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Cities are considered important areas for biodiversity and host a high plant species richness. However, many factors, such as urbanisation or changes in land use, can affect the presence of spontaneous flora and, consequently, represent a threat for biodiversity. How species respond to these factors of change in cities over time is a relevant and current issue and spatiotemporal analyses represent an essential step forward to better understand these dynamic systems and to fill gaps of knowledge. In this paper we present a comparison between a floristic survey carried out in 1995 on a grid-cell for the city of Rome and a new survey, performed between 2015 and 2018, in order to verify if the species composition significantly changed over time and to which drivers this change was related to. For 76 grid-cells of the raster, each of which of 1.6 km2, we recorded all spontaneous vascular species. We analysed the differences between the two surveys by means of statistical tests on species richness, by species turnover, by generalised linear models (GLMs) and by Ellenberg indicator values. The patterns of species richness are similar between the two surveys, although an increase in the number of species per grid-cell, on average, was observed. This increase regarded both native and alien richness, with significant differences only for aliens. Many species significantly reduced or increased their frequencies, comparing the two surveys. A set of environmental variables, among which the presence of protected areas, are relevant for explaining the pattern of species' frequencies and its change over time. Our results suggest that the flora of the city, notwithstanding the steady human pressure and the increase in alien species, maintained a high level of heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multidisciplinary approach is often the only way to assess the state of the cultural heritage, thus involving different specialist expertise and techniques. The paper shows the paired use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and geophysical monitoring (GM) to detect past effects and analyse the actual vibration levels induced by traffic on cultural heritage. The case study is the Villa Farnesina, one of the most important Renaissance buildings commissioned by the banker Agostino Chigi. The Villa contains frescoes attributed to Raphael and other famous 16th century artists, and it is located a few meters from the Lungotevere, which is one of the busiest roads in the historic centre of Rome. Testimonies report the damages caused by the construction of the embankment of the Tiber River, as well as by the traffic in the second half of the 20th century, so much so as to require requalification of the road artery. The TLS survey allows for detecting cracks and deteriorations of the frescoes, although these were subjected to restoration activities over the time, whereas the (GM) allows analysing actual vibrations induced by traffic at the different floors and outside the Villa. Although the measured vibration limits, as velocity peaks in defined frequency ranges, are below the thresholds established by international codes, the importance of the wall paintings and their already-shown susceptibility to damage suggest keeping the building under constant monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution presented is part of a broader study of Cultural Heritage valorisation, defining a workflow for creating full-scale copies of statues using non-contact acquisition tools and 3D printing to enable tactile enjoyment. The research presents an experiment using low-cost active and passive tools to acquire a statuary element in the Ostia Antica Park in Rome. The paper describes a testing process of such instruments, evaluating their performance from a metrological point of view. Furthermore, the experimentation verifies the morphological reliability of different copies of the original, obtained sequentially with different production processes and materials, to validate the production process of statuary copy. The scale of the case study is small and suitable for applying different survey approaches and comparing them towards the definition of a possible working protocol for massive low-cost artefacts 3D acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the variation in building thermal energy demand for different indoor air set-point temperature and presents an economic analysis comparing the cost of a heating generation system based on an air-to-water heat pump and a gas boiler. Dynamic simulations were performed considering three different residential building characteristics of the Italian building stock placed in different Italian municipalities: Milan, Rome and Naples. An economic analysis was carried out considering the gas and electricity prices related to the years 2019–2022 provided by Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks and Environment (ARERA). The analysis showed the competitiveness of the heat pump compared with the gas boiler as a heating generation system in terms of annual costs for heating in almost all the scenarios considered and also showed an important reduction in building thermal energy demand if the set-point temperature was reduced, even by 1 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lex Laetoria was a Roman Act from about the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, granting additional protection to adults under the age of 25. Amongst its primary sources the Tabula Heracleensis, a.k.a. lex lulia municipalis (cf. FIRA I, 112), an excerpt from the Theodosian Code (C. Th. 8, 12, 2), and four papyri (BGUII378, BGUII 611, P. Oxy. X 1274 and P. Oxy. XVII2111) bear greater importance. These papyri are resourceful in the debate about the actual name of the Act (lex Laetoria versus lex Plaetoria). From a legal point of view, BGU II378 and P. Oxy. X 1274 contain a petition and a contract or agreement, respectively, where the reference to lex Laetoria is part of a legal argumentation. Besides the actual case, these papyri are significant because they give a presentation of the quotidian social and economic life and practice of the Roman world in Egypt around the 2nd century AD. By examining and analysing the cases described in these papyri, we get a closer view to the everyday reality of Roman law. The characters involved in the cases bear Roman names, the cases take place in Hellenised Egypt, the correspondence is in Greek, yet Roman law measures are used to settle the disputes. We sense multiculturalism in these documents, without the awkward feeling of being unfamiliar to Roman Egyptian culture. This paper aims to catch a glimpse of Roman law in action by multicultural approach, and to provide an example of how Rome had managed to handle herself as an Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the four-hundredth anniversary of the canonization of Philip Neri, this paper proposes to analyze important elements of Neri's sanctity. In particular, it focuses on what Oratorian hagiographers emphasized about his life and his holiness in their creation of his saintly reputation. I argue that death and dying was a central aspect of Philipine sanctity. In his life and ministries, modeling himself after Christian solitary ascetic monks and charitable caregiving mendicants, Philip Neri's life