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2. International Education in a World of New Geopolitics: A Comparative Study of US and Canada. Research & Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.5.2022
- Author
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University of California, Berkeley. Center for Studies in Higher Education (CSHE) and Desai Trilokekar, Roopa
- Abstract
This paper examines how international education (IE) as a tool of government foreign policy is challenged in an era of new geopolitics, where China's growing ambitions have increased rivalry with the West. It compares U.S. and Canada as cases first, by examining rationales and approaches to IE in both countries, second, IE relations with China before conflict and third, current controversies and government policy responses to IE relations with China. The paper concludes identifying contextual factors that shape each country's engagement with IE, but suggests that moving forward, the future of IE in a world of new geopolitics is likely to be far more complex and conflictual.
- Published
- 2022
3. The Making of Civic Virtues: A School-Based Experiment in Three Countries. CEP Discussion Paper No. 1830
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London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), Briole, Simon, Gurgand, Marc, Maurin, Éric, McNally, Sandra, Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer, and Santín, Daniel
- Abstract
With the rise of polarization and extremism, the question of how best to transmit civic virtues across generations is more acute than ever. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that schools can be the place for this transmission by empowering students and gathering them around concrete and democratically chosen objectives. We draw on an RCT implemented in a large sample of middle schools in three European countries. The evaluated program leads students to carry out collective citizenship projects in their immediate communities under the supervision of teachers trained in student-centered teaching methods. The program significantly increases student altruism, their political self-efficacy as well as the quality of their relationship with their classmates and their respect for the rules of school life (less sanctions and absenteeism). In all three countries, the benefits are greater for students with the highest level of altruism and interest in politics at baseline. Investments made at an early age appear to be complement to those made during adolescence for the production of civic virtues.
- Published
- 2022
4. The Politics of Community College Districts: A National Overview and Implications for Racial Gerrymandering in Texas. CEPA Working Paper No. 21-08
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Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis (CEPA), Baker, Dominique J., Edwards, Bethany, Lambert, Spencer F. X., and Randall, Grace
- Abstract
At least 38 states have created service areas or "districts" for each of their community colleges. However, little is known about the geographic boundaries of community college districts, the political process that defines them, and how they relate to institutional racial segregation. Given this dearth of knowledge, we studied nearly 150 state policy documents nationally and the actual district boundaries of Texas community colleges in order to investigate the larger political process of determining boundaries and whether gerrymandering is present. We found significant variation across the United States, including in who determines the boundaries and whether the districts have associated tuition reductions. In our case study, we also found evidence that at least some of Texas's community college districts may exhibit evidence of gerrymandering.
- Published
- 2021
5. Can Rising Instructional Time Crowd out Student Pro-Social Behaviour? Unintended Consequences of a German High School Reform. CEP Discussion Paper No. 1495
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London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) and Krekel, Christian
- Abstract
We study whether raising instructional time can crowd out student pro-social behaviour. To this end, we exploit a large educational reform in Germany that has raised weekly instructional hours for high school students by 12.5% as a quasi-natural experiment. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that this rise has a negative and sizeable effect on volunteering, both at the intensive and at the extensive margin. It also affects political interest. There is no similar crowding out of scholastic involvement, but no substitution either. Impacts seem to be driven by a reduction in available leisure time as opposed to a rise in intensity of instruction, and to be temporary only. Robustness checks, including placebo tests and triple differencing, confirm our results. [This paper was produced as part of the Centre for Economic Performance's Wellbeing Programme. The project was funded by the German Ministry for Education and Science.]
- Published
- 2017
6. State Standards Scratch the Surface of Learning about Political Parties and Ideology. CIRCLE Working Paper #81
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CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement), McAvoy, Paula, Fine, Rebecca, and Ward, Ann Herrera
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In this report, the authors present findings from their analysis of social studies state standards. The following questions guided their work: (1) To what extent do middle and high school (grades 8-12) history and civics state standards support teaching about political parties? For the states that do include language about political parties, what does an analysis of the standards tell us about what they expect students to learn? and (2) To what extent to do state middle and high school (grades 8-12) history and civics state standards support teaching about political ideology? For the states that do include language about political ideology, what does an analysis of the standards tell us about what they expect students to learn? The report focuses on four criteria: (1) The role that political parties play in the political system; (2) How controversial political issues map onto the political spectrum and party interests; (3) The ideological underpinnings of the two major political parties; and (4) How one's own beliefs fit within the ideological-partisan landscape. Findings indicate that, in general, state standards recognize that young people need to learn about electoral politics, and this includes learning about political parties and issues. At the same time, the standards give teachers little guidance about how deeply to wade into these waters. No state met the four criteria that the authors identified as necessary for informed engagement in electoral politics. North Carolina, Virginia and Vermont are noteworthy, because they include three of the four criteria: role of political parties, platforms, and ideological foundations. [This research was funded in part by the Gibb Democracy Education Fund.]
- Published
- 2016
7. Performance of Sentiment Analysis APIs on Political Opinion Polling
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Johnson, Colton, Rege, Manjeet, Ghosh, Ashish, Editorial Board Member, Zhou, Lizhu, Editorial Board Member, K, Hemachandran, editor, Rodriguez, Raul Villamarin, editor, Rege, Manjeet, editor, Piuri, Vincenzo, editor, Xu, Guandong, editor, and Ong, Kok-Leong, editor
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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8. Using Political Cartoons as the Basis for a Freshman Comp Research Paper: Delineating the Reasons for the Failure of yet Another Clever Idea
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Kich, Martin
- Abstract
At the Lake Campus of Wright State University, students are required to complete two courses in English composition. In the second, English 102, the focal assignment is an eight- to ten-page research essay, typically with either an argumentative slant or a topic that requires some sort of interpretive analysis. When the department selected an anthology of political essays as the reader for this course, English professor Martin Kich was uncomfortable with the choice and believed he had conceived an imaginative alternative research topic: the students would focus on some of the 300 or so cartoons that had to do with Clinton's various policies and problems, and, working from the premise that it was now the year 2025, they would explain the cartoons to people who were "now" only passingly familiar with the Clinton presidency--if they had any knowledge of its particulars at all. The treatment would require them to do three things: (1) describe each cartoon, (2) explain its political context, and (3) analyze the cartoonist's or cartoonists' bias. They could choose the number of cartoons, the number and variety of topics addressed, and the number of cartoonists represented. Despite his enthusiasm for the topic, with the exception of several non-traditional students, the majority of the students in five English 102 classes over two quarters pretty much hated it. Herein Kich describes nine misconceptions and/or misperceptions on his part which he believes are the reasons for the failure of the research topic.
- Published
- 2005
9. Effects of signalling tax evasion on redistribution and voting preferences: Evidence from the Panama Papers.
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Ait Bihi Ouali L
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- Crime legislation & jurisprudence, Europe, Family Characteristics, Humans, Panama, Social Class, Surveys and Questionnaires, Taxes legislation & jurisprudence, Crime economics, Fraud prevention & control, Politics, Socioeconomic Factors, Taxes economics
- Abstract
This paper provides empirical evidence that individuals substantially revise their stated wealth redistribution preferences after fiscal scandals. The 2016 Panama Papers scandal revealed top-income tax evasion behaviour simultaneously worldwide. The empirical investigation exploits this event as a quasi-natural experiment. I rely on two original datasets, a UK household longitudinal dataset and a survey conducted in 22 European countries. I use a difference-in-differences strategy and find that pro-redistribution statements increased between 2% and 3.3% after the scandal. Responses are heterogeneous and larger for right-wing individuals and low-income individuals. This change in wealth redistribution preferences is likely to have been translated into a slight change in votes. The results suggest an increase in stated voting intentions for the left and a decrease for the right. Complementary estimations reveal that more media coverage and more individuals involved by country increase the magnitude of the response., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2020
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10. Discordant Implementation of Multilateral Higher Education Policies: Evidence from the Case of the Bologna Process. Research & Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.18.13
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University of California, Berkeley. Center for Studies in Higher Education, Murasawa, Masataka, Oba, Jun, and Watanabe, Satoshi P.
