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This paper examines the international networks that influenced ideas and policy in social medicine in the 1930s and 1940s in Latin America, focusing on institutional networks organised by the League of Nations Health Organization, the International Labour Organization, and the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau. After examining the architecture of these networks, this paper traces their influence on social and health policy in two policy domains: social security and nutrition. Closer scrutiny of a series of international conferences and local media accounts of them reveals that international networks were not just 'conveyor belts' for policy ideas from the industrialised countries of the US and Europe into Latin America; rather, there was often contentious debate over the relevance and appropriateness of health and social policy models in the Latin American context. Recognition of difference between Latin America and the global economic core regions was a key impetus for seeking 'national solutions to national problems' in countries like Argentina and Chile, even as integration into these networks provided progressive doctors, scientists, and other intellectuals important international support for local political reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the concept of a 'body', the individual body as the lived experience of the body, the social body, shaped by the tensions between the demands of a social/moral order and the egocentric drives, and the body politic, as an institutionalized and disciplined body. We describe the body as it was perceived in Classical Greek Antiquity at the time when the Hippocratic Oath was first conceived, and any changes that may have occurred by Late Antiquity, using the concept of a body-world as represented by everyday life, the arts, politics, philosophy, and religion. This 'recreated' body-world elucidates how a person of Classical or Late Antiquity perceived her/his body via their 'lived-in' world and relates it to medical and philosophical thinking about the body as well as to concepts of health and disease. We demonstrate how the institutional structures of the Roman Empire and the Church influenced the way a body was understood, how the administrative and governmental needs led to the first developments of Public Health, and how the Christian understanding of the body as the body and spirit of Christ changed the attitude towards suicide, euthanasia, and abortion. These changes are reflected in the understanding of bioethical thinking and affected the interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the author's experience in becoming a medical sociologist before the field had become formalized. The contributions to medical sociology of sociologist Selden D. Bacon and physician and medical educator William R. Willard are described. The relationship of medical sociology to medical behavioral science, as experienced at the University of Kentucky, is discussed. Finally, the thesis of the author's 1957 paper on the nature and status of medical sociology is re-examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses current contentions that medical sociology is handicapped as both a scholarly and a policy science by its subordinate relationship to the more powerful field of medicine. An analysis of all research articles published in the JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR which focus upon patients reveals the following: (1) the presence, in the majority, of implicit and explicit medical value assumptions influencing all stages of the research process, from the definition of problems and variables through the application of findings to health policy; (2) a tendency for cases of "medical bias" to be associated with collaborative research in which the sociologist is wholly or partly dependent upon medical sponsorship and definition of the research situation. Consequences of this situation for the human subjects of research as well as for the field are discussed. A conclusion is that both our subjects' interests and the theoretic and political integrity of the field are best served by maximizing professional autonomy vis-à-vis medicine. A proposal for studying the structure of working arrangements concludes the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual and practical work done by social medicine and global health have often overlapped. In this paper, we argue that new efforts to apprehend 'the social' in social medicine offer important insights to global health along five lines of critical analysis: (1) reconfigurations of the state and new forms of political activism, (2) philanthrocapitalism and the economisation of life, (3) The economy of attention, (4) anthropogenic climate change, and (5) the geopolitics of North and South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, social network has been given much interest. The explosion of social network activity has lead to generation of massive volumes of user-related data and has given birth to a new area of data analysis. In parallel, the last decade witnessed a fastidious interest in the data mining which efficiently find hidden knowledge that can be extracted from applied information, namely, social data. Among the most used data mining techniques, we particularly focus on cyclic constraint-based association rules. In this paper, we aim to derive significant cyclic constraint-based association rules from social data. Thus, we introduce a new approach EMC2 for social mining through constraint-based cyclic association rules extraction. The encouraging experimental results carried out prove the usefulness of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper posits a working or tentative model of medical pluralism, a pattern in which multiple medical sub-systems co-exist, or what I term the Australian