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2. MAGICABOOLA! Are you wasting too much paper?
- Author
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Dick T
- Subjects
- Humans, Software, Conservation of Natural Resources, Paper, Printing
- Published
- 2013
3. Discussion paper: Sustainable increase of crop production through improved technical strategies, breeding and adapted management - A European perspective.
- Author
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Schröder P, Sauvêtre A, Gnädinger F, Pesaresi P, Chmeliková L, Doğan N, Gerl G, Gökçe A, Hamel C, Millan R, Persson T, Ravnskov S, Rutkowska B, Schmid T, Szulc W, Teodosiu C, and Terzi V
- Subjects
- Biodiversity, Crop Production, Crops, Agricultural, Ecosystem, Europe, Plant Breeding, Agriculture methods, Conservation of Natural Resources methods
- Abstract
During the next decade it will be necessary to develop novel combinations of management strategies to sustainably increase crop production and soil resilience. Improving agricultural productivity, while conserving and enhancing biotic and abiotic resources, is an essential requirement to increase global food production on a sustainable basis. The role of farmers in increasing agricultural productivity growth sustainably will be crucial. Farmers are at the center of any process of change involving natural resources and for this reason they need to be encouraged and guided, through appropriate incentives and governance practices, to conserve natural ecosystems and their biodiversity, and minimize the negative impact agriculture can have on the environment. Farmers and stakeholders need to revise traditional approaches not as productive as the modern approaches but more friendly with natural and environmental ecosystems values as well as emerging novel tools and approaches addressing precise farming, organic amendments, lowered water consumption, integrated pest control and beneficial plant-microbe interactions. While practical solutions are developing, science based recommendations for crop rotations, breeding and harvest/postharvest strategies leading to environmentally sound and pollinator friendly production and better life in rural areas have to be provided., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Innovations in papermaking: an LCA of printing and writing paper from conventional and high yield pulp.
- Author
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Manda BM, Blok K, and Patel MK
- Subjects
- Models, Theoretical, Nanostructures chemistry, Printing, Time Factors, Titanium chemistry, Trees, Wood, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Environmental Pollution prevention & control, Inventions, Paper standards
- Abstract
Pulp and paper industry is facing challenges such as resource scarcity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this research is to investigate whether the use of new coatings (micro or nano TiO(2)) and different pulp types could bring savings in wood, energy, GHG emissions and other environmental impacts in comparison with conventional printing and writing paper. We studied three types of pulp, namely i) unbleached virgin kraft pulp, ii) recovered fiber, and iii) high yield virgin chemithermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP). A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted from cradle to grave. Applying attributional modeling, we found that wood savings amount to 60% for the nanoparticle coated recovered fiber paper and 35% for the micro TiO(2) coated CTMP paper. According to the ReCiPe single score impact assessment method, the new product configurations allow the reduction of the environmental impacts by 10-35% compared to conventional kraft paper. Applying consequential modeling, we found larger energy and GHG emission savings compared to attributional modeling because the saved wood is used for producing energy, thereby replacing fossil fuels. The nanoparticle coated recovered fiber paper offered savings of non-renewable energy use (NREU) by 100% (13GJ/ton paper) and GHG emission reduction by 75% (0.6 tonCO(2)eq./ton paper). Micro TiO(2) coated CTMP paper offered NREU savings by 25% (3GJ/ton paper) and savings of GHG emissions by 10% (0.1 tonCO(2)eq./ton paper). The taking into account of all environmental impacts with the ReCiPe single score method leads to comparable results as that of attributional modeling. We conclude that the nanoparticle coated recovered fiber paper offered the highest savings and lowest environmental impacts. However, human toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts of the nanoparticles were not included in this analysis and need further research. If this leads to the conclusion that the toxicity impacts of the nanoparticles are serious, then the CTMP paper with micro TiO(2) coating is the preferred option., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Library of UV-Vis-NIR reflectance spectra of modern organic dyes from historic pattern-card coloured papers.
- Author
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Montagner C, Bacci M, Bracci S, Freeman R, and Picollo M
- Subjects
- Art, Coloring Agents analysis, Coloring Agents chemistry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Paper, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
- Abstract
An accurate characterisation of the organic dyes used in artworks, especially those made of paper, is an important factor in designing safe conservation treatments. In the case of synthetic organic dyes used in modern works of art, for example, one frequently encountered difficulty is that some of these dyes are not still commercially available. Recognizing this problem, the authors of this paper present the results of an analysis of UV-Vis-NIR fibre optic reflectance spectra of 82 samples of dyed paper prepared with 41 dyes. The samples come from a historic book, The Dyeing of Paper in the Pulp, which was published by Interessen-Gemeinschaft (I.G.) Farbenindustrie in 1925. The dyes used in the paper pulp belong to the azo compounds, acridine, anthraquinone, azine, diphenylmethane, indigoid, methine, nitro, quinoline, thiazine, triphenylmethane, sulphur and xanthene classes., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Gaseous fuel production from nonrecyclable paper wastes by using supported metal catalysts in high-temperature liquid water.
- Author
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Yamaguchi A, Hiyoshi N, Sato O, Bando KK, and Shirai M
- Subjects
- Catalysis, Gases, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen, Metals, Methane, Water, Biofuels, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Energy-Generating Resources, Industrial Waste prevention & control, Paper
- Abstract
Paper wastes are used for the production of gaseous fuels over supported metal catalysts. The gasification of the nonrecyclable paper wastes, such as shredded documents and paper sludge, is carried out in high-temperature liquid water. The order of the catalytic activity for the gasification is found to be ruthenium>rhodium>>platinum>>palladium. A charcoal-supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/C) is the most effective for the gasification of paper and cellulose. Paper wastes are gasified to a limited degree (32.6 carbon %) for 30 min in water at 523 K to produce methane and carbon dioxide, with a small amount of hydrogen. At 573 K, more complete gasification with almost 100 carbon % is achieved within 10 min in water. At 523 K, the gas yield of paper gasification over Ru/C is higher than that of cellulose powder. The gas yields are increased by ball-milling treatment of the recycled paper and cellulose powder. Printed paper wastes are also gasified at 523 K in water.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. [Influence of the cycle number in processing of cellulose from waste paper on its ability to hydrolysis by cellulases].
- Author
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Morozova VV, Semenova MV, Rozhkova AM, Kondrat'eva EG, Okunev ON, Bekkarevich AO, Novozhilov EV, and Sinitsin AP
- Subjects
- Hydrolysis, Cellulase chemistry, Cellulose chemistry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Paper, Penicillium enzymology
- Abstract
Hydrolytic ability of laboratory enzyme preparations from fungus of the Penicillium genus was investigated using kraft pulp from nonbleached softwood and bleached hardwood cellulose as substrates. The enzyme preparations were shown to efficiently hydrolyze both softwood and hardwood cellulose. The yields of glucose and reducing sugars were 24-36 g/l and 27-37 g/l from 100 g/l of dry substrate in 48 h, respectively, and depended on the number of substrate grinding cycles.
- Published
- 2010
8. Pulp and paper plant wastes valorisation in bituminous mixes.
- Author
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Modolo R, Benta A, Ferreira VM, and Machado LM
- Subjects
- Construction Materials, Microscopy, Particle Size, Solubility, Stress, Mechanical, Time Factors, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Environmental Restoration and Remediation methods, Hydrocarbons chemistry, Industrial Waste, Paper
- Abstract
Nowadays, the increasing amount of wastes is a concerning reality and the environmental aspects has become a major priority. Following this worry, the purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the possibility of using pulp and paper inorganic wastes, named dregs and grits, in bituminous mixtures as aggregate replacement to reduce environmental effects of these wastes disposal. First, the wastes were chemically and physically characterized and also tested primarily taking into account the requirements for aggregates in bituminous mixtures. Then, formulations were prepared replacing aggregates with wastes in different amounts. The mechanical properties of these mixtures containing wastes were compared with reference samples based on standard methods. According to the results it was possible to verify that grits had a good performance and it might be directly tested industrially as an aggregate in road construction. On the other hand, dregs need to be treated before incorporation to guarantee stable mixes in terms of water sensitivity., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Particleboard made from waste paper treated with maleic anhydride.
