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This article proposes a fixed switching frequency (FSF)-based improved model predictive control (MPC) for a five-level active neutral-point clamped (5L-ANPC) converter. Compared to the conventional MPC for 5L-ANPC converter, the proposed MPC significantly reduces the computational burden while ensuring the balance of dc-link and flying capacitor voltages. The proposed MPC optimally selects the control voltage vectors to reduce common mode voltage (CMV), leading to a small CMV of the converter. Using three voltage vectors action per control cycle in MPC, FSF is achieved. Steady-state and dynamic performances of the proposed MPC have been evaluated by experiments. The results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed MPC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an efficient model predictive control (MPC) using virtual voltage vectors for three-phase three-level converters is proposed. The proposed MPC achieves constant switching frequency by applying four voltage vectors, including one virtual voltage vectors and three other voltage vectors, in each control cycle. In addition, to reduce the computational burden, two-stage MPC approach is adopted. The first stage chooses one of six medium voltage vectors that minimizes the cost function. Then, in the second stage, these voltage vectors including virtual voltage vectors, which locate the same sector with the optimal medium voltage vector, are involved in the MPC optimization. The advantages of the proposed MPC over the classical MPC have been validated through experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a low complexity finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) based on the discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) is proposed for T-type three-phase three-level (3P-3L) converters. Different from the conventional FCS-MPC, 48 virtual voltage vectors (VVs) of the converter are constructed by real VVs based on the DSVM. Thus, the performance of 3P-3L converters is significantly improved and the peak amplitude of high-order harmonics concentrates at the sampling frequency. Furthermore, two-stage FCS-MPC based on virtual VVs is proposed to reduce the computation burden. Its first stage selects one of six virtual VVs that minimizes the current tracking error. Then, these candidate VVs located in the same sector as the optimal virtual VV selected in the first stage are evaluated in the second-stage optimization. Thus, the computational efficiency has been greatly improved. To verify the validity of the proposed control method and show its superiority over the conventional FCS-MPC, experimental results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the conventional multilevel converters, the hybrid-clamped converter (HCC) reduces the number of power devices, which brings down the converter cost while enhancing its reliability for medium-voltage high-power applications. As one of typical medium-voltage HCCs, the single-phase, six-level HCC (6L-HCC) faces the main technical challenge of the voltage balance among five inner capacitors. Most of the existing pulsewidth modulation techniques cannot solve this problem. Advanced control methods that directly apply a selected voltage vector, such as the classical model predictive control (MPC), may fail to balance the inner capacitor voltages during low output frequencies. In view of this situation, this article proposes an improved MPC approach with autotuning weighting factors. It contributes to ensure excellent performance of 6L-HCC under all operating conditions with well-balanced inner capacitor voltages. Simulation and experimental results are proposed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) based electric vehicles (EV) are in the postcrash situations, the dc-bus capacitor voltage requires to be reduced quickly for the sake of electric shock risk prevention. Currently, due to the advantages of low cost, compact structure, and high reliability, the pure-winding-based discharge strategies are attracting increasing attentions. However, there are no theoretical criteria for judging whether a pure-winding-based method is suitable for bleeding a particular PMSM-based EV drive, not to mention the rules for opting for an effective discharge strategy among the instant nonzero d-axis, zero q-axis (NDZQ), long-cycle NDZQ, and the nonzero d-axis, nonzero q-axis (NDNQ) current control techniques. This article discusses the applicable occasions of the instant NDZQ, long-cycle NDZQ, and NDNQ discharge methods based on parametric analysis. On this ground the principles for determining whether an EV drive can adopt a pure-winding-based method for discharge are given. Meanwhile, the implementation procedures of the proposed criteria are detailed clearly. Finally, the proposed selection criteria are used for evaluating five different EV drives so as to select the corresponding winding-based discharge strategy for each system, and the effectiveness is verified by simulation or experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When electric vehicles (EVs) encounter an emergency, the voltage of the dc-bus capacitor in the surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM)-based powertrain requires to be reduced as fast as possible. In order to eliminate the disadvantages and synthesize the advantages of the traditional machine-winding-based and external bleeder-based discharge techniques, this article proposes a hybrid discharge strategy that can achieve 5-s discharge in the minimum sacrifice of the bleeder size and weight for any EV drives. For the purpose of evaluating the size reduction of the new method, the individual bleeder-based scheme is modeled and analyzed at first. Then, the combined discharge method is developed, which contains two sequential procedures: bleeding resistor (BR) design and discharge control algorithm design. The BR design process has to be implemented under extreme condition. But concerning that the emergency might occur at the moment when the machine operates below the maximum speed, three different discharge modes including full-power, partial-power, and bleeder-based discharge modes are developed. The proposed discharge techniques are verified by experiments that are conducted on a three-phase SPMSM drive system used for EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When electric vehicles encounter emergency, the dc-bus capacitor voltage in the motor drive system needs to be reduced as quickly as possible to prevent the passengers from secondary electrical injury. For the purpose of compactness and low cost, a novel discharge scheme by using the machine windings has come forth. Yet, the relevant research works are incomprehensive without considering the standstill cases and sensor fault issues. This article proposes a position sensor fault-tolerant winding-based dc-bus capacitor discharge method over the full-speed range. To achieve voltage discharge at high speed without using position sensor, an improved second-order sliding-mode observer based on continuous sigmoid function is presented. Moreover, an adaptive sine-wave-based position observer with high immunity to voltage change is proposed for discharge in the low and zero speed cases. In terms of the discharge procedures, deceleration-based and acceleration-based algorithms are designed and optimized aiming at the spinning and standstill situations, respectively. More specifically, they include voltage, current, and speed regulation methods. The proposed fault-tolerant discharge technique is verified by both simulation and experiments, which are conducted on a three-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous machines drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimized model predictive control (MPC) method is proposed based on the selected switching states to control the four-level hybrid-clamped converter. The proposed method utilizes 64, instead of 512, switching states, compared with a conventional MPC, which greatly eases the calculation burden while achieving the high-quality regulation of output currents and the balance of capacitor voltages. The steady-state performance at both high and low frequencies is investigated, and results are compared with those by the traditional carrier phase-shifted pulsewidth modulation method. The dynamic response to the current or frequency step change is also evaluated. Both simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the optimized MPC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When an emergency happens to electric vehicles, the voltage of the dc-bus capacitor, which is an important part of the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive system, requires to be reduced as quickly as possible. Recently, a new idea of directly using the windings to discharge the capacitor has come forth. This paper proposes a physical energy flow model (EFM) to explain explicitly the winding-based discharge mechanism first. In the EFM, the performance characteristics of the classical winding-based discharge scheme are evaluated, but it is found that the discharge time will not be qualified when the machine rotor inertia is large and the system safe current is small. In order to reject intense voltage surge, a current control algorithm is proposed to bleed the capacitor voltage. Moreover, the proposed current control method shortens the discharge period to below 3 s for the system studied. The proposed discharge algorithm is verified by the experiment that is conducted on a three-phase PMSM drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]