dominative medical system. I argue that whereas the Australian medical system with its various medical sub-systems was pluralistic, that is more or less on an equal footing, in the nineteenth century, by the early twentieth century it became a plural or dominative one in the sense that biomedicine came to clearly dominate other medical sub-systems. This paper also explores the growing interest of biomedicine and the Australian Government in complementary medicine to which Australians have increasingly turned over the course of the past three decades or so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilizes a social constructionist perspective to examine the widespread belief among physicians during the early 1980s that an oversupply of doctors was either present or imminent. It was found that the timing and growth of physician beliefs in a "physician glut" during this period could not be adequately explained by net increases in the physician supply, either on an absolute level or relative to the growth of the general population. Rather, this "fact" of a physician surplus was found to be more fruitfully explored as an emergent social phenomenon grounded in the historical evolution of physician-supply themes and the particular clinical practice environment in which physicians found themselves in the late 1970s and early 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actor-network theory is a form of relational materialism that codifies a body of ideas developed in the sociology and history of technology. At its centre is a non-dualistic account of the relation between 'society' and 'technology'. In this view society is produced through the mutually constituting interaction of a wide range of human and non-human entities (including machines and technologies). This paper outlines some of the key ideas of actor-network theory and suggests that they might be usefully incorporated into medical sociology (and/or anthropology). An illustrative example is given which demonstrates some aspects of the application of such a non-dualist approach to a particular medical device, the metered dose inhaler (MDI), widely used in the treatment and management of asthma. Within a shifting network of socio-technical relations the MDI and various human actors are seen to have mutually constituted each other. Competencies were created and distributed and linked to panoptical practices of surveillance, control and modification. These included attempts to change both the technologies and the human actors who came into relationship with it. The intricate and mutually constitutive character of the human and the technological in the processes and relationships of sickness and healing is thus demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although general practice has provided the setting for a wide range of medical sociological analyses, those analyses have rarely focussed upon the care of specific patient groups or illness conditions. In the main, medical sociologists have chosen to portray general practice more in terms of their own secular interests in the processes of, for example, power, domination and communication - processes which although evident within the consultation are not unique to it. This topical neglect of the care of specific patient groups within general practice is, I argue, part of a broader neglect of the topic of medical work as conceived by practitioners, which arises at least in part from a combination of methodological, theoretical, ideological and attitudinal factors. This paper uses the opportunity of a study focussing upon general practitioners' treatment of opiate abusing patients to explore these and related issues and concludes with a call for an applied sociology of medical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the areas of processing and production of plants applied in pharmacology and pharmacy is one of the oldest cultural and scientific characteristics of Iranians. A look at the mythology of Shahnameh and history of Iran shows that the scientific infrastructure of ancient pharmacology began in ancient Iran. After the introduction of Islam to Iran, it gradually developed among Iranian scientists, and using plant treatments became institutionalized in popular culture. The prophetic hadith about the characteristics of Iranian scholarship is a decisive evidence of this fact. The recently published papers about Iranian herbal medicines effective in the treatment and prevention of diseases were searched. The extended use of herbal products and the widespread and unsparing nature of Iran with all its varieties of climate, especially the use of medicinal plants and modern herbal medicines, and the brilliant achievements of scientists from the distant past until now has motivated the Minister of Health and Medical Education in this respect. Thus, the processing and utilization of herbal medicines and efforts in innovation and offering useful drugs is increasing every day. It is clear that any development of quantity in this regard should necessarily be in pace with quality improvement, consider the new horizons of knowledge and research, and obey the highest international scientific standards and recognized values confirmed by the international scientific society. It is hoped that this pharmacopeia, which is based on the international guidelines and standards and represents the high level of quality of herbal medicines produced in the country, be considered by the medical community and have a beneficial and crucial role in the promotion of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the medical models, cultural and historical issues of complementary and alternative medicinal (CAM) practices. Introduction of CAM concepts in classes for biomedical students; Examination of the societal implications of four models of CAM health care delivery; Assumption regarding CAM practices as holistic.