- Author
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Nourbakhsh A and Ashori A
- Subjects
- Biomechanical Phenomena, Compressive Strength, Elasticity, Temperature, Tensile Strength, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Industrial Waste, Maleic Anhydrides chemistry, Paper, Refuse Disposal methods, Wood
- Abstract
This study evaluates the usage of waste newspaper as a supplement raw material for laboratory-made single-layer particle-boards. The boards were made of various ratios (75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100) of waste paper flakes to wood particles mixtures (wt/wt). The effects of press temperature and maleic anhydride on the properties of the boards were determined. Evaluated properties were modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding strength, and thickness swelling. Panels made from waste newspaper satisfied the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding strength requirements of European Norms standards. Performing a statistical analysis of the results, press temperature and maleic anhydride content were found to be positively effective on the mechanical properties at a 95% confidence level. The results from this study indicated that technically waste paper could be a potential substitute material for particleboard manufacture.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Long-term changes in the effluent loads from pulp and paper mills, the introduction of BAT technology, and their effects on extractable organic halogens concentrations in sediment in part of the Bothnian Bay.
- Author
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Pöykiö R, Nurmesniemi H, Kivilinna VA, and Kuokkanen T
- Subjects
- Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis, Finland, Oceans and Seas, Time Factors, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Conservation of Natural Resources trends, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Halogenated analysis, Paper, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Water Purification methods
- Abstract
The Bothnian Bay at Kemi, which is the northernmost basin of the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea, is affected by effluents from point sources such as pulp and paper mills and municipal sewage plant. During the period 1988-2008, the accumulated values of effluent volume, BOD7, CODCr, Tot-P, Tot-N, TSS and AOX from these point sources fell considerably as follows: 1) effluent volume by 24%, BOD7 by 92%, CODCr by 74%, Tot-P by 79%, Tot-N by 38%, TSS by 76% and AOX by 93%. The decrease in the effluent loadings is due to the introduction of Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the production processes and wastewater treatment at the pulp and paper mills. According to the long-term monitoring program that has been carried out every third year between 1997-2009, the decreasing trend in EOX-concentrations in the top 2 cm of the bottom sediment reflects the decrease in organochlorine discharges (AOX) from the mills. In 1997, the EOX concentrations in bottom sediment varied between 3-70 μg of Cl g(-1) (dry weight), and in 2009 between 1.2-31 μg of Cl g(-1) (dry weight).
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Confirmation of combinational effects of calcium with other metals in a paper recycling mill effluent on nematode lifespan with toxicity identification evaluation method.
- Author
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Wang D, Wang Y, and Shen L
- Subjects
- Aluminum toxicity, Animals, Caenorhabditis elegans physiology, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins genetics, Iron toxicity, Larva drug effects, Mutation genetics, Receptor, Insulin genetics, Reproducibility of Results, Caenorhabditis elegans drug effects, Calcium toxicity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Longevity drug effects, Paper, Toxicity Tests methods, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods
- Abstract
We used toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method to confirm the combinational effects of identified toxic metals in a paper recycling mill effluent in inducing the decreased lifespan in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to Ca + Al caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Al; and exposure to Ca + Fe induced more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Fe. Exposure to Ca+Al+Fe caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Ca+Fe. Moreover, the baseline toxicity on lifespan was doubled by doubling the concentration of combined metals (Ca+Al+Fe) in spiking test in original effluent (oe), and lifespan defects in oe+Ca+Al+Fe exposed nematodes were more severe than that in Ca+Al+Fe exposed nematode. Therefore, Ca+Al+Fe exposure may largely explain the formation of decreased lifespan induced by the examined industrial effluent. Furthermore, the observed reduction of lifespan induced by the combination of high level of Ca with other metals may be at least partially independent of the insulin-like pathway.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Recycling of paper: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions.
- Author
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Merrild H, Damgaard A, and Christensen TH
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring, Air Pollutants analysis, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Global Warming, Paper
- Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been established for recycling of paper waste with focus on a material recovery facility (MRF). The MRF upgrades the paper and cardboard waste before it is delivered to other industries where new paper or board products are produced. The accounting showed that the GHG contributions from the upstream activities and operational activities, with global warming factors (GWFs) of respectively 1 to 29 and 3 to 9 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(- 1) paper waste, were small in comparison wih the downstream activities. The GHG contributions from the downstream reprocessing of the paper waste ranged from approximately 490 to 1460 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne( -1) of paper waste. The system may be expanded to include crediting of avoided virgin paper production which would result in GHG contributions from -1270 to 390 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(- 1) paper waste. It may also be assumed that the wood not used for virgin paper production instead is used for production of energy that in turn is assumed to substitute for fossil fuel energy. This would result in GHG contributions from -1850 to -4400 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(- 1) of paper waste. These system expansions reveal very large GHG savings, suggesting that the indirect upstream and operational GHG contributions are negligible in comparison with the indirect downstream emissions. However, the data for reprocessing of paper waste and the data for virgin paper production are highly variable. These differences are mainly related to different energy sources for the mills, both in regards to energy form (heat or electricity) and fuel (biomass or fossil fuels).
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Reducing organic loads in wastewater effluents from paper recycling plants using microbial fuel cells.
- Author
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Huang L, Cheng S, Rezaei F, and Logan BE
- Subjects
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Organic Chemicals analysis, Paper, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
Many industries are charged fees based on the organic loads in effluents. Therefore, it can be advantageous to reduce the wastewater strength prior to discharge. We investigated the use of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of a paper-plant wastewater while at the same time producing electricity in a continuous flow system. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of six hours, COD removal using an unamended wastewater (506 mg/L COD) (organic loading rate, OLR = 2.0 kg COD/(m3 d)) was 26 +/- 2%, with a power density of 5.9 +/- 0.2 W/m3 (210 +/- 7 mW/m2). This amount of power was similar to the maximum power density (5.2 +/- 0.4 W/m3) produced in fed-batch tests using a slightly lower strength wastewater in the same device (405 mg/L COD). Increasing the HRT to 25 h (OLR = 0.5 kg COD/(m3 d)) increased COD removal (41 +/- 2%) but substantially decreased power (2.8 +/- 0.3 W/m3). While wastewater strength affected removal rates, the solution conductivity (0.8 mS/cm) was primarily a factor in low power production. These results demonstrate that MFCs can be used to reduce organic loads in effluents at relatively short HRTs, while at the same time generating power.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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14. Ecolabeled paper towels: consumer valuation and expenditure analysis.
- Author
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Srinivasan AK and Blomquist GC
- Subjects
- Commerce, Environmental Pollution prevention & control, Health Expenditures, Humans, Inflation, Economic, Conservation of Natural Resources, Consumer Behavior, Paper
- Abstract
Ecolabeled paper towels are manufactured using post-consumer recycled material and sold in markets using a recycle logo. Environmentally conscious consumers purchase these paper towels and thereby contribute to improving environmental quality. In this paper, we estimate the implicit value placed by consumers on ecolabeled paper towels using a hedonic price function and conduct an expenditure analysis using Heckman's selection model. Using the data set from the Internet-based grocery stores called as Peapod we find that some consumers recognize ecolabels on paper towels and place a substantial, positive price premium on them. The expenditure analysis indicates that for the preferred functional form, the demand for ecolabeled paper towels is inelastic for environmentally conscious consumers. The simulated results from the selection model indicate that a small subsidy for ecolabeled paper towels will not substantially change consumers' purchase decisions.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Organic pollutants in paper-recycling process water discharge areas: first detection and emission in aquatic environment.
