Search

The article focuses on the failure of Defence White Paper 2013 of Australia in tackling the challenges that the Australian Defence Force (ADF) is facing. It mentions that the White Paper fails to address the issues between the U.S. and China. It informs that the plan to replace Collins Class submarine is costly and time consuming.

Background: Self-harm and suicide behaviours are a major public health concern. Several factors are associated with these behaviours among military communities. Identifying these factors may have important implications for policy and clinical services. The aim of this review was to identify the risk and protective factors associated with self-harm and suicide behaviours among serving and ex-serving personnel of the United Kingdom Armed Forces, Canadian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force and New Zealand Defence Force. Methods: A systematic search of seven online databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Global Health, PsycINFO, PTSDpubs and CINAHL) was conducted alongside cross-referencing, in October 2022. Following an a priori PROSPERO approved protocol (CRD42022348867), papers were independently screened and assessed for quality. Data were synthesised using a narrative approach. Results: Overall, 28 papers were included: 13 from Canada, 10 from the United Kingdom, five from Australia and none from New Zealand. Identified risk factors included being single/ex-relationship, early service leavers, shorter length of service (but not necessarily early service leavers), junior ranks, exposure to deployment-related traumatic events, physical and mental health diagnoses, and experience of childhood adversity. Protective factors included being married/in a relationship, higher educational attainment, employment, senior ranks, and higher levels of perceived social support. Conclusion: Adequate care and support are a necessity for the military community. Prevention and intervention strategies for self-harm and suicide behaviours may be introduced early and may promote social networks as a key source of support. This review found a paucity of peer-reviewed research within some populations. More peer-reviewed research is needed, particularly among these populations where current work is limited, and regarding modifiable risk and protective factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefiting from the relatively benign environment of the Asia-Pacific of the past sixty years, Australia's government has been able to go beyond its stated ‘Defence of Australia’ policy to undertake military operations outside of its immediate neighbourhood, in support of its allies. As austerity begins to bite, however, Australian defence planners no longer have the luxury of creating a ‘balanced force’ – and this at a strategically critical time in the region, as major powers rise and the US calls for greater support from its partners. Andrew Davies analyses what the future may hold for Australian defence, with key decisions about the submarine programme to provide the first test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Australian Journal of International Affairs is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent developments on the right‐tailed unit root tests of Phillips et al., which are used to date stamp the origination and collapse dates of asset price bubbles, have generated considerable interest. This paper provides a review for both empirical researchers that adopt these new econometric tools to detect the presence of asset price bubbles, and theoretical papers that extend these testing procedures. This paper also uses the psymonitor package in R to demonstrate the practical use of such tests using an example based on data for British Railway Mania of the 1840s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly emerging scholarly literature responding to autonomous weapon systems has come to dominate our perceptions of future warfare. Scientists, governments, militaries, and civil society organisations continue to debate how to respond to their development. This paper draws on empirical data to consider how emerging defence leaders in the Australian Defence Force perceive major elements and questions within the autonomous weapon system literature. In doing so, this paper offers a data-driven end-user interpretation of the potential interactions between military officers and the autonomous weapon systems they may be asked to oversee. In the absence of a pre-emptive ban under international law, this paper presents a call for greater engagement with junior military leadership as a tool for analysing the assumptions made by policy makers and politicians on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The people-related intentions enumerated in the 2013 White Paper are timely, appropriate and sensible, and will help the Australian Defence Force (ADF) to adjust to an impending era of lower pace and a more nebulous threat. The White Paper asserts the need to maintain personnel numbers, push on with integration and inclusiveness, improve management of education and training, and strengthen support for both families and the treatment and management of mental health and post-traumatic stress. The major cause for concern is the White Paper's excessive emphasis on using 'programs' as the major vehicles for organisational change, rather than relying more on simply improving basic, commonsense ways of doing things. This article argues that, with the right people systems and the right leadership, the ADF can turn many of the challenges