The article offers information on the implication of public inquiries to the medical profession in Great Britain. It focuses on the scheme of understanding a statutory inquiry following a major incident raising public concern. It also looks into key subjects in relevance to doctors' involvement in inquiries and their rights and obligations. Public inquiries are cited to be inquisitorial approach of the public in relation to the provision of public medical services, doctors and health systems.

The paper will present data from research on the Family Health Program in a low-income district of Natal, Brazil. Through an institutional ethnographic perspective at the three Family Health Units in the district, it has been possible to create a joint construction of knowledge where the following are evident: (1) the need to consider the limitations of the biomedical approach; (2) the naturalization of social inequities and the lack of agency of health care users; and (3) the need to reflect on unfair power relations being reproduced through hierarchical interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing evidence that social capital is positively associated with health, the pathways that link social capital to health are not definitive and invite further investigation. This paper uses household survey data from 22 villages in China in 2002 to test the relationship between social capital and the self-reported health status of the rural population. Focusing on the cognitive dimension of social capital, this paper complements current social capital research by introducing an overlooked distinction between trust and mistrust. Trust and mistrust are measured at the individual and aggregate levels, and the distinct ways in which they affect general and mental health are explored. We adopt an ordered logistic regression using survey procedures in SAS version 9.1 to account for the stratified and clustered data structure. The results suggest that: (1) individual-level trust and mistrust are both associated with self-reported health in rural China – trust is positively associated with both general health and mental health, while mistrust is more powerfully associated with worse mental health; and (2) the effects of individual-level trust and mistrust are dependent on village context – village-level trust substitutes for individual-level trust, while individual-level mistrust interacts positively with village-level mistrust to affect health. However, an unexpected protective health effect of mistrust is found in certain types of villages, and this unique result has yet to be examined. Overall, this study suggests the conceptual difference between trust and mistrust and the differential mechanisms by which trust and mistrust affect health in rural China. It also suggests that effective policies should aim at enhancing trust collectively or reducing mistrust at the personal level to improve health status in rural areas of China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The essay examines how the academic discipline of social medicine was founded in Britain in the 1940s as a political mission The original conception of social medicine was built upon a collection of beliefs about the nature of science and medicine which were shared by various branches of the profession who identified with diverse social values. The synthesis of ideas that created the discipline, however, were integrated into a specifically left-wing philosophy of social reform. This medicine of society for society emerged from the politics of science, ethics and society m the Second World War. As an expression of scientific humanism social medicine aimed to fulfil the ethical dictates of the modem evolutionary synthesis and be part of the rising tide of corporate welfarism. The paper concentrates on how its intellectual founder, John Ryle, believed this could be achieved by changing clinical medicine into a new discipline of holistic socio-biology of health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the social construction of diagnosis and illness in several ways. First, I discuss the centrality of social construction in medical sociology. Next I discuss the major role of diagnosis in social construction, leading to the need for a sociology of diagnosis. I emphasize controversial and conflictual diagnoses, as a first step toward a more general sociology of diagnosis. Then I put forth a typology of social construction, involving four combinations based on whether a condition is generally accepted and whether a biomedical definition is applied. Next I detail a series of stages in the social construction of a condition. In that process, my primary concern is the initial social discovery, which is essentially a matter of diagnosis, with a secondary emphasis on illness experience. This is followed by stages of treatment and outcome, which recursively affect social construction. I conclude by noting the health policy implications of the social constructionist perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a revision of the address given upon receipt of the Leo G. Reeder Award for distinguished Scholarship in Medical Sociology. It was presented on August 19, 1987 to the Medical Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association during its annual meeting held in Chicago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an opportune moment to be producing an issue on the sociology of health inequalities. Almost 20 years after the Black Report, the classic document which was commissioned by the last Labour administration in the UK in the late 1970s and shelved by the Conservative successors in 1980, a new Labour administration has commissioned the Independent Inquiry into Health Inequality. In the interim, many nations have followed the Great Britain in turning away from social democratic corporatism towards a greater emphasis on free market economics. These changes took place through the ballot box, and were widely thought to signal public disenchantment with redistributive social policies. At the same time, some commentators have pronounced the death of social class as a force in economy, society and human biology. Those who continued to do research on social inequality in health were therefore under a heavy obligation of rigour in their work. It was a lonely time to be doing such work in many ways, but also a highly challenging one, in which all assumptions were questioned and sometimes tested to destruction. Two of the assumptions to come under attack were that health inequalities existed at all and that there was any causal relation between social conditions and health.