- Author
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Terasaki M, Fukazawa H, Tani Y, and Makino M
- Subjects
- Chemical Fractionation, Chromatography, Gel methods, Environmental Monitoring methods, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry methods, Japan, Conservation of Natural Resources, Industrial Waste analysis, Paper, Polycyclic Compounds analysis, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
In this study, eight compounds have been identified and quantified from the samples collected from paper-recycling process water discharge areas. In particular, five aryl hydrocarbons, including a novel chlorinated aryl ether, were identified for the first time as environmental pollutants. In the effluent stream, concentration levels of up to 1600 microg L(-1) and 190 microg g(-1) were detected in the surface water and surface sediment, respectively. The results of this study have raised concerns regarding the organic chemicals used in thermal paper and the environmental consequences of their release.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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16. Toxicity evaluation in a paper recycling mill effluent by coupling bioindicator of aging with the toxicity identification evaluation method in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
- Author
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Wang X, Shen L, Yu H, and Wang D
- Subjects
- Animals, Caenorhabditis elegans drug effects, Locomotion drug effects, Longevity drug effects, Metals toxicity, Reproducibility of Results, Reproduction drug effects, Aging physiology, Caenorhabditis elegans physiology, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Pollutants toxicity, Industrial Waste, Paper, Toxicity Tests methods
- Abstract
Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) can be used to determine the specific toxicant(s) in industrial effluents. In the current study, the authors have attempted to combine the advantages of the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, with the virtues of the TIE technique, to evaluate and identify the toxicity on aging from a paper recycling mill effluent. The results indicate that only the toxicities from mixed cellulose (MC) filtration and EDTA treatment are similar to the baseline aging toxicity, suggesting that the suspect toxicants inducing aging toxicity may largely be the heavy metal substances in this industrial effluent. Examination of the accumulation of intestinal autofluorescence in adult animals further confirms that the short lifespans are actually due to accelerated aging. In addition, exposure to fractions of EDTA manipulations cannot result in severe defects of reproduction and locomotion behaviors in C. elegans. Moreover, high levels of Ca, Al, and Fe in the effluent may account for the severe toxicity on aging of exposed nematodes, by TIE assay. The study here provides a new method for evaluating environmental risk and identifying toxicant(s) from the industrial effluent using C. elegans.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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17. An analysis of the breakdown of paper products (toilet paper, tissues and tampons) in natural environments, Tasmania, Australia.
- Author
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Bridle KL and Kirkpatrick JB
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Environment, Geography, Humans, Rain, Recreation, Sewage, Tasmania, Conservation of Natural Resources, Paper, Refuse Disposal, Soil Pollutants, Tampons, Surgical
- Abstract
An examination of the relative breakdown rates of unused toilet paper, facial tissues and tampons was undertaken in nine different environments typical of Tasmanian natural areas. Bags of the paper products (toilet paper, facial tissues, tampons) were buried for periods of 6, 12 and 24 months at depths of 5 and 15 cm. A nutrient solution simulating human body wastes was added to half of the samples, to test the hypothesis that the addition of nutrients would enhance the breakdown of paper products buried in the soil. Mean annual rainfall was the most important measured variable determining mean breakdown in the nutrient addition treatment between sites, with high rainfall sites (mean annual rainfall of greater than 650 mm) recording less decayed products than the drier sites (mean annual rainfall of 500-650 mm). Temperature and soil organic content were important influences on the breakdown of the unfertilised products. Toilet paper and tissues decayed more readily than tampons. Nutrient addition enhanced decay for all products across all sites. Depth of burial was not important in determining the degree to which products decayed. In alpine environments, burial under rocks at the surface did not increase the speed of decay of any product. The Western Alpine site, typical of alpine sites in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, showed very little decay over the two-year period, even for nutrient enhanced products. Management prescriptions should be amended to dissuade people from depositing human toilet waste in the extreme (montane to alpine) environments in western Tasmania. Tampons should continue to be carried out as currently prescribed.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Enzymatic deinking of laser printed office waste papers: some governing parameters on deinking efficiency.
- Author
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Lee CK, Darah I, and Ibrahim CO
- Subjects
- Aspergillus enzymology, Hydrolysis, Materials Testing, Rhizopus enzymology, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Enzymes metabolism, Ink, Paper, Refuse Disposal methods
- Abstract
The protocol for the enzymatic deinking of laser printed waste papers on a laboratory scale using cellulase (C) and hemicellulase (H) of Aspergillus niger (Amano) was developed as an effective method for paper recycling. A maximum deinking efficiency of almost 73% by the enzyme combination of C:H was obtained using the deinking conditions of pulping consistency of 1.0% (w/v) with the pulping time of 1.0min, temperature of 50 degrees C, pH=3.5, agitation rate of 60rpm, pulp concentration of 4% (w/v), concentration of each enzyme of 2.5U/g air dried pulp and the enzyme ratio of 1:1. The deinking efficiency was further enhanced to 95% using the optimized flotation system consisting of pH=6.0, Tween 80 of concentration 0.5% (w/w), working air flow rate of 10.0L/min and temperature of 45 degrees C. The deinked papers were found to exhibit properties comparable to the commercial papers suggesting the effectiveness of the enzymatic process developed.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Paper waste - recycling, incineration or landfilling? A review of existing life cycle assessments.
- Author
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Villanueva A and Wenzel H
- Subjects
- Waste Products, Conservation of Natural Resources, Paper, Refuse Disposal methods
- Abstract
A review of existing life cycle assessments (LCAs) on paper and cardboard waste has been undertaken. The objectives of the review were threefold. Firstly, to see whether a consistent message comes out of published LCA literature on optimum disposal or recycling solutions for this waste type. Such message has implications for current policy formulation on material recycling and disposal in the EU. Secondly, to identify key methodological issues of paper waste management LCAs, and enlighten the influence of such issues on the conclusions of the LCA studies. Thirdly, in light of the analysis made, to discuss whether it is at all valid to use the LCA methodology in its current development state to guide policy decisions on paper waste. A total of nine LCA studies containing altogether 73 scenarios were selected from a thorough, international literature search. The selected studies are LCAs including comparisons of different management options for waste paper. Despite claims of inconsistency, the LCAs reviewed illustrate the environmental benefits in recycling over incineration or landfill options, for paper and cardboard waste. This broad consensus was found despite differences in geographic location and definitions of the paper recycling/disposal systems studied. A systematic exploration of the LCA studies showed, however, important methodological pitfalls and sources of error, mainly concerning differences in the definition of the system boundaries. Fifteen key assumptions were identified that cover the three paper cycle system areas: raw materials and forestry, paper production, and disposal/recovery. It was found that the outcome of the individual LCA studies largely depended on the choices made in some of these assumptions, most specifically the ones concerning energy use and generation, and forestry.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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20. Development of a framework for sustainable uses of resources: more paper and less plastics?
