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The Ljubljana seminar, whose background and working papers are presented in this volume, was an outcome of the United Nations' consideration of the problems of ethnic and linguistic minorities. The twenty-five papers cover topics such as the study of multinational societies; the protection of minorities and minority rights in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, the Soviet Union, India, Africa, Southeast Asia, Israel, Britain, and the Caribbean; cultural diversity; and immigrant problems. Chapters 1-3 are background papers, commissioned by the United Nations Secretariat in preparation for the seminar. Chapters 4-23 are working papers, contributed by the participants and presented in regional groups, starting with Central Europe and going on to include Asia, Africa, and North America. (Author/CLK)

Rural Africa includes some 80% of the African population; its people are poverty stricken, illiterate, ill-sheltered, and ill-nourished. These circumstances make rural development absolutely vital. However, past rural development policies have failed to take into consideration the structure and division of labor in the farm family, the traditional philosophy of the African decision making process, and the metaphysical world of the African peasant. Other obstacles to efficient rural development include conflict of interest and competition among the many agencies which labor to initiate rural development programs, as each institution operates on the assumption that its activities are sufficient to effect total change in the living conditions of the African farm family. Moreover, the technicians who act as change agents are highly susceptible to commands from their bureaucratic superiors and are, therefore, less responsive to the needs of the African rural family. The Comilla District Integrated Rural Development Programme (Bangladesh) offers an alternative model for rural development, as it incorporates a manager and a model farmer who act as internal, rather than external, change agents, attending external classes and then disseminating information at weekly village meetings. An integrated approach to rural development demands acceptance by governmental agencies of involvement of all social strata in planning and implementation. (JC)

Important issues in African education involve the effects of the colonial education system on African subjects and their countries' political and socio-economic development. Of interest are some countries' efforts to correct dysfunctions resulting from the colonial system. Following independence, the state of education in many African countries in 1960 may be summarized as follows: (1) there was a fairly widespread primary education system with enrollment at about 41% of school age population; (2) adult illiteracy ranged from 50% to 99%; (3) educational expenditure has grown considerably; and (4) there was uncertainty as to the relevance of the educational system to the challenges of the newly independent countries. After independence, there were many efforts to expand educational opportunities. Between 1950-1960, enrollment in about forty primary sector countries increased 3-26%. Problems such as high formal education costs, high unemployment for school leavers, alienation of some educated persons from their culture/communities, and a multiplicity of languages, and lack of educational opportunities have led to a search for functional and less expensive education. Political and social action by many groups in addition to ministries of education will be required to resolve the complex problems of African educational systems. (CSS)

This volume contains the proceedings of the symposium on African language, culture and society held at Ohio State University. Six of the papers deal with the related issues of language reform and language planning, including such aspects as the choice of national and official languages. They include both general proposals for theoretical models as well as specific proposals for particular linguistic situations. Topics covered in the 12 papers in the second part of the volume include co-variation in social and linguistic patterns, an overview of creole speech communities and the typologies proposed for their description, the encoding of cultural perspectives in linguistic patterns and the importance of understanding these patterns for education, and the role of language in literature, with particular attention to the writings of African authors writing in European languages. The conference program and addresses of contributors are appended. (Author/CLK)

This comprehensive treatment of the state of the publishing industry in Tanzania provides a general description of the book trade in Africa, including discussions of the types of publishers active in Africa and of the recording of African publishing output, and a review of publishing activities in Tanzania, which covers the history of Tanzanian publishing, commercial publishers in the country, the types of books published by the Tanzanian Ministry of National Education, printing operations sponsored by the Tanzanian government, the Tanzanian mass media, the import and export of books by Tanzania, book distribution in the country, Tanzanian library services, the Tanzanian Copyright Act of 1966, and the role of the Tanzanian Book Development Council. A list of Tanzanian newspapers and magazines in publication during 1979, tables listing statistics on book production in Tanzania from 1972 to 1975, a list of Tanzanian printers and publishers active in 1974-1975, a brief study of book prices in Dar Es Salaam bookshops, and a 27-item reference list accompany the text. (JL)

