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Rhetoric is broadly referred to as the theory and practice of suasory communication enabling humans to participate actively in public. Although traditionally viewed as strongly tied with exclusively verbal persuasion, rhetoric has always extended beyond this limitation. Semiforgotten elements of the ancient faculty prove that rhetoric requires creative visual imagination from both parties (orator and audience) and that the practice emanates from and embeds in visuospatial, sensual experiences. These visual features are combined with the verbal in rhetorical practice resulting in a multidimensional—hybrid—discourse, the main function of which is persuasion. In this hybridity of codes and modes, the primary movement in the persuasive act is connection. This connection relates the person to the world, human imagination to articulation, thoughts to images, and words to pictures. By means of this connection persuasion becomes identification, a constitutive act enhancing the unity of different entities (either human or material). The present essay conceives of rhetoric, and especially visual rhetoric, as a suitable framework to interpret visual hybrids. Here, visual hybrids are understood to be entities that enact the internal rhetorical interplay between difference and unity represented by visual elements and motifs. The article first investigates the concept of ingenium and multimodality to introduce general rhetoric as a holistic framework of human experience and expression that is inherently visual and sensual. Then the paradigms of visual rhetoric are outlined to propose a possible classification of visual hybrids, illustrated by contemporary examples from art and advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass media research on the portrayal of older people has primarily focused on television series and advertisements. News programmes on television have received little attention. We argue that viewers perceive characters on the news as more direct and more accurate representations of social reality than fictional characters, and therefore portrayals on the news are more likely to be integrated in viewers' stereotypes about elderly people or used as standards of comparison. In order to explore potential differences in the representation of senior men and women, we conducted a quantitative content analysis on a sample of 754 elderly people who appeared on the evening news programmes of four major Hungarian television channels with high viewership. Each character was coded in terms of 115 qualitative variables. Our results indicate that older men are portrayed significantly more often than women as affluent, elegant, knowledgeable, powerful and actively working. By contrast, women are more commonly shown as kind, family-oriented, in ordinary roles (e.g. as the 'woman in the street') and engaged in less-productive activities such as shopping. Based on previous research on the role of mass media in the socialisation process as well as social comparison theory, we discuss how these imbalances in the representation of older men and women may affect viewers of different age groups, genders and social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new, multidisciplinary concept called "Social Futuring" and introduces an index based on this concept, entitled the "Social Futuring Index". Settled into the intersection of philosophy, psychology, sociology, political theory and geopolitics among many other fields of social sciences social futuring and its application as an index addresses both academia and policymakers. In the present article the concept is explained and then placed in the broader context of social sciences. We highlight that the most unique characteristic of social futuring is its fixed normative, analytical and discursive framework, the center of which is "a good life in a unity of order". Finally, we present the key elements of the index that are currently under construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2016 was proclaimed the ‘year of virtual reality' (VR) - without any significant breakthrough in its adoption again. The missed opportunity for success, however, could be an important indication that we concentrate more on the social forces and challenges this technology entails. The present paper focuses on a specific field in VR, that is, on educational VR. Although international research work on educational VR has been fuelled by emerging platforms since the middle of the 1990s, its diffusion and adoption have been significantly lagging behind what technological forecasts and expectations predicted. While scientific research has proven that the effects of educational VR on learning are generally positive, conditions such as its cost, inefficient infrastructure, the digital divide(s) and lack of skills, among other factors, hinder its flexible integration into pedagogical strategies. The paper aims to introduce the definitive theoretical framework and research topics of educational VR, casting light upon the methodological connection between educational VR and forms of learning, designing educational VR and its present challenges. Recent studies and surveys concerning the adoption and use of educational VR by teachers, instructors and professors will also be discussed in order to provide a more realistic description of the state of educational VR in global and Hungarian contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of our research is to identify the factors that impact childbirth experience positively and negatively, with special attention to the case of caesarean sections. Drawing on a telephone survey conducted over four years between 2021 and 2018, we use data on 2000 Hungarian mothers and assessed a total of 4266 births. According to the regression analysis, there is a significant association between childbirth experience and settlement type, marital status, financial situation and factors measuring social support, as well as between high-risk pregnancy and informal patient payments. Significant results relating to caesarean sections indicate that the proportion of this mode of birth is higher among women who are older, completed a higher level of education and who live in settlements of a larger type. Based on regression analysis, we can conclude that the likelihood of opting for a caesarean section increases with the mother having a degree or diploma, giving birth with support from an obstetrician of her own choice, experiencing high-risk pregnancy or being older. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]