of adjusting to a lower tempo era to its advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the use of four poetry writing exercises in the Creative Writing stream of the four-week intensive residential programme, Arts for Recovery, Resilience, Teamwork and Skills (ARRTS), with Australian Defence Force participants diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or anxiety disorders. The programme is hosted twice annually by the University of Canberra. As a Creative Writing Mentor for the programme, I have developed these exercises, which have specific goals: metaphor creation, writing from the senses and using detail, and writing about movement and the body to assist engagement; these exercises are generative. These approaches are predicated on the idea that the therapeutic value of writing is assisted by trying to write well. They highlight the need to both restore and explore symbolic language, an ability which is sometimes lost following trauma; to use sensory detail; and the value of writing in embodied ways. After discussing each exercise, the paper reflects on their usefulness to participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Cavaliere, Georgiev, and Taylor (2018, Econometric Theory 34, 302–348) (CGT) considered the augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test for a unit-root model with linear noise driven by i.i.d. infinite variance innovations and showed that ordinary least squares (OLS)-based ADF statistics have the same distribution as in Chan and Tran (1989, Econometric Theory 5, 354–362) for i.i.d. infinite variance noise. They also proposed an interesting question to extend their results to the case with infinite variance GARCH innovations as considered in Zhang, Sin, and Ling (2015, Stochastic Processes and their Applications 125, 482–512). This paper addresses this question. In particular, the limit distributions of the ADF for random walk models with short-memory linear noise driven by infinite variance GARCH innovations are studied. We show that when the tail index α, the limit distributions are completely different from that of CGT and the estimator of the parameters of the lag terms used in the ADF regression is not consistent. This paper provides a broad treatment of unit-root models with linear GARCH noises, which encompasses the commonly entertained unit-root IGARCH model as a special case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2009 Defence White Paper set out an ambitious vision for the modernisation and expansion of the Australian Defence Force. But no sooner had it been released, than funding began to be cut in a headlong rush to bring the Commonwealth budget into surplus. Between 2009 and 2012, around $20 billion of promised funding was lost. The 2013 White Paper largely reconfirmed the goals of 2009 and restarted growth in defence funding. But the growth is occurring from a lower base, and the difference between the funding promised in 2009 and that announced in 2013 amounts to a deficit of around $33 billion for the period 2009 to 2022. It follows that, with less money than its predecessor, the 2013 White Paper is underfunded. And while opportunities exist to make Defence more efficient, the scale of possible saving will not be sufficient to balance the books. At some point, either more money will need to be found or capability ambitions reduced. With troops returning to barracks following more than a decade of high operational tempo, the natural tendency will be to cut the size of the Army to free up resources for investment in high-end and maritime capabilities. Recent experience in East Timor and Solomon Islands should temper that impulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International affairs has a gender problem. Despite a rise in feminist‐informed foreign policy in some corners of the globe, gendered (and racialised, heteronormative, classist, and so on) power structures continue to impact women's representation internationally. This paper seeks to know why. Using Australia as a case study, it explores four premier international affairs agencies, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Defence (inclusive of the Department of Defence and Australian Defence Force), Department of Home Affairs, and the Australian Federal Police, to answer: Why do women remain under‐represented in international affairs? Using feminist institutionalist theory, this article argues that three core reasons underline women's under‐representation: (1) historical legacies that maintain masculine supremacy in the field; (2) contemporary layering and duplication of gendered challenges across individual, agency, diplomatic field, and society contexts; and (3) the compounding effect of challenges at different stages of women's careers, lives, and posting cycles. In addition, this paper reveals surprising findings, including that more militaristic agency structures result in more proportional representation of women compared with more bureaucratic agency structures, inverting conventional theory on militaries as the most male‐dominated and patriarchal spheres of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiscale prediction algorithm was presented in this paper based on the monthly data of property insurance income of Zhejiang Province from February 2013 to May 2018, and the correlation of the wavelet coefficients for property insurance income was also discussed at different time scales. By ADF tests, the stability of nonlinear approximation data and detail data were given. Furthermore, the prediction algorithm of