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Projections for the global economy frequently center on the BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. As futurists and economists alike define and re-define both formal and informal coalitions (for example, by broadening the R in BRIC to include all Eastern European economies or instead re-directing the discussion to G-8 countries or to World Trade Organization members), the education profiles of the individual nations sometimes resemble economic indicators: what is imported, what is exported, and what is the potential for expansion. Higher education, and specifically distance learning (the Clicks element of this paper), can already be charted in these terms for some nations. This paper describes the current role of distance learning in countries described as growing economies and proposes a typology for describing change as additional data become available. The paper informs readers of global developments in distance education, using the BRIC nations as examples.(Contains 3 figures, 4 tables, and 13 resources.)

The Food Safety Knowledge Network (FSKN) is a collaboration between Michigan State University, the Global Food Safety Initiative of the Consumer Goods Forum, and other food industry and public sector partners. FSKN's goal is to help strengthen the food industry's response to the complex food safety knowledge and training challenges that affect emerging markets by providing free access to high-quality, standardized learning resources. The resources were designed to be available on demand and as a structured learning experience which can support face-to-face training and fully online training. The pilots thus far have shown that participants in FSKN training demonstrate a significant increase in knowledge. The paper will share the processes used to set up an efficient open educational resources initiative including understanding licensing, using open software, establishing competencies and working with corporate and other international partners. (Contains 2 figures.)

During the last decade education worldwide has experienced massive changes ranging from domestic market inauguration to the internationalization. In due course of time, there has been a great urge for restructuring the education system to make it internationally comparable ensuring economic benefit. The developed countries have dominated through the process and have been able to reap the benefit of internationalization of higher education. It is to be noted that the developing countries are forced to accept the negotiation of the developed countries to get support in turn. At the same time it may also be noted that there exists an inverse relationship between domestic gross enrolment ratio (GER) and outward mobility ratio (OMR) and the other developing countries have resorted to importing education services to supplement their domestic capacity. The present paper articulates the current nature of the internationalization of higher education through analyzing the indicators related to it. The paper establishes the inverse relationship between GER and OMR. It also attempts to provide policy implication by highlighting facts related to the process.

Purpose: Considerable debate since the global financial crisis has been evident concerning the role of business schools. This article aims to outline the authors' research on their role. Design/methodology/approach: The paper begins with an overview of the significant literature highlighting the current debates impacting on business schools and their leaders. From this the authors argue that the most significant challenge is the role business schools should play in the resolution of urgent global issues. The paper then details and analyses the research and provides recommendations. Findings: The main finding from the research was that the leaders of participating business schools did not convey the impression that steering business toward helping humanity achieve a sustainable future and tackling urgent global issues was seen by them as one of their main current or future roles. Research limitations/implications: Funding constraints and the desire to make a timely contribution to the debate mean that this research is limited in scale. It is therefore viewed as a scoping study, paving the way for more detailed investigation and analysis, and recommendations for further research are provided. Originality/value: The authors argue that, rather than make the same mistakes as the West, BRIC economies and related business school leaders should be looking for an alternative strategy that would lead to a just, sustainable and fulfilling human presence on the planet. The authors also suggest that Type 1 European business schools are well advised to focus their limited resources locally but should be aware of global issues and bear them in mind in their actions. (Contains 2 tables.)

Purpose: The main purpose of the present paper is twofold: to examine and compare the current strategies and policies that are employed by the UK, Australia and Singapore and to recommend appropriate strategies and policies to higher education institutions and the Hong Kong government and elsewhere that are interested in expanding their efforts in recruiting the growing number of students from other countries who are planning to study overseas. Design/methodology/approach: The data for this project were obtained primarily from documents and in-depth interviews. Documents include government reports, policy addresses, official statistics, etc. The in-depth interviews were conducted in Hong Kong as well as in the four studied cities--Mumbai, New Delhi, Jakarta, and Kuala Lumpur. Interviewees included government officials, academics, higher education institutions' representatives, consultant generals, and officials from policy bodies. Findings: It is clear from the findings of this present study that a set of favorable policies and strategies at the national level was behind the success of these competitors. Such policies are not confined to educational policies but are extended to population and employment policies. Research limitations/implications: Though the study examined policies and strategies employed by three countries, findings from the study may generate useful information to countries that may be interested in exporting their higher education to Asian markets. Practical implications: The paper suggests that if Hong Kong is to attain success in becoming an international exporter of education services, it may need to adopt favorable policies at institute and system level, and in so doing it can definitely benefit by carefully studying the strategies and policies employed by these three competitors. Originality/value: Few studies have examined and compared strategies and policies employed by these three key major players of higher education services. This study provides some useful strategies and policy recommendation to education decision makers in Hong Kong and elsewhere that may be interested in entering Asian markets. (Contains 1 table.)

