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18 results on '"Mendelson, Marc"'

1. Point-of-care diagnostics for infection and antimicrobial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review.

Author

Hermans LE, Centner CM, Morel CM, Mbamalu O, Bonaconsa C, Ferreyra C, Lindahl O, and Mendelson M

Subjects
Humans, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Point-of-Care Testing, Africa South of the Sahara, Point-of-Care Systems, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Anti-Infective Agents
Abstract

Objectives: Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are severely impacted by antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to gaps in access to diagnostics in SSA, the true extent of AMR remains unknown. This diagnostic gap affects patient management and leads to significant antimicrobial overuse. This review explores how point-of-care (POC) testing for pathogen identification and AMR may be used to close the diagnostic gap in SSA countries., Methods: A narrative review exploring current clinical practice and novel developments in the field of POC testing for infectious diseases and AMR., Results: POC assays for identification of various pathogens have been successfully rolled out in SSA countries. While implementation studies have mostly highlighted impressive test performance of POC assays, there is limited data on the impact of implementation on clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness. We did not encounter local studies of host-directed POC assays relevant to AMR. Novel POC assays using real-time polymerase chain reaction, isothermal amplification, microfluidics, and other technologies are in various stages of development., Conclusions: Available literature shows that POC testing for AMR applications is implementable in SSA and holds the potential to reduce the diagnostic gap. Implementation will require effective regulatory pathways, incorporation of POC testing in clinical and laboratory guidelines, and adequate value capture in existing health financing models., Competing Interests: Declarations of competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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2. Antimicrobial resistance and the great divide: inequity in priorities and agendas between the Global North and the Global South threatens global mitigation of antimicrobial resistance.

Author

Mendelson M, Laxminarayan R, Limmathurotsakul D, Kariuki S, Gyansa-Lutterodt M, Charani E, Singh S, Walia K, Gales AC, and Mpundu M

Subjects
Humans, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Sanitation, Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology
Abstract

To limit the catastrophic effects of the increasing bacterial resistance to antimicrobials on health, food, environmental, and geopolitical security, and ensure that no country or region is left behind, a coordinated global approach is required. In this Viewpoint, we argue that the diverging resource availabilities, needs, and priorities of the Global North and the Global South in terms of the actions required to mitigate the antimicrobial resistance pandemic are a direct threat to success. We argue that evidence suggests a need to prioritise and support infection prevention interventions (ie, clean water and safe sanitation, increased vaccine coverage, and enhanced infection prevention measures for food production in the Global South contrary to the focus on research and development of new antibiotics in the Global North) and to recalibrate global funding resources to address this need. We call on global leaders to redress the current response, which threatens mitigation of the antimicrobial resistance pandemic., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests EC has provided two lectures on antimicrobial stewardship at public engagement events and health-care worker educational events, which were funded by Pfizer, and she has received honoraria for her time and contribution. ACG has received consulting fees from Aché, Eurofarma, Uniã Quimica, and The Wellcome Trust and honoraria from bioMerieux, Eurofarma, MSD, Pfizer, and Sandos. MSD and Pfizer have supported her attendance at meetings or travel, or both. She participates on data safety monitoring boards or advisory boards of Aché, Eurofarma, MSD, Pfizer, Sandoz, United Medical, and Uniāo Quimica. She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for GARDP, a member of the Health 1 Area Coordination Board, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), and is a researcher of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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3. An analysis of existing national action plans for antimicrobial resistance-gaps and opportunities in strategies optimising antibiotic use in human populations.

Author

Charani E, Mendelson M, Pallett SJC, Ahmad R, Mpundu M, Mbamalu O, Bonaconsa C, Nampoothiri V, Singh S, Peiffer-Smadja N, Anton-Vazquez V, Moore LSP, Schouten J, Kostyanev T, Vlahović-Palčevski V, Kofteridis D, Corrêa JS, and Holmes AH

Subjects
Humans, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Health Policy, Global Health, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Anti-Infective Agents
Abstract

At the 2015 World Health Assembly, UN member states adopted a resolution that committed to the development of national action plans (NAPs) for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The political determination to commit to NAPs and the availability of robust governance structures to assure sustainable translation of the identified NAP objectives from policy to practice remain major barriers to progress. Inter-country variability in economic and political resilience and resource constraints could be fundamental barriers to progressing AMR NAPs. Although there have been regional and global analyses of NAPs from a One Health and policy perspective, a global assessment of the NAP objectives targeting antimicrobial use in human populations is needed. In this Health Policy, we report a systematic evidence synthesis of existing NAPs that are aimed at tackling AMR in human populations. We find marked gaps and variability in maturity of NAP development and operationalisation across the domains of: (1) policy and strategic planning; (2) medicines management and prescribing systems; (3) technology for optimised antimicrobial prescribing; (4) context, culture, and behaviours; (5) operational delivery and monitoring; and (6) patient and public engagement and involvement. The gaps identified in these domains highlight opportunities to facilitate sustainable delivery and operationalisation of NAPs. The findings from this analysis can be used at country, regional, and global levels to identify AMR-related priorities that are relevant to infrastructure needs and contexts., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests EC has consulted for or received speaker fees from Pfizer and bioMérieux on educational material related to antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial stewardship. LSPM has consulted for or received speaker fees from bioMérieux, Pfizer, Eumedica, Kent Pharma, Umovis Lab, Shionogi, Pulmocide, Sumitovant, and received research grants from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), CW+ (ie, the official charity of Chelsea and Westminster Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust), Infectopharm, and LifeArc. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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4. Shortage of essential antimicrobials: a major challenge to global health security.

Author

Shafiq N, Pandey AK, Malhotra S, Holmes A, Mendelson M, Malpani R, Balasegaram M, and Charani E

Subjects
Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Humans, Poverty, Anti-Infective Agents, Global Health
Abstract

The lack of access to safe and effective antimicrobials for human populations is a threat to global health security and a contributor to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The increasingly common shortages of antimicrobials are an additional threat to the emergence of AMR. While the threat of such drug shortages is most acutely experienced in low-income and middle-income settings, their consequences impact the quality and effectiveness of antimicrobials worldwide. Furthermore, there is a need for robustly conducted studies examining the impact of these increasingly prevalent shortages on patient outcomes and on the emergence and spread of AMR. In this review, we have mapped common drivers for antimicrobial shortages and propose strategies for rethinking the regulation, supply and pricing of antimicrobials to secure their sustainable access across diverse healthcare systems and to help minimise the unintended consequences of weak and ineffective supply chains. Greater government involvement in antimicrobial manufacture and supply is essential to ensure no one is left behind. Dedicated demand systems need to be developed for antimicrobials which take into consideration evolving AMR patterns, burden of diseases, pandemic events and supply and demand issues and facilitate implementation of strategies to address them. Interventions, ranging from advocacy and forecasting to public-private collaborations, new economic models and international consortia working across countries and supply chains, will help assure access to safe and effective antimicrobials to all populations around the globe and ensure that shortages no longer contribute to AMR., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Published
2021
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5. Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map.

Author

Rogers Van Katwyk S, Grimshaw JM, Nkangu M, Nagi R, Mendelson M, Taljaard M, and Hoffman SJ

Subjects
Anti-Bacterial Agents standards, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology, Anti-Infective Agents standards, Drug Resistance, Microbial physiology, Evidence-Based Medicine standards, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic methods, Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Microbial drug effects, Evidence-Based Medicine legislation & jurisprudence, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence
Abstract

Background: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidence map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans., Methods and Findings: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review., Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published., Protocol Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017067514., Competing Interests: I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: SJH and MM have both advised several governments in their personal capacities on policy interventions that could be used to address antimicrobial resistance. The authors declare no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work.

Published
2019
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6. A situational analysis of current antimicrobial governance, regulation, and utilization in South Africa.