nonlinear trend and detail data was studied according to the wavelet decomposition formula and the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. Finally, the short-term prediction results from June 2018 to January 2019 were given by the wavelet reconstruction formula. Compared to the prediction results of the traditional ARMA model, the relative error of the prediction results in this paper is smaller and better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Servo‐hydraulic actuators are typically employed in real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) to impose dynamic loads on a specimen. The success and reliability of an RTHS depend on the accurate tracking of the command displacements by the actuators. This paper introduces a new adaptive compensation approach, adaptive discrete feedforward (ADF) controller, based on the principles of model‐based feedforward and feedback (MFF) controller. While the MFF controller relies on an accurate model of the controlled system obtained through system identification, the ADF controller updates its parameters to adapt to the changing dynamics of the controlled system during the test. This paper presents an experimental parametric investigation that determines the parameters required for implementing the ADF controller, such as the buffer size and the controller updating frequency. The performance of the ADF controller was compared with two other compensation methods: MFF controller and adaptive time series compensator in a series of predefined displacement tracking tests and RTHSs considering both linear and nonlinear specimens. The results are discussed in detail, where the ADF controller was shown to considerably improve the capability of the servo‐hydraulic actuator in tracking the command displacements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those who serve in military organizations typically develop a strong sense of identification with the defense force and those with whom they serve. However, when these individuals leave military service, they can experience a sense of displacement or culture shock, making transition into a civilian career a difficult prospect. This paper sought to explore veterans' experiences during the transition into civilian work and, in particular, the impact of this transition on their identity as they are socialized in a civilian organization. The stories of 31 Australian Defence Force veterans were gathered via semi‐structured interviews to provide insight into the experiences during transition and the changing nature of their identity as they began working outside a military environment. The findings identify three stages of identity adjustment through which veterans pass during their transition: realizing, relinquishing, and reconceptualizing. While some encountered more struggles than others depending on their individual circumstances, the findings provide unique insights for HRD theory and practice to enhance the transition of serving military to a civilian workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of the submission provided by the Defence Reserves Association (DRA) to the Defence team conducting the Defence Strategic Review (DSR) into Australian Defence Force (ADF) is described in this paper. The DRA has long advocated for a better resourced and more integrated Reserve component to boost ADF capacity, both in current and contingency operational tasks. The effectiveness of the Reserve in recent regional deployments and in domestic disaster relief operations has often been acknowledged and praised, but no one would contend that resourcing of the Reserve or integrated planning for their optimisation has been a priority at the strategic centre in Canberra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian defense policy suggests a case where strategic ambitions exceed the country's direct security needs. But there are some peculiar reasons for this state of affairs. These include the relationship between the size of the Australian continent and its proximity to maritime Asia; Australia's sense of itself as a medium power with a strong interest in the future of the wider regional strategic balance; and the long-standing judgment that Australia needs a capacity for independent military action in its own area because even its closest allies cannot always be expected to help out. The Rudd government's 2009 Defence White Paper, the first such document in nearly a decade, confirms this pattern of thinking. In particular it reflects Australia's interest in not falling behind the defense modernization in the wider region of strong and rising powers (including, but by no means limited to, China). It helps return a sense of coherence to Australian policy which went missing in the post-9/11 era. But the new White Paper risks pushing that familiar logic too far. The Australian Defence Force envisaged for 2030 includes a larger flotilla of new-generation submarines, 100 Joint Strike Fighters alongside other capable combat aircraft, air warfare destroyers and new frigates. Many of these platforms, the White Paper suggests, could be armed with cruise missiles. This leaves no doubt that the writers of this review are serious about maritime operations in the Asian century. But one is left wondering whether the Rudd government and its successors can and will deliver on the whole package, and whether a more optimistic assessment of the region's strategic future could allow for a defense force which is closer to what has gone before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews some recommendations from the 2020 Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements (the Royal Commission). The Royal Commission delivered a nearly 600-page report that contained 80 recommendations. This paper does not review each of those recommendations but focuses on the constitutional and legislative considerations as they relate to recommendations about the proposed role of the Commonwealth in coordinating interstate resource sharing, the power of the Australian Government to declare a national state of emergency and the enhanced used of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) in disaster response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tripartite technology information agreement between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America (AUKUS) was announced on 15 September 2021. This article is based on the recent presentation given by the author entitled 'Nuclear powered submarines and other AUKUS technologies for the Australian Defence Force (ADF) at a meeting of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSIDSS) in Sydney, New South Wales. The article provides an overview of AUKUS and the four technology aspects explicitly mentioned in the announcement, nuclear submarine overview, the more stringent safety and design issues that are mandatory for a nuclear submarine including the full life cycle of the nuclear fuel, and the implications and opportunities for RUSIDSS in contributing to the realisation of the AUKUS goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2013 White Paper provides a more sophisticated and nuanced analysis of Australia's maritime environment and security imperatives than its predecessors. While the resourcing of Defence capability remains of concern and there are issues to be resolved with particular force elements, the total force structure will provide government with a wide range of future options. This includes not only the emerging amphibious capability, but the range of force packages which can be provided by the Australian Defence Force as a whole. Further Defence reform will need to be undertaken with great care as to the support systems and material and human resources that the maritime front line units require if they are to be sustained. Another important aspect will be closer attention to the effective alignment of civil and military maritime capabilities through the adoption of a 'national fleet' approach for both ships and aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on using time series and spatial analysis methods to detect climate change indicators in Malaybalay, Bukidnon. We look at 56 years of historical rainfall data between the years 1961 to 2017 and perform a computational method for data processing to arrive at spatial statistics and provide data visualization. We demonstrate the use of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF), where a p-value is tested versus a threshold to reject or accept the null hypothesis for a stationarity test. For the seasonality test, we perform a time-domain signal processing by an autocorrelation function. The time-series analysis shows that for Malaybalay, Bukidnon rainfall data shows ADF statistic of −16.348964, a p-value  = 0.000000 with critical values 1%:−3.431, 5%:−2.862, 10%:−2.567. Hence, the significant negative values indicate more likely to reject the null hypothesis. We showed that rainfall does not demonstrate periodicity, is not seasonal, and is non-stationary. This work does not cover those that can be detected and attributed to anthropogenic causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current recruitment and retention issues within the armed forces draw links with breach of the psychological contract – the dynamics of the employee–employer relationship. Compared with civilian contexts, a military position is unique, however, there is a dearth of conceptual investigation regarding the lived experiences of military personnel, particularly with respect to how such contracts form. This paper combined a phenomenological approach with the critical decision method to investigate the lived experiences informing contract formation and contract trajectory of ex-military personnel. Lived experiences pointed to the formulation of 'fuzzy' contracts, impressions from defence force recruitment, specific tipping points around organisational commitment, and large differences between the fidelity of the idealised and actualised self/job. Seven superordinate themes are elicited that trace the formation and trajectory of the contract. A schematised account of findings is developed to provide avenues to investigate how beliefs form in a military contract context and their outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the response by the Australian political–military establishment to climate change through the lens of securitization theory. The research used mixed content analysis techniques to systematically examine more than 1500 speech-acts, policies and doctrinal articles between 2003 and 2013. It argues that the Australian Defence Force (ADF) was not a climate securitizing actor and that its response to climate change was mediated by the political partisanship surrounding broader national policy debates on climate change. The politicization of climate change made it increasingly difficult for the ADF to publicly adopt meaningful climate policies. It subsequently crafted a strategy that minimized any investment (resource or reputational) lest a change of government rendered them invalid or it drew unwanted criticism. At the very