- Author
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Chen CC
- Subjects
- Guidelines as Topic, Policy Making, Public Policy, Taiwan, Conservation of Natural Resources, Decision Support Techniques, Environmental Pollution prevention & control, Paper, Plastics
- Abstract
Taiwan's EPA has implemented a new guideline called the "Plastic Products Restriction Policy", prohibiting some industries to use plastics as packaging materials for the sake of sustainable use of resources. The significant effect resulting from this policy is the substitution of plastic products with paper products. Is this policy beneficial to achieve future sustainability? I attempt to analyze the resource choice between renewable resources and exhaustible resources for production of final products and services in case of exhaustion of natural resources. In this paper, I develop a framework to examine the dynamic responsiveness of a socio-economical system in facing a continual depletion of natural resources provided by an environmental system. In this framework, the status of an environmental system in terms of carrying capacity is affected by the cumulative impacts caused from human activities, including environmental pollution and resource exploitation. Conversely, it also affects the growth of renewable resources. This framework can serve as a guideline to construct indicators to measure the status of the environmental system and the socio-economical system in order to support a policy planner that formulates an appropriate environmental policy. Based on this framework, I also develop a mathematical model to determine the optimal ratio of resources choice between renewable resources and exhaustible resources.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Paper and paperboard industry protocol for sampling and analysis of recycled materials intended for food packaging applications.
- Author
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Hagenbarth MJ
- Subjects
- Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Humans, Industry standards, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Risk Assessment methods, Toxicity Tests methods, Conservation of Natural Resources, Food Contamination, Food Packaging, Paper
- Abstract
This paper describes the Recycled Paperboard Technical Association (RPTA) Sampling and Analysis Protocol that RPTA member mills can use to determine that paperboard produced from recycled fibre may safely be used in food contact applications. Application of this Protocol helps to ensure compliance with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations outlined in 21 CFR 176.260. Health risk-based allowable concentrations for potential unintended chemical constituents in the paperboard have been calculated. The protocol provides a methodology for mills to determine the concentrations of these chemicals in their paperboard for comparison with the allowable concentrations. This methodology includes guidance on what to test for, frequency of testing, sample collection methods, analytical methods and interpretation of testing results. This paper explains how and why the RPTA Protocol was developed, how it is used today, what changes have been made through the first half of 2004 and what changes may be expected in the future.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Biological deinking of inkjet-printed paper using Vibrio alginolyticus and its enzymes.
- Author
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Mohandass C and Raghukumar C
- Subjects
- Amylases analysis, Bacterial Proteins analysis, Cell-Free System, Cells, Immobilized, Culture Media chemistry, Geologic Sediments microbiology, Lipase analysis, Polysorbates metabolism, Seawater, Starch metabolism, Vibrio alginolyticus growth & development, Vibrio alginolyticus isolation & purification, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Ink, Paper, Vibrio alginolyticus enzymology, Vibrio alginolyticus metabolism, Waste Management methods
- Abstract
Recycling of office waste paper (photocopy, inkjet, and laser prints) is a major problem due to difficulty in removal of nonimpact ink. Biological deinking of office waste paper is reported using several microorganisms and their enzymes. We report here deinking and decolorization of the dislodged ink particles from inkjet printed paper pulp by a marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus isolate no. NIO/DI/32, obtained from marine sediments. Decolorization of this pulp was achieved within 72 h by growing the bacterium in the pulp of 3-6% consistency suspended in seawater. Immobilized bacterial cells in sodium alginate beads were also able to decolorize this pulp within 72 h. The cell-free culture supernatant of the bacterium grown in nutrient broth was not effective in deinking. However, when the culture was grown in nutrient broth supplemented with starch or Tween 80, the cell-free culture supernatant could effectively deink and decolorize inkjet-printed paper pulp within 72 h at 30 degrees C. The culture supernatant of V. alginolyticus grown in the presence of starch or Tween 80 showed 49 U ml(-1) and 33 U ml(-1) amylase and lipase activities, respectively. Dialysis of these culture supernatants through 10 kDa cut-off membrane resulted in a 35-40% reduction in their efficiency in decolorizing the pulp. It appears that amylase and lipase effectively help in dislodging the ink particles from the inkjet printed-paper pulp. We hypothesize that the bacterium might be inducing the formation of low molecular weight free radicals in the culture medium, which might be responsible for decolorization of the pulp.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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23. Deinking of laser printed copy paper with a mediated free radical system.
- Author
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Qian Y and Goodell B
- Subjects
- Chelating Agents chemistry, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Physical, Free Radicals chemistry, Materials Testing, Refuse Disposal, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ink, Paper
- Abstract
This work investigated the effect of a chelator-mediated bio-mimetic free radical treatment on repulping and flotation operations during the deinking of laser printed copy paper. A chelator-mediated free radical treatment was carried out at two different chemical levels and a two-step repulping method, which combined conventional alkaline repulping as well as free radical treatment, was also developed. Flotation trials were performed on each of these treated samples to separate ink particles. Results from image analysis and paper physical properties testing are presented, and the deinking efficiency for these different treatments is also compared. Results indicate that under properly controlled conditions, free radical treatment can perform better than conventional chemical deinking methods.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Environmental quality of primary paper sludge.
- Author
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Boni MR, D'Aprile L, and De Casa G
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring, Italy, Permeability, Risk Assessment, Conservation of Natural Resources, Industrial Waste, Metals, Heavy analysis, Paper, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods
- Abstract
The reuse and recycling of waste paper sludge is increasing rapidly as far as the economical and positive environmental benefits are realised. In this study, primary sludge coming from a large production plant, located in the centre of Italy, was collected and the environmental quality of the sludge was assessed through geotechnical, physical and chemical analysis and leaching tests, as required by the Italian regulation on solid waste recovery. The results suggest that primary sludge from paper industry do not represent a major threat for the environment in regard to the heavy metal content. The use of this sludge for in situ applications appears an interesting avenue for an integrated management of waste from the paper industry.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Improvement of the physical properties of reprocessed paper by using biological treatment with modified cellulase.
- Author
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Park J and Park K
- Subjects
- Maleic Anhydrides, Polyethylene Glycols, Waste Products, Cellulase, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Paper
- Abstract
A primary need for waste paper reprocessing is to preserve optical properties and the physical strength of the paper fibers. In this study, modified cellulase with copolymer, polyethylene oxide (PEO) derivatives and maleic anhydride (MA) was applied to the reprocessing of mixed office waste (MOW). Modified cellulase was prepared by a chemical reaction between amino groups of the cellulase and the MA functional groups of the copolymer. In MOW reprocessing, modified cellulase improved several physical properties of the paper including freeness, optical properties, and physical strength compared to the conventional process. Even though native cellulase improved the physical properties, paper treated with modified cellulase exhibited an increase in physical properties such as tensile strength and internal bond over those of unmodified cellulase. From these results, modified cellulase method is a new biological treatment that will save pulp resources, which are added to waste paper reprocessing to maintain the strength of paper.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Practical energy and water management through pinch analysis for the pulp and paper industry.
- Author
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Koufos D and Retsina T
- Subjects
- Equipment Design, Hot Temperature, Industry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Paper, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods
- Abstract
In this paper we briefly describe pinch technology as a practical tool for effective energy management in the pulp and paper industry. Results indicate good steam savings. Recently pinch technology has been extended to water management. We have developed a customized methodology for the pulp and paper industry, to eliminate or reduce fresh water intake. Although the methodology is not fully developed it is a "proof of concept" that pinch principles can be applied to water related problems. The eventual combination of both thermal and water pinch will thus provide a structured and comprehensive approach for plant wide efficiency increase.
- Published
- 2001
27. The environmental fate of the primary degradation products of alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in recycled paper sludge.
