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Growing organic waste in India is posing a challenge in its effective management. Open degradation of this organic waste pollutes environment, as well as causes a slew of diseases. Situation may be handled effectively using biogas plants employing anaerobic digestion process. However, performance of these plants is dependent upon various environmental factors and feed types. In this paper, the feasibility analysis of a biogas plant for the northern plains of India has been conducted. A new modified anaerobic digestion model (MAD1) has been designed for the analysis. It is evident from the analysis that the northern plains of India have a large potential for biogas production as they generate a large amount of organic waste. Furthermore, analysis reveals that, if the biogas plant is operated at a thermophilic temperature ranging from 44 °C to 55 °C, the profit can be maximised. However, if the biogas plant is operated at 37 °C, the significant profit will begin after 3–4 years, depending on the type of feedstock. Complete analysis has been conducted in MATLAB Simulink environment. • Conducted sensitivity analysis of the parameters of anaerobic digestion process • Conducted feasibility analysis of biogas plant for Northern Indian states. • Conducted economic analysis of biogas plant to maximize profit • Modelled a modified anaerobic digestion model (MAD1) for realistic output [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is an agrarian country producing a large amount of rice straw as an agricultural residue. These residues are burnt openly leading to severe environmental pollution and health hazards. Among several options available, anaerobic digestion of rice straw into biomethane gas and digestate is a promising technology. The current paper reviews the characteristics, principles of rice straw and the process variables (temperature, volatile fatty acids, and pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio, metal elements and organic loading rate) that affect the performance of the rice straw digestion and process strategies which may alleviate the barriers and may improve the biomethane yield. Co-digestion of rice straw with nitrogen-rich substrates is proven to be an effective way to balance the carbon to nitrogen ratio, in turn, leads to nutrient balance and enhance the biomethane yields of anaerobic co-digestion system. Moreover, pretreatment is another effective strategy; physical, chemical and biological pretreatments are reviewed in the article which improved the performance of digester. The utilisation of rice straw along with other co-substrates and appropriate pretreatment may be a recommended sustainable solution for preventing environmental and health hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas is a locally accessible and renewable energy source that can be generated from organic feedstocks under anaerobic conditions. This paper aims to assess the future biogas potential in India from varied sources (crops residues, animal manure, municipal solid wastes, municipal and industrial wastewater). The study uses a bottom-up, resource focused approach for the assessment of biogas potential. The paper assess agriculture and animal residues as well as generation, collection and availability of municipal and industrial waste for biogas production. The results show considerable potential of biogas in the next two decades due to rising waste generation and deployment of infrastructure for improving waste collection efficiency. The analysis estimates that the biogas potential ranges from 310 to 655 billion m3/year in the year 2040 depending upon availability of different resources. The estimated biogas potential in the year 2040 is around 36% of India's current (2015) total primary energy supply in the high availability scenario. Finally, the paper offers policy recommendations aimed at realizing the biogas potential. • Future Biogas potential from animal and agricultural based waste resource in India is estimated. • Bottom-up resource based approach is used for assessment. • Estimated future biogas potential is around 12.8 EJ in 2040. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, electricity use in rural areas accounts only 23% of national total usage. It is necessary to expand the access to electricity in Rural India for sustainable development. Biomass, a viable resource is the most direct and simple way at households and rural areas. Organic waste can be converted into an alternative source for cooking, heating and electricity. Biogas, a biofuel produced from organic waste (food scraps and animal waste) through Anaerobic Digestion. It is mainly composed of methane and carbon dioxide produced through Anaerobic Digestion in either large scale or small scale digesters. Traditionally, biogas has been used for cooking. Based on village level survey, electrical energy is the only commercial form of energy that has been used in villages. Biogas production paves the way to produce electricity at villages through high temperature fuel cell unit like Solid Oxide Fuel Cell; thus it is the best possible way to generate and utilize power close to where people live. The present paper discusses about the rural energy requirement, overview of biogas production and fuel cells, potential and operational challenges for biogas fed Solid oxide fuel cell, technical barriers with Solid oxide fuel cell and issues related to rural electrification using renewable energy. Also, a comparative analysis of SOFC with bio and thermo chemical conversion of biomass has been analyzed with a case study and reported. • Based on village level survey in a village at Dindigul Dt, Tamilnadu, India, electrical energy is the only commercial form of energy that has been used. • Biogas production paves the way to produce electricity at villages through high temperature fuel cell unit like Solid Oxide Fuel Cell; thus it is the best possible way to generate and utilize power close to where people live. • The present paper discusses about the rural energy requirement, potential and operational challenges for biogas fed Solid oxide fuel cell. • A comparative analysis of SOFC with bio and thermo chemical conversion of biomass has been analyzed with a case study and reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the benefits and potential of biogas generation and uses in India, with focus on advances made in hydrogen production by catalytic reforming technologies with steam, O 2 , and CO 2 as the oxidants. Utilization of biomass by means of generating biogas is one of the easiest and cost effective methods of harnessing renewable energy. As India is an agricultural country, a tremendous amount of biomass and livestock waste is generated every year. Likewise the large population of India generates much food and municipal solid waste that is not being utilized for biogas generation. Fuel cells are one of the effective means of utilizing biogas, although the synthesis gas or hydrogen generated from biogas can also be used in internal combustion engines. Higher efficiency of fuel cells (45%) compared to internal combustion engines (30%) and even higher with co-generation systems (70%) make them highly desirable for biogas utilization for power generation. Investigations of hydrogen productionfor fuel cell use are in their