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In pursuit of enhanced employability of university graduates, along with their increased mobility in a rapidly globalizing economy, colleges and universities in the world today participate in regional alliances and partnerships in which shared targets with mutually recognized degrees and curricula are sought across boundaries through transnational higher education policies. The Bologna Process is certainly exemplified as one of the most important multilateral efforts in the recent history of higher education, in establishing such a system of quality assurance within the European Higher Education Area. Although the member states of the Bologna Process endeavor to meet the common benchmarks on the preset assessment criteria, the speed of policy implementation is found to widely vary across the participating countries. This paper attempts to identify the sources of discrepancies in achieving the common policy targets among the member states and explore in particular the extent to which varying stages of socio-economic as well as political development, along with indigenous ethnic and linguistic complexities, affect the robust progress of implementing multilateral higher education policies. Our findings generally suggest significant impacts of these indigenous factors.
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- 2013
11. The Classroom-Kitchen Table Connection: The Effects of Political Discussion on Youth Knowledge and Efficacy. CIRCLE Working Paper #72
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CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement), Vercellotti, Tim, and Matto, Elizabeth C.
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CIRCLE Working Paper #72 addresses whether efforts to systematically incorporate media into school curricula increases several elements of civic engagement, including students' media use, political knowledge or their sense of being able to understand and influence politics (internal political efficacy). In "The Classroom-Kitchen Table Connection: The Effects of Political Discussion on Youth Knowledge and Efficacy," the authors find that the combination of reading news articles and discussing them at home and school related to increased information-seeking and political knowledge among students who were not in advanced placement and honors classes. Moreover, they find that students who were assigned to discuss articles at home with parents and who had parents who scored low on measures of political knowledge and efficacy, were the most likely to have increased scores on both dimensions by the end of the experiment. These results could provide guidance to practitioners looking for ways to involve parents in reinforcing what happens in the classroom by extending political discussions to the home as well. Appended are: (1) Student Questionnaire; (2) Parent Questionnaire; and (3) Weekly Discussion Guides. (Contains 11 tables and 7 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2010
12. The Federalist Papers and Why Doctors Must Vote.
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Loughlin KR
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- Canada, United States, Physicians, Politics
- Published
- 2019
13. Spiral of Rebellion: Conflict Seeking of Democratic Adolescents in Republican Counties. CIRCLE Working Paper #68
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CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement) and McDevitt, Michael
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A study of adolescents living in red and blue counties during the 2006 midterm elections shows a striking pattern of Democratic youth thriving in political expression and debate when exposed to Republican ideological climates. Democratic adolescents were more likely to talk with parents and friends about politics, disagree openly, test opinions, and listen to opponents if they lived in Republican counties compared with Democratic youth living in liberal or balanced counties. Compared to Republican youth residing in the same communities, Democratic youth in Republican counties were also more likely to engage in political discussion, to pay attention to news media, and to express confidence in their ability to comprehend campaign issues. The frequency of disagreeing in conversations predicted support for liberal activism. Disagreeing was a particularly strong predictor of supporting liberal activism for youth living in red counties. These findings support the theory--proposed by McDevitt and colleagues in other studies--that young people sometimes express political identities through conflict and disagreement, not because they come to share the views of parents, teachers, or majorities in their communities. The same pattern was not found for Republican youth in Democratic counties during the 2006 elections; they were not more politically expressive when exposed to hostile ideological climates. However, Republican identity (like Democratic identity) correlated with knowledge of the political parties. The results suggest that Democratic identity is frequently expressed in deliberative and conflict-seeking activities, while Republican identity is often grounded in knowledge. Overall, the study suggests the value of peer-centered, critical discussion as a strategy for youth political mobilization. A list of state races where party control changed in 2006 is appended. (Contains 4 figures, 9 tables and 8 notes.) [This paper is derived from research made possible with support from CIRCLE and the University of Colorado's Innovative Seed Grant Program.]
- Published
- 2009
14. College Students and Politics: A Literature Review. CIRCLE Working Paper 46
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Longo, Nicholas V. and Meyer, Ross P.
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In this working paper, the authors review the literature on college students' political attitudes and behaviors. It is hoped that this review will help to refine research questions and ultimately lead to a larger follow-up research study on college student political engagement. The literature review was based on the following three questions: (1) How do college students understand, define, and view politics, their political engagement, and the work of democracy? (2) Are college students politically engaged? How do college students practice politics? (3) How can institutions of higher education help foster greater political participation among college students? Several emerging and often overlapping trends came out of the review. The narrative of the authors' review might be described in the following way: There have been several general studies on college students as a demographic group with data on some aspects of their political knowledge, attitudes, values, skills, and practices. Much of the research indicates that college students today are cynical about politics and apathetic when it comes to political participation. However, after years of decline, there has been a recent increase in voting, trust in government, and other forms of political participation among college students in the past few years. There has also been a "scissor effect": years of decline in political participation have coincided with a surge in volunteering and involvement in community. There are various interpretations for the rise in community service and its implications for democracy, with many contending that there is no connection between community service and political participation; community service, it seems, may simply be an "alternative to politics." At the same time, there is a strand of literature arguing that there is a need for an alternative politics led by young people, and there seems to be an emergence of this "politics that is not called politics" on college campuses. Finally, there is widespread agreement in the literature about the great political potential of this generation of college students; and that colleges and universities need to do more to educate the next generation for democracy and provide more opportunities for political participation. This review of the literature also makes clear that while much research has been done on college student political engagement in the past decade, there are many interesting and important areas for future inquiry. Ultimately, an updated understanding of the current generation of college students' views on politics requires more than a literature review; thus, the authors believe that updated research with college students could be timely, contributing an important element to the efforts for democratic revitalization: the voices of the youngest generation. [This Working Paper was produced by CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement). For CIRCLE Working Paper 45, see ED491132.]
- Published
- 2006
15. Youth Civic Engagement: An Institutional Turn. Circle Working Paper 45
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Maryland Univ., College Park., Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC., Levine, Peter, Youniss, James, Levine, Peter, Youniss, James, Maryland Univ., College Park., and Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC.