revolved around death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the First Civil War, political emigration occurred in Rome. The author of the paper distinguishes three stages of this emigration. The first concerns the period immediately after the outbreak of the First Civil War in 88 BC. At that time, a small group of refugees escaping Sullan repression reached Spain and Africa. The second stage involved the persecution that broke out in Rome after the victory of Cinna and Marius. In this case, emigration concerned a much wider population. First, refugees fled to the East to join Sulla, but they also sought out asylum in other parts of the Republic, for example in Spain or Africa. The third stage of emigration followed the victory of L. Cornelius Sulla in the First Civil War in Italy and the introduction of proscription (82 BC). Spain became the main destination for refugees, and their number was so great that they established their own center of power, organized armed forces, and resisted Sullan troops for several years. In the paper, the author presents the reasons emigrants had for leaving Italy, the scale of the phenomenon, the main directions and circumstances of emigration, its nature as well as the actions undertaken by refugees to return to Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to expose the pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business. Design/methodology/approach: By means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author retraces the background and foundations of business through slave as the initial stage of private enterprise. Findings: A comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The riddle of "unnaturally" dear slaves in Rome (as compared with free labor and slaves in other countries of antiquity) is scrutinized. It is shown that "excessively" high demand for them was largely determined by their institutional worth: thanks to dominica potestas, they appeared to be the key organizational resource for expanding private industrial business. The framework of private enterprise securing limited liability for owner and turning "business slave" into a kind of director is brought to light. Research limitations/implications: The results of this research allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, while economists and managers get an opportunity to better understand its nature and organizational status of those owning and managing it. Practical implications: Leaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how, remaining within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, to make a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that get evident only many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on. Social implications: An instructive model of conciliation of interests is scrutinized. "Directors" – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were, as well as workers, recruited by coercion and legal regimentation of their relations with proprietors. The polarization of their institutional roles was at the bottom of private enterprise from the very outset. The state created incentives for initiative and competent business men in subjection to well-offs to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Thereby, a kind of social compromise embodied in a novel institution was attained to. Originality/value: This paper is the first to demonstrate in relief the background and framework of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its "director." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the question of whether commercial, peer-to-peer accommodation platforms (Airbnb, in particular) and hotels are in fierce competition with each other with the possible presence of substitution threats, and compares the time series of the occupancy values across two supplier types. Design/methodology/approach: The cities of Milan and Rome are used as case studies for this analysis. To assess the extent of synchronization, the series of Airbnb and hotels are transformed into a series of symbols that render their rhythmic behavior, and a mutual information metric is used to measure the effect. Findings: The results show that Airbnb hosts and hotels have different seasonal patterns. The diverse occupancy trends support the absence of direct competition between Airbnb and hotels. The findings are consistent in the two analyzed cities (Milan and Rome). Interestingly, there are higher similarities between seasonal occupancy series of Airbnb listings in Milan and Rome, on one side, and hotels in Milan and Rome, on the other, than between Airbnb and hotels in the same city. Research limitations/implications: The findings show a progressive de-synchronization (within mutual information) among the five groups of Airbnb hosts triggered by the rising professionalization degree. This result suggests the existence of a partial different business model for multi-listing hosts. Practical implications: The study illustrates an absence of any substitution threat between Airbnb and hotels in both cities. This could have important consequences, especially for the pricing and revenue management policy. In fact, the higher the substitution threat, the higher the attention that Airbnb entrepreneurs should pay to the pricing strategy implemented by hotels, and vice versa. Originality/value: This study sheds new light on the competition threat between Airbnb and hotels. In this study, hotels and Airbnb hosts appear as two very separate markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the unpublished amphorae discovered in the Middle Imperial contexts (dating 2nd-early 3rd centuries AD) found in the building known as the 'Terme di Elagabalo' in Rome, this paper analyses the presence of Gallic containers in Rome and Ostia. The finds from that site will be combined with the ones deriving from several published contexts in Rome with similar dating and compared with those discovered in Ostia (the traditional comparison for the Capital) in order to update the data about their presence in both cities during the chosen chronological period. This paper will also analyse ancient sources that mention Gallic products in order to reflect not only upon their quality, but also their purchasers and consumers, with brief considerations derived from theories in social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marcus Aurelius Column has been a historical seismometer in Rome since its construction. Most of the seismic events of the past had effects on it. Therefore, the preservation of this monument is of fundamental importance for at least two reasons. First of all, to extend as much as possible its life time, in order to allow enjoying the sight to future generations. Then, the knowledge of these column characteristics will allow to improve the interpretation of historical documents on seismic event in Rome and to continue using it as historical seismometer in the Eternal City. In this paper, the last experimental vibrational analysis carried out on the Column is shown. Twenty-four velocimeter sensors, connected to a single acquisition unit, were used. Both time and frequency domain analysis were performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Illyrica / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA is the property of Association for the Study & Promotion of Illyrian Heritage, Ancient & Classical