoyan's trip to Japan in the summer of 1961. The trip served as an inflection point in the commercial relationship between the Soviet Union and Japan—a relationship that by the end of the decade had become the most extensive between the Soviet Union and a country of the “free world.” The article indicates that narratives focusing on ideologies of great-power rivalry during the Cold War tend to miss the kinds of global ideological currents that shaped many states’ behavior after 1945. Mikoyan's discussions with political and business elites in Japan suggest that an ideology of economic growth increasingly underlay concepts of political governance on both sides and ultimately allowed for the kind of cooperation that characterized Soviet-Japanese relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical science assumes that the basic research activity of a historian is work with historical sources. The role and meaning of historical sources in historical researches is gradually replaced the knowledge of the previous historiography. It is particularly important to study new historical sources that is implied not only intergovernmental history but also history of international relationships. This aspect of Source Studies increases the meaning of diplomatic documents as a specific type of written sources of contemporary history. The article considers the phase of historical sources study as diplomatic documents of the new era where the meaning of modern diplomatic documents is increased and grown. The relevance of this theme is explained with development of international relations and foreign affairs in epoch of globalization and integration as well as of interrelations and interdependency of states and international organizations that are consisted the contemporary context of international relations. Documental progress in historical source study occurs due to multiplication of quantity and development of quality of diplomatic documents. It demands new approaches to use these documents to study history as well as new perspectives of diplomatic historical sources classification. In our opinion, it lets to increase the creative potential of historians of international relations and diplomacy for further scrutiny of contemporary history as the stage of the recent history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Princess Elizabeth Tudor's holograph letters have long been prized, but often reveal more about her education than about her life before she became queen in 1558. Her scribal letters, by comparison, can offer more matter-of-fact insights into these years, showing how Elizabeth negotiated with the governments of her brother Edward VI and sister Mary I, how she managed her household and estate, and how she sued for property for herself and patronage for her servants. The article presents diplomatic transcriptions of seven scribal letters, written between 1547 and 1556, adding significantly to our understanding of her life during these years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns the ILC's Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters and, in particular, the establishment of a rights-duties relationship between States concerning the right to accept or refuse assistance from third States (horizontal rights-duties relationship). The article assesses the merits of the horizontal rights-duties relationship by assessing the two primary justifications for the proposition. The first justification is that the proposition reflects the law as it currently stands. The second justification is that, independent of whether the proposition reflects current law, it is morally required in order to save lives and protect the dignity of persons affected by disasters. The assessment is undertaken, principally, on the basis of the materials relied upon in the commentary to the Draft Articles as well as deliberations within the ILC itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1915, Britain negotiated a deal to persuade the Arabs to join the Allies in the fight against the Ottomans. The Hussein-McMahon correspondence between the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Arthur Henry McMahon, and Sharif Hussein of Mecca was the vehicle for that negotiation. In exchange for opposing the Ottomans, Sharif Hussein demanded an Arab independent area that stretched from the Mediterranean to modern day Iraq and from the Indian Ocean to Syria. The British accepted. Elie Kedourie's argument that McMahon was influenced by the Ottoman army deserter, Muhammad al-Faruqi, has thus far provided historians with the primary detailed reasoning for the British acceptance of Hussein's demands. This article will suggest that insufficient emphasis has been given to the failure of the Allied campaign at Gallipoli, which was a significant reason behind the British desire to negotiate a deal with the Arabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines media discussions of leaked U.S. diplomatic cables pertaining to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) following their release in 2010 and 2011. Particular focus is given to the print, broadcast, and online circulation patterns of the cables. According to the author, the disclosures had little effect within the DRC itself, while pan-African and diasporic media focused on criticisms of Congolese leader Joseph Kabila. Online news flows in the DRC are also discussed.

The article provides transcriptions and English translations of two letters written in Italian by Queen Elizabeth I of England to Italian military leader and diplomat Gian Luigi (Chiappino) Vitelli, Marquess of Cetona, taken from the manuscript MS Dd 3.20(4) at the Cambridge University Library. Topics considered include European diplomacy in the 1570s, the visit of Florentine painter Federico Zuccaro to England in 1575, and the Wars of Independence from Spain of the Low Countries.

The goal of the article is to explain the attitude of Austrian Chancellor Prince Metternich towards the Ottoman reformer, Mustafa Reshid Pasha, and refute the widespread and deep-rooted allegation against the chancellor of plotting against Reshid and causing his political fall in late March 1841. The article attempts to prove that it was Metternich who was on good terms with Reshid and did his best to prevent the latter's fall. The article also provides some new evidence for the claim that Metternich exerted certain influence over the reformatory ideas of the reformers at the early Tanzimat period like Mustafa Reshid Pasha and Sadik Rifat Pasha. To prove Reshid's high esteem to Metternich in this respect as well as his confidence in the chancellor's goodwill, an important document from the Austrian State Archives is quoted in full at the end of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines how the Homeric scepter is served as the pre-eminent symbol of authority in epic. It notes that some rulers of Homeric communities have seen a lack of distinctive emblems as evidence that Homeric poems know of no permanent political authorities. It outlines several main areas in which scepters are used including during embassies, in diplomatic contexts, and in judicial situations involving judgments and oaths.

The article presents a study on the actions taken by the Romanian state and its citizens to establish the diplomatic mission within the context of expanding the Great European Powers in Egypt. It analyzes unpublished diplomatic documents from the Historical Archive of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (AMAE) between the 19th and 20th century. It discusses issues concerning the establishment of the Diplomatic Agency and the General Consulate of Romanians in Egypt.

This article analyses the Weimar Republic's cultural relations with Latin America. Based on diplomatic correspondence and the writings of Latin American intellectuals who visited Weimar Germany, the article combines an exploration of the goals and methods of Germany's official foreign cultural policy towards the region with a brief examination of the varied ways in which the supposed recipients of these policies approached German culture. The key argument is that the limited capacities of official cultural policy created space for a large number of actors who pursued divergent interests when appropriating or trying to spread German ideas in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the archival history produced by the Spanish diplomatic representation in China. The author discusses the institutional history of Spanish representation in China from the early 19th century until the 1970s and notes the impact on the archives of the rupture of diplomatic relations in 1946. He considers how the archives were recovered from Shanghai, China, taken to Taipei (Taiwan) in the early 1950s and later included in Spain's Archivo General de la Administración (General Archive of the Administration).

Examines Soviet Union policy on the Czechoslovakian crisis of 1938 based on documents in the archives of the Soviet Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. Soviet view of western states; Review of the diplomatic correspondence between Litvinov, the Commissar for Foreign Affairs and Joseph Stalin; Soviet exercise of caution during the crisis.

The article discusses the outcome of the negotiations between Israel and the Anglo-Egyptian in 1953 to 1954. Israel believed that the presence of the British on Suez Canal was a significant factor that prevented for the arising of a new aggression between Egypt and Israel after the occurrence of a military coup in 1952 that removed King Farouk from power. The documents in hand of the Israel State Archives strengthened Israeli concern that the withdrawal of British troops without acknowledgement to their requirements would allow Egypt to war against them once more. Jerusalem did not want to prevent the British from leaving but instead wanted to assure that Egypt will follow the international rule.