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The paper aims to perform an objective comparative analysis of the business climate for entrepreneurship development in European countries in 2021 and group them according to the quality of the business climate. The research uses thirteen criteria from the Global Entrepreneur)ship Monitor report and TOPSIS methodology combined with entropy to perform a comparative analysis of the business climate for entrepreneurship development in selected European economies in 2021. Usage of TOPSIS and entropy method based on the last available data enabled objective and the most accurate evaluation and ranking of countries, taking into account all observed criteria. According to the study, the ranking of European economies indicates that the Netherlands has the most favorable business climate for entrepreneurship development, considering all observed criteria, while Belarus is ranked in the last position. According to relative closeness to the ideal solution (Ci*), the four clusters of countries are derived. Besides the Netherlands, Lithuania, Norway, and Finland were also dedicated to the first cluster, indicating that these economies obtained the most favorable conditions for entrepreneurship development during the pandemic crisis. On the other hand, former command economies and Greece and Cyprus are placed in Cluster IV since they haven’t supported entrepreneurs with sufficient and appropriate economic policy and regulatory reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neo-liberalism and decentralisation are eroding the capacity of central governments to implement their national spatial objectives. National government, with fewer financial and political resources at its disposal, has little power to intervene in strategic urban development, because cities have sufficient autonomy to define their own land use plans. This paper challenges this understanding of the contemporary condition of national spatial planning. It demonstrates that, although national governments have a weaker grip on local spatial dynamics, they play an active role in governing complex spatial development. Two urban development projects in the Dutch Randstad will be discussed in order to demonstrate empirically four different logics of involvement: endorsement, monetary impulse, propulsion and effectuation. It is concluded that there is great potential for national planning in a ‘lighter’ profile, with instruments used to strengthen the interconnectivity of networks—a condition for generating strategic capacity and ensuring the governability of spatial policies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Dutch planning system has been widely feted as a coordinated, 'plan-led' and evidence-informed system that has been successfully implemented, resulting in sensitive land management, an absence of urban sprawl and the protection of 'green areas'. However, at least since the 1970s, the reality has been somewhat different. This paper reviews Dutch planning history over the past fifty years to highlight in particular the challenge of implementation. The paper also reviews the current challenges facing Dutch planners and provides some international reflection from Dutch experiences for Irish planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis in interprovincial migration, carried out in order to develop a migration equation for a multi-regional labour market model. Net migration was chosen as the relevant variable to explain. Estimation problems like additional restrictions on the error terms had to be solved. Estimation of a migration equation per age group showed differences in migration behaviour between age groups. Estimation of a equation for different time periods revealed a changing migration behaviour over time. For recent years, an influence of the labour market on migration could not be proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim in this paper is to explain the international strategies of cities by focusing on market conditions. Drawing on a critique of the glocalisation thesis we show that the design of these strategies can plausibly be explained by the specific characteristics of urban capitalism found in the different cities. Whereas the international strategy of Manchester must be seen as a response to problems of postindustrial restrictions, the importance of the logistic sector in Dutch capitalism strongly shapes Amsterdam's strategy. In Zurich, though, it is argued that the city was already very well prepared for the transformation towards a post-Fordist regime, and so did not need any strategy at all. We conclude that varieties of glocalisation trajectories are a major factor driving and shaping the characteristics of international urban strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There exists a relationship between flexibility and legal certainty but this is not per definition negatively correlated. • Both procedural and material certainty affect this relationship. • Land-use plans are central planning instruments wherein this relationship is put in practice and guides activities and societies. • A method is drafted to determine the amount of flexibility derived from a land-use plan for a specific planning system. • This method can determine the amount of flexibility for a large amount of land-use plans in an uniform matter. The trade-off between flexibility and legal certainty is inherent in every planning system. This trade-off is especially apparent within a land-use plan. Flexibility and legal certainty are often seen as communicating vessels: the demise of one leads to an increase in the other. Within land-use plans, however, the connection between the two is more subtle. For a land-use plan, the choice between being specific or open, and rigid or adaptable, determine the amount of flexibility. With these choices a land-use plan can increase its flexibility without decreasing legal certainty. Within reason the legal certainty can even benefit from more flexibility. However, current academic literature lacks a structured way to analyse flexibility contained within a land-use plan. Such a method is necessary for analysing and comparing different land-use plans. This paper will provide such a method and analyse thirteen different land-use plans in the Netherlands on their flexibility. It will show that a structured method can prove to be useful for analysing and comparing different land-use plans. The research provides insight into the complex balance between flexibility and legal certainty and presents an assessment tool which can be used for further academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the mid-1920s to the early 1960s, Jan Tinbergen was actively engaged in discussions about Dutch economic policy. He was the first director of the Central Planning Bureau, from 1945 to 1955. It took quite some time and effort to find an effective role for this Bureau vis-à-vis the political decision makers in the REA, a subgroup of the Council of Ministers. Partly as a result of that, Tinbergen's direct influence on Dutch (macro)economic policy appears to have been rather small until 1950. In that year two new advisory bodies were established, the Social and Economic Council (SER) and the Central Economic Committee. Tinbergen was an influential member of both, which effectively raised his impact on economic policy. In the early fifties he played an important role in shaping the Dutch consensus economy. In addition, his indirect influence has been substantial, as the methods and tools that he developed gained widespread acceptance in the Netherlands and in many other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wage restraint has been the paradigm in the much discussed Dutch political economy - just as labor market liberalization is the paradigm in the internationally dominant politico-economic policy discourse. The Dutch employment 'miracle' has been associated with the protracted wage restraint capital and labor agreed upon in 1982 to improve competitiveness, profits and investment. Competitiveness and investment have not improved since then, however. Nonetheless, the paradigm is remarkably stable. It is sustained by a broad epistemic community of politicians, academics, journalists, civil servants and at its heart the Central Planning Bureau (CPB), a government advisory agency that since the 1950s has been the intellectual center of Dutch socio-economic policy making. Partially based on interviews we analyze the paradigmatic character of the wage restraint formula, the epistemic community sustaining it and the pivotal position of the CPB within this community. Looking for the basis of its stability we think that accidental circumstances, the esteem of the CPB, imitation, conformism and idleness are explanatory factors, which appear to be as relevant as and perhaps even more relevant than rational convictions, and which could also shed some light on the dominance of liberal reform paradigms or other cases of ideational dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the development in three periods of spatial planning in Netherlands, which were also seen as episodes of Europeanization. The first period began around 1950s until 1998, during the emergence of national planning, while the second period began in 1998 until 2004, during the development of the National Spatial Strategy. The third period began around 2005 until present. Moreover, the author reflects on the Europeanization of national spatial planning in the country.