The Black Report identifies four types of possible explanation for social class differences in health, and judges one of these ('materialist') to be the most important. This paper seeks to support this assessment with additional evidence from the literatures of sociology and medicine. In the process it suggests questions which could usefully be the subject of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speciality, Public Health Medicine (PHM), was developed in response to political and health realities in pre-apartheid South Africa (SA), following the lead of the discipline in Britain, SA's previous coloniser. This article describes a 47-year journey from its origins as Community Health through to current practice, based on reviews of archival material, databases of institutional stakeholders involved in trainee education and our own experiences. Embedded throughout PHM's history are tensions between colonial forms of public health education and practice and resistance to these. As found in complementary SA research, and globally, this review shows that concerns about unclear roles, inadequate career paths and professional boundaries have preoccupied and are innate to the speciality. To be institutionalised more definitively in SA, PHM needs to demonstrate its value as a key resource for the functioning of SA's health system and thus improve the health status of her population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines efforts to integrate social medicine into global health education and its potential to guide the new practice of structural competency. The methods employ participant observation and interviews with program coordinators and participants in a social medicine course. Areas of success included: pedagogical innovation, conscientizing course participants, decentralising global health practice, and promoting reflexivity. Accompanying these successes were points of friction, including: inequities in personal risk and mobility limitations among course participants, as well as complexities and nuances in unintentionally reproducing hierarchies of knowledge. Specifically, further recommendations from our research include: (1) incorporating innovative pedagogical approaches, which highlight social medicine practices outside the global north, prioritising opportunities for cross-collaboration among practitioners from the global south; (2) framing social theory as a bidirectional flow: global south traditions must be included in teaching social theory; (3) practising structural humility by highlighting the perspectives and expertise of communities experiencing social and structural marginalisation, while including strategies in organising and direct pathways to political engagement. These conclusions highlight how social medicine-based training can both build from and move beyond the competencies explicitly specified by the structural competency model to create a global health practice inclusive of diverse thought from around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this thoughtful paper, Mechanic discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative researchers, focusing on health-related issues. It should, of course, be evident to readers that the issues he discusses have applicability far beyond medical sociology. The same issues arise in all kinds of social research and the excellent examples he gives can be expanded easily to examples in areas including education, criminology, industrial relations, social stratification, and others. In my reading of his paper, Mechanic discusses both differences between methods at a single point in time and differences in measuring process across time. As a quantitative survey researcher, I will comment on my perceptions of the similarities and differences between observational and survey methods for cross-sectional research. I then discuss some methods for bridging the gap that do not involve diaries. Finally, I discuss procedures for measuring process using observational and diary methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of an increasing clinical need to better support self-management for people living with long-term health conditions an interest in the role of social networks has emerged. Given that sport participation often provides opportunities for social engagement, a space to explore self-management at the intersection of medical sociology and the sociology of sport has opened up. This article presents findings from an exploratory qualitative study with organ transplant recipients who have participated in Transplant Games events – national and international multi-sport competitions for organ transplant recipients. Our findings illustrate how sport-based social networks serve as resources for health-related knowledge, provide participants with additional affective support and help shape health expectations for the future. Although sport-based social networks were seen as an overwhelmingly positive resource for our participants, it is plausible that harmful unintended consequences could arise for patients with existing self-management issues. As such, it is recommended that people seeking to use sport as a tool to enhance illness self-management should consider the various and powerful ways that social networks can be impactful and anticipate the potential consequences accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Technological change in medicine has complex interactions driven by demand- and supply side determinants. The epistemological position of this paper is that scientific research generates in medicine vital radical innovations (new drugs/therapies) that are associated, a posteriori, to moderate and/or severe side effects. These side effects spur