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The papers in this collection were written by an interdisciplinary group to address two main questions: What conditions deter young 'involvement in politics and civic life? What reforms could enhance youth engagement? Most of the contributors met face-to-face in Washington, DC in March 2005 to discuss their papers and the general issue of youth civic engagement. The following were some major themes in the papers and discussion: (1) An Institutional Turn; (2) Competitiveness and Controversy in Politics; (3) Individualized Risk; (4) New Organizational Forms; and (5) Immigrant and Minority Youth. The Table of Contents appears as follows: (1) Introduction, ( Peter Levine and James Youniss); (2) What Schools Should Do to Prepare Students for Democracy (William Damon); (3) A Modest Proposal ( William A. Galston); (4) Youth At-Risk for Non-Participation ( James G. Gimpel and J. Celeste Lay); (5) The Social Psychological Implications of Political Conflict (Diana C. Mutz); (6) Youth and Political Institutions (Joel Westheimer); (7) City Designs: Building Municipal Systems for Youth Civic Engagement (Carmen Sirianni); (8) The Lifeworlds of Young People and Civic Engagement (Lewis A. Friedland and Shauna Morimoto); (9) Three Points Relevant to Research on Youth Engagement (Jane Junn); (10) Reconceptualization of Political Participation and Responsibility-Taking (Dietlind Stole in collaboration with Michele Micheletti and Marc Hooghe); (11) How Structures Influence the Politics of Engagement: Some Possibilities for Research (Joseph Kahne); (12) Proposals for Sustaining the Turnout Surge (Jane Eisner); (13) Civic Engagement in Youth from Low Income Neighborhoods: The Influence of Youth Bulges, Institutions, and Poverty (Daniel Hart ); (14) Reshaping a Developmental Theory for Political-Civic Development (James Youniss); and (15) Community Colleges (Constance A. Flanagan). References, and end notes appear following individual papers. [This paper was produced by the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), University of Maryland.]
- Published
- 2006
16. Gender and Civic Engagement: Secondary Analysis of Survey Data. CIRCLE Working Paper 41
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Jenkins, Krista
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This Working Paper presents an overview of findings from research that addresses whether, and to what extent, gender is salient in the development of norms of citizen behavior and key precursors to citizen engagement. A variety of data is used to illuminate the complexity of gender's relationship to citizen engagement among today's youth. The bulk of the analysis, however, is drawn from the National Citizen Engagement Study (NCES). Across some key indicators, the story is about the same regardless of sex. Young women and men appear to be receiving the same cues about politics, elected officials, and the political process. They are also responding in much the same way--i.e., tuning out and doing little. However, young women are also demonstrating their distinctiveness in ways that are both hopeful and potentially worrisome. Thus, the picture to emerge is one that cannot be easily summarized by either sameness or difference. (Contains 8 tables and 13 endnotes.) [This Working Paper was produced by CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement). For CIRCLE Working Paper 40, see ED491129.]
- Published
- 2005
17. Joining Young, Voting Young: The Effects of Youth Voluntary Associations on Early Adult Voting. CIRCLE Working Paper #73
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CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement), Thomas, Reuben J., and McFarland, Daniel A.
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Adolescent voluntary associations are particularly well positioned in the life course to encourage voting as youth become full citizens. Extracurriculars socialize students into voting by habituating them to civic engagement and by connecting them to politically engaged cultures. We establish this argument by testing the effects of high school extracurriculars on voting and the formation of political ideology in young adulthood, using two nationally representative longitudinal datasets and propensity score matching. We find that participation in general promotes voting, though some activities (notably, some sports) decrease it. Specific activities that encourage voting often have no political content, and their effects are not explained by the voting rates of peers in these groups. One of the biggest and most robust effects is for the performing arts: participation in high school performing arts is related to a higher rate of voting in early adulthood. Furthermore, some activities affect political ideology and party membership in adulthood, illustrating socialization into distinct political cultures. The overall pattern is that religious attendance and a few sports steer students to the conservative end of the political spectrum and into the Republican party, while academic clubs, drama clubs, and honor society steer students towards the liberal end and/or into the Democratic party. Schools can create environments that encourage extracurricular involvement through funding and policy. But they can also discourage extracurriculars through neglect. These results demonstrate that which activities thrive and which shrink will have an impact on future voting behaviors of young adults. (Contains 7 tables.)
- Published
- 2010
18. Why Are Young Children Missed so Often in the Census? KIDS COUNT Working Paper
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Annie E. Casey Foundation and O'Hare, William P.
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The Decennial Census is the most important data collection activity undertaken by the U.S. federal statistical system. Because census data are used to apportion Congress and draw redistricting lines for thousands of state and local single-member districts to meet the one-person/one-vote guidelines, the census is at the heart of the political system. Also, census data are used to distribute more than $400 billion in federal funds each year, and they are widely used by other government statistical agencies to calculate rates or design surveys. Children are the age group most often missed in the Decennial Census--the reasons range from their living in hard-to-count neighborhoods to the fact that the census form only has space for complete demographic information on six household members. The fact that children are the age group missed most often in the Decennial Census comes as a surprise to many people, even those who have closely followed census issues. Despite the long-standing problem of children being missed in the Decennial Census, little has been done to examine this issue. Missed children might be referred to as the "overlooked undercount" because the undercount of children has been a persistent problem that has been given relatively little attention over time. The high undercount of children challenges the image that the undercount is made up mostly of young adults and people who dodge the census-takers for nefarious reasons. Unlike adults, who may bear some responsibility for making sure they are counted in the census, children are dependent on others to make sure they are included. Yet in 1980, 1990, and 2000, Census Bureau data show children, particularly young children, are one of the groups most likely to be missed in the census. This publication provides some background and information on the undercount of children, describes some theories about why children are missed in the census, and outlines a few ideas for reaching the parents of young children with a message about the importance of being counted in the census. (Contains 2 figures, 1 box, 10 tables and 37 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
19. The Long-Term Impact of High School Civics Curricula on Political Knowledge, Democratic Attitudes and Civic Behaviors: A Multi-Level Model of Direct and Mediated Effects through Communication. CIRCLE Working Paper #65
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CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement), Hutchens, Myiah J., and Eveland, William P.
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This report examines the effects of exposure to various elements of a civics curriculum on civic participation, two forms of political knowledge, internal political efficacy, political cynicism, news elaboration, discussion elaboration and various forms of interpersonal and mediated political communication behaviors. The data are based on a longitudinal study of high school students in a challenged large urban school district in Ohio. Two approaches to instruction are contrasted: stimulating political communication by discussing media sources and engaging in political debate; and rote learning of traditional civics content. Both approaches correlated "negatively" with civic outcomes, but there could be several interpretations of that correlation. Fifteen appendices are included: (1) Correlation Table for Dependent, Mediating and Control Variables; (2) Summary of Intraclass Correlations (ICC) and Significance of Level of Variance Accounted for in Random Effects (Empty) HLM Models; (3) School Contextual Model for Factual Political Knowledge; (4) School Contextual Model for Civic Participation; (5) School Contextual Model for Cynicism; (6) Classroom Environment Contextual Model for Newspaper Use; (7) Classroom Environment Contextual Model for Factual Political Knowledge; (8) Classroom Environment Contextual Model for Knowledge Structure Density; (9) Classroom Environment Contextual Model for Civic Participation; (10) Classroom Environment Contextual Model for Cynicism; (11) Course Contextual Model for Newspaper Use; (12) Course Contextual Model for Discussion Frequency; (13) Course Contextual Model for Factual Political Knowledge; (14) Course Contextual Model for Civic Participation; and (15) Course Contextual Model for Discussion Elaboration. (Contains 3 figures, 2 tables and 3 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
20. An Introductory Global Overview: The Private Fit to Salient Higher Education Tendencies. PROPHE Working Paper Series. WP No. 7
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Program for Research on Private Higher Education and Levy, Daniel C.