Author

Schellack N, Benjamin D, Brink A, Duse A, Faure K, Goff D, Mendelson M, Meyer J, Miot J, Perovic O, Pople T, Suleman F, van Vuuren M, and Essack S

Subjects
Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Anti-Infective Agents administration & dosage, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Antitubercular Agents administration & dosage, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Humans, South Africa, Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Drug and Narcotic Control
Abstract

The Global Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance calls for the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health to be optimized, in tandem with a strengthening of the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research. However, there is a paucity of consumption data for African countries such as South Africa. Determining antimicrobial consumption data in low-resource settings remains a challenge. This article describes alternative mechanisms of assessing antimicrobial consumption data, such as the use of Intercontinental Marketing Services (IMS) data and contract data arising from tenders (an open Request for Proposal, RFP), as opposed to the international norms of daily defined doses per 100 patient-days or per 1000 population. Despite their limitations, these serve as indicators of antimicrobial exposure at the population level and represent an alternative method for ascertaining antimicrobial consumption in human health. Furthermore, South Africa has the largest antiretroviral treatment programme globally and carries a high burden of tuberculosis. This prompted the inclusion of antiretroviral and anti-tuberculosis antibiotic consumption data. Knowledge of antimicrobial utilization is imperative for meaningful future interventions. Baseline antimicrobial utilization data could guide future research initiatives that could provide a better understanding of the different measures of antibiotic use and the level of antibiotic resistance., (Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
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7. A global call from five countries to collaborate in antibiotic stewardship: united we succeed, divided we might fail.

Author

Goff DA, Kullar R, Goldstein EJC, Gilchrist M, Nathwani D, Cheng AC, Cairns KA, Escandón-Vargas K, Villegas MV, Brink A, van den Bergh D, and Mendelson M

Subjects
Anti-Infective Agents adverse effects, Education, Continuing, Health Personnel education, Hospitals, Humans, Internationality, Prescription Drug Misuse prevention & control, Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use, Cooperative Behavior, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Drug Utilization standards, Global Health
Abstract

In February, 2016, WHO released a report for the development of national action plans to address the threat of antibiotic resistance, the catastrophic consequences of inaction, and the need for antibiotic stewardship. Antibiotic stewardship combined with infection prevention comprises a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach to optimise use of antibiotics. Efforts to mitigate overuse will be unsustainable without learning and coordinating activities globally. In this Personal View, we provide examples of international collaborations to address optimal prescribing, focusing on five countries that have developed different approaches to antibiotic stewardship-the USA, South Africa, Colombia, Australia, and the UK. Although each country's approach differed, when nurtured, individual efforts can positively affect local and national antimicrobial stewardship programmes. Government advocacy, national guidelines, collaborative research, online training programmes, mentoring programmes, and social media in stewardship all played a role. Personal relationships and willingness to learn from each other's successes and failures continues to foster collaboration. We recommend that antibiotic stewardship models need to evolve from infection specialist-based teams to develop and use cadres of health-care professionals, including pharmacists, nurses, and community health workers, to meet the needs of the global population. We also recommend that all health-care providers who prescribe antibiotics take ownership and understand the societal burden of suboptimal antibiotic use, providing examples of how countries can learn, act globally, and share best antibiotic stewardship practices., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
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8. UN High-Level Meeting on antimicrobials--what do we need?

Author

Laxminarayan R, Amábile-Cuevas CF, Cars O, Evans T, Heymann DL, Hoffman S, Holmes A, Mendelson M, Sridhar D, Woolhouse M, and Røttingen JA

Subjects
Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Humans, Anti-Infective Agents administration & dosage, United Nations
Published
2016
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9. International cooperation to improve access to and sustain effectiveness of antimicrobials.

Author

Årdal C, Outterson K, Hoffman SJ, Ghafur A, Sharland M, Ranganathan N, Smith R, Zorzet A, Cohn J, Pittet D, Daulaire N, Morel C, Rizvi Z, Balasegaram M, Dar OA, Heymann DL, Holmes AH, Moore LS, Laxminarayan R, Mendelson M, and Røttingen JA

Subjects
Anti-Infective Agents supply & distribution, Health Policy, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Infection Control methods, Population Surveillance, Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Microbial, International Cooperation
Abstract

Securing access to effective antimicrobials is one of the greatest challenges today. Until now, efforts to address this issue have been isolated and uncoordinated, with little focus on sustainable and international solutions. Global collective action is necessary to improve access to life-saving antimicrobials, conserving them, and ensuring continued innovation. Access, conservation, and innovation are beneficial when achieved independently, but much more effective and sustainable if implemented in concert within and across countries. WHO alone will not be able to drive these actions. It will require a multisector response (including the health, agriculture, and veterinary sectors), global coordination, and financing mechanisms with sufficient mandates, authority, resources, and power. Fortunately, securing access to effective antimicrobials has finally gained a place on the global political agenda, and we call on policy makers to develop, endorse, and finance new global institutional arrangements that can ensure robust implementation and bold collective action., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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11. A global call for action to combat antimicrobial resistance: can we get it right this time?

Author

Mendelson M and Matsoso MP

Subjects
Global Health, Humans, Infections drug therapy, International Cooperation, South Africa, Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Health Planning, Program Development
Abstract

World Health Organization resolution WHA67.25 'Combating antimicrobial resistance including antibiotic resistance' urges member states 'to develop or strengthen national plans, strategies and international collaboration for the containment of antimicrobial resistance'. Such calls have been heard before. What is different this time, how do we break the mould to ensure that significant international change occurs, and how is South Africa positioning itself to respond to the call? This editorial looks at ways to approach the problem.

Published
2014
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12. White Paper: Bridging the gap between surveillance data and antimicrobial stewardship in the animal sector-practical guidance from the JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks

Author

Compri, Monica, Mader, Rodolphe, Mazzolini, Elena, de Angelis, Giulia, Mutters, Nico T, Babu Rajendran, Nithya, Galia, Liliana, Tacconelli, Evelina, Schrijver, Remco, Adegnika, Ayola Akim, Arieti, Fabiana, Rajendran, Nithya Babu, Bielicki, Julia, Borrmann, Steffen, Carrara, Elena, Cauda, Roberto, De Angelis, Giulia, Filippitzi, Maria-Eleni, Frost, Isabel, Giske, Christian, Göpel, Siri, Guardabassi, Luca, Heuvelink, Annet, Kahlmeter, Gunnar, Kanj, Souha S, Kostyanev, Tomislav, Leibovici, Leonard, Lucet, Jean-Christophe, López-Cerero, Lorena, Mazzaferri, Fulvia, Mendelson, Marc, Murri, Rita, Paul, Mical, Pezzani, Maria Diletta, Presterl, Elisabeth, Renk, Hanna, Song, Le Huu, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, Scudeller, Luigia, Sharland, Mike, Sibani, Marcella, Torumkuney, Didem, Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P, and Voss, Andreas

Subjects
Pharmacology, Microbiology (medical), 0303 health sciences, Infection Control, 030306 microbiology, 040301 veterinary sciences, ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Infectious Diseases, AcademicSubjects/MED00290, Anti-Infective Agents, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, Supplement Papers, Magnets, HEALTHMETRICS, Animals, AcademicSubjects/MED00740, Pharmacology (medical), ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE,ESCHERICHIA-COLI,HEALTHMETRICS, AcademicSubjects/MED00230
Abstract

BackgroundThe JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks have joined efforts to formulate a set of target actions to link the surveillance of antimicrobial usage (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) activities in four different settings. This White Paper focuses on the veterinary setting and embraces the One Health approach.MethodsA review of the literature was carried out addressing research questions in three areas: AMS leadership and accountability; AMU surveillance and AMS; and AMR surveillance and AMS. Consensus on target actions was reached through a RAND-modified Delphi process involving over 40 experts in infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, AMS, veterinary medicine and public health, from 18 countries.Results/discussionForty-six target actions were developed and qualified as essential or desirable. Essential actions included the setup of AMS teams in all veterinary settings, building government-supported AMS programmes and following specific requirements on the production, collection and communication of AMU and AMR data. Activities of AMS teams should be tailored to the local situation and capacities, and be linked to local or national surveillance systems and infection control programmes. Several research priorities were also identified, such as the need to develop more clinical breakpoints in veterinary medicine.ConclusionsThis White Paper offers a practical tool to veterinary practitioners and policy makers to improve AMS in the One Health approach, thanks to surveillance data generated in the veterinary setting. This work may also be useful to medical doctors wishing to better understand the specificities of the veterinary setting and facilitate cross-sectoral collaborations.