feedback mechanisms, which support a co-evolution of innovation in parallel technological pathways: 1) incremental innovations with lower side effects and higher efficacy; 2) emergence of new radical innovations induced from severe side effects. Empiricist-positivist arguments support this stance and show the main role of society and healthcare in the patterns of technological innovation in medicine. Critical evidences are the foundation to state main inductive theoretical implications between observed facts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The empowered patient is a near ubiquitous ideal in contemporary health care. In health professional Literature as well as in public policy and debates involving patient organizations, the need to empower the patient and extend his or her control over health matters is agreed upon. The authors argue this phenomenon deserve more attention from medical sociology. The increasing use of the term 'impowerment'- both as a political ideal and as a descriptive concept - strikes as an interesting entrance to explore the multifaceted expressions of health and illness in contemporary society. The paper suggests some critical comments and opening questions for such a project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores the major factors underpinning the expansion in medicine use over recent decades, using England as an example. It begins by constructing a ‘progressive’ model of the expansion and considers its limitations; it then uses a framework of countervailing powers to examine the contribution of key actors in the field. It examines the commercial orientation of the pharmaceutical industry and the strategies companies deploy to generate demand for their products. It explores the part played by doctors as researchers and gatekeepers to medicines, considering how features of medical knowledge and practice contribute to, rather than curtail, the expansion. It considers the role of the public as consumers of medicines, and the role of governments and insurance companies in both facilitating and controlling medicine use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cross-functional teams (CFTs) play an increasingly important role in health care. However, despite their potential, CFTs often fail to function effectively. This paper contributes to the literature in medical sociology by examining how the steep and well-defined hierarchy characteristic of the health occupations proves to be dysfunctional in the CFT setting. Previous research has shown that status differences among members of work teams negatively affect their functioning. Yet the specific mechanisms that connect variations in status to poor team functioning remain unclear. We hypothesize that it is the suppression of participation among low status team members that leads to poor CFT functioning. Our theoretical model integrates status characteristics theory and the value attainment theory of job satisfaction to link team members' statuses to participation in team decision-making and, ultimately, to their attitudes about the job. We use causal modeling to test our hypotheses. Our results indicate that relationships between health professionals defined in broader social contexts affect status, roles, and functions within CFTs, and these, in turn, affect the team's interpersonal processes. We suggest changes in organizational structure and in team leadership styles that might make CFTs more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realiza-se, neste artigo, uma reflexão sobre os fundamentos teóricos e práticos que influenciam e conformam o campo da Saúde do Trabalhador no Brasil, no interior da Saúde Coletiva. Ao analisar as diversas formas de conceber a relação trabalho-saúde, enfatiza-se a pertinência de interpretar essa relação, dada sua natureza complexa e conflitiva, tendo como referência central o processo de trabalho, em consonância com os pressupostos da Medicina Social latino-americana. Com base nesse enfoque, ressalta-se a necessidade de abordagens interdisciplinares que contemplem e extrapolem a articulação de áreas de conhecimento habitualmente adscritas ao âmbito da saúde. Finalmente, apresenta-se um breve diagnóstico da situação atual desse campo, onde questões pendentes unem-se às decorrentes da globalização da economia e, em particular, da reestruturação industrial. À luz desse quadro, coloca-se como desafio ampliar os objetos de estudo e intervenção, abrangendo, entre outras temáticas emergentes, as implicações para a saúde e a vida da população derivadas dos novos padrões de terceirização, da precarização do trabalho, do trabalho informal e do desemprego.This article reflects on the theoretical and practical foundations impacting and shaping the field of workers' health in Brazil, as part of the overall field of collective health. By analyzing the various forms of approaching the relationship between work and health, the paper emphasizes its complex and conflicting nature as a central reference for the work process, in keeping with the premises of social medicine in Latin America. This focus underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches contemplating and even extrapolating the links between areas of knowledge generally ascribed to the field of health. Finally, the paper gives a brief diagnosis of the current situation in this field, where pending questions join those resulting from globalization of the economy and particularly industrial restructuring, in light of which the challenge is raised to broaden the objects of study and intervention to include the implications of outsourcing, increasingly precarious labor conditions, informal labor, and unemployment on the population's health and living conditions.

