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2. Unearthing global natures: Outer space and scalar politics.
- Author
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Beery, Jason
- Subjects
- *
ASTRONAUTICS , *PRACTICAL politics , *POLITICAL geography , *TERRITORIAL jurisdiction , *SPACE sciences - Abstract
During the 1960s, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) worked to develop laws that would regulate activity in outer space. In the treaty that followed, outer space, a resource that encompassed Earth, was to remain outside of existing political borders, free from sovereign claims, and open to use by all states. Because of these stipulations, many have labeled outer space a “global commons” or “global resource.” In most academic analyses of global commons, these laws rejecting sovereign claims are treated as the de facto way that a resource that materially spanned all states would be governed. As debates in and outside of COPUOS indicate, however, the status of outer space as beyond states’ sovereign territorial jurisdiction was not given. Rather, as I demonstrate in this paper, the status of outer space and orbits as beyond sovereign territories is a result of political contestation over the understanding of physical properties of outer space and Earth. I trace the debate in the late 1960s and 1970s over the border between sovereign air space and “global” outer space. This was a debate over how outer space would be incorporated into political–economic relations. By using a production of nature approach that recognizes the importance of physical materialities and scalar politics, I demonstrate the constructedness of outer space as a “global” resource and how its construction as such furthered uneven political–economic processes. Such analysis illuminates how such socionatures beyond and across borders are produced to achieve particular political–economic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. A framework for evaluating national space activity
- Author
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Wood, Danielle and Weigel, Annalisa
- Subjects
- *
ASTRONAUTICS , *ECONOMIC opportunities , *SPACE , *ARTIFICIAL satellites , *TRENDS ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Abstract: Space technology and resources are used around the world to address societal challenges. Space provides valuable satellite services, unique scientific discoveries, surprising technology applications and new economic opportunities. Many developing countries formally recognize the advantages of space resources and pursue national level activity to harness them. There is limited data or documentation on the space activities of developing countries. Meanwhile, traditional approaches to summarize national space activity do not necessarily capture the types of activity that developing countries pursue in space. This is especially true if they do not have a formal national space program or office. Developing countries pursue national space activity through activities of many types—from national satellite programs to commercial use of satellite services to involvement with international space institutions. This research aims to understand and analyze these trends. This paper introduces two analytical frameworks for evaluating space activity at the national level. The frameworks are specifically designed to capture the activity of countries that have traditionally been less involved in space. They take a broad view of space related activity across multiple societal sectors and disciplines. The discussion explains the approach for using the frameworks as well as illustrative examples of how they can be applied as part of a research process. The first framework is called the Mission and Management Ladders. This framework considers specific space projects within countries and ranks them on “Ladders” that measure technical challenge and managerial autonomy. This first method is at a micro level of analysis. The second framework is called the Space Participation Metric (SPM). The SPM can be used to assign a Space Participation score to countries based on their involvement in various space related activities. This second method uses a macro level of analysis. The authors developed both frameworks as part of a long term research program about the space activities of developing countries. This aspect of the research focuses on harnessing multiple techniques to summarize complex, multi-disciplinary information about global space activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. How Elon Musk Beat Russia's Space Program: Leonid Bershidsky.
- Author
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Bershidsky, Leonid
- Subjects
SPACE exploration ,ASTRONAUTICS ,GOVERNMENT policy - Published
- 2018
5. Sputnik Reconsidered: Image and Reality in the Early Space Age.
- Author
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McQuaid, Kim
- Subjects
ARTIFICIAL satellites ,SPUTNIK satellites ,SPACE exploration ,HISTORY ,SPACE ,PUBLIC opinion ,ASTRONAUTICS ,JOURNALISM - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Review of American Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. THE GOLEM OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
- Author
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Mazin, Victor and Tourkina, Olessia
- Subjects
ASTRONAUTICS ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,IDEOLOGY ,CONSCIOUSNESS - Abstract
This article explores the relationships of technology, consciousness, ideology and time as expressed in the conquest of outer space by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War. Space technology is one of the summits of technological development in general, that is, the development of technology as knowledge, the material incarnation of this knowledge and the incarnation of the ideological and aesthetic peculiarities of co-knowledge, that is consciousness. Space technology also presents with visual material, an image in one's mental representation, visible inside, and an image in objective representation, visible outside.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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