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Private higher education has surged in recent decades and now forms a major part of the world's total higher education. A fourth of total enrollment might be a reasonable guess, albeit a very rough one. Only Western Europe remains mostly marginal to the global trend. Whether new or continuing, contemporary private growth is notable, especially in developing regions. This working paper provides only an introductory, quite partial sketch of how private higher education tends to fit broader higher education patterns, particularly patterns of recent change. Since higher education, and even just private higher education, is very diverse and involves multiple tendencies, it would be far too simple to say merely that private higher education fits broad higher education tendencies. Yet we see reason to highlight private sector characteristics such as huge expansion, responses to rising student demand and changing economies, average smallness in institutional size, tuition dependence, commercial orientations, hierarchical governance, political order, and a certain global self-identification. On the other hand, comparatively limited on the private side are academic research, graduate education, full-time staff, government finance, and government control. (Contains 13 notes.)
- Published
- 2006
21. Politics: The Missing Link of Responsible Civic Education. CIRCLE Working Paper 18. Report Executive Summary.
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Stroupe, Kenneth S. and Sabato, Larry J.
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Several nonprofit organizations provide instructional materials and guidance to support experiential civic education in schools. General evidence from national surveys suggests that the use of these products and methods improves students? political and civic knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors. This paper reports the result of a particular experiment conducted to study the effects of an ongoing national youth civic engagement program sponsored by the UVA Center for Politics called the National Youth Leadership Initiative (YLI). The experiment described here is unusual in two main respects. First, the YLI curriculum emphasizes experiential learning about politics and elections, on the theory that politics ought to be explicitly taught if the goal is to get young people to vote, follow the political news, and try to influence the government. Second, the YLI program was tested in an unusually rigorous way; students who participated in YLI were compared to students who received more traditional civics instruction. According to other studies, students who take civics courses are more likely than other young people to be knowledgeable and engaged in politics. However, it is possible that this is not an effect of the courses; rather, students who are already interested in politics elect to take classes on civics. Also, studies have shown that different teaching techniques and curriculum content have different types of benefits for students. The YLI research used quasi-experimental design to demonstrate that these particular civic classes?using experiential methods and emphasizing electoral politics?had statistically significant, positive effects.
- Published
- 2004
22. Delusions of Grandeur: The Search for a Vibrant Rural America. Staff Paper.
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Kentucky Univ., Lexington. TVA Rural Studies Program. and Freshwater, David
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Rural development is rarely defined and there is no clear definition of what the development process intends to accomplish. The nature of the larger economy in which rural places must operate has changed in ways that reduce the relative advantage of most rural areas and have left them struggling to define new economic functions. The political process--the last great hope of rescue for too many rural people and places--is reorganizing in ways that will disappoint most rural communities. Economic development options for rural places are few. Those with high amenity value may become retirement or recreation destinations; places with good road and rail connections may capture a role as distribution centers; and the growing solid waste industry relies upon rural areas to accept waste. Many success stories in rural America are, upon closer examination, not really examples of rural development but of urban expansion. If rural America is to be competitive with other developed regions, it will have to improve the skill levels of the local labor force, and rural places will have to integrate themselves into markets. As the key factor in the future competitive position of states, education has become too important to be left to local control, and the independence of rural school boards is declining. Development entails specialization and scale effects, and rural places need to find ways to accomplish them without being captured by an urban center. To achieve scale effects and maintain local control, rural places will have to cooperate within some functional economic and political structure. (Contains 13 references.) (TD)
- Published
- 2001
23. Throwing a Better Party: Local Mobilizing Institutions and the Youth Vote. CIRCLE Working Paper 13.
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Shea, Daniel M.
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A shrinking number of Americans are interested in politics?a trend pronounced among younger citizens. Politicians, academics, civic leaders and others are scrambling to find solutions. This study was commissioned by the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and focuses on local political parties. Historically, local parties have played an important role in getting people to the polls. Many observers have suggested they are the key cogs of the democratic process. The problem that many local party committees confront in effectively reaching out to young voters seems to stem from a lack of innovation. Simply put, traditional approaches to getting-out-the-vote are ineffective with the new generation. It does not appear to be enough simply to ?hand out voter registration cards at the high schools? or to ?make calls before election day." The national parties seem to have gotten the message: in order to truly connect with young voters, the parties must develop novel approaches. It is time for local parties to step outside the box.
- Published
- 2004
24. College Student Attitudes toward Diversity and Race-Based Policies. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper.
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Meader, Ellen Waterson
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This study used data from the Midwest Colleges Study to examine the personal characteristics and environmental features that affect the development of college students' attitudes toward diversity and race-based politics. Specifically, it evaluated how college students' demographic characteristics, precollege backgrounds, perceptions of discrimination, and college environment differentially affected these attitudes. Astin's Input-Environment-Output impact model was used as the study's framework. The study found that a few personal characteristics (parent educational level, gender, and attending a white high school) influenced student attitudes. However, environmental factors appeared to influence students attitudes to a greater extent. Students most supportive of diversity included black students who were involved on campus, white students who were members of organizations concerned with black issues, white students who lived on campus, and white students who did not have mostly white friends. In contrast, white students not involved on campus were most opposed to race-based policies such as affirmative action. Students, both black and white, who took a black studies course tended to be supportive of diversity. (Contains 41 references.) (DB)
- Published
- 1998
25. A Revisitation of Clausewitz’s Thinking from the Cyber Situational Awareness Perspective
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Ramón y Cajal Ramo, Pedro, Arias, Claudia Castillo, Manzanares Martínez, Jorge Carlos, Vidal, Jorge Maestre, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Katsikas, Sokratis, editor, Cuppens, Frédéric, editor, Kalloniatis, Christos, editor, Mylopoulos, John, editor, Pallas, Frank, editor, Pohle, Jörg, editor, Sasse, M. Angela, editor, Abie, Habtamu, editor, Ranise, Silvio, editor, Verderame, Luca, editor, Cambiaso, Enrico, editor, Maestre Vidal, Jorge, editor, Sotelo Monge, Marco Antonio, editor, Albanese, Massimiliano, editor, Katt, Basel, editor, Pirbhulal, Sandeep, editor, and Shukla, Ankur, editor
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. ‘In case I die, I need to publish this paper’: scientist who left the lab to fight in Ukraine
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Liverpool, Layal
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Indigenous Peoples in Modern Nation-States. Proceedings from an International Workshop (Tromso, Norway, October 13-16, 1997). Occasional Papers Series A, No. 90.