- Author
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Hawrelak M, Bennett E, and Metcalfe C
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Industrial Waste, Paper, Phenols analysis, Soil Pollutants analysis, Surface-Active Agents analysis
- Abstract
Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) are a group of non-ionic surfactants that are degraded microbially into more lipophilic degradation products with estrogenic potential, including nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), octylphenol (4-tOP) and nonylphenol (4-NP). Nonylphenol ethoxylates are used in paper recycling plants for de-inking paper and have the potential to be released into the environment through spreading of wastewater treatment sludge for soil amendment. Three samples of recycled paper sludge were collected from farmers' fields and analyzed for concentrations of NP1EO, NP2EO, 4-NP and 4-tOP. Each sample differed in the amount of time elapsed since the sludge was placed on farmers' fields. Primary degradation products of APEOs were present at low micrograms/g concentrations in the sludge samples. Differences in the concentrations of these analytes in sludge samples indicated that APEO concentrations declined by 84% over a period of 14 weeks on farmers' fields. Changes in the chromatographic patterns of acetylated 4-NP indicated that there is a group of recalcitrant nonylphenol isomers that degrades more slowly than other isomers. These data indicate that microbial degradation may reduce the risk of environmental contamination by these compounds, but more work is required to assess the toxic potential of APEOs in sludges used for soil amendment.
- Published
- 1999
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28. Respiratory function and immunological status in paper-recycling workers.
- Author
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Zuskin E, Mustajbegovic J, Schachter EN, Kanceljak B, Kern J, Macan J, and Ebling Z
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Air Pollutants, Occupational adverse effects, Chronic Disease, Croatia, Dust adverse effects, Dyspnea diagnosis, Dyspnea immunology, Dyspnea physiopathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases diagnosis, Respiratory Tract Diseases diagnosis, Smoking adverse effects, Conservation of Natural Resources, Occupational Diseases immunology, Occupational Diseases physiopathology, Paper, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, Respiratory Tract Diseases immunology, Respiratory Tract Diseases physiopathology
- Abstract
The respiratory function and immunological status of workers employed in the paper recycling industry were studied. The mean age of the 101 studied workers was 41 years, and the mean duration of their exposure was 17 years. A group of 87 unexposed workers of similar age, duration of employment, and smoking history was studied for the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms. Lung function in the paper workers was measured by recording maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves and recording forced vital capacity (FVC), 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% and the last 25% of the FVC (FEF50, FEF25). Immunological studies were performed in all 101 paper workers and in 37 control workers (volunteers). These included skin-prick tests with paper-dust extracts and other nonoccupational allergens, as well as the measurement of total serum immunoglobulin E. Significantly higher prevalences of all chronic respiratory symptoms were found in paper compared with control workers (P < 0.01). The highest prevalences were found for chronic cough (36.6%), chronic phlegm (34.7%), chronic bronchitis (33.7%), sinusitis (31.7%), and dyspnea (18.8%). Occupational asthma was diagnosed in four (4.0%) of the paper workers. A logistic regression analysis performed on chronic respiratory symptoms of paper workers indicated significant effects of smoking and exposure, with the smoking effect being the most important. Multivariate analysis of lung-function parameters indicate significant effects of exposure. For paper workers, the measured FEF50 and FEF25 were significantly decreased, compared with predicted values, suggesting obstructive changes located primarily in smaller airways. Among 101 tested paper workers, 16 (15.8%) had positive skin-prick tests to at least one of the paper extracts; none of the control workers reacted to these extracts. Increased serum IgE levels were found in 21% of the paper workers and in 5% of control workers (P < 0.05). Paper workers with positive skin-prick tests to any of the paper and/or other tested extracts had higher prevalences of chronic respiratory symptoms and lower measured lung-function tests compared with predicted than did those with negative skin-prick tests, but the differences were not statistically significant. The measured concentrations of total and respirable dust in this industry were higher than those recommended by Croatian standards. Our study suggests that work in the paper-recycling industry is associated with respiratory impairment and that sensitive workers employed in this industry may be at particular risk of developing chronic respiratory abnormalities.
- Published
- 1998
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- View/download PDF
29. [Respiratory function and allergic reactions in paper recycling workers].
- Author
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Zuskin E, Mustajbegović J, Kanceljak-Macan B, Macan J, Decković-Vukres V, and Vitale K
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Forced Expiratory Volume, Humans, Hypersensitivity etiology, Male, Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases etiology, Respiratory Tract Diseases etiology, Skin Tests, Vital Capacity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Hypersensitivity diagnosis, Occupational Diseases diagnosis, Paper, Respiratory Tract Diseases diagnosis
- Abstract
Respiratory function and allergic reactions were studied in 101 male workers in paper recycling and in 87 nonexposed male control workers. Ventilatory capacity was measured by recording maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves with readings on forced vital capacity (FVC), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and maximum expiratory flows at 50% and the last 25% (FEF50 and FEF25, respectively). Skin prick test with paper dust allergens, some nonoccupational allergens, and total immunoglobulin IgE analysis were used to assess immunological status. Significantly higher prevalences of all chronic respiratory symptoms were recorded in the exposed workers than in controls. The highest prevalence was recorded for chronic cough (36.6%), followed by chronic phlegm (34.7%), chronic bronchitis (33.7%), sinusitis (31.7%), nasal catarrh (29.7%), and dyspnea (16.8%). Occupational asthma was diagnosed in four paper recycling workers only (4.0%). Values of FEF50 and FEF25 were significantly lower than predicted, indicating obstructive changes located mostly in the smaller airways. Skin tests to paper allergens were found positive in 16 (15.8%) paper recycling workers and none in controls. An increase in total immunoglobulin IgE was found in 21 of 101 paper recycling workers and in two of 37 of controls (P < 0.05). Our data indicate that exposure to air pollutants in paper recycling industry may lead to the development of respiratory symptoms accompanied by lung function and immunological impairment.
- Published
- 1998
30. Use of recycled fibers for paper and board in food contact.
- Author
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Traussnig H, Messner M, Gössler E, and Mühlhauser M
- Subjects
- Cadmium analysis, Cellulose chemistry, Chromium analysis, Europe, Formaldehyde analysis, Humans, Lead analysis, Legislation, Food, Mercury analysis, Pentachlorophenol analysis, Conservation of Natural Resources, Food, Paper
- Published
- 1998
31. Risk of cancer among paper recycling workers.
- Author
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Rix BA, Villadsen E, Engholm G, and Lynge E
- Subjects
- Cohort Studies, Denmark epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hodgkin Disease epidemiology, Hodgkin Disease etiology, Humans, Male, Neoplasms epidemiology, Occupational Diseases epidemiology, Pharyngeal Neoplasms epidemiology, Pharyngeal Neoplasms etiology, Risk Factors, Conservation of Natural Resources, Neoplasms etiology, Occupational Diseases etiology, Paper
- Abstract
Objectives: Studies in traditional paper mills have indicated an excess cancer risk, and mutagenic compounds have been identified in the industry. No studies have reported on risk of cancer in paper recycling. Therefore the cancer incidence in Danish paper recycling mills was investigated., Methods: 5377 employees in five paper recycling plants were included in a historical cohort study. The workers had been employed in paper recycling in 1965-90, and the cohort was followed up until 31 December 1993. The expected number of cancer cases was calculated from national rates., Results: There was significantly more pharyngeal cancer among male workers (seven observed (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 3.33, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.34 to 6.87)). There was slightly more lung cancer among male workers in production (39 observed, SIR 1.21, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.65). Risk of Hodgkin's disease was doubled in male production worker (four observed, SIR 1.90, 95% CI 0.51 to 4.85)., Conclusions: The increased risk of pharyngeal cancer found in this study is interesting but may be influenced by confounders such as smoking and alcohol intake. This study also indicates an excess risk of Hodgkin's disease, which is in accordance with some studies in the traditional paper mills. As this is the first report on risk of cancer in paper recycling, further studies are needed.