Published
2020

13. Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author

Van Katwyk, Susan Rogers, Grimshaw, Jeremy M., Mendelson, Marc, Taljaard, Monica, and Hoffman, Steven J.

Subjects
META-analysis, ANTI-infective agents
Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a recognized threat to global public health. Increasing AMR and a dry pipeline of novel antimicrobial drugs have put AMR in the international spotlight. One strategy to combat AMR is to reduce antimicrobial drug consumption. Governments around the world have been experimenting with different policy interventions, such as regulating where antimicrobials can be sold, restricting the use of last-resort antimicrobials, funding AMR stewardship programs, and launching public awareness campaigns. To inform future action, governments should have access to synthesized data on the effectiveness of large-scale AMR interventions. This planned systematic review will (1) identify and describe previously evaluated government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use and (2) estimate the effectiveness of these different strategies. Methods: An electronic search strategy has been developed in consultation with two research librarians. Seven databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PAIS Index, Web of Science, and PubMed excluding MEDLINE) will be searched, and additional studies will be identified using several gray literature search strategies. To be included, a study must (1) clearly describe the government policy and (2) use a rigorous design to quantitatively measure the impact of the policy on human antibiotic use. The intervention of interest is any policy intervention enacted by a government or government agency in any country to change human antimicrobial use. Two independent reviewers will screen for eligibility using criteria defined a priori. Data will be extracted with Covidence software using a customized extraction form. If sufficient data exists, a meta-analysis by intervention type will be conducted as part of the effectiveness review. However, if there are too few studies or if the interventions are too heterogeneous, data will be tabulated and a narrative synthesis strategy will be used. Discussion: This evidence synthesis is intended for use by policymakers, public health practitioners, and researchers to inform future government policies aiming to address antimicrobial resistance. This review will also identify gaps in the evidence about the effectiveness of different policy interventions to inform future research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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14. Maximising access to achieve appropriate human antimicrobial use in low-income and middle-income countries.

Author

Mendelson, Marc, Røttingen, John-Arne, Gopinathan, Unni, Hamer, Davidson H., Wertheim, Heiman, Basnyat, Buddha, Butler, Christopher, Tomson, Göran, and Balasegaram, Manica

Subjects
*HEALTH services accessibility, *ANTI-infective agents, *LOW-income countries, *MIDDLE-income countries, *EVIDENCE-based medicine, *ANTIBIOTICS, *DIAGNOSIS of bacterial diseases, *BACTERIAL diseases, *CLINICAL medicine, *DRUG resistance in microorganisms, *ECONOMICS, *GENERIC drugs, *IMMUNIZATION, *INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems, *MEDICAL databases, *MEDICAL care, *MEDICAL protocols, *PREVENTIVE health services, *QUALITY control, *RESEARCH funding, *PROFESSIONAL practice, *ROUTINE diagnostic tests, *INAPPROPRIATE prescribing (Medicine), DEVELOPING countries
Abstract

Access to quality-assured antimicrobials is regarded as part of the human right to health, yet universal access is often undermined in low-income and middle-income countries. Lack of access to the instruments necessary to make the correct diagnosis and prescribe antimicrobials appropriately, in addition to weak health systems, heightens the challenge faced by prescribers. Evidence-based interventions in community and health-care settings can increase access to appropriately prescribed antimicrobials. The key global enablers of sustainable financing, governance, and leadership will be necessary to achieve access while preventing excess antimicrobial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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16. Failure to Eradicate Isospora belli Diarrhoea Despite Immune Reconstitution in Adults with HIV - A Case Series.

Author

Boyles, Tom H., Black, John, Meintjes, Graeme, Mendelson, Marc, and Sluis-Cremer, Nicolas

Subjects
DIARRHEA, AIDS patients, ANTI-infective agents, PARASITES, CO-trimoxazole, MORTALITY
Abstract

Isospora belli causes diarrhoea in patients with AIDS. Most respond to targeted therapy and recommendations are that secondary prophylaxis can be stopped following immune reconstitution with ART. We report eight cases of chronic isosporiasis that persisted despite standard antimicrobial therapy, secondary prophylaxis, and good immunological and virological response to ART. Median CD4 nadir was 175.5 cells/mm³ and median highest CD4 while symptomatic was 373 cells/mm³. Overall 34% of stool samples and 63% of duodenal biopsy specimens were positive for oocytes. Four patients died, two remain symptomatic and two recovered. Possible explanations for persistence of symptoms include host factors such as antigen specific immune deficiency or generalised reduction in gut immunity. Parasite factors may include accumulating resistance to co-trimoxazole. Research is required to determine the optimum dose and duration of cotrimoxazole therapy and whether dual therapy may be necessary. Mortality was high and pending more data we recommend extended treatment with high-dose co-trimoxazole in similar cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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18. A Global Declaration on Appropriate Use of Antimicrobial Agents across the Surgical Pathway

