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Light regulates anthocyanins synthesis in plants. Upon exposure to visible light, the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transfer significantly lowered the contents of anthocyanins and the expression levels of key genes involved in anthocyanins synthesis in plum fruit peel. Meanwhile, the expression levels of PsmMDH2 (encoding the malate dehydrogenase in mitochondria) and PschMDH (encoding the malate dehydrogenase in chloroplasts) decreased significantly. The contents of anthocyanins and the levels of the key genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis decreased significantly with the treatment of 1‐MCP (an inhibitor of ethylene perception) but were enhanced by the exogenous application of ethylene. The ethylene treatment could also recover the anthocyanin synthesis capacity lowered by the photosynthetic electron transfer inhibition. Silencing PsmMDH2 and PschMDH significantly lowered the contents of anthocyanins in plum fruit. At low temperature, visible light irradiation induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis leaves. However, the mmdh, chmdh, and etr1‐1 mutants had significantly lower anthocyanins content and expressions of the key genes involved in anthocyanins synthesis compared to wild type. Overall, the present study demonstrates that both photosynthesis and respiration were involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in visible light. The visible light regulates anthocyanin synthesis by controlling the malate metabolism via MDHs and the ethylene signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of relative air humidity (AH) on ‘Fuji’ apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) peel phenolic compounds and pigment coloration, the bagged fruits were bags moved and then exposed to high AH and low AH conditions, respectively. Cyanidin-3-galactoside, the main anthocyanin compound in apple, and 17 other types of phenolic compounds were detected and their concentrations were also compared between high and low AH treated apple peels. We observed that the removal of bags and subsequent re-exposure to sunlight could significantly decrease the concentrations of syringic acid, caffeic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside, but increase the concentrations of ferulic acid, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and cyanidin-3-galactoside. Furthermore, high AH samples had higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, epicatechin, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and cyanidin-3-galactoside than low AH samples as they were in the similar temperature conditions. These results suggested that high AH conditions could significantly improve coloration and the eating quality of fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunlight radiation is a main environmental factor which affects anthocyanin synthesis. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of sunlight on the synthesis of anthocyanin in apple peel, bagged apples were exposed to diverse intensities of sunlight through different shading treatments. Under an increased solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light intensity, the concentration of anthocyanin in apple peels was consistent with the Michaelis–Menten equation. Under lower sunlight intensities, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, an inhibitor of plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidase) treatment increased both the concentration of cyanidin-3-glycoside and the activity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR). However, under higher sunlight intensities, DPI treatment decreased the concentrations of cyanidin-3-glycoside and quercetin-3-glycoside, as well as the activities of DFR and UDP-glycose: flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (UFGT). These results indicate that, under low sunlight intensity, anthocyanin synthesis in apple peel was limited by the supply of the substrate cyanidin, which was regulated by the DFR activity. Nevertheless, after exposure to high sunlight intensity, the anthocyanin produced in the apple peel was dependent on UFGT activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]