- Published
- 1997
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- View/download PDF
32. Industrial hygiene measurements in a new industry: the repulping and deinking of paper waste.
- Author
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Rix BA and Lynge E
- Subjects
- Denmark, Dust, Endotoxins, Humans, Conservation of Natural Resources, Occupational Health, Paper
- Abstract
Six Danish paper recycling plants were included in an assessment of exposure to chemicals. A questionnaire on processes was completed, and in-plant industrial hygiene measurement data collected 1982-1994 were examined. The assessment of chemicals did not reveal a major use of possible carcinogens, but acrylamide may have been released in the work environment in one plant. A total of 197 hygiene measurements were recorded: 126 in the largest plant. Airborne concentrations of dust, microorganisms, and endotoxins varied widely between plants. High concentrations of dust were recorded in the paper machine area in one plant and in the repulping unit in another plant. In general, endotoxin levels were low, but endotoxin levels were increased in one plant when reuse of process water was intensified. Changes in procedures should be assessed by industrial hygiene measurements.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Ecosystem services deserve better than "dirty paper".
- Author
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Chapman PM, Selck H, Doorn N, and Munns WR Jr
- Subjects
- Humans, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Adaptive spatiotemporal management to reduce shark bycatch in tuna fisheries.
- Author
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Crespo GO, Griffiths S, Murua H, Österblom H, and Lopez J
- Subjects
- Animals, Pacific Ocean, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Tuna physiology, Fisheries, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Sharks physiology
- Abstract
Purse-seine tropical tuna fishing in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (EPO) results in the bycatch of several sensitive species groups, including elasmobranchs. Effective ecosystem management balances conservation and resource use and requires considering trade-offs and synergies. Seasonal and adaptive spatial measures can reduce fisheries impacts on nontarget species while maintaining or increasing target catches. Identifying persistently high-risk areas in the open ocean, where dynamic environmental conditions drive changes in species' distributions, is essential for exploring the impact of fisheries closures. We used fisheries observer data collected from 1995 to 2021 to explore the spatiotemporal persistence of areas of high bycatch risk for 2 species of oceanic sharks, silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) and oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus), and of low tuna catch rates. We analyzed data collected by fisheries scientific observers onboard approximately 200 large purse-seine vessels operating in the EPO under 10 different flags. Fishing effort, catch, and bycatch data were aggregated spatially and temporally at 1° × 1° cells and monthly, respectively. When areas of high fishing inefficiency were closed the entire study period and effort was reallocated proportionally to reflect historical effort patterns, yearly tuna catch appeared to increase by 1-11%, whereas bycatch of silky and oceanic whitetip sharks decreased by 10-19% and 9%, respectively. Prior to fishing effort redistribution, bycatch reductions accrued to 21-41% and 14% for silky and oceanic whitetip sharks, respectively. Our results are consistent with previous findings and demonstrate the high potential for reducing elasmobranch bycatch in the EPO without compromising catch rates of target tuna species. They also highlight the need to consider new dynamic and adaptive management measures to more efficiently fulfill conservation and sustainability objectives for exploited resources in the EPO., (© 2024 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.)
- Published
- 2024
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35. Freshwater megafauna shape ecosystems and facilitate restoration.
- Author
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He F, Svenning JC, Chen X, Tockner K, Kuemmerle T, le Roux E, Moleón M, Gessner J, and Jähnig SC
- Subjects
- Animals, Ecosystem, Fresh Water, Conservation of Natural Resources
- Abstract
Freshwater megafauna, such as sturgeons, giant catfishes, river dolphins, hippopotami, crocodylians, large turtles, and giant salamanders, have experienced severe population declines and range contractions worldwide. Although there is an increasing number of studies investigating the causes of megafauna losses in fresh waters, little attention has been paid to synthesising the impacts of megafauna on the abiotic environment and other organisms in freshwater ecosystems, and hence the consequences of losing these species. This limited understanding may impede the development of policies and actions for their conservation and restoration. In this review, we synthesise how megafauna shape ecological processes in freshwater ecosystems and discuss their potential for enhancing ecosystem restoration. Through activities such as movement, burrowing, and dam and nest building, megafauna have a profound influence on the extent of water bodies, flow dynamics, and the physical structure of shorelines and substrata, increasing habitat heterogeneity. They enhance nutrient cycling within fresh waters, and cross-ecosystem flows of material, through foraging and reproduction activities. Freshwater megafauna are highly connected to other freshwater organisms via direct consumption of species at different trophic levels, indirect trophic cascades, and through their influence on habitat structure. The literature documenting the ecological impacts of freshwater megafauna is not evenly distributed among species, regions, and types of ecological impacts, with a lack of quantitative evidence for large fish, crocodylians, and turtles in the Global South and their impacts on nutrient flows and food-web structure. In addition, population decline, range contraction, and the loss of large individuals have reduced the extent and magnitude of megafaunal impacts in freshwater ecosystems, rendering a posteriori evaluation more difficult. We propose that reinstating freshwater megafauna populations holds the potential for restoring key ecological processes such as disturbances, trophic cascades, and species dispersal, which will, in turn, promote overall biodiversity and enhance nature's contributions to people. Challenges for restoration actions include the shifting baseline syndrome, potential human-megafauna competition for habitats and resources, damage to property, and risk to human life. The current lack of historical baselines for natural distributions and population sizes of freshwater megafauna, their life history, trophic interactions with other freshwater species, and interactions with humans necessitates further investigation. Addressing these knowledge gaps will improve our understanding of the ecological roles of freshwater megafauna and support their full potential for facilitating the development of effective conservation and restoration strategies to achieve the coexistence of humans and megafauna., (© 2024 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Effects of perceptions of forest change and intergroup competition on community-based conservation behaviors.
- Author
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Clark M, Hamad HM, Andrews J, Hillis V, and Mulder MB
- Subjects
- Tanzania, Humans, Bayes Theorem, Forestry, Perception, Conservation of Natural Resources, Forests
- Abstract
Approximately one quarter of the earth's population directly harvests natural resources to meet their daily needs. These individuals are disproportionately required to alter their behaviors in response to increasing climatic variability and global biodiversity loss. Much of the ever-ambitious global conservation agenda relies on the voluntary uptake of conservation behaviors in such populations. Thus, it is critical to understand how such individuals perceive environmental change and use conservation practices as a tool to protect their well-being. We developed a participatory mapping activity to elicit spatially explicit perceptions of forest change and its drivers across 43 mangrove-dependent communities in Pemba, Tanzania. We administered this activity along with a questionnaire regarding conservation preferences and behaviors to 423 individuals across those 43 communities. We analyzed these data with a set of Bayesian hierarchical statistical models. Perceived cover loss in 50% of a community's mangrove area drove individuals to decrease proposed limits on fuelwood bundles from 2.74 (forest perceived as intact) to 2.37 if participants believed resultant gains in mangrove cover would not be stolen by outsiders. Conversely, individuals who believed their community mangrove forests were at high risk of theft loosened their proposed harvest limits from 1.26 to 2.75 bundles of fuelwood in response to the same perceived forest decline. High rates of intergroup competition and mangrove loss were thus driving a self-reinforcing increase in unsustainable harvesting preferences in community forests in this system. This finding demonstrates a mechanism by which increasing environmental decline may cause communities to forgo conservation practices, rather than adopt them, as is often assumed in much community-based conservation planning. However, we also found that when effective boundaries were present, individuals were willing to limit their own harvests to stem such perceived decline., (© 2024 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Planning for ecosystem services compensation in the central highlands of Ethiopia.