This paper offers a dialogic discussion about several issues concerning call centers, including globalizing surges, modernity tropes and educational practices. Based on a critical discourse analysis of a document offering to train west-based entrepreneurs to assume managerial positions in call centers in India, the paper explores ways in which Indian culture and businesses get cast into "manageable" items for sale. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the outsourcing phenomenon on language-in-education policies in India, particularly in respect to class and caste differentiation articulated with access to privileged varieties of English through schooling.

The rise of Brazil, Russia, India, and China will shape global resource use, the location of market demand and international institutions and interdependencies in the decade to come. In this paper we argue that an understanding of the historical and institutional context of the BRICs, and the potential shift towards a multi-polar world is important for developing curricula and content in international business courses in the future. Implications for international business theory and teaching are discussed. (Contains 4 tables.)

This paper summarizes the phenomenon of offshore outsourcing and relates it to the history and current state of engineering education and the engineering profession in Europe and the USA. In order to assess the climate affecting employment decisions by and about engineers we have used as sources mostly the serious press, with an emphasis on material dating from 2004 forward. The authors conclude that despite anxiety about the out-migration of engineering and technical jobs to places such as India and China, there is reason to see offshoring as the result of Western investment in capacity building in developing countries and to believe that the creation of new jobs will outpace the rate of job loss in Europe and the USA. The paper should serve as a prod to policy-makers and educators to set about creating an environment in which highly educated engineers and technical employees can continue a pattern of economic revitalization.

As the world tries to grapple with the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are concerns about the revivals of economies across the globe. The world is also trying to make sense of global restructuring trade, which is expected in the post-COVID-19 world. This paper attempts to analyze the emerging trade scenario between India and China. Atlas of Economic Complexity theory (ACE) by Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar A. Hidalgo has been taken as a base for this research. This study propagates that the countries with products that require more know-how have more potential to grow. Taking the Atlas map giving details of Indian exports as a base, the researchers have compared the data from the last two years. The purpose is to identify whether the complexity of Indian exports is increasing or not. A particular case study has been done on Indian exports to China. There has been little progress in this field as India is exporting more complex products slightly to China. There is an urgent need to formulate a strategy to enhance the complexity of Indian exports. The policymakers need to give impetus to the industries which have a cross-cultural demand in China and leverage this opportunity. This will open the path for consolidating India's position in the global trade as well as improving its strategic position vis-a-vis China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a network analysis of the international flow of students among 210 countries and the factors determining the structure of this flow. Among these factors, bilateral hyperlink connections between countries and the number of telephone minutes (communication variables) are the most important predictors of the flow's structure, followed by trade, the physical distance between countries, a common border between countries and a common language between two countries. The USA is by far the most central country in the flow of international students, followed by China, the UK, France, Germany, Australia and India. These results are discussed in light of World-System Theory. Future research should examine how the network of international student flows changes over time and consider additional factors to provide a better understanding of the network as an international system.

India has had an extremely adverse balance of trade in education. Though only a minor education exporter through Mode 2, India is the world's second largest student-sending country. Nevertheless, given English as the medium of instruction especially in apex institutions, low tuition and cost of living, quite a few world-class institutions, and a long tradition of hosting international students, India should have been an attractive destination. The paper, therefore, aims at investigating into the reasons for this failure by undertaking a two-phase empirical analysis. The findings of the first phase using the panel data and pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques attribute this failure to India's lower per capita income, gross enrollment ratio (GER), and per-pupil expenditure, and none of its institutions being among the top 200 world university rankings. The findings of the second phase using the logit and probit models suggest that the probability of attracting international students by those institutions significantly increases which provide a hostel facility and fellowships, have a dedicated agency, and are accredited, privately-owned and unitary type.