The study summarizes discussions and conclusions of the Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Development Projects in East Africa (Nairobi, Kenya, April 1979), whose purpose was to share lessons learned from field experiences in managing information for rural development. An initial section summarizes information in papers submitted and conclusions reached by participants. The introduction notes previous World Bank workshops on monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and identifies areas of concern: management's need for and use of information from M&E systems; issues relating to collecting, processing, analysis, and presentation of information; and organization of M&E units. The section on management's need for information contains subsections on information consumers, information managers want, information needs, impact of availability of information on decision-making, and alternative methods of M&E. Another section covers experiences with information systems, under headings of data collection, data processing and analysis, and presentation of M&E results. A final section, on organization of M&E units, discusses location, strategies for institution-building, formation and structure of M&E units, staffing and training, human and motivational factors, and costs of M&E. Appendices present the text of the opening address; lists of participants, papers submitted, and 35 selected references; and a summary of basic concepts on M&E. (MH)

Eighteen papers from the University of South Africa's Conference on Distance Education are presented. They include: "Effective Second Language Reading in a Cross-Cultural Society" (Irma Zaslansky); "A BA Degree in Social Sciences at the Israel Open University" (Ruth Beyth-Marom); "Establishing a Theological Education by Extension Programme in Southern Africa: An Evaluation of the First Ten Years" (Kate Hughes); "Aural and Oral" (Peter Haffter); "Music Education Through UNISA--Past, Present and Future" (Douglas Reid); "Visual Media and Art History" (Rayda Becker); "Tutoring for the Open University" (S.G. Kossick); "Practical English: A Strategy for the Future" (Barrie Goedhals); "Special Language Communication" (P.H. Swanepoel); "Teaching Afrikaans to UNISA Students" (Anna-Mart Schwerdtfeger); "How Did Distance Education in Music Become a Success at UNISA?" (Bernard S. van der Linde); "Distance Teaching within the Department of African Languages" (J.W. Snyman); "Participant or Student: The School of Business Leadership Experience" (J.W. Grobbelaar); "Economics in the Distance-Teaching Situation: Problems and Approaches" (Philip Mohr); "Post Graduate Studies in Law through Distance Teaching: The UNISA Approach" (Pierre E.J. Brooks); "Distance Education in Astronomy--A Challenge" (W.F. Wargau); "Chemistry, Its Practical Component and Distance Education" (G. McGillivray); and "Practical Theology and Distance Tuition" (Jacques P.J. Theron). (LB)

Fifteen papers from the University of South Africa's Conference on Distance Education are presented on professional education and practical training. They include: "The Art Work: From Concept to Realization" (Leon du Plessis and Koos van der Watt); "Distance Education for Industrial, Professional, and Practical Training" (Jacob van der Westhuizen); "From Theory to Practice: Educating for Vocational Excellence" (T.J. van Heerden); "Professional Development in Vocational Courses such as Social Work with Special Reference to Laboratory Work" (J.J. Jacobs); "The Role of Distance Education in Post Graduate Studies of Education in the Republic of South Africa" (G.S. Harley); "Practice Teaching in Special Education--A Challence for Distance Education" (H.M. Gerber); "Accountable Teacher Training in University Distance Education" (P.L. de Jager); "The Development of Educational Management as a Field of Study at UNISA" (Chris van Wyk); "Teaching Preprimary Teachers through Distance Education" (H.M. Grobler); "A Strategic Approach to Management Education in a Distance Teaching Environment" (E.W. Neuland et al.); "Teaching Accounting by Teletuition" (J.G. Huisamen); "Teaching Auditing in a Distance Education Environment" (H.J.S. Vorster et al.); "Teletuition in Undergraduate Legal Education" (W.J. Hosten); "Towards Integration in Legal Education: An Introduction to Practice" (Joan Church); and "The Teaching of the Practical Component of Physics in Distance Education" (E.C. Reynhardt). (LB)