- Author
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Admasu S, Yeshitela K, and Argaw M
- Subjects
- Ethiopia, Biodiversity, Water Supply, Ecosystem, Conservation of Natural Resources methods
- Abstract
The rapid deterioration of the upper Akaki catchment natural environment has led to an increasing impact not only on the watershed ecosystem but also the livelihood and the general well-being of the local community. As a result, the water supply is becoming a problem for Addis Ababa and its surrounding residents. This may lead to a greater willingness to pay and cooperate in initiatives to protect the watersheds. Therefore, a market-based instrument and participatory arrangements are critical for resolving socioecological problems. This research aimed to demonstrate a need for an incentive-based watershed conservation approach that can be used to support nature conservation through long-term financial investments in the central watersheds and elsewhere. To support the market-based intervention, sealable ecosystem services and cost-benefit analysis, as well as relevant stakeholders, institutions, and legal frameworks, were assessed. The prime factors for designing market-based approaches to halt biodiversity loss and reversing ecological processes are discussed. A domestic water tariff increase of ETB 1 per m
3 (US$ 0.08) could raise approximately US$ 3.24 million annually for watershed management, which could compensate smallholder farmers' annual opportunity costs for crop and livestock forage loss. Furthermore, the practice could help to abate biodiversity loss, improve the local economy, and accelerate the implementation of global biodiversity targets. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:965-974. © 2023 SETAC., (© 2023 SETAC.)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The concept of "state fishes of India": Current status, knowledge gaps, and strategic plans for conservation and sustainable utilization.
- Author
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Sarkar UK, Kathirvelpandian A, Kantharajan G, Tyagi LK, and Lakra WS
- Subjects
- Animals, India, Ecosystem, Conservation of Natural Resources, Fishes, Fisheries, Aquaculture
- Abstract
The concept of "state fishes of India" highlights the importance and significance of the prioritized fish species distributed across various states within the country. This review article systematically documents the current status of state fishes from various perspectives, identifies the prevailing knowledge gaps, and also highlights the issues and strategic plans essential for the conservation and sustainable utilization of these valuable genetic resources. A total of 8357 publications were checked for the consolidated information on state fish species, and the appropriate items were selected under eight categories: biology, physiology and nutrition, aquaculture, habitat and environmental parameters, genetics and biotechnology, harvest and postharvest, fish health management, and others. The synthesized information was used to present the current status of research and development on state fish species. The knowledge gaps that are to be addressed are also depicted under the perspectives of fisheries management and conservation aquaculture. Based on the findings, strategic plans for the targeted conservation programmes are proposed and discussed under various in situ and ex situ conservation measures. Further, the departmental processes involved in the declaration, the importance of stakeholder involvement, namely, local communities and policymakers, in fostering effective conservation measures, and planning for utilization of these valuable fish genetic resources are also indicated., (© 2024 Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Leakage of biodiversity risks under the European Union Biodiversity Strategy 2030.
- Author
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Fischer R, Zhunusova E, Günter S, Iost S, Schier F, Schweinle J, Weimar H, and Dieter M
- Subjects
- Forests, Forestry, Biodiversity, European Union, Conservation of Natural Resources methods
- Abstract
The European Union Biodiversity Strategy 2030 (EUBDS) aims to regain biodiversity through enhanced forest conservation and protection, which may lead to increased timber harvest in non-EU countries. We aimed to identify the potential leakage of biodiversity risks as induced by the EUBDS. We created an indicator framework that allows one to quantify vulnerability of forest biodiversity. The framework is based on 26 biodiversity indicators for which indicator values were publicly available. We weighted single indicator values with countrywise modeled data on changed timber production under EUBDS implementation. Nearly 80% of the indicators pointed to higher vulnerability in the affected non-EU countries. Roundwood production was transferred to countries with, on average, lower governance quality (p = 0.0001), political awareness (p = 0.548), forest coverage (p = 0.034), and biomass (p = 0.272) and with less sustainable forest management (p = 0.044 and p = 0.028). These countries had more natural habitats (p = 0.039) and intact forest landscapes (p = 0.0001) but higher risk of species extinction (p = 0.006) and less protected area (p = 0.0001) than the EU countries. Only a few indicators pointed to lower vulnerability and biodiversity risks outside the EU. Safeguards are needed to ensure that implementation of EUBDS does not cause harm to ecosystems elsewhere. The EU regulation on deforestation-free supply chains might have limited effects because the sustainable management of existing and even expanding forests is not well considered. Sustained roundwood production in the EU is needed to avoid placing more pressure on more vulnerable ecosystems elsewhere. Decreasing species and habitat indicator values nevertheless call for global conservation and protection schemes. The EUBDS helped pave the way to the Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework. Yet, lower values for the indicators mean governance and biodiversity engagement in non-EU countries suggest that this global framework might not sufficiently prevent leakage of risks to biodiversity. Effective land-use planning is necessary to balance conservation schemes with roundwood production., (© 2024 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Recycling and recycled paper.
- Author
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Gupta N and Kennett RL
- Subjects
- Trees, United States, Waste Products economics, American Medical Association, Conservation of Natural Resources economics, Paper, Publishing
- Published
- 1992
41. How to set up an office-paper recycling program.
- Author
-
Wydman MR
- Subjects
- Canada, Conservation of Natural Resources economics, Costs and Cost Analysis methods, Organizational Objectives, Program Development methods, Refuse Disposal economics, United States, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital methods, Paper, Refuse Disposal methods
- Published
- 1992
42. Statistical optimization of recycled-paper enzymatic hydrolysis for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation via central composite design.
- Author
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Liu Q, Cheng KK, Zhang JA, Li JP, and Wang GH
- Subjects
- Cellulose metabolism, Ethanol metabolism, Hydrolysis, Paper, Biotechnology methods, Cellulase chemistry, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Fermentation, Kluyveromyces metabolism
- Abstract
A central composite design of the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effects of temperature, enzyme concentration, and stirring rate on recycled-paper enzymatic hydrolysis. Among the three variables, temperature and enzyme concentration significantly affected the conversion efficiency of substrate, whereas stirring rate was not effective. A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for enzymatic hydrolysis by multiple regression analysis using RSM. The results of validation experiments were coincident with the predicted model. The optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were temperature, enzyme concentration, and stirring rate of 43.1 degrees C, 20 FPU g(-1) substrate, and 145 rpm, respectively. In the subsequent simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) experiment under the optimum conditions, the highest 28.7 g ethanol l(-1) was reached in the fed-batch SSF when 5% (w/v) substrate concentration was used initially, and another 5% added after 12 h fermentation. This ethanol output corresponded to 77.7% of the theoretical yield based on the glucose content in the raw material.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Impact of using paper mill sludge for surface-mine reclamation on runoff water quality and plant growth.