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Tromso Univ. (Norway). and Saugestad, Sidsel
- Abstract
The relationship between indigenous peoples and nation-states has long been of academic interest, and is also an emerging topic in the international debate about human rights and development. Universities and museums play an important part in this debate as producers, managers, and communicators of knowledge about indigenous peoples. In these processes, the voices of indigenous peoples themselves must also find their proper place. A workshop at the University of Tromso (Norway) in October 1997 addressed aspects of this debate. The point of departure was a collaborative research program between the Universities of Botswana and Tromso to promote research of relevance for the indigenous people of Botswana, called Bushmen, San, Basarwa, or Kwe. The University of Tromso also has a special responsibility to the Saami--indigenous people of Norway. The 17 papers in this proceedings address ethnographic research methods and issues; history, cultural heritage, and cultural maintenance; indigenous relationships with the state and bureaucrats; and remote area development, acculturation, and participatory research on community and educational issues. The papers are: "Objectives and Perspectives on the Collaborative Programme for San/Basarwa Research" (Sidsel Saugestad); "Regional Comparison in Khoisan Ethnography: Theory, Method and Practice" (Alan Barnard); "Another Time, Another History" (Charlotte Damm); "Ethnicity: A Question of Relations" (Per Mathiesen); "Sami Cultural Heritage and Cultural Mobilisation" (Torvald Falch); "Indigenous or Autochthonous? Establishing a Role for Archaeology in the Negotiation of Basarwa Identity" (Paul J. Lane); "A Preliminary Report on an On-Going Research into the Recent History of the Babugakhwe at Khwai, Eastern Ngamiland, Botswana" (Maitseo Bolaane, Kofi Darkwah); "The Politics of Being Basarwa: Identity, Entitlement and Development among Bugakhwe, Tsega and //Anekhwe in Eastern Ngamiland..." (Michael Taylor); "Hunter-Gatherers and Bureaucrats: Reconciling Opposing Worldviews" (Alan Barnard); "Saami Customary Rights and the Problems of Definition" (Trond Thuen); "The Rise and Fall of Norwegian Support to Remote Area Development in Botswana" (Sidsel Saugestad); "Once upon a Nickel Mine: Mining Development, Archaeology and Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in Northern Labrador, Canada" (Bryan C. Hood); "The Remote Area Development Programme and the Integration of Basarwa into the Mainstream of Botswana Society..." (Chadzimula Molebatsi); "Livelihood Strategies of the Basarwa in Diphuduhudu and Tshokwe..." (Isaac Mazonde); "Community Economic Development (CED) and Basarwa Communities in Botswana" (Keitseope Nthomang); "Development or Destitution? Towards an Understanding of Alcohol Use in Basarwa Settlements..." (David Macdonald); and "Participatory Research: A Developing World Research Paradigm for Change?" (Lucky Tshireletso). (Contains references, maps, the workshop program, and participants.) (SV)
- Published
- 1998
28. American Journalism Historians Association Annual Convention (London, Ontario, Canada, October 3-5, 1996). Part II: Selecting Papers Covering the 20th Century.
- Author
-
American Journalism Historians' Association.
- Abstract
The 17 papers in this collection all deal with 20th-century journalism, journalists, and mass media. The papers and their authors are: "Building One's Own Gallows: The Trade Publications' Reaction to a Federal Shield Law, 1972-1974" (Karla Gower); "The Useful Ogre: Sweden's Use and Views of American Television, 1956-62" (Ulf Jonas Bjork); "Black or Negro? The Media's Dilemma of Racial Identifiers, 1967-1971" (Joey Senat); "Hostile Crowds, Homosexual Activists and AIDS Victims: Mainstream Newspapers Cover Gay Liberation" (Elizabeth M. Koehler); "Unhappy Events in Ireland: Irish-American Press Coverage of Dublin's 1916 Easter Rising" (Karen Patricia Potter); "'They're Talking about Us': Yellow Journalism and the Press of West Africa" (W. Joseph Campbell); "Same/Difference: The Media, Equal Rights and Aboriginal Women in Canada, 1968" (Barbara M. Freeman); "Literature, Propaganda and the First World War: The Case of 'Blackwood's Magazine'" (David Finkelstein); "Reasoned Protest and Personal Journalism: The Liberty and Death of 'The Intermountain Observer'" (James B. McPherson); "Measuring Jazz Journalism in Missouri Dailies of the 1920s" (Steven D. Koski); "Fighting for 'The Big Voices of the Air': A History of the Clear Channel Broadcasting Service"; "Rural Publicity in the Boilerplate Era: The Mt. Clemens News Bureau" (James C. Foust); "The Delightful Relationship: Presidents and White House Correspondents in the 1920s" (Stephen Ponder); "Construction of a Gay Image in the Washington Press: 1943-1970" (Edward M. Alwood); "Balancing Academic Freedom and Academic Image: The North Carolina Speaker Ban, 1963-1968" (Patricia Richardson); "The Vietnam War, the Cold War, and Protestants: How the 'Christian Century' and 'Christianity Today' Reflected American Society in the 1960s" (David E. Settje); and "News Pegs and the National Farmers Organization: Episodic and Life-Span Patterns of Press Coverage" (Jane S. McConnell). (NKA)
- Published
- 1996
29. Reply to Mr Ryan's paper: acupuncture, ACC an d the Medicines Act.
- Author
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Roberts K, Lindsay T, Pearson S, McBride P, and Koppelmen MH
- Subjects
- Acupuncture Therapy, Politics
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Nil.
- Published
- 2018
30. Digital Broadcasting and the Public Interest. Reports and Papers of the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program.
- Author
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Aspen Inst., Washington, DC., Firestone, Charles M., Garmer, Amy Korzick, Firestone, Charles M., Garmer, Amy Korzick, and Aspen Inst., Washington, DC.
- Abstract
This publication is the result of a series of meetings convened to explore options for broadcast regulation in the digital era. The report offers a crucial context for these issues and aims to contribute to a greater understanding of the legal, constitutional, economic, political, and other issues surrounding the debate. The first section deals with law and policy and contains the following reports and papers: "Toward a New Approach to Public Interest Regulation of Digital Broadcasting" (Angela Campbell); "Public Interest Obligations of Broadcasters in the Digital Era: Law and Policy" (Henry Geller); "Government-Created Scarcity: Thinking about Broadcast Regulation and the First Amendment" (Tracy Westen); "Self-Regulation and the Public Interest" (Robert Corn-Revere); "On Hooks and Ladders" (Monroe E. Price); and "'Red Lion' and the Constitutionality of Regulation: A Conversation among the Justices" (Monroe E. Price). The second section covers economics and implementation: "Achieving the Public Interest in an Era of Abundance" (Forrest P. Chisman); "Broadcasting Policy in the Digital Age" (Andrew Graham); "A Structure and Efficiency Approach to Reforming Access and Content Policy" (Steven S. Wildman and D. Karen Frazer); "Implementation of 'Pay' Models and the Existing Public Trustee Model in the Digital Broadcast Era" (Henry Geller); and "Casting a Broader Net: The Obligations of 'Digital Broadcasters' in a Changing Media Environment" (Andrew L. Shapiro). The last section focuses on political broadcasting: "Enhancing Political Discourse: Proposals for Political Programming in the Digital Era" (Anthony Corrado); "The Public Interest and Digital Broadcasting: Options for Political Programming" (Anthony Corrado); and "A Proposal: Media Access for All Candidates and Ballot Measures" (Tracy Westen). A list of participants is appended. (DLS)
- Published
- 1998
31. Selected Papers Presented at the Annual Convention of the American Journalism Historians Association (Tulsa, Oklahoma, September 28-30, 1995). Part II.
- Author
-
American Journalism Historians' Association.
- Abstract
The 14 papers in this collection all deal with 20th century journalism and journalists in the United States. The papers and their authors are: "Educating Ike: The Evolution of Presidential PR in 1953" (David W. Guth); "Crumbs from the Publishers' Golden Tables: The Plight of the Chicago Newsboy" (Jon Bekken); "'They Work Too Hard': How Newspapers Justified the 1924 Exclusion of Japanese Immigrants" (Brad Hamm); "Agnes Smedley: A Radical Journalist in Search of a Cause" (Karla Gower); "The Camera's Red Lens: Television Coverage of Wounded Knee II, 1973" (William Hewitt); "From College Expulsion to Pulitzer Prize: How the New York World-Telegram's Fred Woltman Became the 'No. 1 Newspaper Specialist' on Communists" (Brad Hamm); "The Segregationist Press in the Closed Society: The Jackson Daily News' Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1964" (David R. Davies); "A 'Political Institutional' Theory of the News: The Emergence of Independent Journalism in Detroit, 1865-1920" (Richard L. Kaplan); "Will Irwin Revisited: A Contrast of Past and Present Criticisms of the Press" (Brian C. Smith); "Returning Government to the Hands of the People: The Pacific Northwest's Nonpartisan League Newspapers" (Mary M. Cronin and Paul Schlienz); "Birth Control Crusade: The Public Relations Campaign" (R. Brooks Garner); "AIDS and the Gay Press: Uncovering or Covering Up?" (Rodger Streitmatter); "The Farmer and the Radio Man Should Be Friends: Clear Channel Radio Stations and the Farm Lobby, 1941-1968" (James C. Foust); and "Electrical Transcriptions: Quality Programming for All Radio Stations" (Jann Hyde). (NKA)
- Published
- 1995
32. How Block Grants Can Make--or Break--Supports for Families: A Working Paper.
- Author
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Center for the Study of Social Policy, Washington, DC., Family Resource Coalition, Chicago, IL., Child and Family Policy Center, Des Moines, IA., and Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC. Center for Youth Development and Policy Research.