The article presents articles published in the December 2005 issue of the periodical "European Planning Studies." The first two articles discuss the theory underlying the understanding of the relation between innovation, policy and economic growth. In the second article, Peter De Bruijn and Arnoud Lagendijk explore the importance of national context or national innvovation systems. The next four articles discuss innovation, policy and economic growth in Finland, South Africa, the Netherlands and the United States.

The article asks and answers four main questions: What caused the rapid diffusion of part-time work in the Netherlands? How was marginalization of part-time work avoided? Is the current one-and-a-half earners model a transitional phase towards a doubleearner household model? Will the Dutch example attract followers in other European welfare states? The article seeks to demonstrate that the Dutch one-and-a-half-earners model was not the result of deliberate policy planning by governments, unions or employers, but rather the outcome of 'bottom-up' pressures and accommodating policy changes. The choice for part-time work is closely linked to the late and rapid arrival of married women in the labour force and the dearth of child-care provisions in what was not long ago a strong breadwinner welfare state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses spatial planning in the Netherlands. Information on the spatial policy; Development of land use and housing; Details on car mobility; Spatial claim of urban function and infrastructure.

Discusses the polder model in economic and environmental planning in Netherlands. Cooperation between capital, labor and state; Evidence of the traditional cooperation and consensus building in Netherlands; Phases of the environmental policies in Netherlands; Comparison between economic and environmental planning; Challenges and prospects for the approach in economic and environmental problem solving.