This article discusses the effects of imperialism on British (or chiefly English) social life and education in the nineteenth century rather than examining the effects on the colonised as is usually done. It is shown that the nineteenth century was infused with different visual and written images which helped develop attitudes and ideas which influenced social change in Britain. The "imperial gaze" demonstrated a fascination with the unknown and exotic; a scientific curiosity to discover, collect, classify and explain; an economic desire to find and exploit; and mixed motivations from religious, humanitarian and nationalistic impulses to convert, "civilise" and dominate. In different ways and at different levels this entailed a wish to "know" and an urge to pass on presumed "truths" that interlocked imperial influences into educational enterprise, although not necessarily within formal schooling. As the century progressed, events within the expanding empire, combining with scientific theories, helped to develop cultural arrogance, dominated by ideas of white, Western superiority. Yet there was no homogenous, uncontested discourse. As post-imperial debates suggest, chronological shifts, differing gender and class responses are significant. Effects could be paradoxical as those of imperial opportunities and rhetoric were on women's lives. Examples from other imperial nations, especially France and the Netherlands, indicate parallel imperial, sometimes imperialistic, concerns and interests and varying consequences, but in different contexts. The paper ends with some suggestions on how the difficulties of analysing the effects of empire on social change and education could be addressed within history of education. (Contains 1 figure and 79 footnotes.)

Higher education is a service that contributes to national development, integration and regional cohesion. Agricultural education in particular has been viewed in many developing countries as a significant contributor to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. In view of its public mandate, higher education in most countries is regulated by competent bodies. However, higher education is also a service recognized under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It is therefore subject to WTO's essential principles of promoting trade liberalization, market access and equitable treatment to all participants. But very little is known about the consequences of free trade in educational services. Also it is difficult to define which educational services are strictly commercial and which are public services. As a result, application of GATS can lead to disputes, unless the definitions are clear and international standards are in place, as in the case of other WTO agreements such as TRIPS, SPS and TBT. The present paper assesses the implications of application of the provisions of GATS to higher education in general and agricultural education in particular, with respect to Indian regulatory mechanisms for agricultural education. International scenarios of application of GATS in higher education and relevant policy issues for India as perceived by the faculty members of agricultural universities are discussed. The purpose is to initiate a fruitful debate at various national forums that can inform national policy and take advantage of the opportunities provided under GATS, while ensuring that national interests are kept in perspective. (Contains 8 tables.)

The on going debate about the (World Trade Organisation) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) framework brings out conflicting views about cross-border education the world over. Between the enthusiastic views of trade promoters, at one end, and the sceptical reflections of academics with a traditional outlook, at the other, there are many different viewpoints. Academics who support the view that education should not be treated as a tradeable commodity argue that cross-border education should always have a revenue generation approach that would be to the disadvantage of developing countries. There are trade enthusiasts who are convinced that the commercialisation of higher education at the global level is unavoidable in the near future and that it is up to the countries to prepare themselves to benefit from the new opportunities of the global market. Sometimes strong criticism of these academics is based on false understandings. It is also true that the views of trade promoters might be equally wrong in some national contexts, based only on optimistic overestimations rather than on grounded realities. This paper explores these false understandings and overestimations that shape the arguments about cross-border education in the Indian context.

This paper examines the role of exchange rate changes on India's trade. The drivers of exports and imports (income, exchange rate including sectoral differences, and exchange rate variability) are estimated for the short and long run including a structural break. Using annual data from 1994 to 2022, the results of dynamic fixed effects estimation show that both exports and imports are income-elastic in the short and long run, but income elasticity is far stronger for exports. Moreover, exports are responsive to the real effective exchange rate in the short run but not in the long run, and the reverse is true for imports. Furthermore, exchange rates have asymmetric effects for high-volume and primary sectors for exports and imports. The combined impacts show the ineffectiveness of using currency depreciation to address trade imbalances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to capture the missing 'distance' puzzle in the globalization process driven by trade flows. It is widely recognized that the growing global economic integration process play a major role in the spatial restructuring of many countries at varying geographical scales. The paper illustrates a model of international trade flows that builds upon existing research on the geographies of global trade. Empirical results of the current study indicate that the basic and augmented gravity model provides a useful framework for understanding international trade. The evidence of map pattern in residuals across temporal scale is noted. The results further indicate the importance of distance in the Indian context. An identification of the patterns and determinants of India's international trade with 87 countries suggests that potentially important differences in regional demands and country specific factors may impact the trade interaction over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the