Civilizations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the geopolitical status of the Upper Tigris area in antiquity, with a special focus on the period between ca. 401 BCE and the 6th century CE. Despite the popular impression that this area had a distinctly Armenian character, a closer look at its history shows that it was rather a territory with many local geopolitical entities that many neighboring countries periodically fought to possess. This area was strategically significant as a transit region located on the crossroads of important long-distance communication lines. Likewise, its natural resources were undoubtedly crucial to the neighboring countries. Indeed, powerful neighbors around the Upper Tigris area, including Armenia, the Iranian kingdoms of the Parthians and Sasanians, and Rome, sought to control this area, which was often located on the fringes of their states and as such was inevitably doomed to be contested by these empires on many occasions. This situation can be acutely seen in the conflict between Rome and the Iranian kingdoms of the Parthians and Sasanians, when northern Mesopotamia became a real battleground between the competing empires. In particular, the paper will sketch the development of the geopolitical status of several small geopolitical entities in this region--Sophene, Osrhoene, Gordyene, and Adiabene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that unsettled people, far from being "marginal" individuals, played a key role in shaping early modern cities. It does so by going beyond the traditional binary between rooted and unstable people. Specifically, the paper takes the temporary places of residence of this "unsettled" population – notably inns (garnis in France, osterie in Italy) – as a vantage point to observe social change in early modern cities. The case studies are two cities which shared a growing and highly mobile population in the early modern period: Rome and Marseille. In the first section, the paper focuses on two semi-rural neighborhoods. This is to assess the impact of mobility in shaping demographic, urbanistic, and economic patterns in these areas. Moving from the neighborhood as a whole to the individual buildings which composed it, the second section outlines the biographies of two inns: Rome's osteria d'Acquataccio and Marseille's hôtel des Deux mondes. In turn, this is to evaluate changes and continuities over a longer period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Revisited” in the title of this paper references an earlier paper of mine (“On Creusa, Dido, and the Quality of Victory in Vergil’s Aeneid” [1981]), in which I attempt to decipher the meaning of Aeneas’s leaving dead women behind (Creusa vanishes, Dido commits suicide) in his process of establishing the future Rome. As my reading has been contested, I take this opportunity to refine and expand my prior argument, focusing on Aeneas’s pietas as it affects his actions with both Creusa and Dido as well as with combatants on the battlefield. Aeneas evades responsibility for actions of his own that, though they advance the Roman mission, are at some level of his consciousness ethically questionable. The first of these is losing Creusa. The last and most famous is Aeneas’s killing of Turnus, while proclaiming that it is “Pallas, Pallas who ‘sacrifices’ him.” Vergil heroizes pius Aeneas for his successes in the mission of founding what will become Rome, but hints at the limitations of pietas, the constitutive Roman cultural value, as a template for moral action. In this process he shows (but does not endorse) how Creusa’s and Dido’s humanity is undervalued or ignored by both men and gods as they are represented in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing climate change is manifesting in the expansion of the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This paper evaluates the microclimate benefits of cool pavements and green infrastructures in a historical square in Rome, Italy. The ENVI-Met software enabled us to conduct a microclimatic analysis of the examined square in July 2021, through a comparison of the thermal performances of the current asphalt and sampietrini pavement (AS) with three alternatives. The proposed options are to change the existing layout to include: light concrete slabs and green furniture consisting of 5 m high trees (LC+G1), a perimeter hedge with 5 m high trees (LC+G2), and a perimeter hedge with 15 m high trees (LC+G3). The effects of the road pavements as passive countermeasures to the UHI effect are investigated in terms of air temperature (AT), mean radiant temperature (MRT), and predicted mean vote (PMV). The results show that the existing asphalt pavement is the worst option, while the cool pavement integrated with vegetation is greatly beneficial to human thermal comfort. Compared to the current layout, LC+G3 is the best scenario, because it implies an AT reduction higher than 3 °C, a MRT reduction equal to 50%, and a maximum PMV value equal to 2.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In my paper, I present the current bishop of Rome against his Argentinian background and sketch the different stages in his life, pointing out meanwhile at his different perspectives as superior of the Jesuits, as auxiliary bishop and subsequently archbishop of Buenos Aires, being eventually elected as Pope. In this long process, continuities and discontinuities cannot be overlooked. It is clear that his style of exercising the function of bishop of Rome has not left anybody indifferent. The spectrum spans from a Francismania to an unthinkable and ferocious resistance inside the Church and even within the Roman curia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper retraces the history of some of the women who attended the Royal Physics Institute of Via Panisperna in Rome, from its founding in 1881 until 1937. Much has been written about the so-called Via Panisperna boys; less known is the story of the girls who attended that same institute starting during the directorship of Pietro Blaserna. Nuclear physicist Edoardo Amaldi, in the typewritten notes in which he began to reconstruct the history of the Institute, was one of the first to document women scientists there. Starting with the first women who graduated in physics at the Institute, and also considering the political and institutional context, I reconstruct the stories of Nella Mortara, Laura Capon, and Ginestra Giovene. The latter two later became the wives, respectively, of Enrico Fermi and Amaldi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers of the British School at Rome is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Papers of the British School at Rome is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2002, Richard Bauckham argued that Joanna, the wife of Herod Antipas's finance minister Chuza, adopted "Junia" as her Latin name. Usage of this name later facilitated her missionary travels in the western part of the Roman Empire in conjunction with Andronicus. This paper seeks to evaluate such a historical reconstruction by (1) addressing the evidence of Jews possessing, adding, or changing to, a Roman name, (2) discussing whether Joanna's Jewish name would pose difficulties for Greeks and Romans such that she needed to use a similar-sounding "Junia" as her name, (3) viewing Roman legislation regarding the adoption of Roman