- Abstract
This paper represents a pooling of diverse perspectives and experiences of four organizations concerned that the current block grant structure of funding for social and family support services will not adequately improve the social services system or the lives of children and families. Focusing on ways in which the current re-examination of federal funding could be used to advance the family support agenda, the aim of these groups is to create a responsive, effective, accountable, family-supportive, and community-based system that actively supports children, youth, and families. The proposed block grant system--the Personal Responsibility Act (PRA)--will not achieve the goals of improving the responsiveness, effectiveness, and fiscal accountability of public services, nor will it improve the outlook for children, youth, and families. Instead, the PRA will undermine these goals by eliminating several entitlement programs for low-income families, allowing decisions by certain states to hurt the entire country, and providing no protection against re-regulation of the block grant programs. An alternative to the current block grant concept, which would utilize a "blending" of similar programs, combining the purposes and funding of these smaller programs into larger categories, is proposed that could help achieve these goals and capitalize on the chance to help children, youth, and families. (BGC)
- Published
- 1995
33. Conflict and Convergence: Race, Public Opinion and Political Behavior in Massachusetts. The University of Massachusetts McCormack Institute Poll. An Occasional Paper.
- Author
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Massachusetts Univ., Boston. Inst. for Asian American Studies., Watanabe, Paul, and Hardy-Fanta, Carol
- Abstract
The University of Massachusetts McCormack Institute Poll of attitudes and opinions related to the political, economic, and social life of Massachusetts was expanded in 1998 to include a larger sample of minority respondents than in previous years. In 1998, the sample included 127 African Americans, 114 Asian Americans, 107 Latinos, and 381 Whites. The rapidly changing racial and ethnic diversity of Massachusetts was regarded as a "good thing" by a large proportion of all groups. Minority group members were less likely than Whites to think that things were getting better for minorities, and they were more likely to agree that there was a long way to go before minorities (specifically African Americans) have the same chance in life White people have. Thirty-three percent of African Americans, thirty-one percent of Latinos, and twenty-five percent of Asian Americans reported that they had a personal experience with discrimination during the last 3 months. African Americans and Latinos considered crime the most important issue, with schools/education the second most important social issue. Asian Americans thought schools were the most important issue, as did Whites. A majority of all groups indicated support for affirmative action. Respondents differed dramatically when asked whether schools should teach only in English or in some cases in a language other than English. Sixty-one percent of Whites supported English only, but eighty-one percent of Latinos favored instruction in other languages as well. Among Asian Americans, responses were split fairly evenly. There was general agreement among all groups that standardized tests for high school graduates are desirable. Almost half of all Whites expressed a great deal of confidence in the public schools, but responses of other groups were less favorable. Other questions involved the role of government, confidence in institutions, political participation and citizenship, and partisan identification and ideology. An appendix contains the poll questionnaire. (Contains 17 graphs.) (SLD)
- Published
- 1998
34. Factors Affecting Female Participation in Education in Seven Developing Countries. Second Edition. Education Research Paper.
- Author
-
Department for International Develpment, London (England)., Brock, Colin, and Cammish, Nadine
- Abstract
Factors affecting female participation in education in seven developing countries were examined through field visits to the following countries: Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, Jamaica, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, and Vanuatu. In each country, researchers interviewed key personnel, consulted local documentation, and conducted two empirical surveys designed to ascertain the views of gender and education held by primary school pupils and women training to become primary teachers. Nine groups of factors potentially affecting female participation in education were considered: geographical, sociocultural, health, economic, religious, legal, political/administrative, educational, and initiatives. Several factors, including residence in a rural area and the health effects of poverty and malnutrition, proved to affect female participation in education much more than male participation. The near-universal fundamental cultural bias in favor of males and economic factors proved to be the biggest obstacles to female participation in education in developing countries. Religious and legal factors had only indirect effects. Significant initiatives aiming to address aspects of the problem of female participation in education were noted in all seven countries; however, the political will to implement those initiatives policies was largely lacking. (Thirty-three tables/figures and the questionnaires are included. The Seychelles case study is presented as an appendix.) (MN)
- Published
- 1997
35. Selected Papers Delivered at the NEH Symposium in Russian Language and Culture (Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, May 1990).
- Author
-
Friends School, Baltimore, MD. Center of Russian Language and Culture. and Dabars, Zita D.
- Abstract
Some papers from a National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) symposium, "Significant Russian/Soviet Cultural and Pedagogical Developments of the 1980s: Educating American Students for the Year 2000," are presented. After an explanation of the system of transliteration used in the works, the following papers and authors are included: "The USSR: A New Psychology (keynote address)" (S. F. Starr); "The Changing Soviet Scene" (G. Guroff); "The 'New Russian Literature' and Soviet Literature in the 1990s" (M. Lekic); "Ljudmila Petrushevskaja: A New Voice of Glasnost" (H. Segall); "Village Prose in the 1980s: Rewriting and Rereading Literary History" (K. Parthe); "Rethinking the Past and the Gorbachev Thaw" (K. Clark); "The Proficiency Movement: Where Do We Go from Here?" (I. Thompson); "On Evaluating Language Proficiency Gain in Study Abroad Environments: An Empirical Study of American Students of Russian" (R. D. Brecht, D. E. Davidson, R. B. Ginsberg); and "An Overview of 1987, 1988, 1989 NEH Institutes, NEH National Network, and Symposium in Russian Language and Culture" (Z. Dabars). Workshop reports are also given: Introduction (I. Thompson); Curriculum (S. Heyer); Materials (M. K. Frank); Professional Concern (D. M. Frost); and Teacher Preparation (F. Johnson). A list of participants and staff of the 1987, 1988, and 1989 summer institutes is provided. (LB)
- Published
- 1991
36. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1992. University of North Dakota Session, Volume 36.
- Author
-
Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Grand Forks, ND., Dooley, Robert A., Marshall, David F., Dooley, Robert A., Marshall, David F., and Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Grand Forks, ND.