genealogy of competitive indices in international trade and theoretically develops a measure of export threat which estimates direct competition in vertical market segments. We identify the assumption of homogeneity in these export threat measures as a weakness that undermines accuracy. Hence, we develop a new measure of export threat, the direct intra-market threat (DIMT), which incorporates relative vertical and market share changes over time to accurately estimate a country’s direct threat to other exporters in a third market. We argue that the market segmentation method applied in complement to the DIMT estimate provides an all-encompassing methodology in the estimation of export threat, which we argue is superior to the Dynamic Index of Competitive Threat (DICT) and Direct Threat methodologies. The paper uses the case of China and India (CHINDIA) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) to assess the empirical estimates of the DIMT relative to DICT and Direct Threat over the period 2000–2021. Our study is motivated by a research gap in the estimation of the competitive threat posed by a large, diversified exporter on Small Island Developing States (SIDS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paradiplomatic activities carried out by maritime cities in Asia through diverse practices is the core essence of this paper. Asia’s prominence over the global maritime trade has set out an extensive foreign engagement of maritime cities and coastal regions in maritime affairs that deems maritime paradiplomacy as an emerging dimension in Asia. The paper attempts to identify how practice of maritime paradiplomacy among Asian countries is unconventional yet an innovative practice. In an attempt to study Asia’s maritime paradiplomatic practice with a specific focus on China, Singapore, Japan and India, the paper addresses multidimensional approach of maritime cities and coastal regions in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the modern historical view of the Columbian voyages that recognizes both the positive and negative consequences of the contact. Describes the voyages as a boon to scientific knowledge, a key step in the development of world trade, and an ecological disaster. Acknowledges the role of India, Islam, and Iberian Jews. (DK)

The post-industrial study of globalization has been studied from several perspectives and has been subject to a multi-disciplinary approach. There is, however, limited literature on the role played by globalization on diversity and inclusion. And thus, diversity and inclusion emerge as key themes this paper seeks to explore. At a time when the name 'George Floyd' has sparked a movement all around the globe and, farther away in India, a crime is committed against a 'lower-caste' Indian every 15 minutes, the actual and discursive importance of diversity and inclusion is boldly underscored. This paper begins by discussing the theoretical underpinnings of the conception of globalization and moves on to identifying the role of diversity and inclusion in theory. It then shifts its focus to the economistic perspective of globalization. The economistic perspective provides key insights on the Marxian notion of the antagonism between labour and capital by highlighting the repercussions of this 'antagonism' on labour market standards and inequalities. This paper indicates that these consequences do not have to make the case. It finally uses statistics from India (with particular emphasis on caste-based data) in comparison with statistics from the West to provide an analytical account of modern-day business paradigm. This is hardly a discursive analysis when one views it in light of business efforts to incorporate diversity and inclusion in governance and operations. The paper moves from a theoretical understanding of globalization to concrete conclusions that address the growing need for diversity and inclusion at all levels of corporate governance. This ensures that globalization creates a sustainable growth model for all countries. This is especially imperative at a time when nation-states have an increasingly diminishing role to play in global trade and division of labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the hypothesis that there is an association between increased levels of trade liberalisation and economic growth through a comparative analysis of two giant emerging economies of the world - India and China. For this purpose the paper examines trends in GDP growth and various trade openness measures via empirical analysis of time-series data of the last 43 years, based on eight key indicators to compare the experiences of the two countries. These indicate that rapid and gradual trade liberalisation of both the countries, coupled with supporting economic, institutional, and infrastructural reforms, and advancement in technology led to the linking of these giants with the global markets, which has significantly contributed towards their economic growth, thereby supporting the phenomena that there is a significant positive relationship between liberalisation and economic growth. While China was seen to be experiencing growth, India was also on the right track. Indicators of both liberalisation and growth reveal that both the countries enhanced their economy significantly as they embraced international trade through trade reforms and economic liberalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of declining degrees of vertical integration in major industries of Indian manufacturing sector during the post-reform period, the present paper is an attempt to examine how such "vertical disintegration" has affected firms' market power and its implications for competition policy. Using panel dataset of 49 majors industries of Indian manufacturing sector for the period 2003–04 to 2010–11 and applying the system generalized method of moments approach to estimate of dynamic panel data models, the paper finds that vertical integration does not cause any significant impact on average market power of firms in an industry. Instead, it is influenced by market size, and selling and technology-related efforts. While selling intensity has a positive impact on market power, the impact of market size and technology intensity is found to be negative. Notably, like vertical integration, market concentration, import to export ratio, and capital intensity also do not have any significant impact on market power. The findings of this paper, therefore, have important implications for competition law and policy in general