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Highlights • Relation between consumption and average speed for ICEV is questioned for PEV. • For PEVs higher energy consumption is connected to the free-flow test-cases. • Need to rethink the connection between congestion and energy inefficiency. • Results are based on real and simulated vehicle trajectories. Abstract Decreasing road transport's harmful effects on environment and health and reducing road accidents are major policy priorities. A variety of technologies could drastically improve air quality, reduce energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of road vehicles: in this respect, a prominent trend leverages Electric Vehicles (EVs), supported by improved performance and energy efficiency through connectivity and automation. A noteworthy research question in the transition from Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) to the alternative technologies, is to understand how Intelligent Transport Systems and other traffic-related measures can contribute to the reduction of fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, a widely acknowledged tenet assumes that congestion removal or mitigation in presence of ICEVs implies also a reduction of transport-related externalities. This paper explores whether this effect still holds for EVs, by performing an analysis of energy consumption over different vehicle trajectories, under both congested and free-flow conditions. Calculations are carried out using two vehicle simulators: the VT-CPEM (Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-based Energy consumption model) model for EVs and the CO 2 MPAS (CO 2 model for Passenger and commercial vehicle Simulation) vehicle simulator for the ICEVs, for both electric and conventional cases passengers and freight/commercial powertrains have been analysed. Results are presented on real and simulated data related to four powertrain-vehicle combinations, in terms of general trends of energy/fuel consumption versus speed. Interestingly, results show that, differently from ICEVs, the relationship between congestion and energy consumption underlying EVs can change with higher energy consumption connected to an increased average traffic speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]