infancy stage in India. Apart from a few scattered investigations not much work has been undertaken in the area of research. Large scale hydrogen production is achieved by steam reforming of hydrocarbons, in particular natural gas. Although the process is a proven technology it has come under considerable scrutiny due to its environmental impact and the energy intensive nature of the process. Several technical and scientific challenges have to be overcome for assimilation of the technology for hydrogen production from biogas and wide scale application in India. These challenges include development of less energy intensive features, highly active and poisons-resistant catalyst, and fuel cell development for utilization of biogas generated hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste management plays key role in the development of a nation. There are many technologies to produce and extract energy. Several investigation has been made for generation of biogas from animal waste. A total of about 89,600 tons of Swine waste is produced per day in India. The characteristics of Swine waste is that it has a low C/N ratio, due to high nitrogen content. This will result in the production of ammonia and it destroys the micro-organisms which is responsible for Biogas production. In order to avoid more production of ammonia, swine manure is combined with cow dung, Food Waste each and water in the ratio of 1:1:4 and 1:1.5:4 at a temperature of 35 o C. This paper attempts to reduce the retention time by self – circulation of slurry by the gravity difference. Also experiment has been carried out in a thermophilic range for effective digestion. Experiments have been carried out in a fixed dome digester and the gas concentration has been continuously monitored by online biogas analyzer. Comparison study was carried out in two different combination of waste at normal methanogenic micro-organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, lignocellulosic biomass has gotten a lot of coverage, especially for the captured energy through the anaerobic degradation. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biogas through an anaerobic digestion process has been facing challenges such as low biogas production, low buffering ability, poor end quality of products, and potential heterogeneity of biomass which have difficulties to define an optimized unit operation. These deficiencies may be related to the recalcitrant disposition of agricultural wastes or low mass transfer. India has a large amount of lignocellulosic biomass, and this biomass remains unused in the harvested field. However, it has a scope of utilization by conversion into useful biofuel. Furthermore, it could be enhanced the farmer's income as well as helps to contribute reduce the loss of environmental impact. Hence, the present review script discusses the potential, composition, biomethane production, pretreatment methods and technology related to lignocellulosic biomass, challenges, progress, and the latest program initiated in India. However, only 10 major types of lignocellulosic biomass have been reviewed in this paper. [Display omitted] • Lignocellulosic biomass has a scope to convert into biofuel. • The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biogas facing some challenges. • Pretreatment necessary for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biogas. • Out of all the pretreatments, alkali pretreatment (NaOH) is the most promising. • The combination of two or more pretreatments provides a better result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power sector of developing countries is the backbone of the economy, and robust implementation of energy policies can play a significant role in its expansion. India is blessed to have ample natural resources; the only necessity is to identify these unseen resources comprehensively. India is an agricultural country with plenty of livestock generated biomass, which is renewable and easily accessible in rural India. The paper estimated the potential of electrical energy through biogas production from livestock generated dung in all states of India. Estimation of biogas from the gross livestock dung generation from all states and largely populated livestock species of the country is annually 2633 million tons which correspondingly projects the annual biogas potential of 265,542 million m3. This magnificent potential unbolts the proposals and implementation of biogas plants as a distributed generation to strengthen India's power sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The potential of biogas generation from anaerobic digestion of different waste biomass in India has been studied. Renewable energy from biomass is one of the most efficient and effective options among the various other alternative sources of energy currently available. The anaerobic digestion of biomass requires less capital investment and per unit production cost as compared to other renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar and wind. Further, renewable energy from biomass is available as a domestic resource in the rural areas, which is not subject to world price fluctuations or the supply uncertainties as of imported and conventional fuels. In India, energy demand from various sectors is increased substantially and the energy supply is not in pace with the demand which resulted in a deficit of 11,436MW which is equivalent to 12.6% of peak demand in 2006. The total installed capacity of bioenergy generation till 2007 from solid biomass and waste to energy is about 1227MW against a potential of 25,700MW. The bioenergy potential from municipal solid waste, crop residue and agricultural waste, wastewater sludge, animal manure, industrial waste which includes distilleries, dairy plants, pulp and paper, poultry, slaughter houses, sugar industries is estimated. The total potential of biogas from all the above sources excluding wastewater has been estimated to be 40,734Mm3/year. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rural India derives its energy needs for cooking and heating through the use of fuel wood and for lighting and agricultural operations through kerosene and diesel. Use of fuel wood has aggravated the problem of de-forestation, while availability of kerosene and diesel cannot be guaranteed due to corrupt practices in the public distribution systems. In contrast, urban India derives its energy needs through LPG cylinders, petrol, and electricity. However, their cost and uncertainty rendered them beyond the reach of lower income population. This scenario is more or less true with many developing countries. To meet these objectives, biogas generation from biodegradable waste using anaerobic digestion (AD) appears to be a sustainable avenue as it could be used for (a) water and space heating of farmhouses, animal shelters, (b) generating steam for food processing plants, and (c) electricity generation, in addition to reducing the pollution/hazard potential of these wastes. Many of the underdeveloped and developing countries are in the temperate zone and thus mesophilic AD could provide a desired pathway to achieve a long delayed need of energy for comfortable living, farming, and industrial operations. Efforts made in this direction are reviewed in the present article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]