Seventeen papers from the University of South Africa's Conference on Distance Education are presented. They include: "Establishing a Formal Student Support System--Time Is of the Essence" (Karen Hinrichs); "A Student Services Unit in a Distance Education Institution" (Hendrik Gous); "Distance Education and the Community: New Partnerships and Interactions" (Vivien Willers); "Admission, Registration and Examination Procedures in Respect of Postgraduate Degrees and Diplomas" (George Cox); "The UNISA Department of Production--A Functional Link in the Didactic Triangle" (H.P.J. van Niekerk): "UNISA's Scheduling Section" (B.J. van der Walt); "The Role of the Fulltime Equivalent Student in a Distance Teaching University" (P.C. Minnaar); "The Need for a Professional and Effective Supportive Administration in Distance Teaching" (Petrus J. Vermeulen); "The Utilization of Computers at UNISA" (O.V. Kilpert); "The Disabled Distance Education Student: Problems and Possibilities" (Phoebe van der Walt); "Career Guidance for Distance Students" (W.A. van Schoor); "The Promise and Problems of Learning at a Distance" (Desmond H. Crawford-Nutt); "Close Encounters of the Third Kind: The Personal Tutor Scheme in Practical English" (Margaret H. van Zyl); "The Value of Discussion Groups to UNISA Students" (J. Lambert); "Student Support in Distance Learning" (Elsabe Swanepoel); "Essential Andragogic Support for the Absent Student in Distance Teaching" (Adriaan J. Smit); and "Adapting the Organizational Structure of Distance Education Departments to Meet the Demands of Rapid Growth" (Gordon Erens). (LB)

Fifteen papers from the University of South Africa's Conference on Distance Education are presented on professional education and practical training. They include: "Essential and Professional Education of Physics Teachers in Poland" (Kazimierz A. Badziag); "Vocational Teaching at a Distance: The New Zealand Perspective" (Dave Nicoll); "Principles and Practices in Distance Education" (Faith B. Collins); "Providing a Reality Base for Your Qualification" (Johan Herholdt); "The Role of Private Correspondence Colleges in the Fields of Tertiary Business Education in South Africa" (Theuns Gerber); "The Necessity for Distance Teaching in the In-Service Education of Teachers in Southern Africa" (R.M. Yule); "The 'Distance' Implications of Cooperative Education at Residential Universities as a Strategy to Ensure Effective Education for the Professions" (A.J. Havenga); "Career-Oriented Technikon Training (Technikon Programmes) by Means of Distance Teaching, with Special Reference to Laboratory, Practicals, and In-Service Training" (Z. van Dyk); "The Development of a Computer Package for Distance Education Accounting Students" (D.E. Wolvaardt et al.); "The Development of Distance Education for Traffic Police" (M.G.T. Cloete); "Professional Development in Vocational Courses such as Social Work with Specific Attention to Field Instruction" (R.C.W. van Bijon); "Beyond Professional Training: Developing Mental Health Leadership" (discussion: W.J. Jordaan, P. LeRoux, G. Rodemeyer, F.J.A. Snyders); "Teaching Cataloguing and Classification by Correspondence" (M.S. van der Merwe);"The Practical Component in the Education Programme of Students in Library and Information Science at UNISA" (Wanda Thomas); and "The Contribution of Distance Education to the Development of the Nursing Profession in Southern Africa" (Charlotte Searle). (LB)

Fifteen papers from the University of South Africa's Conference on Distance Education are presented on the theory and practice of distance education. Titles and authors include: "Evaluation at a Distance" (Margalit Ganor); "Can the Tables Be Turned? Likelihood That Distance Teaching at University Can Be More Effective Than Attendance Teaching" (Pieter du Plessis); "Do Existent Definitions of Distance Education Allow for Analysis of Such a Provision in a Volunteer Organization?" (Lynette Douglas); "Elitism vs. Pragmatism: Scientific Approaches to Course Design" (A. D. Adey); "Distance Education: Preparing for the 21st Century" (F. van den Bogaerde); "The Effectiveness of Personalised Instruction in Distance Education: An Empirical Study" (Wilhelm Jordaan); "Access to the Original: The Potential of a University Art Collection in Distance Education" (Lucy Alexander); "An Experimental Model for Distance Teaching--A Case Study" (Herman Conradie); "Distance Teaching and Learning: Joyful Realization or Frustrated Expectation?" (J. J. Booyse): "Evaluating Academic Competence on the Tertiary Level within Half an Hour" (J. J. Roelofse); "Didactic Objectives in Distance Teaching" (Adriaan J. Smit); "The Problematics of Distance Education from a Tutor's Point of View" (Smit); "The Written Assignment--Teaching or Evaluating?" (Thinus Dreckmeyr); "Evaluation of Student Progress in Distance Education" (Johan P. Degenaar); and "The Training of Lecturers by UNISA" (W. J. du Plooy). (LB)