and policies and regulation relating to technology development and international trade in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify factors which influence participation of developing countries in the global value chains (GVC) and to present a mathematical modeling technique to calculate a “National Participation Index of a developing country in the GVC” (hereinafter referred to as G-NPI).Design/methodology/approach The paper identifies 17 factors, encompassing both country-specific and firm-specific considerations that influence a developing countries’ participation in the GVCs. These factors have been grouped into four sets of enablers, namely, macroeconomic, geo-economic, strategic and geopolitical. The national participation index (G-NPI) has been calculated using the graph theoretic modeling approach.Findings Besides identifying the factors of a developing country’s participation in the GVC and grouping them as enablers, the paper considers the case of India as an example and assesses the level of interactions within (i.e. among various factors of a given enabler) and among these enablers (leading to a G-NPI value) using graph theory.Practical implications The findings can be used to calculate G-NPI for different countries to ascertain their potential for participation and also to find the factors(s) which may be deterring their participation in the GVCs.Social implications This paper can help in policy advocacy to enhance the competitiveness of developing countries and consequently to improve the life of their consumers.Originality/value This paper introduces the concept of G-NPI and presents a unique way of assessing a developing country’s participation in the GVCs through a mathematical modeling approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature and structure of the global integration triggered by trade vary across countries based on their natural, socio-economic, and political intricacies. The paper empirically analyzes the emerging trade geographies of 'the rest' with an example of India. An attempt is made to capture geographical bias in the trade pattern of India, and also to gauge the role played by core geographical elements, such as distance and proximity. The analysis is confined to a sample of 67 and 81 trade partners in 1990 and 2016 respectively. Empirical findings suggest (i) Geographical bias is evident, however, the degree of bias varies across countries; (ii) Large economic size of the trading partner and geographical proximity do influence bilateral trade. Preliminary findings assert that the friction of distance on trade flows between India and her major partners is invariant in the globalized era;(iii) Trade relations are predominantly influenced by the economic factors relative to socio-cultural proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There can be no second thoughts pertaining to the importance of international trade for any given country of the world. Thus, India as a developing country can be no exception to this universal truth. It is not possible to bring out the facts regarding first time when India engaged in trade with some nation, but it traded with different nations in the times when some of the countries were still groping in darkness to find means of livelihood for their folks. India traded with almost every nation and dealt in the products of rare quality and rarest origin. In modern times, India also has trade relations with many nations and deals in a number of commodities. This paper is an attempt to focus on different items of trade that India exports and imports and the nations with which it undertakes that trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently Varghese (2018), in his report to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia, remarked that till 2035 India will be in the list of top three economies and will be in Asia's top three trading partners for Australia. In this context, the research questions addressed in this paper are: What is the current efficiency level of India in exporting its merchandises; What constraints does India have to overcome to improve its export efficiency; and Has the governance structure of the 'majority government' played an effective role in rigorous opening up to improve its export efficiency. The empirical analysis covering the period 2001 to 2019 indicates that on average India's export efficiency with its trading partners worked out to be about 80%. The empirical analysis has identified human capital, physical capital, and 'majority government' as important factors contributing to improvement in India's export efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE THE purpose of the study was to understand the trade relationship between India and USA, and to investigate how tariff can impact trade, and to what extent. Design/Methodology/Approach: The first section of this paper introduces us with the issue, followed by literature survey in the second section, and composition of India's trade with US in the third section. The fourth section of the paper analyses the impact of Indian tariffs on US trade, while the fifth section analyses the tariff structure of both India and USA. In the final section the paper gives us concluding remarks. A detailed methodology has been developed by conducting desk base research. A multiple regression model has also been developed to estimate the impact of US tariff on Indian trade with USA. We have estimated the model using Ordinary Least square method. For the 8 different products 8 independent regression models have been made. Findings: The empirical findings revealed that the top exporting products of India are responsive to tariff incidence. Significant influence of tariff vis-à-vis price component for garment and diamond products was found. The empirical result shows that Indian products are largely dominated by relative price changes. It is found that tariff has a positive impact for five out of eight products were analysed. These are Organic compounds (294200), medicaments (300490), T-shirts (610910), women's garments (620630), diamonds (710239) and pipe lines (730511). Among them, the tariff effect is significant for only T-shirts, women garments and diamond product groups. Research Limitations/Implications: The limited availability of time series data has been one of the major limitations of the study. The tariff data for all the selected top 10 products were also not available. As a result regression analyses was conducted for 8 products only. Practical Implications: The paper is implemented in the current