heart of this finding exists the challenge of an avowedlyapoliticalinstitution responding to what emerged in the Australian context as a politically partisan security issue. The more serious indictment concerned how national security policy (in the context of climate change as a security issue) became hostage to the politics of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the 2013 general election now out of the way, the new government is well placed, if it has sufficient strength of purpose, to address the various issues that are at risk of engulfing the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and Defence Department. The immediate and dominant issue is that likely levels of defence funding are not enough to sustain today's ADF and simultaneously to fund its modernisation. To resolve this core inconsistency will require dispassionate analysis of Australia's evolving strategic circumstances, so that decisions on the size and preparedness of the ADF and on the rate and direction of its modernisation can have a secure foundation. This will both allow assessments of strategic risk and provide a rigorous basis for arguing for different levels of funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2011 a group of young male Australian Defence Force Academy Cadets conspired to prey upon an unsuspecting female colleague. Their plan was to broadcast one of their mates having consensual sex with an unsuspecting female cadet colleague for their viewing pleasure and fratriarchal bonding. The incident generated a strong and heated public debate about military culture and the ways soldiers behave. But it also marked a long end enduring history of such scandals that have developed into a reputation for the Australian Defence Forces (ADF) as obdurate and resistant to reform. Indeed, the ADF has consistently neutralised their responsibility for such practices by naming bad behaviour as merely the practices of a few bad apples. This paper unpacks the technologies of camouflage that the ADF and its military subjects' use to justify the role and place of militarism in contemporary Australian cultural relations. The paper focuses on the ideal of brotherhood and the way in which the Skype men, and the ADF as an institution, engage in forms of homosociality to naturalise the inherently violent disposition of the military. The practices and forms of fratriarchal bonding are implicated in the desire to generate and sustain a totalising masculinist economy that seeks wholeness and certainty at the expense of difference and otherness. These concerns are explored through the investigation of the sexual predation of six cadets and the manner in which the ADF accounts for its cultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tri-service post-graduate vocational education in Medicine has not previously been available in the Australian Defence Force (ADF). Introduction to Military Medicine (IMM), originally designed as an introduction to the practice of medicine in the military, ran for the first time in 2008 as an on-line postgraduate course in the Master of Public Health (Defence) program provided by the Centre for Military and Veterans Health. This paper recommends that the course should be a core component of the MPH (Defence) Program for Medical Officers, rather than an elective; however, greater opportunities to develop IMM exist in blending it into existing programs to train new military Medical Officers to a deployable standard (Competency Level 2). Introduction to Military Medicine also supports military clinical supervisors to apprentice new Medical Officers facilitating their passage through civilian vocational training towards becoming competent and confident military and civilian general practitioners. A broader student scope is also recommended to accommodate military medicine training needs for Reserve Force and Civilian Contract Medical Practitioners. Improvements will now require expansion of the teaching staff and exploration of new delivery methods in closer collaboration with the ADF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian Defence Force has followed the recent trend to include performance based contracting in their acquisition processes. This paper discusses some of the short falls and challenges experienced in the current procedures and processes developed by the Defence Materiel Organisation in Australia to successfully implement performance based contracting. The paper emphasises the structured approach to the development and application of a performance based contract framework. The paper also discusses some of the current key performance metrics used to measure contracted outcomes required by the Australian Defence Force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given changed strategic circumstances, planning on a 10-year warning of a major conventional attack on Australia is no longer appropriate. Hence, 2nd Division, an Army Reserve formation, has evolved beyond maintaining an expansion base as a strategic reserve. Its role now is principally operational. It maintains foundation war-fighting skills; raises, trains and sustains a battle group to reinforce Army's full-time ready brigade; commands, controls and contributes force elements to domestic operations [disaster relief and security support]; and contributes force elements for the ongoing defence of the nation's maritime approaches. Reserve call-out powers are available, if needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a multi-method (also referred to as mixed method) approach for studying