Fifteen papers from the University of South Africa's Conference on Distance Education are presented on media and technology. They include: "Video Education: What Went Wrong and Why It Is Tomorrow's Teacher If Used Correctly" (William M. Smith); "Formative Evaluation of ETV Programmes" (Aliza Duby); "Distance Education for South African Adult Learners: The Role of Educational Technology" (Jeff Wolfson); "The Role of Radio and Television in Distance Education" (Anina Maree); "The Potential of Sound Cassettes in Distance Education" (Johan Freysen); "The Use of Satellites for Distance Education: A New Model for South Africa" (I. Ural); "Community Information for the Functionally Illiterate in South Africa by Means of Audio Cassettes" (A.P. du Plooy); "The Botswana Experiment: The Feasibility of Communication Technology in a Distance Learning Innovation in Southern Africa" (R. Kenneth Jones, Kathlene Higgins); "The Use of Audio-Cassettes in Distance Education" (Andre I. le Roux); "The Telephone at UNISA" (C.C. Herbst); "UNISA and Beltel: A Marriage of Convenience?" (Calvyn Potgieter); "The UNISA Beltel Project" (Jean-Paul Genot); "Communication Media and Distance Education (Media Design: An Integral Part of Course Design)" (C. Potgieter); "Supplying Library Materials to Undergraduate Students of a Distance Teaching University" (N. Shillinglaw); and "Post-Graduate Students and the Library at a Distance Teaching University" (Robert Poller). (LB)

Eighteen papers from the University of South Africa's Conference on Distance Education are presented on issues in education and distance education. They include: "Distance Education in Africa's Educational Development: The Case of Ghana" (Joe K. Ansere); "Distance Education: A Solution to the Economic Problems of Education in Southern Africa" (M.G. Andrew); "The University of Transkei and Distance Education" (Norman M. Hodge); "Perspectives on the Role of Distance Education in a Curriculum for Continuing Professional Education" (C.A. Kapp); "Responsibilities of Academic Staff" (Tim Moelwyn-Hughes); "'Distance Education' at a Residential University" (S.J.P. du Plessis): "Distance Education in Developing Countries: The Ecology of Development or the Need for Context Sensitivity" (Anton Muller); "Education in an Information Society: Implications for Teaching in South Africa" (Jacques Steyn); "The Explosion in Student Numbers: Some Moral and Pragmatic Considerations" (J.C.G.J. van Vuuren); "Psychic Aspects of Distance Education" (Trysie Grobler); "Art History in Africa: A Look at Course Content" (Lize van Robbroeck); "'Forget and Forgive Her Sex': Integrating Women Artists with Art History" (Marion Arnold); "Generating a Creative Future: Strategies for the Teaching of Creativity within the Context of Distance Education Systems" (Nina Romm, Norma Romm); "Non-Formal and Functional Distance Education in Southern Africa" (Hennie Swanepoel); "Taking a Positive View of the (Dis)advantages of Distance Teaching: Reading Skills, Writing Skills and Theory of Literature" (Ina Grabe); "Continuing Education as a Function of a University for Distance Education" (L.P. Calitz); "The Possible Role of Distance Teaching in the Education System of South Africa" (D.C. Badenhorst); and "Accountability in Distance Education" (E.A. Coster) (LB)