This paper discusses the relationship between pharmacy and medicine in the light of recent claims that occupations such as pharmacy, whose central tasks are organised around those of medicine, have gained increasing control over their sphere of work, thus contributing to a decline in medical hegemony. We discuss the process by which on the one hand, para-medical groups may extend their boundaries into areas officially the responsibility of the medical profession, and on the other, the medical profession may willingly delegate or indeed relinquish control over certain tasks. However, we argue from data collected from those groups in medicine and pharmacy concerned with the problems of drug use, that this does not necessarily indicate a decline in medical hegemony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social medicine is recognized as one of medical specialties in many countries. However, social medicine has never been formally introduced to Korea, presumably because the term and its principles were not accepted for some years in the past in American medicine, which has strongly influenced Korean medicine. This paper describes the origins and evolution of social medicine and briefly discusses contemporary social medicine in Korea. Social medicine was initiated in France and Germany in 1848. Since then, it has expanded globally and developed in diverse ways. Included in core principles of social medicine is that social and economic conditions have important effects on health and disease, and that these relationships must be subjected to scientific investigation. The term ‘social medicine’ is rarely used in Korea, but many of its subject matters are incorporated into preventive medicine which, besides prevention, deals with population health that is inescapably social. However, the Korean preventive medicine directs little attention to the basic concepts and principles of social medicine, upon which systematic development of social medicine can be based. Thus, it is necessary to supplement the social medicine contents of preventive medicine through formalizing the linkages between the two fields. One way of doing so would be to change the title of ‘preventive medicine’ course in medical colleges to ‘preventive and social medicine,’ as in many other countries, and to adjust the course contents accordingly.

This article examines the role of national actors articulated with an explicitly counter-hegemonic transnational knowledge network (TKN) mobilising around social medicine in policy debates on population control and family planning. It focuses primarily on Brazil, using Mexico as a shadow case to highlight salient points of contrast. In doing so, it makes two contributions to larger debates about TKNs. First, it highlights the plural and contested nature of the knowledge production they enact, underscoring contestation around a global reproductive regime that consolidated around family planning. Second, it underscores how the position and relative influence of actors articulated with TKNs is shaped by political and institutional contexts at the national level, producing variable opportunities for the mobilisation of applied knowledge. Reflecting its advocates' embeddedness in larger opposition movements to authoritarian states, social medicine had a greater influence on these debates in Brazil, where synergies with a resurgent feminist movement reinforced a shared insistence on comprehensive women's healthcare and increased the salience of sterilisation abuse on the political agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the paper on the contribution of sociology to the prognoses of the advancement of medicine by Jaroslav Kapr. The statement about the significance of sociology for prognosing the future states of medicine is being formulated in the introduction of the paper. Some relevant trends of development are also discussed and characterized by the author. Such trends are believed to have a global character and concern all developed societies. The change to cooperation in the area of health care is also believed to mean significant changes that include the attitude between the doctor and the patient.

O raciocínio estatístico nas práticas de saúde foi disseminado pela Epidemiologia e é amplamente utilizado em todas as suas áreas de conhecimento. O objetivo deste artigo é revisitar o desenvolvimento histórico da Epidemiologia e a formalização do conceito de risco, responsável pelo uso da chance estatística como parte do raciocínio causal nas ciências da saúde. O período de estudo abrange os anos de 1872 a 1965 e sua base documental é constituída por trabalhos de periódicos científicos relacionados à construção do campo epidemiológico e outras publicações científicas. Foram identificadas três etapas de desenvolvimento da Epidemiologia: Epidemiologia da Constituição, Epidemiologia da Exposição e Epidemiologia do Risco, discutindo-se aspectos epistemológicos e sociossanitários que permitem compreender cada uma delas sob um ponto de vista histórico. Destaca-se a importância da reflexão crítica sobre a ciência epidemiológica e as suas relações com as práticas de saúde, de saúde pública em particular, para aperfeiçoar seu uso atual e propiciar sua constante e criativa reconstrução.Statistical reasoning in health practice was disseminated by epidemiology and is widely used in various health fields. This paper revisits the historical development of epidemiology and the concept of risk, responsible for the use of statistical chance as part of causal thinking in health sciences. The study covered the period from 1872 to 1965, and the documental base consisted of scientific articles related to the development of epidemiology as a field, particularly in the American Journal of Hygiene, as well as scientific books. Three phases were identified in the development of epidemiology: constitution, exposure, and risk. The article proceeds to discuss epistemological and social and health aspects required for the historical understanding of each phase. It concludes by stressing the relevance of critical reflection on epidemiological science and its relationship to health practice, especially in public health, in order to optimize its current use and foster its on-going creative reconstruction.