- Abstract
Four working papers from the 1992 Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota session, are presented. The first, "English Borrowing in Thai as Reflected in Thai Journalistic Texts," by James Kapper, looks at patterns of the influence of the English language on Thai. It is concluded that English has permeated Thai culture and society deeper than the level of the specialized bilinguals who introduced many of the loan words. "Preposed and Postposed Adverbials in English," by Stephen H. Levinsohn, describes the differences in meaning resulting from placing adverbial clauses before or after the main verb in an English sentence. In "The Role of Language in the Dissolution of the Soviet Union," by David F. Marshall, the dynamics of multiple languages and cultures, ethnic mobilization, and the dissolution of the USSR are explored. It is proposed that government policy concerning multilingualism was less to blame for ethnic tensions than Russian ethnocentrism. "Tone in Komo," by John Paul Thomas, is an analysis of sound patterns in Komo, a sub-Bantu language, focusing on tonal patterns. Rules and processes for each of three strata of tonal processes is outlined. (MSE)
- Published
- 1992
37. Another nursing is possible: Ethics, political economies, and possibility in an uncertain world.
- Author
-
Dillard-Wright J
- Subjects
- Humans, Ethics, Nursing, Uncertainty, Pandemics, COVID-19 nursing, Politics
- Abstract
Overtaxed by the realities laid bare in the pandemic, nursing has imminent decisions to make. The exigencies of pandemic times overextend a health care infrastructure already groaning under the weight of inequitable distribution of resources and care commodified for profit. We can choose to prioritise different values. Invoking philosopher of science Isbelle Stengers's manifesto for slow science, this is not the only nursing that is possible. With this paper, I pick up threads of nursing's historical ontology, drawing previous scholarship on the historical narratives nurses use to understand themselves. Peeling back nursing's myth to alternate points of origin allows me to consider alternate lines of flight, a speculative adventure in paths not taken but paths that exist nonetheless. I go on to examine what a collective ethic of nursing could be, when we make space for these alternate histories, considering the confluences and conflicts that enable nurses to care and those that inhibit them from doing so. The imperative for this lies in the central importance of the reproductive labour of nursing health care, which leads me to a critique of nursing's capitulation to the pressures of late stage capitalism. This is a problem with ethical and ontological implications both for nursing, and also for those who require nursing care, an imperative to think about the kinds of present/futures for health, care, and health care we might cocreate in collaboration and solidarity with the communities in which nurses are imbricated, shedding the trappings of neoliberalism. There is significant power in the vision and praxis of 28 million nurses and midwives worldwide. Our ethics can guide our imagination which can in turn create possibility. This kind of endeavour-that of dreams and imagination-leads us to what could be, if only we leap., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Paper on food banks does not justify a link to party politics.
- Author
-
Blake Z
- Subjects
- Humans, United Kingdom, Food Supply economics, Politics, Social Work
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Should a medical journal ever publish a political paper?
- Author
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McKee M, Mackenbach JP, and Allebeck P
- Subjects
- Humans, Periodicals as Topic ethics, Politics, Publishing ethics
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Polarized Discourses of 'Abortion' in English: A Corpus-Based Study of Semantic Prosody and Discursive Salience
- Author
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Beth Malory
- Abstract
Amidst ongoing global debate about reproductive rights, questions have emerged about the role of language in reinforcing stigma around termination. Amongst some 'pro-choice' groups, the use of "pro-life" is discouraged, and "anti-abortion" is recommended. In UK official documents, "termination of pregnancy" is generally used, and "abortion" is avoided. Lack of empirical research focused on lexis means it is difficult to draw conclusions about the role language plays in this polarized debate, however. This paper, therefore, explores whether the stigma associated with "abortion" may reflect negative semantic prosody. Synthesizing quantitative corpus linguistic methods and qualitative discourse analysis, it presents findings that indicate that "abortion" has unfavourable semantic prosody in a corpus of contemporary internet English. These findings are considered in relation to discursive salience, offering a theoretical framework and operationalization of this theory. Through this lens, the paper considers whether the discursive salience of extreme anti-abortion discourses may strengthen the negative semantic prosody of "abortion." It, therefore, combines a contribution to theory around semantic prosody with a caution to those using "abortion" whilst unaware of its possibly unfavourable semantic prosody.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The Federalist Papers Reexamined.
- Author
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League of Women Voters Education Fund, Washington, DC., Lippman, Harold B., and Van Meter, Elena
- Abstract
Six pamphlets provide the springboard for community discussion on constitutional history by summarizing the main themes of seminars sponsored by the League of Women Voters. The "Federalist Papers" were used as a point of departure to promote discussion on the continued efficacy of the political principles and structures established in our country two hundred years ago. The "Federalist Papers" were a series of articles addressed to the people of the state of New York by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. They are important today because they contain perhaps the most complete and profound original record we have of the founders' thoughts on government and the American constitutional experiment. Each of the six seminars, attended by League participants, historians, journalists, lawyers, political scientists, and public officials, was loosely structured around a core reading list including the "Federalist Papers" and discussion questions sent to participants in advance. The Bill of Rights, Congressional performance, the American Presidency, judicial power, and American federalism were among the topics discussed. The pamphlets summarize the themes that emerged in the course of the discussions. The contents include edited seminar dialog, selected passages from "The Federalist," questions for further discussion, and bibliographies of additional readings. A community guide suggests ways to get communities around the country to reexamine the "Federalist Papers." (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1977
42. 'But the Pension Fund Was Just Sitting There...'--The Politics of Teacher Retirement Plans. Conference Paper 2009-09
- Author
-
Vanderbilt University, National Center on Performance Incentives, Hess, Frederick M., and Squire, Juliet P.
- Abstract
The tension at the heart of pension politics is the incentive to address today's claimants and focus on the here-and-now at the expense of long-term concerns and more dispersed constituencies. In the private sector, rules and regulations seek to tame corner-cutting and short-sighted behavior. In the public sector, the primary safeguard is the self-discipline of public officials and the hope that they will not be unduly tempted by short-term electoral considerations or influential constituencies. Teacher pensions, in particular, pose two challenges for K-12 schooling. The first challenge is the political incentives that lead to irresponsible fiscal stewardship, as public officials make commitments to employees that outstrip the available funds. The second is that of electoral considerations which hinder modernization, as policymakers dance around existing structures built to serve an industrial-era workforce and ill-suited to attracting talent in the contemporary labor market. The alignment of the political stars has helped states and localities to address the first challenge, but there has been little evidence of a willingness to tackle the second. The authors examine the political control of public pensions, the influence of teacher associations, and the lack of institutional constraints on public officials to explain the severity of these challenges. Those dynamics are illustrated via discussion of fiscal crises in New Jersey, Oregon, and San Diego and the way in which those crises created opportunities for addressing enormous shortfalls in funding. The authors close by suggesting several measures that may encourage public officials to be more responsible fiscal stewards or to revisit anachronistic retirement systems in order to promote teacher quality. (Contains 124 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
43. Distribution of Benefits in Teacher Retirement Systems and Their Implications for Mobility. Conference Paper 2009-04
- Author
-
Vanderbilt University, National Center on Performance Incentives, Costrell, Robert, and Podgursky, Michael
- Abstract
While it is generally understood that defined benefit pension systems concentrate benefits on career teachers, and impose costs on mobile teachers, there has been very little analysis of the magnitude of these features and patterns of variation between states. The authors develop a measure of implicit redistribution of pension wealth among teachers of varying ages of separation. Compared to a neutral system, they find that about half of an entering cohort's net pension wealth is redistributed to teachers who separate in their fifties from those who separate earlier, and they also identify some variation across six representative state systems. This implies large costs for mobility. The authors estimate that teachers who split a thirty-year career between two pension plans often lose over half their net pension wealth compared to teachers who complete a career in a single system. Plan options that permit purchases of service years mitigate little or none of these losses. It is difficult to explain these patterns of costs and benefits on efficiency grounds. More likely explanations might include the relative influence of senior versus junior educators in interest group politics and the coordination problem between states, regarding mobility versus retention. (Contains 16 figures, 7 tables, and 40 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