Selected papers that address theoretical and practical training of the modern language teacher and language teaching experiments in various countries are presented. Some of the articles included are the following: "Les problemes de la formation linguistique et pedagogique des professeurs de francais en Afrique Subsaharienne" (The Problems of the Linguistic and Pedagogic Training of Teachers of French in Sub-Saharan Africa), R. Bastin; "L'enseignant doit-il etre l'objet d'une formation culturelle particuliere?" (Should the Teacher Undergo a Particular Cultural Training?), C. Borga; "Le micro-enseignement dans la formation des enseignants de francais-langue etrangere au Senegal" (Micro-Teaching in the Training of Teachers of French as a Foreign Language in Senegal), G. Dalgalian;"Sulla formazione linguistica degli insegnanti di lingua italiana presso le universita della Repubblica Federale Tedesca" (On the Linguistic Training of Teachers of the Italian Language at the Universities of West Germany), M. De Matteis; "The University and the Training of Language Teachers," L. K. Engels; "Re-training High School Teachers of English in Brazil: The Experience of the Instituto do Idiomas Yazigi," F. Gomes de Matos; "La formation des professeurs de francais a l'universite Bar-Ilan, Ramat Gan, Israel" (The Training of the Professors of French at the University of Bar-Ilan, Ramat Gan, Israel), R. Herzlich; "Linguistics and the Language Teacher," B. Jordan; "La formation et le recyclage des professeurs de langues vivantes au Quebec 1973-1978" (Training and Retraining of Modern Language Teachers in Quebec 1973-1978), J.-Cl. Lavigne; "La formation psycho-pedagogique et methodologique des professeurs de langues vivantes" (Psycho-Pedagogical and Methodological Training of Teachers of Modern Languages), R. Marechal. (SW)

Thirteen papers from the University of South Africa's Conference on Distance Education are presented on media and technology. They include: "Making the Abstract Concrete: A Slide/Sound Programme to Illustrate Abstract Concepts on the Concrete Level" (Grace Reeler); "The Microcomputer and Distance Education" (Johanna S. Rossouw); "A Multimedia Approach to Creating Learning Experiences in Distance Education" (Louis J. van Niekerk); "The Training of Teachers by Means of Teletuition: The Audio Cassette and Teaching Practice" (Lawrie McFarlane); "Microteaching and Distance Education--The Self Teaching Experience" (Paul J.N. Steyn); "Written Language as Didactic Medium: From Principle to Technology" (Hannes van Deventer); "Computer-Aided Instruction in Quantitative Management--Part 1" (Ilze Olivier et al.); "Computer-Aided Instruction in Quantitative Management--Part 2" (Erica Ferreira, Gordon Erens); "The Application of Computer Technology in Offering Equal Education Opportunities to Students from First- and Third-World Environments" (J. Dewald Lubbe); "The Law Student and the Law Library" (Jean Burdzik); "The Effect of Advances in Information Technology on the Teaching of Practical Aspects in Computer Science at UNISA" (C.H. Bornman et al.); "Die Gebruik van Inligtingstegnologie in Afstandsonderrig" (N.F. du Plooy et al.); and "Computer-Aided Education as Student Centred Education: Practical Applications for Today and the Future" (P.J. van Dyk). (LB)

Papers from a workshop on the role and development of national languages include: "What Is a National Language Good for?" (Florian Coulmas); "To the Language Born: Thoughts on the Problem of National and International Languages" (Jacob Mey); "Swahili as a National Language in East Africa" (Marilyn Merritt, Mohamed Abdulaziz); "Implementing Morocco's Arabization Policy: Two Problems of Classification" (Beverley Seckinger); "Modern Hebrew as a National Language" (Robert L. Cooper); "The Emergence of the National Language in Ethiopia: An Historical Perspective" (Mulugeta Seyoum); "Malay in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore: Three Faces of a National Language" (Peter Lowenberg); and "What National Languages Are Good for" (Ralph Fasold). (MSE)

Papers include: "Another Dimension of Readiness To Learn in the Second Language"; "Medium of Instruction in Black Education in Southern Africa"'; "Language Across the Curriculum"; "Die milieu binne die skool" ("The Environment Inside the School"); "Language in Black Education: The Environment Outside the School"; "The New Joint Core Syllabuses for English Opportunities, Problems, Solutions"; "Eksemplariese werksdokument: 'Sillabus vir Afrikaans Tweede Taal Hoer Graad Standerd agt tot tien' van die Departement Onderwys en Opleiding" ("Examples of Work Documents: 'Syllabus for Afrikaans Second Language Higher Grade Standard Eight to Ten' of the Department of Education in Training"); "The Revised 1987 Syllabus for Bantu Languages"; "English Language Teaching Methodology";"Metodologie en die onderrig van Afrikaans" ("Methodology in the Teaching of Afrikaans"); "The Methodology of African Languages"; "The Role of Language in Black Education, Teacher Education and Training: Colleges of Training"; "An Experimental and Trainee-Centered Approach to Language-Teacher Training: A Proposal"; and "In-Service Training." Thirty pages of commentary conclude the document. (MSE)