- Author
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Shipitalo MJ and Bonta JV
- Subjects
- Paper, Time Factors, Water Purification, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Industrial Waste, Mining, Plant Development, Water Movements
- Abstract
Paper mills generate large amounts of solid waste consisting of fibrous cellulose, clay, and lime. Paper mill sludge (PMS) can improve reclamation of surface-coal mines where low pH and organic-carbon levels in the spoil cover material can inhibit revegetation. When applied at high rates, however, PMS may adversely impact the quality of surface runoff. Therefore, we applied PMS at 0, 224, and 672 dry Mg ha(-)(1) to 22.1 x 4.6-m plots at a recently mined site and monitored runoff for a total of 13 mo. The zero-rate plots served as controls and received standard reclamation consisting of mulching with hay and fertilization at planting. Compared to the control plots, PMS reduced runoff fourfold to sixfold and decreased erosion from 47 Mg ha(-1) to <1 Mg ha(-1). Most of the reduction occurred in the 2.5 mo before the plots were planted. Flow-weighted average dissolved oxygen concentrations in runoff from plots at the 224 and 672 Mg ha(-1) rates, however, were much lower (=0.4 vs. 8.2 mg L(-1)) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was much higher for the 672 Mg ha(-1) rate plots than the control plots during the pre-plant period (7229 vs. 880 mg L(-1)). There were few noteworthy differences in water quality among treatments post-planting, but plant dry-matter yields were greater for the PMS plots than for the controls. The 672 Mg ha(-1) rate did not increase COD or nutrient loads compared to the 224 Mg ha(-1) rate and may have more persistent beneficial effects by increasing soil organic carbon levels and pH to a greater extent.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Effluent-free papermaking: industrial experiences and latest developments in the German paper industry.
- Author
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Hamm U and Schabel S
- Subjects
- Germany, Paper, Conservation of Natural Resources, Industry, Technology trends, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods, Water Pollution prevention & control
- Abstract
Thanks to multiple recirculation of process water, the German paper industry has succeeded in decreasing the specific fresh water demand from an average of 50 m3/t thirty years ago to 13 m3/t today. Although the increasing closure of white water loops creates many problems, it is bound to be part of the German paper industry's ongoing development. For a few years, in the production of packaging paper, two paper mills have been running with a totally closed water system including different process water treatment plants as 'kidneys'. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the pros and cons of closed process water systems followed by significant examples of effluent-free production of corrugating medium and test liner. Additionally, operation experiences and economic aspects are discussed.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Application of ultrafiltration in the pulp and paper industry: metals removal and whitewater reuse.
- Author
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Oliveira CR, Silva CM, and Milanez AF
- Subjects
- Feasibility Studies, Membranes, Artificial, Paper, Temperature, Ultrafiltration, Conservation of Natural Resources, Industrial Waste, Metals isolation & purification, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods, Water Purification methods
- Abstract
In the pulp and paper industry, the water use minimization is a constant target. One way to reduce water use is to recycle the effluent in a closed-cycle concept. In paper mills, the main source of liquid effluent is the so-called whitewater, which is the excess water, originated from pulp stock dewatering and other fibre contaminated water. This research studied the reuse of paper mill whitewater after membrane ultrafiltration (UF) in the paper machine and in the pulp bleach plant of an integrated mill. Contaminant removal and flux behaviour of the UF system were evaluated. The treatment by ultrafiltration was technically feasible and the treated whitewater had good potential to be reused in some processes in the paper machine. The reuse of ultrafiltered whitewater in the bleaching plant was not recommended because of the high level of soluble calcium present in this stream. Therefore, a combined treatment of the whitewater using the principle of precipitation and ultrafiltration was proposed showing good results and enabling the use of the treated whitewater in the bleach plant.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The responsibility of the pulp and paper sector with regard to sustainable development: how much is enough?
- Author
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Kiperstok A and Silva CM
- Subjects
- Environment, Paper, Public Policy, Public Sector, Social Planning, Conservation of Natural Resources, Models, Theoretical, Private Sector, Social Responsibility
- Abstract
Pulp and paper companies all over the world certify their environmental management systems assuming public commitments for the continuous improvement of their relationship with the environment. Once certified, they consider themselves having done their part. But is this enough? This work has been carried out with the clear intention of provoking the professionals who can give the much needed answers for the construction of environmental sustainability in the pulp and paper sector.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. How to reconcile environmental and economic performance to improve corporate sustainability: corporate environmental strategies in the European paper industry.
- Author
-
Wagner M
- Subjects
- Decision Making, Europe, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Organizational Policy, Paper, Conservation of Natural Resources economics, Environmental Pollution economics, Environmental Pollution prevention & control, Industry economics
- Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between environmental and economic performance and the influence of corporate strategies with regard to sustainability and the environment. After formulating a theoretical model, results are reported from an empirical analysis of the European paper manufacturing industry. New data are used to test hypotheses derived from the theoretical model, using environmental performance indices representing different corporate environmental strategy orientations. In particular, an emissions-based index largely reflecting end-of-pipe strategies and an inputs-based index reflecting integrated pollution prevention are distinguished. For the emissions-based index, a predominantly negative relationship between environmental and economic performance is found, whereas for the inputs-based index no significant link is found. This is consistent with the theoretical model, which predicts the possibility of different relationships. The results also show that for firms with pollution prevention-oriented corporate environmental strategies, the relationship between environmental and economic performance is more positive, thus making improvements in corporate sustainability more likely. Based on this last insight, managerial implications of this are discussed with regard to strategy choices, investment decisions and operations management.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Estimating local biodiversity change: a critique of papers claiming no net loss of local diversity.
- Author
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Gonzalez A, Cardinale BJ, Allington GR, Byrnes J, Arthur Endsley K, Brown DG, Hooper DU, Isbell F, O'Connor MI, and Loreau M
- Subjects
- Ecology, Humans, Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Extinction, Biological
- Abstract
Global species extinction rates are orders of magnitude above the background rate documented in the fossil record. However, recent data syntheses have found mixed evidence for patterns of net species loss at local spatial scales. For example, two recent data meta-analyses have found that species richness is decreasing in some locations and is increasing in others. When these trends are combined, these papers argued there has been no net change in species richness, and suggested this pattern is globally representative of biodiversity change at local scales. Here we reanalyze results of these data syntheses and outline why this conclusion is unfounded. First, we show the datasets collated for these syntheses are spatially biased and not representative of the spatial distribution of species richness or the distribution of many primary drivers of biodiversity change. This casts doubt that their results are representative of global patterns. Second, we argue that detecting the trend in local species richness is very difficult with short time series and can lead to biased estimates of change. Reanalyses of the data detected a signal of study duration on biodiversity change, indicating net biodiversity loss is most apparent in studies of longer duration. Third, estimates of species richness change can be biased if species gains during post-disturbance recovery are included without also including species losses that occurred during the disturbance. Net species gains or losses should be assessed with respect to common baselines or reference communities. Ultimately, we need a globally coordinated effort to monitor biodiversity so that we can estimate and attribute human impacts as causes of biodiversity change. A combination of technologies will be needed to produce regularly updated global datasets of local biodiversity change to guide future policy. At this time the conclusion that there is no net change in local species richness is not the consensus state of knowledge., (© 2016 by the Ecological Society of America.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Climate Change and Health: A Position Paper of the American College of Physicians.
- Author
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Crowley RA
- Subjects
- Global Health, Health Care Sector, Humans, Physician's Role, United States, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Health Policy, Public Health
- Abstract
Climate change could have a devastating effect on human and environmental health. Potential effects of climate change on human health include higher rates of respiratory and heat-related illness, increased prevalence of vector-borne and waterborne diseases, food and water insecurity, and malnutrition. Persons who are elderly, sick, or poor are especially vulnerable to these potential consequences. Addressing climate change could have substantial benefits to human health. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians (ACP) recommends that physicians and the broader health care community throughout the world engage in environmentally sustainable practices that reduce carbon emissions; support efforts to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change; and educate the public, their colleagues, their community, and lawmakers about the health risks posed by climate change. Tackling climate change is an opportunity to dramatically improve human health and avert dire environmental outcomes, and ACP believes that physicians can play a role in achieving this goal.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Measuring quality-of-care in the context of sustainable development goal 3: a call for papers.
- Author
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Akachi Y, Tarp F, Kelley E, Addisona T, and Kruk ME
- Subjects
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Organizational Objectives, Publishing, Quality Indicators, Health Care, Quality of Health Care standards
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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