Opponents of biomedical enhancement frequently adopt what Allen Buchanan has called the "Personal Goods Assumption." On this assumption, the benefits of biomedical enhancement will accrue primarily to those individuals who undergo enhancements, not to wider society. Buchanan has argued that biomedical enhancements might in fact have substantial social benefits by increasing productivity. We outline another way in which enhancements might benefit wider society: by augmenting civic virtue and thus improving the functioning of our political communities. We thus directly confront critics of biomedical enhancement who argue that it will lead to a loss of social cohesion and a breakdown in political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data collected from surgeons working in a transplantation unit in Portugal this article aims to identify how medical knowledge is constructed within the context of surgery. The key theoretical guidelines are drawn from the sociology of professions and medical sociology, particularly social constructivist studies. A qualitative methodological approach was adopted, in which we opted for a participant observation and on-site interviews. Three hypotheses are addressed: 1) the recent shift towards Evidence-Based-Medicine (EBM) influences the primacy of clinical experience in the construction of medical knowledge; 2) medical experience does not strongly links with EBM principles; 3) personal experience is central in the construction of medical knowledge and discourse. This article provides a new window into the study of medical profession, a step forward in the research field. Conclusions show new understanding about EBM practice, insofar as it ties the production of medical knowledge to professional dynamics and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:Much of the change that social movements try to accomplish requires changing practices inside organizations, yet reform implementation is difficult to achieve. This comparative case study of two hospitals demonstrates that implementing reform inside organizations may require internal reformers not only to mobilize with one another but also to stand up to internal defenders' countertactics in everyday encounters. Because reformer alliances across identity lines often require reformers with different statuses to collaborate with one another, defenders can divide reformer coalitions by linking reform practices to a status characteristic associated with lower-status reformers, denigrating higher-status reformers by associating them with these practices, and reintegrating higher-status reformers into the defender group. When status threat inside an organization is high to begin with, higher-status reformers are likely to be concerned about loss of privilege in the face of defenders' status-based countertactics and, in response, distance themselves from reform practices and align themselves with defenders to protect their identity and its rewards. This can undermine the multi-identity reformer coalition and cause change to fail. These findings regarding status-based countertactics contribute to our understanding of social movement implementation and microinstitutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the sick role was introduced into sociology in 1951 and was widely used in medical sociology. A sick person at that time would assume a special social role that permitted him or her to deviate from his or her normal social roles. Historians came to utilise the idea of the sick role as well. It was useful to describe social behaviour and expectations for the mid-century period and centuries before, but at the end of the twentieth century, the actualities of illness and medicine made the concept less applicable to that recent time period. The fact that this standard concept no longer applied signalled the advent of a new epoch in the history of medicine around the turn of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over 700,000 people have dementia in the UK. There is increasing policy and practice consensus that early intervention in identifying and treating dementia is beneficial and that much can be done therapeutically and practically to help users and their relatives at an early stage. Research evidences early diagnosis as allowing users the chance to come to terms with it when they can still understand its implications. It also provides an opportunity for key decisions to be made and is what the majority of people want. However, early diagnosis also carries risks: loss of status, acquisition of a stigmatising label, loss of employment and, for a minority, depression. Not all users want to know they have dementia; the diagnosis may also be incorrect. Evidence from the field of medical sociology offers a different perspective on the early intervention debate suggesting not only that targeting 'well' older people at possible risk of dementia may be the latest product of surveillance medicine but that efforts to resist being diagnosed may represent strategies to challenge medical intrusion, knowledge and power. Further, the imposition by an older person and their family of their individualised values onto the clinical encounter may be viewed as an attempt to import user generated forms of knowledge into a medically managed process and provide a nuanced approach to defining, and dealing with, risks. Accommodating