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The rising human population is causing the utilization of enormous amounts of fossil fuels to fulfill energy needs. Various renewable sources are used as fossil fuels however those resources are not powerful in supplanting customary non-renewable energy sources like gasoline in vehicles. The depletion of conventional fossil fuel utilized in a vehicle contributes to an increased portion of air contamination and is a danger to human well-being. Also, to maintain the supply demand, many active types of research have been carried out in mixing a higher percentage of ethanol over gasoline and further moving towards flex-fuel vehicles. But there arises a problem of knocking and higher CO, and HC emissions from the engine. To overcome the above problem, ethanol could be mixed in a higher percentage over gasoline with the help of hydrogen assistance and can completely avoid the problem of knocking and reducing CO and HC emissions. In this research, the combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of a variable-speed gasoline engine fuelled with ethanol-blended gasoline along with hydrogen assistance are taken for investigation at variable speeds like 1800, 1600, 1400, and 1200 rpm. Hydrogen is added to blended fuel (E30) which has better combustion, emission, and performance than other blended fuels. Hydrogen addition is done at 2, 3, and 4 ms respectively. The outcomes showed that the E30 + H 2 at 3 ms has better combustion, emission, and performance, still, the emission of NOx is higher in comparison with all the other blends due to complete combustion. Thus, a two-stage analysis has been done, one is making a comparison among various blends of ethanol, and the second one is the comparison among the various energy shares of hydrogen. • Hydrogen injection timing variation at 2, 3, and 4 ms over the E30 fuel blend. • Hydrogen injecting strategy enhancing the usage of flex fuels in SI engine. • Split hydrogen and E30 fuel over port injection at the inlet manifold. • BTE was highest with E30 + H 2 at 3 ms and also the emissions were optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaseous-liquid fuel combinations of biogas as primary fuel and diesel as pilot fuel were employed to power a compression ignition (CI) engine in this study. The effects of variable input factors such as engine load, compression ratio, and pilot fuel injection advance on the dual-fuel engine's combustion, thermal, and emission performance were investigated. The data acquired during this lab-based testing was used to develop a prognostic model using a Bayesian optimization strategy for hyperparameter optimization and a contemporary ensemble Gaussian process regression (GPR) technique. During model testing, the error analysis revealed that the developed model could predict the experimental data rather correctly, with R2 values ranging from 0.9995 to 0.9999 and MSE values ranging from 0.00018 to 0.1334. The mean absolute error was discovered to be between 0.0091 and 0.3065. Consequently, the developed GPR model can effectively simulate the on-board performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel-biogas dual-fuel setting. As a consequence, the current work established the GPR model in the existing CI engine meta-modeling framework as a consistent, trustworthy, and robust system analytical approach for diesel-biogas dual fuel mode of operation. • Waste-derived biogas was used to power the diesel engine in dual-fuel mode. • Gaussian process regression was employed to develop a prognostic model. • Bayesian approach was used for hyper parameter optimization for best results. • Used model could predict emission and performance of the engine with 99.9% accuracy. • A precise metamodel framework to simulate the input–output paradigm was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study intends to assess the impact of incorporating an oxygenated fuel additive (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) into a biodiesel/diesel fuel mix on diesel engine combustion efficiency and instability. The combustion, performance, and emission properties were evaluated using advanced test equipment to offer a full study. The combustion instabilities in terms of cyclic fluctuations were investigated to discover any unusual behavior when H2O2 was added to biodiesel/diesel fuel mixtures. Statistical and continuous wavelet transformations were used to investigate the cyclic fluctuations in peak cylinder pressure and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). Diesel, B20 (20%/80% of biodiesel/diesel fuel), B20H5 (20%/5%/75% of biodiesel/H2O2/diesel fuel), and B20H10 (20%/10%/70% of biodiesel/H2O2/diesel fuel) were tested in the study. Experiment results indicated that B20H10 produced the best results. In comparison to B20, B20H10 improved BTE by 6.56% and HRR by 8.5%, while decreasing BSFC by 7.98%, CO and HC emissions by 26.5%, and 6.67%, respectively. Furthermore, the peak pressure and IMEP cyclic changes were also well within permissible ranges. However, it was shown that adding H2O2 to B20 increased NOx emissions. The cyclic variations in the cylinder peak pressure and indicated mean effective pressure were analyzed using statistical methods and continuous wavelet transformation. No abnormality was detected in cyclic variation, thus ruling out any unsafe behavior in introducing test fuel additive to biodiesel blends. In principle, introducing H2O2 into a biodiesel/diesel fuel mix helped improve the engine performance and emissions while having no negative effects on engine life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]