Author

Sartelli, M., Kluger, Y., Ansaloni, L., Carlet, J., Brink, A., Hardcastle, T. C., Khanna, A., Chicom-Mefire, A., Rodríguez-Baño, J., Nathwani, D., Mendelson, M., Watkins, R. R., Pulcini, C., Beović, B., May, A. K., Itani, K. M. F., Mazuski, J. E., Fry, D. E., Coccolini, F., Rasxa, K., Montravers, P., Eckmann, C., Abbo, L. M., Abubakar, S., Abu-Zidan, F. M., Adesunkanmi, A. K., Al-Hasan, M. N., Althani, A. A., Ticas, J. E. A., Ansari, S., Ansumana, R., Da Silva, A. R. A. , Augustin, G. , Bala, M. , Balogh, Z. J. , Baraket, O. , Bassetti, M. , Bellanova, G. , Beltran, M. A. , Ben-Ishay, O. , Boermeester, M. A. , Brecher, S. M. , Bueno, J. , Cainzos, M. A. , Cairns, K. , Camacho-Ortiz, A. , Ceresoli, M. , Chandy, S. J. , Cherry-Bukowiec, J. R. , Cirocchi, R. , Colak, E. , Corcione, A. , Cornely, O. A. , Cortese, F. , Cui, Y. , Curcio, D. , Damaskos, D. , Dasx, K. , Delibegovic, S. , Demetrashvili, Z. be, De Simone, B. bf, De Souza, H. P. bg, De Waele, J. bh, Dhingra, S. bi, Diaz, J. J. bj, Di Carlo, I. bk, Di Marzo, F. bl, DI TOMASO, SAVERIO, S. , Dogjani, A. , Dorj, G. , Dortet, L. , Duane, T. M. , Dupont, H. , Egiev, V. N. , Eid, H. O. , Elmangory, El-Sayed Marei, H. , Enani, M. A. , Escandón-Vargas, K. , Faro, M. P. , J.r., Ferrada, P., Foghetti, D., Foianini, E., Fraga, G. P., Frattima, S., Gandhi, C., Gattuso, G., Giamarellou, E., Ghnnam, W., Gkiokas, G., Girardis, M., Goff, D. A., Gomes, C. A., Gomi, H., Gronerth, R. I. G., Guirao, X., Guzman-Blanco, M., Haque, M., Hecker, A., Hell, M., Herzog, T., Hicks, L., Kafka-Ritsch, R., Kao, L. S., Kanj, S. S., Kaplan, L. J., Kapoor, G., Karamarkovic, A., Kashuk, J., Kenig, J., Khamis, F., Khokha, V., Kiguba, R., Kirkpatrick, A. W., Kørner, H., Koike, K., Kok, K. Y. Y., Kon, K., Kong, V., Inaba, K., Ioannidis, O., Isik, A., Iskandar, K., Labbate, M., Labricciosa, F. M., Lagrou, K., Lagunes, L., Latifi, R., Lasithiotakis, K., Laxminarayan, R., Lee, J. G., Leone, M., Leppäniemi, A., Li, Y., Liang, S. Y., Liau, K. -.H., Litvin, A., Loho, T., Lowman, W., Machain, G. Mf, Maier, R. V., Manzano-Nunez, R., Marinis, A., Marmorale, C., Martin-Loeches, I., Marwah, S., Maseda, E., McFarlane, M., BEZERRA DE MELO PEREIRA NUNES, CINTIA, R. , Melotti, R. , Memish, Z. , Mertz, D. , Mesina, C. , Menichetti, F. , Mishra, S. K. , Montori, G. , Moore, E. E. , Moore, F. A. , Naidoo, NAPOLITANO, NELLO, L. , Negoi, I. , Nicolau, D. P. , Nikolopoulos, I. , Nord, C. E. , Ofori-Asenso, R. , Olaoye, I. , Omari, A. H. , Ordoñez, C. A. , Ouadii, M. , Ouedraogo, A. , Pagani, L. , Paiva, J. A. , Parreira, J. G. , Pata, F. fm, Pereira, J., Pereira, N. R., Petrosillo, N., Picetti, E., Pintar, T., Ponce-De-Leon, A., Popovski, Z., Poulakou, G., Preller, J., Guerrero, A. P., Pupelis, G., Quiodettis, M., Rawson, T. M., Reichert, M., Reinhart, K., Rems, M., Rello, J., Rizoli, S., ROBERTS, HENRI JOHAN EDUARD, Rubio-Perez, I., Ruppé, E., Sakakushev, B., Sall, I., Kafil, H. S. j, Sanders, J., Sato, N., Sawyer, R. 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R. , Mergulhão, P. , Catena, Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Internal Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Service d'anesthésie - réanimation chirurgicale, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Klinik I für Innere Medizin und Zentrum für Klinische Studien (ZKS) 01KN0706, Universitätsklinikum Köln (Uniklinik Köln), AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), CHU Amiens-Picardie, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität = Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hartford Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), Instituto Nacional de matematica pura e aplicada, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, ATTIKON University General Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Critical Care Department, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Departmet of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrologic Diseases, Section of Infectious Diseases, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UNIBO), Infectious Diseases, University of Genoa (UNIGE), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph (hpsj), Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Sartelli, Massimo, Kluger, Yoram, Ansaloni, Luca, Carlet, Jean, Dorj, Gereltuya, Catena, Fausto, [Sartelli, Massimo] Macerata Hosp, Dept Surg, Macerata, Italy, [Scibe, Rodolfo] Macerata Hosp, Dept Surg, Macerata, Italy, [Kluger, Yoram] Rambam Hlth Care Campus, Dept Gen Surg, Div Surg, Haifa, Israel, [Ben-Ishay, Ofir] Rambam Hlth Care Campus, Dept Gen Surg, Div Surg, Haifa, Israel, [Ansaloni, Luca] Papa Giovanni XXIII Hosp, Gen Surg Dept, Bergamo, Italy, [Coccolini, Federico] Papa Giovanni XXIII Hosp, Gen Surg Dept, Bergamo, Italy, [Ceresoli, Marco] Papa Giovanni XXIII Hosp, Gen Surg Dept, Bergamo, Italy, [Montori, Giulia] Papa Giovanni XXIII Hosp, Gen Surg Dept, Bergamo, Italy, [Carlet, Jean] World Alliance Antibiot Resistance, Paris, France, [Brink, Adrian] Milpark Hosp, Ampath Natl Lab Serv, Dept Clin Microbiol, Johannesburg, South Africa, [Brink, Adrian] Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis & HIV Med, Cape Town, South Africa, [Hardcastle, Timothy C.] Inkosi Albert Luthuli Cent Hosp, Trauma Serv, Durban, South Africa, [Hardcastle, Timothy C.] Nelson R Mandela Sch Clin Med, Dept Surg, Durban, South Africa, [Khanna, Ashish] Ctr Crit Care, Anaesthesiol Inst, Cleveland, OH USA, [Khanna, Ashish] Cleveland Clin, Dept Outcomes Res, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA, [Chicom-Mefire, Alain] Univ Buea, Dept Surg & Obstet Gynaecol, Buea, Cameroon, [Foianini, Esteban] Univ Buea, Dept Surg & Obstet Gynaecol, Buea, Cameroon, [Rodriguez-Bano, Jesus] Hosp Univ Virgen Macarena & Virge del Rocio IbiS, Unidad Clin Interctr Enfermedades Infecciosas Mic, Seville, Spain, [Rodriguez-Bano, Jesus] Univ Seville, Dept Med, Seville, Spain, [Nathwani, Dilip] Ninewells Hosp & Med Sch, Dundee, Scotland, [Mendelson, Marc] Univ Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hosp, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis & HIV Med, Cape Town, South Africa, [Watkins, Richard R.] Cleveland Clin Akron Gen, Div Infect Dis, Akron, OH USA, [Watkins, Richard R.] Northeast Ohio Med Univ, Rootstown, OH USA, [Pulcini, Celine] Lorraine Univ, EA APEMAC 4360, Nancy, France, [Pulcini, Celine] Nancy Univ Hosp, Infect Dis Dept, Nancy, France, [Beovic, Bojana] Univ Med Ctr Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, [Beovic, Bojana] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Med, Ljubljana, Slovenia, [May, Addison K.] Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Div Trauma & Surg Crit Care, Nashville, TN USA, [Itani, Kamal M. F.] Boston Univ, Dept Surg, VA Boston Hlth Care Syst, Boston, MA 02215 USA, [Itani, Kamal M. F.] Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA USA, [Mazuski, John E.] Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, St Louis, MO 63110 USA, [Fry, Donald E.] Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Surg, Chicago, IL 60611 USA, [Fry, Donald E.] Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA, [Rasa, Kemal] Anadolu Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Kocaali, Turkey, [Montravers, Philippe] Bichat Claude Bernard Univ Hosp, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Cite Univ, Anesthesiol & Crit Care Med, HUPNSV, Paris, France, [Eckmann, Christian] Hannover Med Sch, Acad Hosp, Dept Gen Visceral & Thorac Surg, Peine, Germany, [Abbo, Lilian M.] Univ Miami, Miller Sch Med, Jackson Hlth Syst, Div Infect Dis, Miami, FL 33136 USA, [Abbo, Lilian M.] Bayero Univ, Dept Nursing Sci, Kano, Nigeria, [Abubakar, Salisu] UAE Univ, Coll Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates, [Abu-Zidan, Fikri M.] Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Ife, Nigeria, [Al-Hasan, Majdi N.] Univ South Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Columbia, SC USA, [Althani, Asma A.] Qatar Univ, Biomed Res Ctr, Doha, Qatar, [Marei, Hany El-Sayed] Qatar Univ, Biomed Res Ctr, Doha, Qatar, [Ticas, Jorge Eduardo Alvarenga] Hosp Nacl Ros, Emergency Unit, San Salvador, El Salvador, [Ansari, Shamshul] Oita Univ, Dept Environm & Prevent Med, Fac Med, Oita, Japan, [Ansari, Shamshul] Chitwan Med Coll, Dept Microbiol, Bharatpur, Nepal, [Ansumana, Rashid] Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Ctr Neglected Trop Dis, Bo, Sierra Leone, [Ansumana, Rashid] Njala Univ, Mercy Hosp, Res Lab, Bo, Sierra Leone, [Araujo da Silva, Andre Ricardo] Prontobaby Hosp Crianca, Infect Control Comm, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, [Augustin, Goran] Univ Hosp Ctr, Dept Surg, Zagreb, Croatia, [Bala, Miklosh] Hadassah Hebrew Univ Med Ctr, Trauma & Acute Care Surg Unit, Jerusalem, Israel, [Balogh, Zsolt J.] John Hunter Hosp, Dept Traumatol, Newcastle, NSW, Australia, [Balogh, Zsolt J.] Univ Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia, [Baraket, Oussema] Bizerte Hosp, Dept Surg, Bizerte, Tunisia, [Bassett, Matteo] Santa Maria Misericordia Univ Hosp, Infect Dis Div, Udine, Italy, [Bellanova, Giovanni] SS Annunziata Hosp, Dept Surg, Taranto, Italy, [Beltran, Marcelo A.] Hosp San Juan Dios, Dept Gen Surg, La Serena, Chile, [Biffl, Walter L.] Queens Med Ctr, Acute Care Surg, Honolulu, HI USA, [Boermeester, Marja A.] Acad Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Amsterdam, Netherlands, [Brecher, Stephen M.] Boston Univ, Sch Med, VA Boston HealthCare Syst, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA, [Brecher, Stephen M.] Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA, [Bueno, Juan] Fdn Ctr Invest Bioprospecc & Biotecnol Biodivers, Barranquilla, Colombia, [Cainzos, Miguel A.] Hosp Clin Univ, Dept Surg, Santiago De Compostela, Spain, [Cairns, Kelly] Alfred Hlth, Pharm Dept, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, [Camacho-Ortiz, Adrian] Hosp Univ Dr Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Hosp Epidemiol & Infect Dis, Monterrey, Mexico, [Chandy, Sujith J.] Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Pharmacol & Clin Pharmacol, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, [Cherry-Bukowiec, Jill R.] Univ Michigan, Dept Surg, Div Acute Care Surg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, [Cirocchi, Roberto] Univ Perugia, Dept Gen & Oncol Surg, Terni, Italy, [Colak, Elif] Hlth Sci Univ, Samsun Training & Res Hosp, Dept Gen Surg, Samsun, Turkey, [Corcione, Antonio] AORN Colli Vincenzo Monaldi Hosp, Anesthesia & Intens Care Unit, Naples, Italy, [Cornely, Oliver A.] Univ Cologne, German Ctr Infect Res DZIF, Dept Internal Med 1, Cologne Excellence Cluster Cellular Stress Respon, Cologne, Germany, [Cortese, Francesco] San Filippo Neris Hosp, Emergency Surg Unit, Rome, Italy, [Cui, Yunfeng] Tianjin Med Univ, Tianjin Nankai Hosp, Dept Surg, Nankai Clin Sch Med, Tianjin, Peoples R China, [Curcio, Daniel] Buenos Aires Univ, Infectol Inst SRL, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina, [Damaskos, Dimitris] Royal Infirm Edinburgh NHS Trust, Dept Surg, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, [Das, Koray] Ankara Numune Training & Res Hosp, Dept Surg, Adana, Turkey, [Delibegovic, Samir] Univ Clin Ctr Tuzla, Dept Surg, Tuzla, Bosnia & Herceg, [Deme-Trashvili, Zaza] Kipshidze Cent Univ Hosp, Dept Gen Surg, Tbilisi, Georgia, [De Simone, Belinda] Cannes Hosp, Dept Digest Surg, Cannes, France, [de Souza, Hamilton Petry] Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, [De Waele, Jan] Ghent Univ Hosp, Dept Crit Care Med, Ghent, Belgium, [Dhingra, Sameer] Univ West Indies, Eric Williams Med Sci Complex, Sch Pharm, Fac Med Sci, Uriah Butler Highway, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad Tobago, [Diaz, Jose J.] Univ Maryland, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Ctr, Div Acute Care Surg, Program Trauma, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA, [Di Carlo, Isidoro] Univ Catania, Cannizzaro Hosp, Dept Surg Sci, Catania, Italy, [Di Marzo, Francesco] Versilia Hosp, Gen Surg, Usl Nordovest, Tuscany, Italy, [Di Saverio, Salomone] Maggiore Hosp, Dept Surg, Bologna, Italy, [Dogjani, Agron] Univ Hosp Trauma, Dept Surg, Tirana, Albania, [Dorj, Gereltuya] Mongolian Natl Univ Med Sci, Sch Pharm, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, [Dortet, Laurent] Paris Sud Univ, Bicetre Hosp, Dept Microbiol, La Kremlin Bicetre, France, [Duane, Therese M.] John Peter Smith Hlth Network, Dept Surg, Ft Worth, TX USA, [Dupont, Herve] Univ Picardie Jules Verne, CHU Amiens Picardie, Dept Anesthesie Reanimat, Amiens, France, [Dupont, Herve] Univ Picardie Jules Verne, INSERM, U1088, Amiens, France, [Egiev, Valery N.] Pirogov Russian Natl Res Med Univ, Dept Surg, Moscow, Russia, [Eid, Hani O.] Al Ain Hosp, Mediclin Middle East, Dept Emergency Med, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates, [Elmangory, Mutasim] Fed Minist Hlth, Sudan Natl Publ Hlth Lab, Khartoum, Sudan, [Enani, Mushira Abdulaziz] King Fahad Med City, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, [Escandon-Vargas, Kevin] Univ Valle, Escuela Med, Fac Salud, Cali, Colombia, [Faro Junior, Mario P.] ABC Med Sch, Dept Gen Surg Trauma, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil, [Faro Junior, Mario P.] ABC Med Sch, Emergency Surg Div, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil, [Ferrada, Paula] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Surg, Richmond, VA USA, [Foghetti, Domitilla] Pesaro Hosp, Dept Surg, Pesaro, Italy, Clin Foianini, Dept Surg, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, [Fraga, Gustavo P.] Univ Campinas Unicamp, Sch Med Sci, Dept Surg, Div Trauma Surg, Campinas, SP, Brazil, [Frattima, Sabrina] Ist Clin San Rocco Franciacorta, Brescia, Italy, [Gandhi, Chinmay] Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed Univ Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Surg, Sangli, Maharashtra, India, [Gattuso, Gianni] C Poma Hosp, Infect Dis Dept, Mantua, Italy, [Giamarellou, Eleni] Hygeia Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med 