both perspectives in practice development may hold considerable potential to enhance the nature of care and the quality of lives of people with dementia and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and faster information will transform our experience of healthcare, according to policymakers, while social theorists have argued that medicine has become 'informatized': a new medical paradigm is being shaped. We question both the policy-led conflation of 'information' and 'healthcare' and ideas about the extent of the informatization of medicine, by exploring how these ideas resonate in medical work, revisiting our studies of expertise in two clinical domains where information technologies are central to practice. The projection of new information programmes as creating knowledge which is independent of space and time runs the risk of devaluing the experiential, haptic and affective knowledge of both apprentices and practitioners. Information, we argue, cannot underpin medicine unless it is recognized and defined as generative, dynamic and intimate, rather than storable and deliverable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the changing concept of medicalization and its effect on medicine. Medicalization was once referred to the social process of expanding the medical profession which followed from the reformation of life processes and problems such as health. The current definition is much broader for it include a broad medical phenomena. Sociologists Eliot Freidson and Irving Zola commented that one of the problems of medicalization was the extended jurisdiction of medicine beyond its scope.

The article discusses various problems encountered by medical sociologists in dealing with medical sociology. The sociology practitioners were having difficulty on its branch of discipline and the confusing use of terms like medicalization and professional dominance. It also commented on the conflicting views of sociologists regarding medicine which include the belief that medicine is about social control, health and resources management by Talcott Parsons. It suggested that the new form of medicalization is a response to the shifts in the nature of social order.

In this article I pose the question, ‘where is the biological body in medical sociology today?’ The first part of the article provides a selective corporeal balance sheet of where we are now in medical sociology, with particular reference to social constructionist and phenomenological approaches and their respective stances or takes on the (biological) body. The subsequent section considers where we might profitably be going in the future in terms of bringing the biological body (back) in, and the broader issues this raises for the sociological enterprise as a whole. Various problems associated with this evolving project and merits of other recent approaches, such as the sociology of translation, are considered. The article concludes with some further thoughts and reflections on these matters, including a revisiting of relations between the sociology of the body and medical sociology in the light of these debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the potential interest for the sociological understanding of medicine and health as social institutions of the qualitative study of collective behaviour. it takes, as a case study, the transformation of a widely-circulating contemporary legend, `The Missing Kidney' into a rumour in Nottingham, and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, in 1992. Possible methodological approaches and interpretations are considered, making particular use of the work of the French sociologist, Edgar Morin, and the `mass society' tradition of social theory. it is argued that neither provides an adequate understanding of the phenomenon and that medical sociologists should look to the Chicago tradition of work on collective behaviour, represented by Park and Blumer for inspiration. Using this, it is suggested that the Missing Kidney offers useful insights into lay thinking about professional work and its strategies for the informal social control of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Problem sleepiness is emerging as a medical problem in the US and Britain. Though an increasingly salient complaint, clinical medicine is only peripherally involved in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep troubles. Paramount in shaping public perceptions and experiences of sleep are the popular media. The apparent chasm between self-reported sleep troubles and the routine medical gaze is the point of departure for this inquiry. Aided by the idea of rhetorical authority, a case is made for the conspicuous influence of newspapers, magazines and the Internet in shaping a persuasive cultural directive to become conscious of soporific states and their possible deleterious consequences. Attending to this cultural directive, a growing number of people are self-diagnosing with a novel sleep disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness. The increasing significance of popular culture in the creation of medical troubles summons an alternative version of medical sociology. A limited case for this claim is made by revisiting two key ideas in this field: naming diseases and the classic distinction between illness and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]