44. Policy and politics: a call for papers.
- Author
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Cox JV
- Subjects
- Delivery of Health Care legislation & jurisprudence, Delivery of Health Care trends, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Insurance, Health economics, Insurance, Health legislation & jurisprudence, Insurance, Health trends, Neoplasms therapy, United States, Delivery of Health Care economics, Health Policy economics, Neoplasms economics, Politics
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Skilled Voices?: Reflections on Political Participation and Education in Austria. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 11
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Walter, Florian, and Rosenberger, Sieglinde
- Abstract
This study, part of OECD/CERI's project on Measuring the Social Outcomes of Learning, investigates the relationship between educational attainment and political participation in Austria. First, a model based on various theoretical considerations is introduced. This incorporates direct educational effects as well as indirect effects that occur through material resources, social capital, civic orientations and values. Using a multivariate analytical approach the model is applied to the 2002 European Social Survey. Three forms of political participation are distinguished, namely voting, elite-directed and elite-challenging activities. Educational attainment is found to have significant effects on all three types but the strongest impact is on elite-challenging activities. The latter includes forms of political action such as signing petitions and buying or boycotting certain products which are increasingly accepted as a legitimate way to express one's political preferences. Most of the effects of education arise through intermediate variables, including social capital (especially affiliation with non-political organisations), civic orientations (political interest as well as internal and external efficacy) and individual (postmaterialist) values. The effect of education on elite-directed activity operated primarily through organisational affiliation, as well as internal and external efficacy. In contrast, the effect of education on elite-challenging activity seems to be fostered via social environments that combine high levels of political interest, interpersonal trust, postmaterialist values and a certain degree of scepticism against political institutions. The paper concludes with suggestions for policy and research. (Contains 11 footnotes, 2 figures and 12 tables.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Youth Activists in the Age of Postmodern Globalization: Notes from an Ongoing Project. Chapin Hall Working Paper
- Author
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Chicago Univ., IL. Chapin Hall Center for Children. and Torres, Maria de los Angeles
- Abstract
Concerns about declining political participation in the United States have once again raised the question of how young people get involved in politics. This project focuses on engaged youths and explores the personal trajectories, people and institutions that encouraged them to become engaged with their communities. The report also discusses how they define themselves, their activism, their concerns, their style of politics, and their political ideals. In-depth interviews were conducted with young people in Chicago, who were identified by directors of community organizations as the most engaged youths in their civic engagement projects. Most youth interviewed have a parent who respects them and listens to their ideas, and are involved in community and school organizations that provide opportunities for engagement. The young people have a keen sense of themselves as youths, even as other social identities such as race, nationality and gender play a role in their sense of self. Combating the negative stereotypes of youth, in particular the stereotypes of Latinos and African Americans, is central to their political activism, since they feel that such stereotypes can silence their political voices. Even though the youth are aware of the world around them, their politics are grounded in local issues, particularly education. They seek equal opportunities for themselves and their communities. They strive to be informed and their political style is one that respects others' points of view. They hope for a more inclusive, less corrupt government that uses its resources to help others, and a society that includes the voices of youth in meaningful ways. [A version of this paper will also appear in a special issue of "Children, Youth and Environmentalists, Pushing the Boundaries: Critical International Perspectives on Child and Youth Participation," Volume 17, Number 2. Edited by Roger Hart and Caitlin Cahill.]
- Published
- 2006
47. New Directions in Evaluation Research: Implications for Vocational Education. Occasional Paper No. 55.
- Author
-
Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education. and Baker, Eva L.
- Abstract
In the early 1970s educational evaluation's fusion of respect for rationality, power to implement rational procedure, and an altruistic objective (improved instruction) appealed to educational researchers. Dealing essentially with closed systems, it measured program success by student performance on measurement instruments. Critics exclaimed that program developers and evaluators took away personal decision rights from students and that outcome measures were incomplete and inaccurate. Changes occured due to reanalysis showing the futility of earlier research, operating focus on procedures (not outcomes), open student participation, and loss of stability required for longitudinal study. In present-day open system evaluation settings, emphasis is on multiple objectives, and selection of what is to be evaluated is left open. No longer committed to methodology and provision of clear information, evaluators use case studies and looser, more interactive designs. Their reactions to political demands are to use needs assessments, develop systematic procedures, and write more reports. Problems between politics and evaluation include these: (1) the technical disagreement that any evaluation is subject to erodes its credibility with its contracting agency, (2) evaluation results can be used to discredit politicians whose claims outstrip their programs, and (3) success of political efforts gives politicians a sense of personal power. (YLB)
- Published
- 1979
48. The social life of natural experiments in epidemiology and public health.
- Author
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Herrick C and Bell K
- Subjects
- Humans, Public Health, Politics
- Abstract
Over the twentieth century, the concept of the natural experiment has become increasingly prominent across a variety of disciplines, albeit most consequentially in epidemiology and public health. Drawing on an analysis of the scientific and medical literature, we explore the social life of the natural experiment, tracing its changing use, meaning and uptake to better understand the work done by the concept. We demonstrate how the natural experiment became central to the identity of post-war epidemiology as the discipline professionalised, turned its attention to the prevention of chronic disease and took centre stage in the field of public health. We then turn to its growing significance amid the rise of evidence-based medicine, and the new meanings natural experiments came to take on in the context of concerns about policy and evidence. Finally, we turn to the newest iteration of the natural experiment in the COVID-19 era, which saw an explosion of studies drawing on the term, albeit in ways that reveal more about the underlying politics of health than the method itself. Throughout, we illustrate that the concept of the natural experiment has always been fundamentally social and political and tied to disciplinary claims-making about evidence and what should count as such., (© 2023 The Authors. Sociology of Health & Illness published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Vocational Education: Policies, Issues, and Politics in the 1980s. Occasional Paper No. 65.
- Author
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Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education. and Dunham, Daniel B.
- Abstract
Within the context of the reauthorization of the Vocational Education Act of 1963, as amended, the predominant issues for vocational education in the eighties will be refined into policies. Central issues related to reauthorization and to the larger picture of the future of vocational education can be generally grouped into four broad categories: (1) federal role and national purpose of vocational education; (2) governance of the enterprise; (3) equity, access, and civil rights; and (4) program improvement. The federal role should be one of stimulation, equalization, and improvement. A nationwide statement of purpose must emphasize the critical nature of vocational education. Governance includes both the sole state agency concept and linkages with other agencies and groups. Provisions for equity, access, and civil rights must clearly be spelled out and enlarged upon in the new legislation. As part of program improvement, new technology, productivity, and economic development should not be ignored as a dimension of the outreach capacity of vocational education. These issues are the basis for laws which generate policies. Vocational education will become a dependent variable in the educational, social, and economic subsystems of the country when it achieves a political posture based on program effectiveness. (YLB)
- Published
- 1980
50. Improving Educational Research and Development. Occasional Paper No. 21.
- Author
-
Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Center for Vocational and Technical Education. and Krathwohl, David R.
- Abstract
This lecture describes and examines some of the problems encountered in educational research and suggests recommended courses of action that may result in a stronger, healthier, and more productive educational research and development (R and D) effort. The remarks are organized around the following headings: (1) "Balancing the Program of Research and Development," (2) "Improving the Organizational Structure of R and D Centers," (3) "Modifying Expectations of Educational R and D," (4) "Building a Political Constituency and Developing Realistic Legislative Goals," (5) "Obtaining Continuing and Adequate Research Support," and (6) "Bridging the Gap Between Research and Practitioner." Each section contains specific recommendations. The questions and answers that followed the lecture are included. (Author)
- Published
- 1976
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