complex socio-organisational phenomena where the problem space is ill-defined, and its utility in providing meaningful decision support to a branch within a military headquarters. The study comprised two phases: diagnostic (I) and intervention (II). The Phase I instruments were an organisation and team effectiveness survey and workforce modelling. Phase II involved a series of workshops situated in sensemaking and complexity theory. Combining the modelling results with qualitative and quantitative data provided by the survey resulted in: capitalisation on the strengths of individual methods while compensating for their weaknesses, a better delineation of issues and understanding of the branch processes, and provision of a solid foundation for design of the intervention workshops. This research design integrates multiple organisational measures to develop instruments suitable for application in other settings where problem definitions are nebulous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates changes in volatility and attempts to capture it using statistical property for randomly selected stock markets of Spain and Hong Kong. The COVID - 19 pandemic has significantly affected the global economy and financial markets all around the world in recent few years. We consider data from January 2015 to September 2021 and various statistical and econometric tools being employed i.e. ADF test, correlation analysis, KPSS test, and GARCH family models. To describe visible impact, we used Loess fitness analysis and other density plots which demonstrate volatility scatter impact. The empirical findings revealed that GARCH (1, 1) model is not fitted to any of selected stock markets. However, the volatility of IBEX index was found stronger in magnitude manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological itinerary and the system of machines and equipment used for the cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus L., and possibilities to use on the cv. Solar as fodder and energy biomass are presented in this article. We found to planting and harvest Jerusalem artichoke tubers, the same agricultural machinery and equipment will be used as for potatoes crop, and to harvest aerial biomass -- agricultural machinery and equipment for harvesting corn and other silage crops. The Jerusalem artichoke energy biomass can be processed into solid fuel with the available briquetting/pelletizing machines, the net calorific value of solid biofuel was 17.7 MJ/kg and the ash content -- below 2.2 %. It has been determined that the prepared silage contained 240-290 g/kg DM, 9.7-13.5 % CP, 8.90-12.96 % CA, 55.9-62.3 % NDF, 31.0-45.8 % ADF, 4.8-6.3 % ADL, 11.25-12.43 MJ/kg DE, 9.23-10.21 MJ/kg ME and 5.96-7.02 MJ/kg NEl. The biochemical methane potential of Jerusalem artichoke silage substrate 4,000-6,000 m3/ha. The lignocellulosic substrate of Jerusalem artichoke dry stems contained 276 g/kg cellulose, 176 g/kg hemicellulose, 98.04 g/kg hexoses sugars and 45.4 g/kg pentoses sugars, the theoretical bioethanol yield from stems was 598 l/kg. Helianthus tuberosus cv. Solar may serve as an alternative crop for producing silage and as a sustainable source of feedstock for renewable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated time delays are important for self-forced oscillation techniques in opto-electronic oscillators (OEO). Add-drop filters (ADFs) resonators using optical waveguide coupled to micro-ring resonators (MRR) are suitable for integrated optical time delays but suffer from a limited expected delay. 2-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystals (PhCs) with line defect are employed as confined optical waveguide to realize ADF resonators where longer optical delays than standard homogenous resonators are achieved by leveraging the slow-light effect. Moreover, achieving time delay up to microseconds (µs) is envisioned by cascading multiple identical ADFs based on dispersive 2-D PhC micro-resonators. The focus of this paper is to devise a hybrid modeling procedure for accurate calculations of achieved time delays in various complex structures, while a combined electromagnetic modeling and analytical calculation technique overcomes a substantial computational resources and long computation times for a brute forced full-wave design and modeling. This innovative hybrid modeling for time delay estimation of cascaded ADFs is proposed for the first time to optimize physical design within short time period. First, transfer function performance of a homogenous ADF resonator is simulated using finite-difference-timedomain (FDTD) for both the full structure and structures with bi-fold symmetry and compared against proven analytical solutions to demonstrate the accuracy of bi-fold symmetry while the computational resources are economized. The same modeling procedure is then extended to predicting performance of 2-D PhC based ADF resonator by quantifying key physical parameters of coupling factor, complex optical propagation constant, and optical transfer function for ADF resonator for the ring radius of curvature about 1.5 µm with various coupling gaps between feed waveguide and resonator guide. These parameters and the effective group index calculated by OptiFDTD software are applied to the analytical expressions to estimate single 2-D PhC ADF and attain a simulated time delay of 200 ps. The estimated time delay of 70 cascaded 2-D PhC based ADF resonators with R of 100 µm is estimated to be about 925 ns for the on-resonance frequency of 1534 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]