Indo-US trade scenario. The paper can be a very useful material to assess the impact of US tariff on US trade with India and viceversa. Scholars can use the paper for further research in the same area. Originality/Value: The paper is 100 percent original form. Proper references have been cited where other research papers were used in conducting research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates why India actively negotiated and ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first global health treaty to curb tobacco use worldwide. The World Health Organization's (WHO) decision to conduct FCTC negotiations aligned with India's shifting disease burden that was pivoting from infectious to non-communicable diseases, particularly cancer, which shot up due to surging tobacco use. The WHO's decision to frame the agreement around constraining global tobacco commerce, particularly the might of multinational tobacco companies, meshed with the interests of New Delhi, which was concurrently seeking to curb surging tobacco consumption. This triggered a positive approach and attitude to FCTC negotiations, leading to India's ratification. India's negotiation and ratification of the FCTC shows that the literature(s) on rising powers and international organizations must consider how factors like the WHO's institutional politics, specifically the intent to negotiate a focused global agreement to curb tobacco production and distribution worldwide, affects how countries perceive and seek to use that agreement to bolster domestic policy concerns like tobacco control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential economic effects of the proposed Bangladesh-India free trade agreement (FTA). Design/methodology/approach – The authors have used the computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis of Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. The analysis highlights the possible costs and benefits of the two nations within three different scenarios. Under Scenario I all bilateral import tariffs between Bangladesh and India are removed; Scenario II represents the setting where Bangladesh cuts its all tariffs by 75 and in Scenario III Bangladesh cuts tariffs by 50 percent. India cuts all their tariffs by 100 percent in all three scenarios. Findings – The findings indicate that India may gain more in terms of welfare and real GDP via the improved terms of trade while Bangladesh is going to have welfare loss, but if Bangladesh is able to make a preferential FTA like Scenario III with India its welfare, real GDP and exports will be increased substantially. Originality/value – This paper is the first-ever attempt to estimate the effect of the proposed Bangladesh-India FTA using CGE analysis of GTAP database version 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper attempts to study the effective role of total shipping performance in overall growth of the overseas traffic performance at major ports of India during the period 1999-2000 to 2008-09, against the backdrop of liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy, thus focusing on how far the growth of the total shipping performance is responsive to growth of overseas cargo traffic performance at these ports, in compliance with the policy measures. So, this paper ends up with the scenario of both the actual and expected performances, focusing on the strengthening of effective policy planning, drawing attention to the roles of various policy practitioners in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to project the emerging power-relations in the maritime realm between geopolitical players in the Indian Ocean region. These power-relations involve military shields and spears, infrastructure development, alignment-alliance relations, international trade routes, critical choke points, energy, and above all geopolitical implications. The methods followed in the paper are content analysis, case-method, interview, observation, and so forth . The paper concludes that emerging power polarizations are visible and are gradually taking a tangible shape in the form of military-economic condominium, presumably coming from opposite directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expected gains guide the decision to join trade agreements (TAs). While it is difficult to predict whether the ongoing trade war will result in a significant shift in the global trade paradigm, India's renewed interest in TAs with numerous developed economies, as well as worsening trade balances with existing TA partners, necessitates a review of India's current TAs before negotiating new ones. Using a stochastic frontier gravity model, the study evaluates the impact of RTAs (free and preferential; deep and shallow) on India's export efficiency from 2002 to 2020. The paper also investigates how TA affected Indian exports during the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020. The findings demonstrate that India's preferential and shallow TAs had a maximum export efficiency of 55 % between 2002 and 2020. Moreover, shallow TAs demonstrated their resilience in encouraging Indian exports in 2020. Findings reveal that India has failed to fully leverage its deep TAs, which are critical for stimulating commerce, investment, and economic growth. As a result, India must safeguard its interests during the ongoing deep trade talks by focusing on non-tariff barriers and rules of origin to promote exports and harmonize regulatory standards to facilitate FDI-led integration into global GVCs to boost export potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the growing availability of high-quality higher-dimension data in international trade, many new stylized facts have also emerged. One such stylized fact is that multiproduct firms play a significant role in international trade. In this paper, we investigate the effect of US antidumping duties on the exports of Indian multiproduct firms. In particular, we study whether US antidumping duties lead the Indian exporter to alter their product-scope to third country markets (aka to trade partners other than the US). Using a unique transaction-level data from India, we find that firms affected by US antidumping duties increased the number of products exported to other destinations by about 0.7 products, on average. This translates to a substantial 40% increase in the product-scope of these firms because a typical Indian exporting firm exported an average of 1.8 products to a given destination in our sample. We also find that firms whose products spanned multiple sectors drove most of