names by foreigners in general, and (4) referring to the woman named Junia Theodora in a 1st-century inscription to shed light on our present discussion. I conclude that the hypothesis of "Joanna-becoming-Junia" is very unlikely, if not untenable, in spite of its attractiveness as a historical reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primacy of networks vs. identities divides research on activism. Analyzing activist commitment in CasaPound, a movement organization of the far right in contemporary Italy, this paper advances a sequential multipath theory of activist commitment. In the recruitment phase either networks or identities suffice for movement entry. During the follow-up phase of integration, networks and identities reinforce each other: each is a necessary but no longer a sufficient condition. In the final phase, commitment is solidified by affective ties and emotional investments. To make this argument, our theory introduces a typology that differentiates between coming home and finding home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) allows tracking the structural behavior in time and support decisions regarding, for instance, the need for maintenance and repair activities. Most traditional SHM systems require sensors that are directly applied to the structure to get insights into the structural performance. Satellite technologies can provide an appealing alternative to traditional SHM. They allow to measure displacements at a large scale and to follow their evolution without the need of directly accessing the structure. Further to this, the possibility to monitor large areas opens new avenues for the development of automatic alert systems able to issue an alarm and early-flag damaged structures. However, displacements of civil structures might also be induced by sources other than damage such as thermal or periodic hydrogeological variations. These can hinder the onset and development of damage or lead to false alarms if such displacements are erroneously interpreted as damages. This paper aims to present a new method for damage detection based on DInSAR measurements, that tackles both aspects providing reliable information about the onset of damage under environmentally changing conditions in a period corresponding to about twice the revisit time of the satellite. A case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, namely the Palatino bridge in Rome, Italy. The satellite data are acquired by COSMO-SkyMed of the Italian Space Agency and consist of displacements of the observed structure recorded during a period spanning between 2011 and 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the attitude of Bohemian ecclesiastical circles towards the papal monopoly of the canonisation and translation of saints. Three cases known from sources dated to the first half of the twelfth century are analysed, all pointing to widespread adoption in the Bohemian Church at a relatively early date of the view that both the canonisation of new saints and the translation of those already recognised required papal approval. The issue is discussed against the wider background of contacts between Bohemian ecclesiastical elites and Rome, as well as Germany. It was the influence of the German Church, where the notion of papal monopoly of the canonisation and translation of saints was widely accepted early on, that provides the key to understanding the phenomenon in Bohemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strong motion monitoring network records data that provide an excellent way to study how source, path, and site effects influence the ground motion, specifically in the near-source area. Such data are essential for updating seismic hazard maps and consequently building codes and earthquake-resistant design. This paper aims to present the Italian Strong Motion Network (RAN), describing its current status, employment, and further developments. It has 648 stations and is the result of a fruitful co-operation between the Italian government, regions, and local authorities. In fact, the network can be divided into three sub-networks: the Friuli Venezia Giulia Accelerometric Network, the Irpinia Seismic Network, and all the other stations. The Antelope software automatically collects, processes, and archives data in the data acquisition centre in Rome (Italy). The efficiency of the network on a daily basis is today more than 97%. The automatic and fast procedures that run in Antelope for the real-time strong motion data analysis are continuously improved at the University of Trieste: a large set of strong motion parameters and correspondent Ground Motion Prediction Equations allow ground shaking intensity maps to be provided for moderate to strong earthquakes occurring within the Italian territory. These maps and strong motion parameters are included in automatic reports generated for civil protection purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful rollout of fifth-generation (5G) networks requires a full understanding of the behavior of the propagation channel, taking into account the signal formats and the frequencies standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In the past, channel characterization for 5G has been addressed mainly based on the measurements performed on dedicated links in experimental setups. This paper presents a state-of-the-art contribution to the characterization of the outdoor-to-indoor radio channel in the 3.5 GHz band, based on experimental data for commercial, deployed 5G networks, collected during a large scale measurement campaign carried out in the city of Rome, Italy. The analysis presented in this work focuses on downlink, outdoor-to-indoor propagation for two operators adopting two different beamforming strategies, single wide-beam and multiple synchronization signal blocks (SSB) based beamforming; it is indeed the first contribution studying the impact of beamforming strategy in real 5G networks. The time and power-related channel characteristics, i.e., mean excess delay and Root Mean Square (RMS) delay spread, path loss, and K-factor are studied for the two operators in multiple measurement locations. The analysis of time and power-related parameters is supported and extended by a correlation analysis between each pair of parameters. The results show that beamforming strategy has a marked impact on propagation. A single wide-beam transmission leads, in fact, to lower RMS delay spread and lower mean excess delay compared to a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy. In addition, the single wide-beam transmission system is characterized by a smaller path loss and a higher K-factor, suggesting that the adoption of a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy may have a negative impact on downlink performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine Learning is currently a well-suited approach widely adopted for solving data-driven problems in predictive maintenance. Data-driven approaches can be used as the main building block in risk-based assessment and analysis tools for Transmission and Distribution System Operators in modern Smart Grids. For this purpose, a suitable Decision Support System should be able of providing not only early warnings, such as the detection of faults in real time, but even an accurate probability estimate of outages and failures. In other words, the