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Background: Intracranial fever or infection is one of the common complications after craniotomy, especially for complicated intracranial tumors such as deep skull base tumors.Objective: We used early cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage with a preplaced lumbar drainage (LD) tube after surgery and observed whether this procedure could reduce the rate and duration of fever or infection.Material and Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective study of 142 patients who underwent complicated intracranial tumor surgery with no less than four hours of dural opening at the Center of Neurosurgery of Tangdu Hospital. The LD group underwent preoperative LD placement, intraoperative CSF release and postoperative continuous drainage, but the control group received routine craniotomy without preoperative LD. The primary outcomes included the rate, duration, and hospital length of stay (LOS) for patients with fever or infection after surgery, as compared between the two groups. The second outcome included complications related to LD and the rate of postoperative CSF leakage.Results: There were 22 patients in the LD group and 23 patients in the control group who presented with delayed fever, which was supposed to be caused by intracranial infection or aseptic inflammation. The median duration of delayed fever in the LD group was obviously lower than that in the control group (7.762 ± 3.129 days vs 11.73 ± 5.239 days), and there was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0046). In addition, there was a significant reduction in the median postoperative LOS (12 [8,10,15,21] days in the LD group vs 15 [9,13,20,28] days in the controls). Moreover, there was no significant difference in complications related to LD between the two groups. Three patients with brain herniation were observed in the LD group compared with one patient in the control group. All four patients had contemporary mild-to-moderate neurologic disorders after surgery or conservative treatment. Additionally, the rate of CSF leakage in the LD group was 5.41% (4/74), which was lower than that in the control group (8/68, [11.76%]), although there was no significant difference (P = 0.174).Conclusions: For patients receiving complicated intracranial lesions following a long operation time, postoperative early LD was beneficial for the treatment of patients with fever or infection. It not only reduced the duration of infection or fever in postoperative patients but also decreased the postoperative LOS. We should minimize the complications related to LD by careful and standardized LD and management processes, and ensure the effectiveness and safety of this treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]