this increase. However, we do not find any difference in the product-scope response of firms producing differentiated vs. those producing homogenous products. We find our results to be robust across various specification and sample size changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Doha Development Agenda recognizes the central role that international trade can play in the promotion of economic development. In fact, the increase of exports from developing countries to developed nations' markets has been considered a key element for developing countries to realize the potential benefits of globalization. Over the last decades, developed countries have provided preferential access to their markets to developing countries through nonreciprocal trade agreements. Moreover, developing countries have also participated in reciprocal trade agreements. This paper re-examines comparatively the effect of both kinds of trade agreements on exports from developing countries but also from the developed world. In line with other studies, our results across specifications are unstable. However, the results of our preferred specification give additional support to the argument raised by critics of nonreciprocal preference regimes who consider that developing countries should abandon their reliance on one-way trade preferences in favor of reciprocal agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the crisis in 1991, the Indian government introduced some changes in its Policy on trade, foreign investment, tariffs, and taxes under the name of 'New Economic Reforms'. The main focus of these reforms has been on liberalisation, openness, and export promotion activity. The paper focuses on the impact of development variables on export from India. Developmental variables include infrastructure, human resource, openness, production & market, research & development, resources, and taxation. Each development variable consists of a set of related variables. The paper has used principal component analysis (PCA), composite index and panel regression model. These help to know impact of individual developmental variable on India's export. The period of study is 1990 - 2013. The value of KMO is over 0.6 indicating the samples are adequate and the value of Bartlett's test is less than 0.05 ensure suitability of PCA. The overall growth rate Indian foreign trade is 3 percent during last more than two decades. Main macro-economic variables are infrastructure, resources, and taxation. The government should strengthen and incorporate these macro-economic variables while making foreign trade policy (i.e. EXIM policy) policy under the umbrella of WTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the subnational regional dimension of exports by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India, one of the prominent emerging economies or “rising powers”. Design/methodology/approach – To understand the forces driving the variation in subnational region’s share in international business of rising power SMEs, an analytical conceptual framework on regional export advantage (REA) was formulated based on the review of relevant theoretical and empirical literature. The model was estimated for Indian states using the most appropriate and recently developed econometric technique of fractional logit model. Findings – The paper provides evidence that the emergence of exports by rising Indian power SMEs is geographically limited to a few select regions/states. Southern Indian states alone accounted for half of exports from SMEs in the organized manufacturing sector during 2000-2008, followed by Western India. The REA analysis has brought to the fore that regional stock of technological knowledge, availability of skill, port facilities, urban areas and foreign direct investment stocks are crucial factors determining states’ share in SME exports across technological subcategories. However, the size and sophistication of local demand continue to influence states’ efforts at enhancing exports by SMEs, at least those belonging to the medium- and high-technology categories. Research limitations/implications – The proposed empirical framework could be extended to include institutional and political economy factors. Its application to subnational regional shares in total exports by all firms taking into account fixed effects for regions may be another feasible line of future research. Practical implications – Empirical findings recognize that appropriate strategies by subnational policymakers are important for a region to achieve a higher contribution in national SME exports. Subnational policy measures aimed at upgradation of regional technological assets and skill base through the promotion of technology clusters and R & D of local firms, facilitation and creation of better industry-university linkages and investments in education and training institution may help the states to gain higher export advantage. Originality/value – This paper provides new analytics and insights into the role of subnational spaces in the internationalization of rising power SMEs from India and serves to contribute to the extant international business research that is predominantly occupied with “nation” as the unit of location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: India, the world's largest processor of cashew kernels, depends heavily on imports of raw cashew nuts (RCNs), primarily sourced from Ivory Coast. While the Ivorian processing industry is still in its infancy, in the last decade domestic cashew factories have rapidly increased their capacity. This study is an exploration of how the cashew value chain is organized and what this implies for upgrading prospects in the Ivorian cashew sector. Its findings suggest that the cashew value chain is characterized by a bipolar governance structure comprising a trader‐driven segment between Ivorian farms and Indian processors, and a buyer‐driven segment that links processors to Northern end markets. The results are consistent with studies that describe South–South value chains as being less tightly controlled, with a decreased significance of quality related standards and lower entry barriers than those chains feeding into Northern end markets. Inter‐firm linkages in the Indo–Ivorian RCN channel provide few opportunities for product and functional upgrading of RCN suppliers. Considerable institutional support is needed to overcome the barriers to Ivorian firms' direct participation in the North–South value chain for processed kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides large scale