performance of classification systems, at least in these cases, needs to be assessed even in terms of reliable outputting posterior probabilities, a really important feature that, in general, classifiers very often do not offer. In this paper are compared several state-of-the-art calibration techniques along with a set of simple new proposed techniques, with the aim of calibrating fuzzy scoring values of a custom-made evolutionary-cluster-based hybrid classifier trained on a set of a real-world dataset of faults collected within the power grid that feeds the city of Rome, Italy. Comparison results show that in real-world cases calibration techniques need to be assessed carefully depending on the scores distribution and the proposed techniques are a valid alternative to the ones existing in the technical literature in terms of calibration performance, computational efficiency and flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban Practices section aims at producing, analyzing and reporting data on recent and relevant policies in the urban domain. The present note in particular reports on the recent initiatives undertaken by two major Southern European capitals to foster sustainable mobility: Rome (IT) and Madrid (ES). To this aim, the note briefly introduces the legal background and current developments of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP), a framework developed by the European Commission to support local administrations in developing holistic urban mobility strategies. This is followed by (i) an overview of the mobility situations in Rome and Madrid and by (ii) an analysis of the objectives, the strategies and the measures set in their respective SUMPs. A comparative analysis of the two SUMPs is proposed in the last paragraph as summary factsheet of the contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the recent advances in complex network theory, urban mobility flow patterns, typically encoded as origin-destination (OD) matrices, can be represented as weighted directed graphs, with nodes denoting city locations and weighted edges the number of trips between them. Such a graph can further be augmented by node attributes denoting the various socio-economic characteristics at a particular location in the city. In this paper, we study the spatio-temporal characteristics of "hotspots" of different types of socio-economic activities as characterized by recently developed attribute-augmented network centrality measures within the urban OD network. The workflow of the proposed paper comprises the construction of temporal OD networks using two custom data sets on urban mobility in Rome and London, the addition of socio-economic activity attributes to the OD network nodes, the computation of network centrality measures, the identification of "hotspots" and, finally, the visualization and analysis of measures of their spatio-temporal heterogeneity. Our results show structural similarities and distinctions between the spatial patterns of different types of human activity in the two cities. Our approach produces simple indicators thus opening up opportunities for practitioners to develop tools for real-time monitoring and visualization of interactions between mobility and economic activity in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to advance scholarly understanding of the intellectual significance of Ovid's Fasti during the European Renaissance by examining a number of early modern poetic calendars modelled on the Ovidian poem. Recent studies of Ovid's Fasti have noted that the poem's propensity to contest the meaning of a particular occasion facilitates a sustained examination of the relationship between the past and present of Rome, through which the poet disrupts the reorganization of the Roman calendar by Augustus. This paper suggests that a similarly politically charged operation underpins a number of Renaissance fasti poems. Using these poems' remembrance of the Sack of Rome (1527) as a case study, this article argues, firstly, that the genre's commemorative function is mobilized competitively by its early modern authors to reflect on the history and status of Rome, particularly the city's role as the caput mundi since antiquity. Secondly, it will be shown that in the second half of the sixteenth century the genre of calendrical poetry — and Ovid's Fasti in particular — became an important medium through which Renaissance humanists critiqued the nature of power at a time when political and ecclesiastical schisms hardened across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an overview of the progress in sky radiometer technology and the development of the network called SKYNET. It is found that the technology has produced useful on-site calibration methods, retrieval algorithms, and data analyses from sky radiometer observations of aerosol, cloud, water vapor, and ozone. A formula was proposed for estimating the accuracy of the sky radiometer calibration constant F0 using the improved Langley (IL) method, which was found to be a good approximation to observed monthly mean uncertainty in F0 , around 0.5 % to 2.4 % at the Tokyo and Rome sites and smaller values of around 0.3 % to 0.5 % at the mountain sites at Mt. Saraswati and Davos. A new cross IL (XIL) method was also developed to correct an underestimation by the IL method in cases with large aerosol retrieval errors. The root-mean-square difference (RMSD) in aerosol optical thickness (AOT) comparisons with other networks took values of less than 0.02 for λ≥500 nm and a larger value of about 0.03 for shorter wavelengths in city areas and smaller values of less than 0.01 in mountain comparisons. Accuracies of single-scattering albedo (SSA) and size distribution retrievals are affected by the propagation of errors in measurement, calibrations for direct solar and diffuse sky radiation, ground albedo, cloud screening, and the version of the analysis software called the Skyrad pack. SSA values from SKYNET were up to 0.07 larger than those from AERONET, and the major error sources were identified as an underestimation of solid viewing angle (SVA) and cloud contamination. Correction of these known error factors reduced the SSA difference to less than 0.03. Retrievals of other atmospheric constituents by the sky radiometer were also reviewed. Retrieval accuracies were found to be about 0.2 cm for precipitable water vapor amount and 13 DU (Dobson Unit) for column ozone amount. Retrieved cloud optical properties still showed large deviations from validation data, suggesting a need to study the causes of the differences. It is important that these recent studies on improvements presented in the present paper are introduced into the existing operational systems and future systems of the International SKYNET Data Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of gaming as a learning tool in the design disciplines and suggests a methodology of work that bridges urban planning and virtually reconstructed environments. Building on the growing body of literature at the intersection of gaming, learning, and urban planning, the paper analyzes the simulation of the city of Rome in the Assassin's Creed video game and argues for the reliability of its morphology in relation to the real city. Along these lines, the paper confirms the didactic relevance to the transition from the real city to the digital one, allowing for the creation of a theoretical and empirical reflection on the method for use in an educational setting. The paper builds on the idea of how gaming offers a disembodied experience of the city, arguing for its didactic and social impact on a new generation of "smart learners.