6, Athens, Greece, [Ghnnam, Wagih] Mansoura Univ, Mansoura Fac Med, Dept Gen Surg, Mansoura, Egypt, [Gkiokas, George] Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Aretaieion Univ Hosp, Dept Surg 2, Athens, Greece, [Girardis, Massimo] Modena Univ Hosp, Intens Care Unit, Modena, Italy, [Goff, Debbie A.] Ohio State Univ, Wexner Med Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA, [Gomes, Carlos Augusto] Hosp Univ Terezinha Jesus, Dept Surg, Fac Ciencias Med & Saude Juiz de Fora, Juiz De Fora, Brazil, [Gomi, Harumi] Univ Tsukuba, Mito Kyodo Gen Hosp, Ctr Global Hlth, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan, [Guerra Gronerth, Rosio Isabel] Peruvian Navy Med Ctr, Lima, Peru, [Guirao, Xavier] Parc Tauli Univ Hosp, Dept Gen Surg, Unit Endocrine Head & Neck Surg, Sabadell, Spain, [Guirao, Xavier] Parc Tauli Univ Hosp, Dept Gen Surg, Unit Surg Infect Support, Sabadell, Spain, [Guzman-Blanco, Manuel] Hosp Privado Ctr Med Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela, [Guzman-Blanco, Manuel] Hosp Vargas Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela, [Haque, Mainul] Univ Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Natl Def Univ Malaysia, Unit Pharmacol, Fac Med & Def Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, [Reichert, Martin] Univ Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Natl Def Univ Malaysia, Unit Pharmacol, Fac Med & Def Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, [Hecker, Andreas] Univ Hosp Giessen, Dept Gen & Thorac Surg, Giessen, Germany, [Hell, Markus] Paracelsus Med Univ, Acad Teaching Lab, Clin Microbiol & Infect Control, MEDILAB Dr Mustafa Dr Richter OG, Salzburg, Austria, [Herzog, Torsten] Ruhr Univ Bochum, St Josef Hosp, Dept Surg, Bochum, Germany, [Hicks, Lauri] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA, [Kafka-Ritsch, Reinhold] Innsbruck Med Univ, Dept Visceral Transplant & Thorac Surg, Innsbruck, Austria, [Kao, Lillian S.] Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston, Dept Surg, Houston, TX 77030 USA, [Kanj, Souha S.] Amer Univ Beirut, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, Beirut, Lebanon, [Kaplan, Lewis J.] Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, Philadelphia VA Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, [Kapoor, Garima] Gandhi Med Coll, Dept Microbiol, Bhopal, India, [Karamarkovic, Aleksandar] Univ Belgrade, Clin Emergency Surg, Med Fac, Belgrade, Serbia, [Kashuk, Jeffry] Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Surg, Assia Med Grp, Sackler Sch Med, Tel Aviv, Israel, [Kenig, Jakub] Jagiellonian Univ, Med Coll, Dept Gen Surg 3, Krakow, Poland, [Khamis, Faryal] Royal Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Muscat, Oman, [Khokha, Vladimir] City Hosp, Dept Emergency Surg, Mozyr, BELARUS, [Kiguba, Ronald] Makerere Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Coll Hlth Sci, Kampala, Uganda, [Kirkpatrick, Andrew W.] Foothills Med Ctr, Gen Acute Care Abdominal Wall Reconstruct & Traum, Calgary, AB, Canada, [Korner, Hartwig] Stavanger Univ Hosp, Dept Gastrointestinal Surg, Stavanger, Norway, [Koike, Kaoru] Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Primary Care & Emergency Med, Kyoto, Japan, [Kok, Kenneth Y. Y.] Brunei Canc Ctr, Dept Surg, Jerudong Pk, Jerudong, Brunei, [Kon, Kateryna] Kharkiv Natl Med Univ, Dept Microbiol Virol & Immunol, Kharkov, Ukraine, [Kong, Victor] Edendale Hosp, Dept Surg, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, [Inaba, Kenji] Univ Southern Calif, Los Angeles Cty & Univ So Cali fornia Med Ctr, Div Acute Care Surg & Surg Crit Care, Dept Surg, Los Angeles, CA USA, [Ioannidis, Orestis] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Gen Hosp G Papanikolaou, Surg Dept 4, Med Sch, Thessaloniki, Greece, [Isik, Arda] Erzincan Univ, Dept Gen Surg, Fac Med, Erzincan, Turkey, [Iskandar, Katia] Lebanese Int Univ, Dept Pharm, Beirut, Lebanon, [Labbate, Maurizio] Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Life Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia, [Labbate, Maurizio] Univ Technol Sydney, Inst I3, Sydney, NSW, Australia, [Labricciosa, Francesco M.] UNIVPM, Dept Biomed Sci & Publ Hlth, Unit Hyg Prevent Med & Publ Hlth, Ancona, Italy, [Lagrou, Katrien] Univ Hosp Leuven, Clin Dept Lab Med, Leuven, Belgium, [Lagrou, Katrien] Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Leuven, Belgium, [Lagunes, Leonel] Hosp Cent Dr Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, [Latifi, Rifat] Univ Arizona, Dept Surg, Div Trauma, Tucson, AZ USA, [Lasithiotakis, Kostas] York Teaching Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, Dept Surg, York, N Yorkshire, England, [Laxminarayan, Ramanan] Ctr Dis Dynam Econ & Policy, Washington, DC USA, [Lee, Jae Gil] Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Dept Surg, Seoul, South Korea, [Leone, Marc] Aix Marseille Univ, Hop Nord, AP HM, Dept Anaesthesiol & Crit Care, Marseille, France, [Leppaniemi, Ari] Univ Hosp Meilahti, Abdominal Ctr, Helsinki, Finland, [Li, Yousheng] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Med, Shanghai Peoples Hosp 9, Dept Surg, Shanghai, Peoples R China, [Liang, Stephen Y.] Washington Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Div Emergency Med, St Louis, MO USA, [Liau, Kui-Hin] Natl Univ Singapore, Mt Elizabeth Novena Hosp, Singapore & Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Dept Surg,Liau KH Consulting, Singapore, Singapore, [Litvin, Andrey] Immanuel Kant Balt Fed Univ, Surg Disciplines, Reg Clin Hosp, Kaliningrad, Russia, [Loho, Tonny] Univ Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Gen Hosp, Dept Clin Pathol, Div Infect Dis,Fac Med, Jakarta, Indonesia, [Lowman, Warren] Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Pathol, Vermaak Partners Pathcare Pathologists, Clin Microbiol & Infect Dis,Fac Hlth Sci, Johannesburg, South Africa, [Lowman, Warren] Wits Donald Gordon Med Ctr, Johannesburg, South Africa, [Machain, Gustavo M.] Univ Nacl Asuncion, Dept Surg, Asuncion, Paraguay, [Segovia Lohse, Helmut] Univ Nacl Asuncion, Dept Surg, Asuncion, Paraguay, [Maier, Ronald V.] Univ Washington, Dept Surg, Seattle, WA 98195 USA, [Manzano-Nunez, Ramiro] Fdn Valle Lili, Clin Res Ctr, Cali, Colombia, [Marinis, Athanasios] Tzane Gen Hosp, Dept Surg 1, Piraeus, Greece, [Marmorale, Cristina] Univ Politecn Marche, Dept Surg, Ancona, Italy, [Martin-Loeches, Ignacio] St James Univ Hosp, Trin Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Clin Med, Wellcome Trust HRB Clin Res,MICRO, Dublin, Ireland, [Marwah, Sanjay] Postgrad Inst Med Sci, Dept Surg, Rohtak, Haryana, India, [Maseda, Emilio] Hosp Univ La Paz Madrid, Serv Anestesia & Reanimac, Madrid, Spain, [McFarlane, Michael] Univ Hosp West Indies, Dept Surg Radiol, Kingston, Jamaica, [de Melo, Renato Bessa] Ctr Hosp Sao Joao, Gen Surg Dept, Porto, Portugal, [Melotti, Maria Rita] Alma Mater Studiorum Univ Bologna, Dept Med & Surg Sci, Anesthesiol & Intens Care, Bologna, Italy, [Memish, Ziad] Minist Hlth, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hosp, Dept Med, Infect Dis Div, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, [Mertz, Dominik] McMaster Univ, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada, [Mertz, Dominik] McMaster Univ, Dept Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Dept Pathol & Mol Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada, [Mesina, Cristian] Emergency Hosp Craiova, Surg Clin 2, Craiova, Romania, [Menichetti, Francesco] Univ Hosp Pisa, Infect Dis Unit, Pisa, Italy, [Mishra, Shyam Kumar] Tribhuvan Univ, Teaching Hosp, Inst Med, Dept Microbiol, Kathmandu, Nepal, [Moore, Ernest E.] Univ Colorado, Denver Hlth Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Denver, CO 80202 USA, [Moore, Frederick A.] Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Surg, Div Acute Care Surg, Gainesville, FL USA, [Moore, Frederick A.] Univ Florida, Coll Med, Ctr Sepsis & Crit Illness Res, Gainesville, FL USA, [Naidoo, Noel] Univ KwaZulu Natal, Dept Surg, Durban, South Africa, [Napolitano, Lena] Univ Michigan, Dept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, [Negoi, Ionut] Emergency Hosp Bucharest, Dept Surg, Bucharest, Romania, [Nicolau, David P.] Ctr Anti Infect Res & Dev, Hartford, CT USA, [Nikolopoulos, Ioannis] Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, Dept Gen Surg, London, England, [Nord, Carl Erik] Karolinska Univ, Huddinge Hosp, Dept Lab Med, Div Clin Microbiol, Stockholm, Sweden, [Ofori-Asenso, Richard] Hlth Policy Consult, Res Unit, Weija, Accra, Ghana, [Olaoye, Iyiade] Univ Ilorin, Teaching Hosp, Dept Surg, Ilorin, Nigeria, [Omari, Abdelkarim H.] King Abdullah Univ Hosp, Dept Surg, Irbid, Jordan, [Ordonez, Carlos A.] Univ Valle, Fdn Valle Lili, Dept Surg & Crit Care, Cali, Colombia, [Ouadii, Mouaqit] Sidi Mohamed Benabdellah Univ, Hassan Univ Hosp 2, Dept Surg, Med Sch Fez, Fes, Morocco, [Ouedraogo, Abdoul-Salam] CHU Souro Sanou, Bacteriol & Virol Dept, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, [Pagani, Leonardo] Bolzano Cent Hosp, Infect Dis Unit, Bolzano, Italy, [Paiva, Jose Artur] Univ Porto, Ctr Hosp Sao Joao, Intens Care Med Dept, Porto, Portugal, [Mergulhao, Paulo] Univ Porto, Ctr Hosp Sao Joao, Intens Care Med Dept, Porto, Portugal, [Parreira, Jose Gustavo] Santa Casa Sao Paulo Sch Med Sci, Dept Surg, Sao Paulo, Brazil, [Pata, Francesco] St Antonio Abate Hosp, Dept Surg, Gallarate, Italy, [Pereira, Jorge] Ctr Hosp Tondela Viseu, Surg Unit 1, Viseu, Portugal, [Pereira, Nuno R.] Sao Joao Hosp Ctr, Ctr Hosp Epidemiol, Unit Prevent & Infect Control, Porto, Portugal, [Petrosillo, Nicola] INMI Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Natl Inst Infect Dis, Rome, Italy, [Picetti, Edoardo] Univ Parma, Azienda Osped, Dept Anesthesia & Intens Care, Parma, Italy, [Pintar, Tadeja] UMC Ljubljana, Dept Surg, Ljubljana, Slovenia, [Ponce-de-Leon, Alfredo] Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr Salvador Zubiran, Dept Infect Dis, Lab Clin Microbiol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico, [Popovski, Zagorka] Hamilton Hlth Sci, Hamilton, ON, Canada, [Popovski, Zagorka] London Hlth Sci, London, ON, Canada, [Poulakou, Garyphallia] Attikon Univ Gen Hosp, Med Sch, Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Dept Internal Med 4, Athens, Greece, [Poulakou, Garyphallia] Attikon Univ Gen Hosp, Med Sch, Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Infect Dis Unit, Athens, Greece, [Preller, Jacobus] Univ Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, John Farman Intens Care Unit, Cambridge, England, [Guerrero, Adrian Puello] Univ Autonoma Santo Domingo, Inst Nacl Canc Rosa Tavares INCART, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep, [Pupelis, Guntars] Riga East Univ Hosp Gailezers, Dept Gen & Emergency Surg, Riga, Latvia, [Quiodettis, Martha] Hosp Santo Tomas, Dept Trauma, Panama City, Panama, [Rawson, Timothy M.] Natl Inst Hlth Res, Imperial Coll London, Hlth Protect Res Unit Healthcare Associated Infec, Hammersmith Campus, London, England, [Reinhart, Konrad] Jena Univ Hosp, Dept Anesthesiol & Intens Care Med, Jena, Thuringen, Germany, [Rems, Miran] Jesenice Gen Hosp, Dept Gen Surg, Jesenice, Slovenia, [Rello, Jordi] VHIR, Dept Clin Res & Innovat Pneumonia & Sepsis, Barcelona, Spain, [Rizoli, Sandro] Univ Toronto, St Michaels Hosp, Trauma & Acute Care Serv, Toronto, ON, Canada, [Roberts, Jason] Univ Queensland, Fac Med, Brisbane, Qld, Australia, [Rubio-Perez, Ines] La Paz Univ Hosp, Gen Surg Dept, Colorectal Surg Unit, Madrid, Spain, [Ruppc, Etienne] Bichat Claude Bernard Univ Hosp, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Univ, Serv Bacteriol, HUPNSV, Paris, France, [Sakakushev, Boris] Univ Hosp St George, Med Univ, Gen Surg Dept, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, [Sall, Ibrahima] Mil Teaching Hosp, Gen Surg Dept, Dakar, Senegal, [Kafil, Hossein Samadi] Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Drug Appl Res Ctr, Tabriz, Iran, [Sanders, James] JPS Hlth Network, Ft Worth, TX USA, [Sato, Norio] Ehime Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Aeromed Serv Emergency & Trauma Care, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan, [Sawyer, Robert G.] Western Michigan Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA, [Scalea, Thomas] Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Trauma Surg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA, [Scudeller, Luigia] IRCCS Policlin San Matteo Fdn, Clin Epidemiol Unit, Pavia, Italy, [Sganga, Gabriele] Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Policlin A Gemelli, Dept Surg, Rome, Italy, [Shafiq, Nusrat] Postgrad Inst Med Educ & Res, Dept Pharmacol, Chandigarh, India, [Shah, Jay N.] Patan Acad Hlth Sci, Dept Surg Patan Hosp, Kathmandu, Nepal, [Spigaglia, Patrizia] Ist Super Sanita, Dept Infect Dis, Rome, Italy, [Suroowan, Shanoo] Univ Mauritius, Dept Hlth Sci, Fac Sci, Reduit, Mauritius, [Tsioutis, Constantinos] European Univ Cyprus, Sch Med, Nicosia, Cyprus, [Sifri, Costi D.] Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Off Hosp Epidemiol Infect Prevent & Control, Charlottesville, VA USA, [Siribumrungwong, Boonying] Thammasat Univ Hosp, Thammasat Univ, Dept Surg, Fac Med, Pathum Thani, Thailand, [Sugrue, Michael] Letterkenny Hosp, Gen Surg Dept, Letterkenny, Ireland, [Talving, Peep] North Estonia Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Tallinn, Estonia, [Tan, Boun Kim] Ctr Hosp St Joseph St Luc, Intens Care Unit, Lyon, France, [Tarasconi, Antonio] Parma Maggiore Hosp, Dept Emergency Surg, Parma, Italy, [Catena, Fausto] Parma Maggiore Hosp, Dept Emergency Surg, Parma, Italy, [Tascini, Carlo] Cotugno Hosp, Azienda Osped Colli, Div Infect Dis 1, Naples, Italy, [Tilsed, Jonathan] Hull & East Yorkshire Hosp NHS Trust, Surg Hlth Care Grp, Kingston Upon Hull, N Humberside, England, [Timsit, Jean-Francois] Hop Xavier Bichat, PHP Med & Infect Dis ICU, Paris, France, [Tumbarello, Mario] Catholic Univ, Inst Infect Dis, Rome, Italy, [Ngo Tat Trung] Tran Hung Dao Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Hanoi, Vietnam, [Ulrych, Jan] Charles Univ Prague, Fac Med 1, Dept Surg 1, Prague, Czech Republic, [Ulrych, Jan] Gen Univ Hosp Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, [Uranues, Selman] Med Univ Graz, Dept Surg, Graz, Austria, [Velmahos, George] Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Trauma Emergency Surg & Surg Crit Care, Boston, MA 02114 USA, [Vereczkei, Andras G.] Med Sch Univ Pecs, Dept Surg, Pecs, Hungary, [Viale, Pierluigi] Alma Mater Studiorum Univ Bologna, Dept Med & Surg Sci, Infect Dis Unit, Bologna, Italy, [Vila Estape, Jordi] Univ Barcelona, ISGlobal Hosp Clin, Inst Salud Global, Barcelona, Spain, [Viscoli, Claudio] Univ Genoa DISSAL, Osped Policlin San Martino IRCCS Oncol, Infect Dis Unit, Genoa, Italy, [Wagenlehner, Florian] Univ Giessen, Dept Urol Pediat Urol & Androl, Med Fac Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany, [Wright, Brian J.] SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med & Neurosurg, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA, [Xiao, Yonghong] Zhejiang Univ, Affilliated Hosp 1, State Key Lab Diag & Treatment Infect Dis, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China, [Yuan, Kuo-Ching] Chang Gung Mem Hosp, Trauma & Emergency Surg Dept, Taoyuan, Taiwan, [Zachariah, Sanoop K.] MOSC Med Coll Kolenchery, Dept Surg, Cochin, Kerala, India, [Zahar, Jean Ralph] Angers Univ, CHU Angers, Infect Control Unit, Angers, France, COMBE, Isabelle, Sartelli, M, Kluger, Y, Ansaloni, L, Carlet, J, Brink, A, Hardcastle, T, Khanna, A, Chicom-Mefire, A, Rodriguez-Bano, J, Nathwani, D, Mendelson, M, Watkins, R, Pulcini, C, Beovic, B, May, A, Itani, K, Mazuski, J, Fry, D, Coccolini, F, Rasxa, K, Montravers, P, Eckmann, C, Abbo, L, Abubakar, S, Abu-Zidan, F, Adesunkanmi, A, Al-Hasan, M, Althani, A, Ticas, J, Ansari, S, Ansumana, R, Da Silva, A, Augustin, G, Bala, M, Balogh, Z, Baraket, O, Bassetti, M, Bellanova, G, Beltran, M, Ben-Ishay, O, Biffl, W, Boermeester, M, Brecher, S, Bueno, J, Cainzos, M, Cairns, K, Camacho-Ortiz, A, Ceresoli, M, Chandy, S, Cherry-Bukowiec, J, Cirocchi, R, Colak, E, Corcione, A, Cornely, O, Cortese, F, Cui, Y, Curcio, D, Damaskos, D, Dasx, K, Delibegovic, S, Demetrashvili, Z, De Simone, B, De Souza, H, De Waele, J, Dhingra, S, Diaz, J, Di Carlo, I, Di Marzo, F, Di Saverio, S, Dogjani, A, Dorj, G, Dortet, L, Duane, T, Dupont, H, Egiev, V, Eid, H, Elmangory, M, El-Sayed Marei, H, Enani, M, Escandon-Vargas, K, Faro, M, Ferrada, P, Foghetti, D, Foianini, E, Fraga, G, Frattima, S, Gandhi, C, Gattuso, G, Giamarellou, E, Ghnnam, W, Gkiokas, G, Girardis, M, Goff, D, Gomes, C, Gomi, H, Gronerth, R, Guirao, X, Guzman-Blanco, M, Haque, M, Hecker, A, Hell, M, Herzog, T, Hicks, L, Kafka-Ritsch, R, Kao, L, Kanj, S, Kaplan, L, Kapoor, G, Karamarkovic, A, Kashuk, J, Kenig, J, Khamis, F, Khokha, V, Kiguba, R, Kirkpatrick, A, Korner, H, Koike, K, Kok, K, Kon, K, Kong, V, Inaba, K, Ioannidis, O, Isik, A, Iskandar, K, Labbate, M, Labricciosa, F, Lagrou, K, Lagunes, L, Latifi, R, Lasithiotakis, K, Laxminarayan, R, Lee, J, Leone, M, Leppaniemi, A, Li, Y, Liang, S, Liau, K, Litvin, A, Loho, T, Lowman, W, Machain, G, Maier, R, Manzano-Nunez, R, Marinis, A, Marmorale, C, Martin-Loeches, I, Marwah, S, Maseda, E, Mcfarlane, M, De Melo, R, Melotti, M, Memish, Z, Mertz, D, Mesina, C, Menichetti, F, Mishra, S, Montori, G, Moore, E, Moore, F, Naidoo, N, Napolitano, L, Negoi, I, Nicolau, D, Nikolopoulos, I, Nord, C, Ofori-Asenso, R, Olaoye, I, Omari, A, Ordonez, C, Ouadii, M, Ouedraogo, A, Pagani, L, Paiva, J, Parreira, J, Pata, F, Pereira, J, Pereira, N, Petrosillo, N, Picetti, E, Pintar, T, Ponce-De-Leon, A, Popovski, Z, Poulakou, G, Preller, J, Guerrero, A, Pupelis, G, Quiodettis, M, Rawson, T, Reichert, M, Reinhart, K, Rems, M, Rello, J, Rizoli, S, Roberts, J, Rubio-Perez, I, Ruppe, E, Sakakushev, B, Sall, I, Kafil, H, Sanders, J, Sato, N, Sawyer, R, Scalea, T, Scibe, R, Scudeller, L, Lohse, H, Sganga, G, Shafiq, N, Shah, J, Spigaglia, P, Suroowan, S, Tsioutis, C, Sifri, C, Siribumrungwong, B, Sugrue, M, Talving, P, Tan, B, Tarasconi, A, Tascini, C, Tilsed, J, Timsit, J, Tumbarello, M, Trung, N, Ulrych, J, Uranues, S, Velmahos, G, Vereczkei, A, Viale, P, Estape, J, Viscoli, C, Wagenlehner, F, Wright, B, Xiao, Y, Yuan, K, Zachariah, S, Zahar, J, Mergulhao, P, Catena, F, Sartelli, M., Kluger, Y., Ansaloni, L., Carlet, J., Brink, A., Hardcastle, T. C., Khanna, A., Chicom-Mefire, A., Rodríguez-Baño, J., Nathwani, D., Mendelson, M., Watkins, R. R., Pulcini, C., Beović, B., May, A. K., Itani, K. M. F., Mazuski, J. E., Fry, D. E., Coccolini, F., Rasxa, K., Montravers, P., Eckmann, C., Abbo, L. M., Abubakar, S., Abu-Zidan, F. M., Adesunkanmi, A. K., Al-Hasan, M. N., Althani, A. A., Ticas, J. E. A., Ansari, S., Ansumana, R., Da, Silva, Augustin, A. R. A., Bala, G., Balogh, M., Baraket, Z. J., Bassetti, O., Bellanova, M., Beltran, G., Ben-Ishay, M. A., Boermeester, O., Brecher, M. A., Bueno, S. M., Cainzos, J., Cairns, M. A., Camacho-Ortiz, K., Ceresoli, A., Chandy, M., Cherry-Bukowiec, S. J., Cirocchi, J. R., Colak, R., Corcione, E., Cornely, A., Cortese, O. A., Cui, F., Curcio, Y., Damaskos, D., Dasx, D., Delibegovic, K., Demetrashvili, S., Be, Z., Simone, De, Bf, B., De, Souza, Bg, H. P., De, Waele, Bh, J., Dhingra, Bi, S., Diaz, Bj, J. 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Subjects
0301 basic medicine, antibiotic agent, antifungal agent antiinfective agent, Antifungal Agents, Drug Resistance, Declaration, Inappropriate Prescribing, 030230 surgery, Global Health, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Microbial, 0302 clinical medicine, Anti-Infective Agents, Health care, Global health, Antimicrobial stewardship, Antibiotic prophylaxis, Antibiotic stewardship, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Public relations, Antimicrobial, Operative, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Humans, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Surgical Wound Infection, Surgery, Microbiology (medical), Infectious Diseases, 3. Good health, surgical infections, medicine.medical_specialty, 030106 microbiology, Guidelines, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibiotic resistance, medicine, Ventilator-associated pneumonia, Adults, Surgical Procedures, business.industry, Carbapenems, Therapy, business, hospitals, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

International audience; This declaration, signed by an interdisciplinary task force of 234 experts from 83 different countries with different backgrounds, highlights the threat posed by antimicrobial resistance and the need for appropriate use of antibiotic agents and antifungal agents in hospitals worldwide especially focusing on surgical infections. As such, it is our intent to raise awareness among healthcare workers and improve antimicrobial prescribing. To facilitate its dissemination, the declaration was translated in different languages.

Published
2017

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