evidence on the determinants of international competitiveness of Indian manufacturing firms, focusing in particular on the role of technology, costs and imported intermediate inputs. Our evidence suggests that innovation, in particular R&D investment, is positively related to both firms' probability to export and firms' export volumes. We also find that imported intermediate inputs, incorporating foreign technology is strongly associated with expanding export activities of firms. Finally, and in contrast to much of previous evidence on developed economies, we find that higher productivity or lower unit labour costs are not systematically associated with the probability to enter export markets, but they are positively related to higher export volumes. Overall our results point to the existence of a pattern of involvement in international trade for firms in developing countries that is not relying as a main driver on cost competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relative regional positions of China and India from a geo-economic perspective. The findings of this paper give rise to two important observations. First, the core economic factors driving trade partnerships appear to be, by and large, in the import rather than in the export domain. This suggests that import activities of China from the region depend more on the characteristics of the East Asian partners than export does. In contrast, the core economic factors, such as combined market size and FDI stocks, coupled with similar demand patterns and different factor intensities, are important for generating exports from India to East Asia. Second, though China and India have regional roles as demanders (importer) and suppliers (exporter) of merchandise goods, the differences in the relative positions of the two countries stand out from the supplier perspective. China appears to exert a much larger role as a supplier relative to India to fuel economic interdependence in East Asia. Taken together, these findings suggest that there is still a lack of regional polarization given China's extra-regional bias from the export side. The paper therefore contends that there is scope for India to manoeuvre its position regionally, particularly from the export perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ports have played an important role in the historical study of colonial trade and urbanisation of India. They had always been the poles of international trade and commerce since earlier times. Hence, they were the active agents in the development of the port towns since colonial times. But, the situation had changed in the post-independence period with the gradual changing importance of the ports and port towns in international trade. Not only that, apart from ports, several other factors such as the growing importance of land-based transport system, growth of regional infrastructure, industries within the interior of the country, several push and pull factors of the area such as the higher education, banks, business, job opportunities, recreational facilities etc., population pressure, regional linkages, socio-economic conditions have influenced the growth and development of these port towns. Together with these, the shifts and changes have also occurred in the “functions” of these ports and port towns, in response to the national policy changes during the planning decades in the spheres of industry and trade in favour of ‘inward looking strategy’ of industrialisation through import substitution and export promotion strategies. All these have changed the occupational structure of these port towns from primary sector of occupations to that of secondary and tertiary sectors, thereby, causing drastically a change in the economic activities of these port towns. This paper also attempts a comparative study between port towns of the western and eastern coasts of India in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architecture of international trade is increasingly changing towards trade in value added from trade in final products. In this light, studying the differential trends of exports and imports of intermediates and final products between trading nations becomes important. This paper attempts to study the pattern of trade between India and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) (a vibrant region trading through value chains), and investigates the effects of India's functional Free Trade agreements (FTAs) in the region with ASEAN, Singapore and Malaysia- segmented by intermediates and final products. Our analysis is further focused on five sectors which are significant in India's trade basket and stand out in terms of organising production into value chains spanning across countries, primarily from the ASEAN region. These are: fishing, textiles and wearing apparel, transport equipment, recycling and financial intermediation & business services. We find and present evidence to show increased trade of intermediates between India and ASEAN countries like Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Viet Nam. The trade expansion effects have been far stronger for intermediates trade implying India's greater participation in the regional value chains. However, India's exports for final demand are yet to see significant increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the recent global financial crisis and the afterwards economic slowdown of the major trading associates of India have brought about one of the most difficult challenges to the international trade of India. Export and import, severely declined, leading to serious reductions in economic growth of India. Global trade volume growth rate declined to 2.8% in 2008 which was 7.3% in 2007. India's foreign trade also dropped parallel to global trade volumes. In the year 2007-08, India's exports and imports growth rate was 28.87% and 35.38% respectively, which reduced to 12.21% and 18.85% respectively in year 2008-09. Further the exports and imports growth rate had turned negative to -2.21% and -3.50% respectively in financial year 2009-10. In this paper, an analysis of India's foreign trade has been undertaken to see the impact of global financial crisis on international trade. The paper studies India's foreign trade by analyzing imports, exports and direction in detail. The analysis has been done by comparing all variables before, during and after the global financial crisis. Data for this purpose have been taken from the handbooks of statistics compiled by the RBI and Ministry of Commerce & Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]