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage is the property of Il Capitale Culturale Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Illyrica / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA is the property of Association for the Study & Promotion of Illyrian Heritage, Ancient & Classical Civilizations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information about employment and occupations in the Roman Empire can be obtained only partially, due to the limited focus of sources on this subject. Literary sources rarely mention physical work and those who performed it. The paper introduces the type of source that covers this topic best – funerary inscriptions. Epitaphs serve as an irreplaceable, and in many cases the only, source of information about the various occupations held by representatives of the middle and lower classes in the Roman Empire. Many tombstones of citizens, slaves, and freed slaves – men, women and children – have been preserved. The aim of this paper is to present specifically the occupations of women preserved on funerary inscriptions from the city of Rome and to introduce concrete, otherwise nameless persons never mentioned in other sources. The analysis is based on inscriptions from the city of Rome, set in the time of the late Republic and the early Roman Principate (1st century BC – 2nd century AD). The paper addresses concrete inscriptions dedicated to working women, or inscriptions that the employed women made, together with their analysis and translation. The paper can also be used as a source book on the topic of women’s professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For modern readers and viewers, the theater of ancient Rome is like a puzzle with many missing pieces or pieces that are very difficult to fit together. Even so, against all odds, some crucial pieces have been preserved: the dramatic texts (only a few). These texts were the theatrical scripts for performances that people on holiday in Rome over 2,000 years ago watched at wood stages. And if, on the one hand, philology appears as the science that studies these "pieces" and tries to unravel how to solve the puzzle, on the other hand, translation studies may encourage us to draw a possible image that could fit into that puzzle screen. In this complicated game of creating a new picture, I propose an exercise to reimagine one of these texts. In this paper, I intend to present some outlines of my ongoing verse translation of the comedic play Poenulus by Plautus (c. 250-184 BCE) into Brazilian Portuguese. I will talk in particular about the translation of the iambic senarii into Alexandrine lines, arguing that we can follow the 19th-century Portuguese-speaking theatrical tradition of composing and translating comedies into Alexandrine lines. With respect to the trochaic septenarii, I will outline a proposal for translating it as a composed verse, which we can call bi-heptasyllable. To conclude, I will present a translation of Poen. 53-54 to address some issues and possibilities that a textual lacuna can bring regarding the title of the play and its translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Godisnjak / Yearbook is the property of Academy of Sciences & Arts of Bosnia & Herzegovina, Center for Balkan Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a bidimensional psychopedagogical approach to tolerance education that represents the conceptualization of a theoretical model for future research. The paper also briefly reviews theories on attitude formation and attitude change, and explains how competence may be achieved in terms of knowledge, abilities and attitudes. The model has been designed with the purpose of raising the level of teacher tolerance towards Roma children in class, as well as empower teachers to diminish the risk of discrimination among children in class and school. The two dimensions of the model are related to the lines of action proposed by the model: one line of intervention is concerned with teaching tolerance to students / prospective teachers and the other line focuses on providing teachers with tools to raise children's level of tolerance in class and diminish the risk of discrimination among young students to a significant level. The model may be used as a tool for further experimental research as it connects the more theoretical principles, objectives and purpose of education for tolerance with the more practical constituents and finalities of an educational intervention program aimed to enhance a tolerant attitude at both teachers and students; the model highlights not only knowledge and skills, but also attitudes and values as goals of education, and ways to achieve them in the teaching-learning process, the approach to the training process mirroring the internal structure of competence. The model systematizes the cognitive, instrumental-methodological and expressive (relational-behavioural) dimensions of training on which it relies, providing a universal framework for any intervention program aimed at changing attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on recent advances in our knowledge (much of it owed to the proliferation of military diplomas) and a new analytical method to quantify the number of soldiers and their children who received Roman citizenship between 14 and 212 c.e. Although significant uncertainties remain, these can be quantified and turn out to be small relative to the overall scale of enfranchisement. The paper begins by reviewing what is known about grants of citizenship to soldiers, with particular attention to the remaining uncertainties, before presenting a quantitative model of the phenomenon. The total number of beneficiaries was somewhere in the region 0.9–1.6 million — significantly lower than previous estimates have suggested. It also emerges that the rate of enfranchisement varied substantially over time, in line with significant changes in manpower, length of service (and hence the number of recruits and discharged veterans) and the rate of family formation among soldiers. The Supplementary Material available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075435819000662) contains a database of military diplomas (Supplementary Appendix 1), a mathematical model of enfranchisement implemented in MS Excel (Supplementary Appendix 2), a description of the model (Supplementary Appendix 3A) and a derivation of the model of attrition across service cohorts in Fig. 6 (Supplementary Appendix 3B). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how Cato's status as a "new man" in the competitive social and political arena he entered at Rome shaped his self-representation in the sphere of his historical writing. At the heart of the argument is the question of how Cato's insertion of his own speeches into the fabric of the Origines modulated the tenor of his self-commemoration in that work. After briefly considering how previous historiography may have helped determine Cato's choices, the argument looks to Roman discursive practices that appear to have taken shape around the 4th- and early 3rd-century rise of the nobilitas. Especially in focus are the functions of the ancestor mask and the use of voice in honorific epigraphy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provision of medical support for athletes during the Olympic Games has been a feature of each Olympic event. Prior to 1960, medical services were largely utilitarian in nature, frequently relying on military medical services and focused on providing only the essential medical support to athletes, support staff and spectators during the games. However, the appointment of Professor Luigi Gedda to lead the Medical and Scientific Committee for Rome led to an expansion of healthcare services beyond routine clinical delivery, to focus on an extensive and controversial research and education programme during the games. Subsequently, the games were confronted by a range of novel clinical scenarios, including the presence of intense heat during competitions, the transmission of infectious disease among athletes, the rapidly expanding use of drugs by athletes and the death of an athlete following competition. This paper utilises archival documents and contemporary sources to critically review the nature, effectiveness and impact of the healthcare provided at the 1960 Olympic Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As retinal hemorrhage (RH) is the most frequent and reliable finding of abusive head trauma (AHT), an ophthalmology consultation should be systematically required in suspected cases. Full retinal examination through pharmacologically dilated pupil can detect the type and pattern of RHs, helping to distinguish abusive from non-abusive head trauma. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of a case series of 6 infants (aged 0.6-10 months) with AHT who were admitted to the Emergency Department of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS in Rome with severe intracranial hemorrhages. Children underwent full multidisciplinary assessment including dilated fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and digital wide-field fundus photography (DWFFP – in our case RetCam). In our paper we report the clinical presentation, the ocular findings and outcome at discharge. Results: The mean age at the hospital admission was 6.28 months. In all infants, intracranial hemorrhages were found. Preretinal and intraretinal hemorrhages were detected, collecting good-quality retinal images. Conclusions: Imaging of retinal hemorrhages represents a fundamental moment of AHT diagnosis and documentation. Although RetCam is the gold standard for the acquisition of retinal images in suspected cases, OCT is extremely valuable in forensic evaluation since it can detect even small macular hemorrhages. Therefore, the combination of RetCam and OCT imaging can give relevant hints for the diagnosis of AHT, allowing to evaluate the extent, spread and morphology of RHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a trend analysis of a two-decade (2000–2020) series of surface meteorological and air quality data measured in Rome (Italy). Data series are collected at three sites in Rome downtown and its coastal surroundings. This paper fills the gap due to missing or incomplete recent information about the meteorological and atmospheric composition tendencies in the Rome area. Datasets are subjected to in-depth quality control and to statistical analysis to verify the data homogeneity, whilst trend analysis is performed using the Seasonal Kendall test. The results show a statistically significant positive trend for average air temperature (0.07 °C year−1 in urban and coastal sites), whilst maximum and minimum temperatures increase more in urban (0.10 °C year−1) than in coastal (0.01 °C year−1) environment. The water vapour mixing ratio trend is higher in the city (0.10 g kg−1 year−1) than along the coast (0.03 g kg−1 year−1). The heat index tendency is more pronounced in the Rome centre (0.11 °C year−1) than in the coast (0.06 °C year−1). The monthly cumulative precipitations do not show statistically significant trends. On the other hand, air quality generally improved: surface pollutant concentrations show a significant decrease thanks to the reduction of local emissions (C6H6, − 0.12 µg m−3 year−1; SO2, − 0.09 µg m−3 year−1; CO, − 0.02 mg m−3 year−1; NOx, − 1.28 µg m−3 year−1; NO, − 0.38 µg m−3 year−1; NO2, − 0.60 µg m−3 year−1, PM10, − 0.35 µg m−3 year−1). Only O3 shows a statistically significant positive trend (0.15 µg m−3 year−1), in agreement with wider scale studies. The outcomes suggest that whilst local and national policies contribute to the improvement of air quality, the rising of temperature—as likely consequence of climate change—may be an emerging cause of concern for human thermal discomfort and potential effect on the conservation of tangible immovable heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of QU3: iQuaderni di U3 is the property of Quodlibet S.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Structural health monitoring is a crucial issue in areas with different hazard sources, such as Italy. Among non-invasive monitoring techniques, remote sensing provides useful information in supporting the management process and safety evaluations, reducing the impact of disturbances on the functionality of construction systems. The ground displacement time-series based on the analysis of Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) measurements, as well as the information about the geology of the area and the geometry of the construction under monitoring, provides useful data for the built environment's structural assessment. This paper focuses on the structural monitoring and damage assessment of constructions based on the GIS integration of DInSAR measurements, geological investigation, historical surveys and 3D modeling. The methodology is applied to the residential area of Valco San Paolo in the city of Rome (Italy). Once the geological interpretation has confirmed the results of the DInSAR measurements, a quick damage assessment that considers all the possible conditions of the pre-existing damage at the time zero of the monitoring is shown for a damaged manufact in the area. The presented results highlight how the strategy to correlate the DInSAR-monitored ground settlements with the damage scales allows potentially to monitor continuous construction systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nuragic civilization (Sardinia, Italy, XVIII–VIII B.C) developed a flourishing bronze metallurgy with strong connections with other civilizations from the Mediterranean basin. Within the large bronze production, there are some peculiar representations of human figures, known in the archaeological environment of Sardinia as bronzetti, depicting warriors, priests, and offerers. In this paper, an interesting couple of Nuragic statuettes representing offerers, one from the Pigorini Museum in Rome and another from the Musei Reali in Turin, were analyzed. They have been investigated with X-ray fluorescence integrated with Monte Carlo simulations (XRF-MC). The combined methodology provides more accurate results, ranging from the structural characterization to the identification of the corrosion layers to the estimation of the composition of the alloy of the artifact. One of the most striking results regards the heads of the offerers: both heads are covered with a thick iron-based layer, even though the whole artifacts are made of a copper alloy. To understand the reason behind this peculiar corrosion patina, several hypotheses have been considered, including the possibility that these iron mineralizations are the consequence of an ancient superficial treatment, intending to confer a chromatic effect on the figurine's head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome) of 25 March 1957, the primary aim of the Common Agricultural Policy is to provide European Economic Community citizens with adequate amounts of food at reasonable prices and to guarantee farmers a decent standard of living. That is more, the EU fund transfers were to eliminate differences between regions and promote development of individual regions. These aims proved to be particularly important following the EU enlargement in 2004. The indispensible effect of the integration process has been connected with changes in the directions of agricultural production and efficiency of utilisation of individual inputs. Nevertheless, it is difficult to evaluate the effects of the implemented policy based on univariate comparisons. In view of the above, the aim of this paper is to assess the effects of the agricultural policy and the cohesion policy implemented in the EU, focusing on the valuation of the impact of the greatest EU enlargement on this relationship. This goal was achieved thanks to constructing multivariate rankings applying the DEA super-efficiency model for average farms specialising in plant, animal and mixed production in individual EU member countries for two period. The application of the DEA efficiency model makes it possible in the computation process to take into consideration the fact that in the course of agricultural production three groups of products are manufactured involving four basic types of inputs. The starting point for the analyses was provided by data published within the FADN agenda for average farms operating in the countries being the EU members. The results showed that after the largest enlargement of the EU, in the case of plant and livestock production, a simultaneous increase in agricultural production and improvement in efficiency in the individual EU members was achieved, with a gradual reduction of disproportions in the efficiency of agricultural production between regions. The only area where such a relationship could not be observed was related to the production of mixed-type farms. The novelty of the proposed in this article approach is that it allows for simultaneous analysing of changes in EU agriculture while taking into account several perspectives: changes in the assumptions of the common agricultural policy, the consequences of EU enlargement, and results of the implementation of the cohesion policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out within the project "Roma Hispana. Nuevas tecnologías aplicadas al estudio histórico, la musealización y la puesta en valor de Patrimonio Cultural español en Roma: la spezieria di Santa Maria della Scala" (Universitat de València Spain), which is funded by the Conselleria d'Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital of the Generalitat Valenciana (2020–2021) and authorized by the Sovrintendenza Speciale Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio (Special Superintendence of Archeology, Fine Arts and Landscape) of Rome, Italy. The spezieria di Santa Maria della Scala was the oldest apothecary in Europe managed by the order of Discalced Carmelite friars. Operating between the second half of the seventeenth century and the mid-twentieth century, over time it acquired great prestige, becoming known as the Pharmacy of the Popes. The aims of the "Roma Hispana" project are to study, musealize and disseminate the material and immaterial cultural heritage of this historical spezieria by combining physicochemical and cultural studies, new 3D technologies, and artificial intelligence. As a case study, in this paper we report the application of a laser scanner prototype for 3D color imaging of the spezieria's sales room and use a simpler photogrammetry method to collect analogous data in the small nearby storeroom coupled to the high-power capabilities of the ENEA parallel computer facility. Digital data were collected to enable a virtual tour that provides a fully navigable, faithful, high-resolution 3D color model to render this ancient Roman apothecary accessible and usable to interested members of the public and experts in the sector (art historians, restorers, etc.). We also describe the 3D technology used to obtain three-dimensional images of the cultural assets of these spaces (mostly drug containers) and its results. The ultimate aim of this study is to achieve the virtual musealization of the heritage complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution focuses on what was an topical subject in Rome in the first half of the twentieth century: urban green areas and their relationship with monuments. Interest in this topic was probably inspired by the traditional approach popular in nineteenth-century England, one which several members of the Roman cultural elite who studied vegetation and gardens (Giacomo Boni and Maria Ponti Pasolini) had become acquainted with thanks to the close ties they had established with English professionals. Since the unification of Italy, Rome had raised the issue of the inseparable relationship that city ruins had with vegetation; in fact, the 1873 master plan already contained guidelines regarding the layout of urban gardens, preferably using an English style. These guidelines played a crucial role in city planning and in creating unique areas, such as the Passeggiata Archeologica (the Archaeological Park, also known as the Zona Monumentale). The paper will focus on these developments and on the work of the people involved in these projects such as, Giacomo Boni, Maria Ponti Pasolini and Gustavo Giovannoni, all members of the Artistic Association of Architectural Connoisseurs – the AACAR founded in Rome in 1890, in order to follow the urban development of Italy's capital city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building of Rome, the new capital of Italy from the 1870s onwards, brought to the foreground the European debate between transformation and conservation. The development of the modern city and its relationship with the ancient historic core marked the Italian cultural scene at the turn of 19th century. Respect for the historical environment was the reference point for the work of numerous technical and artistic associations, which were engaged in the urban transformations of the capital and impacted both on the city's development and wider national debates. Among these, this paper focuses on the Associazione Artistica fra i Cultori di Architettura (AACAR), founded in 1890. The AACAR assumed a central role in the study, protection and design of the city, introducing the practice of building thinning and research into new urban and architectural models for the city's expansion. As influential members of the AACAR, the figures of Filippo Galassi and Gustavo Giovannoni stand out. Through their manifold cultural and institutional activities, their approach to artistic city building influenced the principles of urban and architectural design in the 1910s and 1920s, leaving a long-lasting legacy on Italian urban design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]